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GOL,D\VIN    SMITH 
HARRIE.T°SJ>\ITM 


TTbe  Dtctotia  1FMstor\>  of  the 
Counties  of  JStiQlanb 

EDITED   BY   H.   ARTHUR   DOUBLEDAY 
AND  WILLIAM   PAGE   F.S.A. 


A  HISTORY  OF 
ESSEX 

VOLUME    I 


A  HISTORY   OF  ESSEX  IN 
FOUR  VOLUMES    EDITED 
BY    H.  ARTHUR  DOUBLEDAY 
AND    WILLIAM      PAGE    F.S.A. 


THE 

VICTORIA  HISTORY 

OF  THE  COUNTIES 
OF  ENGLAND 

ESSEX 


WESTMINSTER 
ARCHIBALD   CONSTABLE 

AND   COMPANY   LIMITED 


This  History  is  issued  to  Subscribers  only 

By  Archibald  Constable  W  Company  Limited 

and  printed  by  Butler  iff   Tanner  of 

Frame  and  London 


INSCRIBED 

TO  THE   MEMORY  OF 

HER     LATE     MAJESTY 

QUEEN    VICTORIA 

WHO       GRACIOUSLY       GAVE 

THE      TITLE      TO      AND 

ACCEPTED     THE 

DEDICATION    OF 

THIS  HISTORY 


THE  ADVISORY  COUNCIL 
OF    THE    VICTORIA    HISTORY 


Hit    GRACE    THE 
BEDFORD,  K.G. 

Praident  of  tbi  Zoological  Society 

His  GRACE  THE  DUKE  OP  DEVON- 
SHIRK,  K.G. 

Chancellor  of  tbi  Univeriily  of  Cam- 
bridge 

His   GRACE   THE    DUKE   OF 

RUTLAND,  K.G. 
His    GRACE  THE    DUKE   OF 

PORTLAND,  K.G. 

His   GRACE   THE    DUKE    OF 
ARGYLL,  K.T. 

THE  MOST  HON.  THE  MARQUESS 
OF  SALISBURY,  K.G. 

Chancellor  of  tbi  Univtrtity  of  Oxford 

THE    RT.    HON.   THE    EARL    OF 
ROSEBERY,  K.G.,  K.T. 

THE    RT.   HON.   THE    EARL   OF 
COVENTRY 

President  of   tbi    Royal   Agricultural 
Society 

THE   RT.    HON.  Tm   VISCOUNT 
DILLON 

President  of  tbi  Society  of  Antiquaries 

THE  RT.  HON. THE  LORD  LISTER 

Late  President  of  tbi  Royal  Socitty 

THE   RT.  HON.  THE   LORD  AL- 
TERSTONE,  G.C.M.G. 

Lord  Cbief  Justice 

General 


DUKE   OF    THE  HON.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,    COL.  DUNCAN  A.  JOHNSTON 


M.P. 

SIR   FREDERICK    POLLOCK,  BART., 
LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  ETC. 

Corpus     Professor    of   Jurisprudence, 
Oxford 

SIR  EDWARD  MAUNDE  THOMPSON, 
K.C.B.,D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A., 

ETC.  Director  of  the  British  Museum 

SIR   CLEMENTS    R.    MARKHAM, 
K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

President   of  the   Royal  Geographical 
Society 

SIR    HENRY   C.  MAXWELL-LYTE, 
K.C.B.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  ETC. 

Keeper  of  tbi  Puttie  Records 

COL.  SIR  J.  FARQUHARSON,  K.C.B. 
SIR  Jos.  HOOKER, G.C. S.I. ,  M.D., 

D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  ETC. 
SIR    ARCHIBALD   GEIKIE,  LL.D., 

F.R.S.,  ETC. 

REV.   J.   CHARLES    Cox,   LL.D., 

F.S.A.,  ETC. 
LIONEL  CUST,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  M.V.O., 

F.S.A.,  ETC 

Director  of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery 

ALBERT  C.  L.G.  GUNTHER,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  M.D.,  PH.D. 

Late  President  of  the  Linnean  Society 


Director  General  of  tbi  Ordnance  Survey 

PROF.  E.  RAY  LANKESTER,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  ETC. 

Director     of    tbi     Natural    History 
Museum,  Soutb  Kensington 

REGINALD  L.  POOLS,  ESQ.,  M.A. 

University  Lecturer   in   Diplomatic, 
Oxford 

F.    YORK    POWELL,    ESQ.,  M.A., 
F.S.A.,  ETC. 

Regiut   Profeuor   of  Modern   History, 
Oxford 

J.  HORACE  ROUND,  ESQ.,  M.A. 

WALTER  RYE,  ESQ. 

W.H.ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  ESQ.,  M.A. 

Auiitant  Secretary  of  rbe  Society   of 
Antiauaria 


Among  the  original  members  of 
the  Council  were 

THE  LATE  DR.  MANDELL  CREIGH- 
TON,  BISHOP  OP  LONDON 

THE  LATE  DR.  STUBBS,  BISHOP  OF 
OXFORD 

THE  LATE  LORD  ACTON  and 
THE  LATE  SIR  WILLIAM  FLOWER 


Editor,  of  the  Series  {  H,;]ARTHUR  DouB"D*Y 


WILLIAM  PAGE,  F.S.A. 


GENERAL    ADVERTISEMENT 

The  VICTORIA  HISTORY  of  the  Counties  of  England  is  a  National  Historic  Survey, 
which,  under  the  direction  of  a  large  staff  comprising  the  foremost  students  in  science,  history, 
and  archarology,  is  designed  to  record  the  history  of  every  county  of  England  in  detail.  This 
work  was,  by  gracious  permission,  dedicated  to  Her  late  Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  who  gave  it 
her  own  name.  It  is  the  endeavour  of  all  who  are  associated  with  the  undertaking  to  make  it 
a  worthy  and  permanent  monument  to  her  memory. 

Rich  as  every  county  of  England  is  in  materials  for  local  history,  there  has  hitherto  been 
no  attempt  made  to  bring  all  these  materials  together  into  a  coherent  form. 

Although  from  the  seventeenth  century  down  to  quite  recent  times  numerous  county 
histories  have  been  issued,  they  are  very  unequal  in  merit  ;  the  best  of  them  are  very  rare 
and  costly ;  most  of  them  are  imperfect  and  all  are  now  out  of  date.  Moreover  they  were 
the  work  of  one  or  two  isolated  scholars,  who,  however  able,  could  not  possibly  deal  adequately 
with  all  the  varied  subjects  which  go  to  the  making  of  a  county  history. 

I 


VII 


In  the  VICTORIA  HISTORY  each  county  is  not  the  labour  of  one  or  two  men,  but  of 
several  hundred,  for  the  work  is  treated  scientifically,  and  in  order  to  embody  in  it  all  that 
modern  scholarship  can  contribute,  a  system  of  co-operation  between  experts  and  local  students 
is  applied,  whereby  the  history  acquires  a  completeness  and  definite  authority  hitherto  lacking 
in  similar  undertakings. 

THE  SCOPE   OF  THE  WORK 

The  history  of  each  county  will  be  complete  in  itself,  and  its  story  will  be  told  from  the 
earliest  times,  commencing  with  the  natural  features  and  the  flora  and  fauna.  Thereafter  will 
follow  the  antiquities,  pre-Roman,  Roman  and  post-Roman  ;  a  new  translation  and  critical 
study  of  the  Domesday  Survey  ;  articles  on  political,  ecclesiastical,  social  and  economic  history  ; 
architecture,  arts,  industries,  biography,  folk-lore  and  sport.  The  greater  part  of  each  history 
will  be  devoted  to  a  detailed  description  and  history  of  each  parish,  containing  an  account  of 
the  land  and  its  owners  from  the  Conquest  to  the  present  day.  These  manorial  histories  will 
be  compiled  from  original  documents  in  the  national  collections  and  from  private  papers.  A 
special  feature  will  be  the  wealth  of  illustrations  afforded,  for  not  only  will  all  buildings  of 
interest  be  pictured,  but  the  coats  of  arms  of  past  and  present  landowners  will  be  given. 

HISTORICAL  RESEARCH 

It  has  always  been,  and  still  is,  a  reproach  to  us  that  England,  with  a  collection  of  public 
records  greatly  exceeding  in  extent  and  interest  those  of  any  other  country  in  Europe,  is  yet 
far  behind  her  neighbours  in  the  study  of  the  genesis  and  growth  of  her  national  and  local 
institutions.  Few  Englishmen  are  probably  aware  that  the  national  and  local  archives  contain 
for  a  period  of  800  years  in  an  almost  unbroken  chain  of  evidence,  '  not  only  the  political, 
ecclesiastical,  and  constitutional  history  of  the  kingdom,  but  every  detail  of  its  financial  and 
social  progress  and  the  history  of  the  land  and  its  successive  owners  from  generation  to 
generation.'  The  neglect  of  our  public  and  local  records  is  no  doubt  largely  due  to  the  fact 
that  their  interest  and  value  is  known  to  but  a  small  number  of  people.  But  this  again  is 
directly  attributable  to  the  absence  in  this  country  of  any  endowment  for  historical  research 
such  as  is  to  be  found  among  other  cultured  nations.  The  government  of  this  country  has 
always  left  to  private  enterprise  work  which  our  continental  neighbours  entrust  to  a  government 
department.  It  is  not  surprising,  therefore,  to  find  that  although  an  immense  amount  of 
work  has  been  done  by  individual  effort,  the  entire  absence  of  organization  among  the  workers 
and  the  lack  of  intelligent  direction  has  robbed  the  results  of  much  of  their  value. 

In  the  VICTORIA  HISTORY,  for  the  first  time,  a  serious  attempt  is  made  to  utilize  our 
national  and  local  muniments  to  the  best  advantage  by  carefully  organizing  and  supervising 
the  researches  required.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Records  Committee  a  large  staff  of  experts 
is  engaged  at  the  Public  Record  Office  in  calendaring  those  classes  of  records  which  are  most 
fruitful  in  material  for  local  history,  and  by  a  system  of  interchange  of  communication  among 
local  editors  each  county  gains  a  mass  of  information  which  otherwise  would  be  lost. 

THE   RECORDS   COMMITTEE 

SIR  EDWARD  MAUNDE  THOMPSON,  K.C.B.  C.  T.  MARTIN,  B.A.,  F.S.A. 

SIR  HENRY  MAXWELL-LYTE,  K.C.B.  J.  HORACE  ROUND,  M.A. 

W.  J.  HARDY,  F.S.A.  S.  R.  SCARGILL-BIRD,  F.S.A. 

F.  MADAN,  M.A.  W.  H.  STEVENSON,  M.A. 

F.  MAITLAND,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  G.  F.  WARNER,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Many  archaeological,  historical  and  other  societies  are  assisting  in  the  compilation  of  this 
work ;  and  local  supervision  and  aid  are  secured  by  the  formation  in  each  county,  of  a  County 
Committee,  the  president  of  which  is  in  nearly  all  cases  the  Lord  Lieutenant. 

The  names  of  the  distinguished  men  who  have  joined  the  Advisory  Council  are  a 
guarantee  that  the  work  will  represent  the  results  of  the  latest  discoveries  in  every  department 
of  research.  It  will  be  observed  that  among  them  are  representatives  of  science  ;  for  the 
whole  trend  of  modern  thought,  as  influenced  by  the  theory  of  evolution,  favours  the  intelli- 
gent study  of  the  past  and  of  the  social,  institutional  and  political  developments  of  national 
life.  As  these  histories  are  the  first  in  which  this  object  has  been  kept  in  view,  and  modern 
principles  applied,  it  is  hoped  that  they  will  form  a  work  of  reference  no  less  indispensable 
to  the  student  than  welcome  to  the  man  of  culture. 

viii 


Family  History  will,  both  in  the  Histories  and  in  the  supplemental  volumes  of  chart 
pedigrees,  be  dealt  with  by  genealogical  experts  and  in  the  modern  spirit.  Every  effort  will  be 
made  to  secure  accuracy  of  statement,  and  to  avoid  the  insertion  of  those  legendary  pedigrees 
which  have  in  the  past  brought  discredit  on  the  whole  subject.  It  has  been  pointed  out  by  the 
late  Bishop  of  Oxford,  a  great  master  of  historical  research,  that  '  the  expansion  and  extension 
of  genealogical  study  is  a  very  remarkable  feature  of  our  own  times,'  that  'it  is  an  increasing 
pursuit  both  in  America  and  England,'  and  that  it  can  render  the  historian  useful  service. 

Heraldry  will  also  in  this  Series  occupy  a  prominent  position,  and  the  splendours  of  the 
coat-armour  borne  in  the  Middle  Ages  will  be  illustrated  in  colours  on  a  scale  that  has  never 
been  attempted  before. 

The  general   plan   of  Contents,  and   the    names  of  the    Sectional    Editors    (who    will 
co-operate  with  local  workers  in  every  case)  are  as  follows  : — 
Natural  History. 

Geology.      By  CLIMSNT  Run,  F.R.S,  HORACE  B.  WOODWA«D,  F.R.S,  ind  others 
Paleontology.       Edited  by  R.  LvDirjcn,  F.R.S,  etc. 

^Contributions  by  G.  A.  BOULINGIR,  F.R.S,  F.  O.  PICKARD-CAMIRIDGI,  M.A,  H.  N.  DIION,  F.L.S., 
Flora  I  G.  C.  DRUCI,  M.A,  F.L.S,  WALTIR  GARITANG,  M.A,  F.L.S,  HI.II.T  COM,  F.L.S,  F.E.S, 
Fauna  1  R-  '•  POCOCK,  RET.  T.R.  R.  STIRRING,  M.A,  F.R.S.,  etc.,  B.  B.  WOOOWAIO,  F.G.S,  F.R.M.S, 

V.         etc.,  and  other  Specialists 
Prehistoric    Remains.      Edited  by  W.  BOYD  DAWKINI,  D.Sc,  LL.D.,   F.R.S,  F.S.A. 

Roman   Remains.      Edited  by  F.  HAVIRFIILD,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Anglo-Saxon    Remains.       Edited  by  C.  Huci-i.it  READ,  F.S.A,  >nd   REGINALD  A.  SMITH,  B.A. 

Ethnography.       Edited  by  G.  LAURENCE  Gouui,  F.S.A. 

Dialect.      Edited  by  JOSEFH  WRIOHT,  M.A,  Ph.D. 

Place  Names     \ 

Folklore  V  Contributed  by  Various  Authorities 

Physical  Types  I 
Domesday  Book  and  other  kindred  Records.     Edited  by  J.  HORACE  ROUND,  M.A. 

Architecture.       By  Various  Authorities.     The  Sections  on  the  Cathedrals  and   Monattic  Remains    Edited  by 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HorE,  M.A. 

Ecclesiastical  History.     Edited  by  R.  L.  Foot*,  M.A. 
Political    History.      Edited  by  W.  H.  STEVENSON,  M.A,  J.  HORACE  ROUND,  M.A,  PROF-.  T.  F.  Tour,  M.A., 

JAMU  TAIT,  M.A.,  ind  C.  H.  FIHTH,  M.A. 
History  of  Schools.  Edited  by  A.  F.  LEACH,  M.A,  F.S.A. 
Maritime  History  of  Coast  Counties.  Edited  by  J.  K.  LAUGHTON,  M.A.,  and  M.  OrriNHiiu 

Topographical  Accounts  of  Parishes  and  Manors.     By  Various  Authorities 

History   of  the    Feudal    Baronage.       Edited  by  J.  HORACE  ROUND,  M-A,  and  OSWALD  BAIION,  F.S.A. 

Family  History  and  Heraldry.     Edited  by  OSWALD  BA««ON,  F.S.A. 

Agriculture.       Edited  by  SIR  ERNEST  CLARKE,  M.A,  Sec.  to  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society 

Forestry.       Edited  by  JOHN   NISIET,  D.Oic. 

Industries,  Arts  and  Manufactures 

Social  and  Economic  History  [  By  Various  Authorities 

Persons  Eminent  in   Art,  Literature,  Science 

Ancient  and   Modern   Sport.      Edited  by  the  Duct  or  BIAUI-OIT 

Hunting          1 

Shooting  >  By  Various  Authorities 

Fishing,  etc.  J 

Cricket.       Edited  by  HOMI  GORDON 

Football.      Edited  by  C.  W.  ALCOCK 
Bibliographies 
Indexes 
Names  of  the  Subscribers 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

Among  the  many  thousands  of  subjects  illustrated  will  be  castles,  cathedrals  and  churches, 
mansions  and  manor  houses,  moot  halls  and  market  halls,  family  portraits,  etc.  Particular 
attention  will  be  given  to  the  beautiful  and  quaint  examples  of  architecture  which,  through 
decay  or  from  other  causes,  are  in  danger  of  disappearing.  The  best  examples  of  church 
brasses,  coloured  glass,  and  monumental  effigies  will  be  depicted.  The  Series  will  also  contain 
1 60  pictures  in  photogravure,  showing  the  characteristic  scenery  of  the  counties. 

ix 


)By  Vario 


CARTOGRAPHY 

Each  History  will  contain  Archaeological,  Domesday,  and  Geological  maps  ;  maps  show- 
ing the  Orography,  and  the  Parliamentary  and  Ecclesiastical  divisions  ;  and  the  map  done  by 
Speed  in  1610.  The  Series  will  contain  about  four  hundred  maps  in  all. 

FAMILY   HISTORY   AND    HERALDRY 

The  Histories  will  contain,  in  the  Topographical  Section,  manorial  pedigrees,  and 
accounts  of  the  noble  and  gentle  families  connected  with  the  local  history  ;  and  it  is  proposed 
to  trace,  wherever  possible,  their  descendants  in  the  Colonies  and  the  United  States  of 
America.  The  Editors  will  be  glad  to  receive  information  which  may  be  of  service  to  them 
in  this  branch  of  the  work.  The  chart  family  pedigrees  and  the  arms  of  the  families 
mentioned  in  the  Heralds'  Visitations  will  be  issued  in  a  supplemental  volume  for  each  county. 

The  Rolls  of  Arms  are  being  completely  collated  for  this  work,  and  all  the  feudal  coats 
will  be  given  in  colours.  The  arms  of  the  local  families  will  also  be  represented  in  connection 
with  the  Topographical  Section. 

In  order  to  secure  the  greatest  possible  accuracy  in  the  descriptions  of  the  Architecture, 
ecclesiastic,  military  and  domestic,  a  committee  has  been  formed  of  the  following  students  of 
architectural  history,  who  will  supervise  this  department  of  the  work  : — 

ARCHITECTURAL   COMMITTEE 

J.  BILSON,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A.  W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  M.A. 

R.  BLOMFIELD  W.  H.  KNOWLES,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A. 

HAROLD  BRAKSPEAR,  A.R.I.B.A.  J.  T.  MICKLETHWAITE,  F.S.A. 

PROF.  BALDWIN  BROWN  ROLAND  PAUL 

ARTHUR  S.  FLOWER,  F.S.A.,  A.R.I.B.A.          J.  HORACE  ROUND,  M.A. 

GEORGE  E.  Fox,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  PERCY  G.  STONE,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A. 

J.  A.  GOTCH,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A.  THACKERAY  TURNER 

A  special  feature  in  connection  with  the  Architecture  will  be  a  series  of  coloured  ground 
plans  showing  the  architectural  history  of  castles,  cathedrals  and  other  monastic  foundations. 
Plans  of  the  most  important  country  mansions  will  also  be  included. 

The  issue  of  this  work  is  limited  to  subscribers  on/y,  whose  names  will  be  printed  at  the  end  of 
each  History. 


THE 

VICTORIA  HISTORY 

OF  THE   COUNTY   OF 

ESSEX 


VOLUME  ONE 


WESTMINSTER 
2    WHITEHALL    GARDENS 

1903 


DA 


v,  ! 


Counts  Committee  for  Eeaey 


THE   RT.   HON.   THE   EARL  OF  WARWICK 

Lord  Lieutenant^  Chairman 


THE  RT.  HON.  THK  LORD  CLAUD  J. 
HAMILTON 

THE  RT.  REV.  THE  LORD  BISHOP  OF  ST. 
ALBANS 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  LORD  RAYLEIGH 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  LORD  HAWKESBURY 

THE  RT.  HON.  SIR  JOSEPH  C.  DIMSDALE, 
BART.,  M.P. 

THE  RT.  HON.  JAMES  ROUND,  M.P. 

THE  HON.  CHARLES  HEDLEY  STRUTT,  M.P. 

SIR  THOMAS  L.  H.  NEAVE,  BART. 

SIR  WALTER  GILBEY,  BART. 

SIR  JAMES  BLYTH,  BART. 

SIR  EDMUND  DU  CANE,  K.C.B. 

ADMIRAL  SIR  WILLIAM  G.  LUARD,  K.C.B. 

SIR  H.  SEYMOUR  KING,  K.C.I.E.,  M.P. 

THE  RT.  REV.  THE  BISHOP  OF  COLCHESTER 

THE  RT.  REV.  THE  BISHOP  OF  BARKING 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  CHELMS- 
FORD 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  COL- 
CHESTER 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  HARWICH 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  MALDON 

COL.  GEORGE  BRAMSTON  ARCHER-HOUBLON, 

J-P. 

JAMES  BAILEY,  ESQ.,  M.P.,  J.P. 
THOMAS  BARRETT-LENNARD,  Esq.,J.P.,D.L. 
THE  REV.  R.  E.  BARTLETT,  M.A. 
G.  F.  BEAUMONT,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 
CHARLES  E.  BENHAM,  ESQ. 
W.  GURNEY  BENHAM,  ESQ.,  J.P. 
G.  S.  BOULGER,  ESQ.,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S. 
E.  N.  BUXTON,  ESQ. 
FREDERIC  CHANCELLOR,  ESQ.,  F.R.I. B.A. 
MILLER  CHRISTY,  ESQ.,  F.L.S. 
R.  BEALE  COLVIN,  ESQ.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
GEORGE  COURTAULD,  ESQ.,  J.P. 
THE  REV.  CECIL  DEEDES,  M.A. 


CLAUDE   E.    EGERTON-GREEN,  ESQ.,  M.A., 

J.P.,  D.L. 

E.  A.  FITCH,  ESQ.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S. 
JOHN  LEWIS  FFYTCHE,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
THE  REV.  F.  W.  GALPIN,  M.A.,  F.L.S. 
A.  R.  GODDARD,  ESQ. 
I.  C.  GOULD,  ESQ. 

HORACE  G.  EGERTON  GREEN, ESQ.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
HUGH  E.  HOARE,  ESQ. 
THOMAS   VINCENT    HOLMES,  ESQ.,    F.G.S., 

M.A.I. 

DAVID  HOWARD,  ESQ.,  D.L. 
ELIOT  HOWARD,  ESQ.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
HENRY  JOSLIN,  ESQ.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
COMMANDER  KELSO,  R.N.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
THE  REV.  J.  W.  KENWORTHY 
FRANK  LANDON,  ESQ. 
HENRY  LAVER,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  F.L.S. 
COL.  A.  R.  M.  LOCKWOOD,  M.P.,  J.P. 
GEORGE  ALAN  LOWNDES,  ESQ.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
JAMES  H.  A.  MAJENDIE,  ESQ.,  M.P.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
WILSON  MARRIAGE,  ESQ.,  J.P. 
R.  MELDOLA,  ESQ.,  F.R.S.,  F.R.A.S.,  F.C.S. 
MAJOR  F.  L.  NATHAN,  R.A. 
W.  NOCTON,  ESQ.,  J.P. 
THE  REV.  CANON  C.  F.  NORMAN,  M.A.,  J.P. 
CHRISTOPHER  W.  PARKER,  ESQ.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
JAMES  N.  PAXMAN,  ESQ.,  J.P. 
J.  TIMBRELL  PIERCE,  ESQ.,  F.R.G.S.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
THE  REV.  LEWIS  N.  PRANCE,  M.A. 
J.  HORACE  ROUND,  ESQ.,  D.L. 
A.  W.  RUGGLES-BRISE,  ESQ.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
J.  C.  SHENSTONE,  ESQ.,  F.L.S. 
CHARLES  BROGDEN  SPERLING,  ESQ.,  J.P.,  D.L. 
C.  F.  D.  SPERLING,  ESQ.,  J.P. 
COL.  NEVILL  TUFNELL,  J.P.,  D.L. 
COL.  J.  L.  TUFNELL-TYRELL,  J.P.,  D.L. 
W.  CHAPMAN  WALLER,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 
JAMES  F.  T.  WISEMAN,  ESQ. 


xiii 


CONTENTS    OF    VOLUME    ONE 


Dedication        ....... 

The  Advisory  Council  of  the  Victoria  History   . 
General  Advertisement      .         .         .        .         . 

The  Essex  County  Committee  . 

Contents  ....... 

List  of  Illustrations  .         .         .         .        .     .    . 

Preface 

Natural   History 

Geology       .... 

Palaeontology 

Botany          .... 

Zoology 
Marine 


Mollusca  (Snath,  etc.) 

Insecta  (Insects) 

Myriapoda  (CentifeJei)         .         . 

Arachnida  (Spiders)     .         .         . 

Crustacea  (Crabs,  etc.)          .         , 

Pisces  (Fishes)  , 

Reptilia  (Reptiles)  and 
Batrachia  (Batrachiani)         .         , 
Aves  (BitJi)      . 

Mammalia  (Mammals)          .         . 
Early  Man 

Ancient  Earthworks  .         , 

Anglo-Saxon  Remains 

Introduction  to  the  Essex  Domesday 

Text  of  the  Essex  Domesday 

Index  to  the  Essex  Domesday   .         , 


PAGE 
V 

VII 

vii 
xiii 

XV 

xvii 
xix 


By  H.   B.  WOODWARD,  F.G.S. 

By  RICHARD  LYDEKKER,  B.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S. 

By  J.  C.  SHENSTONE,  F.L.S.  . 


By    WALTER    GARSTANC,    assisted    by    H.   C.    SORBY, 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.     .  .         . 

By  B.  B.  WOODWARD,  F.G.S.,  F.R.M.S.         .         . 
By  W.   HARWOOD  .          .          .          .          .          ' 

By  R.  I.  POCOCK  .         .         .         .         .         .         - 

By  F.  O.  PICKARD-CAMBRIDCE,  M.A.         .         .         . 

By  the  Rev.  T.  R.  R.  STEBBINC,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A., 
F.L.S  .....  .         . 

By  H.  LAVER,  J.P.,  F.S.A.,  F.L.S.,  M.R.C.S.         . 

,,  „  .         . 

By  MILLER  CHRISTY,  F.L.S  ...... 

By  H.  LAVER,  J.P.,  F.S.A.,  F.L.S.,  M.R.C.S.         . 

By  GEO.    F.    BEAUMONT,    F.S.A.,    and    I.  CHALKLEY 

GOULD    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         . 

By  I.  CHALKLEY  GOULD         ..... 

By  REGINALD  A.  SMITH,  B.A  ..... 

By  J.  HORACE   ROUND,  M.A.  .         .         . 


3" 


69 

89 

9' 

193 

196 

204 
220 

230 
232 
254 

261 
275 
315 
333 
4*7 
$79 


xv 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAC« 

Canvey  Island.     By  WILLIAM  HYDE fhatiifieee 

Palaeolithic  Weapons  from  the  Lea  Valley  \ 

full-pafe  flatr,  fadne     262 
Neolithic  Celts  from  Inworth  and  Stisted  j 

Weapons  from  Walton,  Shoebury,  Dovercourt,  near  Stansgate  and 

Colchester          ..........           „  „         „         264 

Pottery  from  Chcsterford,  Great  Clacton,  Great  Oakley  and  Colchester           „  „         „         265 

Pcnannular  Armlet  and  Palstave  from  Shoebury           .....  •     266 

Palstaves  from  Shoebury  and  Pleshcy .         .         .} 

.     full-Met  plate,  faang     266 
Bronze  Socketed  Celts  from  Hatfield  Broad  Oak  J 

Bronze    Spearheads    from    Plaistow    Marshes,    Walthamstow,    and 

Hatfield  Broad  Oak „         „         „         267 

Handles  of  a  Bronze  Cauldron  from  Hatfield  Broad  Oak    . 

Part  of  the  Box  of  a  Chariot  Wheel,  with  Nails,  found  at  Shoebury  „         „         „         268 

Parts  of  the  Rim  of  a  large  Vessel  from  Hatfield  Broad  Oak 

Late  Celtic  Vessels,  etc „         „         »         269 

Implements  from  Site  of  Fascine  Dwellings 


270 
View  of  the  Site  of  Fascine  Dwellings  at   Braintrcc 

Loughton  Camp       ..........  277 

Ambresbury  Banks   .......... 

Ring  Hill  Camp,  Littlebury      .....  280 

Uphall  Entrenchments,  near  Barking          ....  .281 

Wallbury  Camp *8* 

Pitchbury  Ramparts,  Great  Horkesley         .... 
Shoeburyness    .......... 

Witham  Bury .288 

Bcrden  Mound         ...........  •     *89 

Great  Canfield •     *9° 

Covering .292 

Great  Easton .293 

Mound  in  Castle  Grove,  Elmdon •     *94 

Hedingham  Castle •     294 

Ongar  Castle •     *97 

Pleshey •     298 

Rayleigh  Mount 

Rickling 3°" 

Stansted  .                   .  3°' 

xvii 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 


Stebbing  Mount       ....... 

Sections  of  a  Denehole  and  Ground  Plan  of  Chambers 
Anglo-Saxon  Objects          ...... 

Bronze  Pan  from  Broomfield     ..... 

Iron  Standing-Cup  ....... 

Pottery  Vase  ....... 

Turold 

Milking  Ewes 
Wallasea  Island 
Canvey  Island 


PAGE 

.  3°z 

•  3°9 
coloured  plate  facing  322 

.  3" 

•  323 

•  3H 
full-page  plate  facing  342 

»         »        »  369 


LIST    OF    MAPS 


Geological  Map 
Botanical  Map 
Pre-Historical  Map. 
Earthworks  Map 
Anglo-Saxon  Map    . 
Domesday  Map 


between          xxii,   I 

30,   31 
260,  261 

274.  275 
3H»  315 
426,  427 


XVlll 


PREFACE 


I 


only  complete  history  of  Essex  hitherto  issued  is  that  of 
Philip  Morant,  published  in  1768  and  reprinted  in  i8i6.1  It 
may  perhaps  be  reasonably  claimed  that  the  county  is  entitled  to 
a  newer  history  and  one  more  complete  than  could  be  compiled  in  the 
eighteenth  century. 

The  aims  of  the  series  of  which  the  Victoria  History  of  Essex  forms 
a  part  are  to  be  found  in  the  General  Advertisement  printed  in  this 
volume. 

It  has  been  found  impossible  in  the  present  instance  to  adhere  to 
chronological  order  in  the  sequence  of  the  articles  included  in  this  volume. 
It  is  hoped  to  print  the  section  on  the  Romano-British  Period  in  the 
second  volume. 

Whilst  the  editors  cannot  as  a  rule  make  special  reference  to  the 
services  of  contributors,  they  feel  in  the  present  instance  it  is  only  right 
to  acknowledge  their  great  indebtedness  to  Mr.  J.  Horace  Round,  not  only 
for  the  infinite  pains  he  has  expended  under  adverse  circumstances  of 
health  on  the  Domesday  section,  which  in  the  case  of  Essex  is  one  of 
peculiar  difficulty,  but  also  for  the  valuable  help  he  has  given  to  others  in 
the  preparation  and  revision  of  their  articles. 

*  It  would  appear  that  Morant  did  little  more  than  edit  materials  collected  by  previous  students  of 
Essex  history  (see  'Historians  of  Essex,'  Enex  Review,  iii.  27-41,  138-53). 


XIX 


A   HISTORY  OF 
ESSEX 


TH STORY  OF  ESSEX 


GEOLOC 


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THE    VICTORIA     HISTORY    01 


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EXPLANATION    OF    COLOURING 

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HE    COUNTIES    OF    ENGLAND 


GEOLOGY 


ESSEX  occupies  a  large  part  of  the  irregular  tract  which  is  known 
to  geologists  as  the  London  Basin,  and  which  has  for  its  frame- 
work the  great  Chalk  formation.      The   southern  rim   of  this 
Basin  rises   in  the   North  Downs  of  Kent,  whence  the  Chalk 
slopes  gradually  to  the  borders  of  the  Thames  at  Erith  and  Gravesend, 
comes  to  the  surface  in  south  Essex  at  Purfleet  and  Grays,  and  then  sinks 
below  ground  over  the  greater  part  of  the  county.     The  northern  rim  of 
the  Basin  appears  in  the  downs  of  Dunstable,  Luton  and  Royston,  and 
in  the  uplands  of  Heydon  and  Saffron  Walden  in  Essex. 

The  contour  of  the  Chalk  Basin  is  to  some  extent  modified  by  slight 
undulations  and  fractures  along  the  Kentish  side  of  the  Thames  between 
Greenwich  and  Erith,  so  that  while  the  curvature  is  for  the  most  part 
gentle,  the  inclination  becomes  somewhat  steeper  on  the  southern  side  of 
Essex.  Hence  at  Dagenham,  Rettenden  and  Southend  the  Chalk  is 
about  400  feet  below  ground,  at  Chelmsford  it  is  about  360  feet,  and 
thence  northward  it  more  gradually  approaches  the  surface.  Near  Hey- 
don however  there  are  some  striking  evidences  of  local  disturbance,  to 
which  further  reference  will  be  made. 

Resting  in  the  hollow  of  the  Basin,  and  conforming  generally  with 
its  curvature,  is  a  series  of  Eocene  strata,  the  most  important  of  which  is 
the  London  Clay.  The  succeeding  deposits  include  small  outlying  tracts 
of  Crag,  but  they  consist  chiefly  of  the  irregular  and  variable  accumu- 
lations grouped  as  '  drift.'  These  lie  scattered  over  the  uplands  in  the 
form  of  gravel  and  Boulder  Clay,  and  are  spread  along  the  river  valleys  in 
the  form  of  gravel,  brickearth  and  alluvium. 

The  structure  of  the  ground  is  thus  comparatively  simple,  but  there 
are  difficulties  in  the  determination  of  the  relative  ages  of  some  of  the 
scattered  superficial  deposits.  There  are  grave  difficulties  also  when 
it  is  sought  to  decipher  the  underground  rocky  structure  beneath  the 
Chalk  and  other  Cretaceous  strata.  The  problem  is  of  the  highest 
interest  and  practical  importance,  but  it  raises  questions  which  deep 
borings  alone  can  solve. 

Although  the  county  is  essentially  a  flat  one,  and  especially  along 
the  river  and  sea  coasts  which  are  bordered  by  marshes,  yet  inland  there 
is  an  abundant  variety  of  soil,  and  these  regions  are  very  pleasantly  diver- 
sified with  arable  land  and  pasture,  with  woodlands,  commons  and  well- 
timbered  hedgerows.  Indeed  to  quote  an  old  agricultural  work,  '  Every 
species  of  soil,  from  the  most  stubborn  to  the  mildest  loam,  is  to  be 
found.'1 

1  General  firm  of  A 'grit.  ofEtiex,  by  Messrs.  Griggs,  410  (Lond.  1794),  p.  7. 
I  I  ' 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

To  the  geologist  the  richly  fossiliferous  strata  of  the  Red  Crag  at 
Walton-on-the-Naze,  and  the  Pleistocene  valley -deposits  with  their 
many  notable  remains  of  mammalia  and  mollusca,  have  attracted  a  large 
share  of  attention. 

Our  knowledge  of  Essex  geology,  due  chiefly  to  the  labours  of 
Prestwich,  Searles  V.  Wood,  jun.,  Prof.  W.  Boyd  Dawkins,  and  Mr. 
W.  Whitaker,  has  been  augmented  by  the  workers  of  the  Essex  Field 
Club  and  of  the  Geologists'  Association,  and  notably  by  Mr.  T.  V. 
Holmes.1 

The  following  is  a  Table  of  the  Formations  met  with  in  Essex,  the 
names  in  italics  referring  to  those  not  exposed  at  the  surface  : — 


Period 

Formation 

Character  of  the  strata 

Approximate 
thickness 
in  feet 

Alluvium    

Silt,  peat,  clay     

2O  to  50 

Recent  to 

Blown  Sand     

Fine  sand       

about  1  5 

Neolithic 

Marine  Sand  and  Shingle     . 

Sand  with  shells  and  pebbles  of 
flint,  quartz,  etc  

about  10 

Brickearth  

Loam  

i  o  to  30 

Valley  Gravel  

Sub-angular  flint  gravel      .     . 

10  to  50 

Pleistocene 

Boulder  Clay  

Chalky   clay,  with   flints  and 

Palaeolithic 

erratics  

2O  to  70 

and 

Glacial  Loam  

Loam  

10  to  15 

Glacial 

Glacial  Gravel  and  Sand 

Sub-angular  gravel  with  flints, 
quart/.itc,  etc  

20  to  75 

Older  Plateau  Gravel      .     .     . 

Pebbles  of  flint  and  quartz  . 

5  to  12 

Red  Crag    . 

Red    shelly  sand    and    gravel, 

Pliocene 

laminated    clay,    phosphatic 
nodules  and  ironstone     . 

5  to  21 

Bagshot  Beds  

Sand  and  pebble  beds    . 

20  to  40 

London  Clay   

Brown    and    blue    clay    with 

400 

Eocene 

Blackheath  or  Oldhaven  Beds  . 

Sand    with    shells    and    flint 

i  o  to  50 

Woolwich  and  Reading  Beds    . 

Mottled  clay,  sand,  and  flint 

25  to  80 

Thanet  Beds    

Grey  sand  and  sandy  clay  .     • 

10  to  85 

Upper  Chalk    

Chalk  with  flints      .... 

400  to  450 

Middle  Chalk  

Bedded  chalk  with  few  flints  . 

200 

Upper 

Blocky     chalk     with     curved 

Cretaceous 

Upper  Greenland   

jointing,  and  marl 
Green  sand  and  brown  loam  . 

120 
7O 

Gault     

5O  to   I7O 

S'tlurion  ^  (or  older) 

unknown 

1  See  Bibliography  in  Whitaker's  'Geology  of  the  London  Basin,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  i.  (1872) 
p.  393  ;  and  Geology  of  London,  vol.  i.  (i  889)  p.  87  ;  also  '  List  of  Works  on  the  Geology,  etc.,  of  Essex,' 
by  W.  Whitaker  and  W.  H.  Dalton,  Essex  Nat.,  vol.  iii.  (1889)  pp.  61-84. 

2 


GEOLOGY 

PALAEOZOIC   ROCKS 

The  question  whether  productive  Coal  Measures  are  likely  to  occur 
at  a  workable  depth  beneath  Essex  is  one  which  has  aroused  keen  interest 
of  late  years.  So  long  ago  as  1858  a  boring  at  Harwich  proved  the 
occurrence  of  a  dark  slaty  rock  beneath  the  Gault,  at  a  depth  of  1,029  ^eet 
from  the  surface.1  It  was  then  thought  that  this  rock,  which  was  pene- 
trated to  a  depth  of  69  feet,  was  of  Lower  Carboniferous  age  owing  to 
the  supposed  occurrence  in  it  of  the  fossil  mollusc  Posidonomya.  The 
specimen  was  however  re-examined  in  1896  by  Prof.  W.  W.  Watts,  and 
he  came  to  the  conclusion  that,  while  the  rock  itself  was  not  at  all  like 
that  of  any  known  British  Carboniferous  rock,  the  supposed  fossil  was  an 
inorganic  structure.1 

A  somewhat  similar  dark  slaty  rock  was  touched  at  a  depth  of  994 
feet  in  a  trial  boring  in  Suffolk,  at  Stutton  on  the  northern  side  of  the 
Stour  estuary  ;  and  again  in  a  further  trial  in  Essex,  at  Weeley  between 
Colchester  and  Walton-on-the-Naze,  where  the  old  rock  was  reached  at 
a  depth  of  1,094  feet.8 

These  two  trials  in  search  of  Coal  Measures  were  made  after  due 
deliberation  with  the  highest  geological  authorities.  That  they  were 
unsuccessful  is  an  indication,  not  that  the  chances  of  obtaining  coal 
beneath  Essex  are  hopeless,  but  that  scientific  knowledge  is  insufficient 
to  tell  precisely  where  concealed  coal-basins  occur.  Nevertheless  en- 
terprise need  not  be  damped.  There  is  always  a  possibility  of  finding 
coal  where  the  strata  at  the  surface  are  newer  than  the  Coal  Measures  ; 
but  as  the  older  rocks  were  bent  and  fractured  and  largely  eroded  before 
the  Secondary  and  Tertiary  strata  were  spread  over  them,  it  is  evident 
how  speculative  must  be  the  search  for  Coal  Measures  under  these 
circumstances.  Were  the  exposed  coalfields  to  be  covered  up  with  a 
mantle  of  Chalk,  we  should  have  no  certain  guide  from  one  successful 
boring  as  to  the  nature  of  the  deep-seated  rocks  at  a  distance  of  a  few 
miles,  because  there  is  no  regularity  in  the  preservation  of  coal-basins. 
Again  if  rocks  much  older  are  proved  in  a  boring,  it  is  quite  possible 
that  Coal  Measures  may  exist  near  by,  because  in  south  Staffordshire, 
Leicestershire  and  Warwickshire  the  older  Palaeozoic  rocks  occur  in 
juxtaposition  with  productive  Coal  Measures. 

It  has  lately  been  suggested  by  Prof.  W.  J.  Sollas  that  Enfield  Lock, 
just  across  the  Lea  on  the  Hertfordshire  side,  is  a  likely  place  for  a 
successful  trial.  It  may  be  so,  but  there  is  no  information  that  would 
prove  that  it  is  a  more  promising  site  than  any  other  unproved  locality 
in  Essex  or  Hertfordshire.4 

In  Essex  several  deep  borings  have  been  made  in  search  of  water. 
Thus  at  Wickham  Bishop  a  boring  was  carried  to  a  depth  of  1,180  feet, 

1  Prestwich,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sot.,  vol.  xiv.  p.  252. 

*  Ann.  Report  of  Geol.  Survey  for  1896,  p.  5.  »  Whitaker,  Ref.  Brit.  Ante,  for  1895. 

4  For  further  information  on  the  underground  rocks  see  Whitaker,  Geology  of  LenJen,  vol.  i.  p.  10. 
(In  this  work  full  references  are  made  to  the  suggestions  of  Godwin-Austen,  Prestwich  and  others  on 
the  older  deep-seated  rocks.) 

3 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

including  703  feet  of  Chalk  (base  not  reached).  It  is  probable  that  the 
thickness  of  the  Eocene  strata  was  here  to  a  certain  extent  duplicated  by 
a  reversed  fault  or  fold.1  At  Loughton  a  boring  was  made  to  a  depth  of 
1,100  feet  into  Gault  ;  and  at  South  Shoebury  another  was  carried  1,048 
feet,  probably  into  Lower  Chalk.  An  old  boring  at  Saffron  Walden  was 
carried  to  a  depth  of  a  little  over  1,000  feet,  but  the  details  of  the  strata 
cannot  now  be  interpreted  with  certainty.  In  all  of  these  borings,  if  we 
except  the  Palaeozoic  rock,  the  oldest  formation  whose  age  has  been 
proved  is  the  Gault. 

GAULT   AND    UPPER   GREENSAND 

The  Gault  consists  of  stiff  blue  and  grey  clay  and  marl,  which  was 
proved  to  have  a  thickness  of  172  feet  in  the  deep  boring  at  Loughton. 
It  was  found  below  Harwich  and  Weeley,  and  is  probably  everywhere 
present  beneath  the  Chalk  under  Essex  ;  but  it  evidently  becomes 
thinner  towards  the  north-east,  as  it  was  only  50  or  60  feet  thick  at 
Harwich. 

There  is  evidence  of  the  presence  of  Upper  Greensand  beneath  a 
portion  of  Essex  along  the  Lea  valley.  Mr.  Whitaker  has  remarked 
that  this  formation  was  found  beneath  the  Chalk  at  Cheshunt,  and  was 
met  with  in  the  deep  well  at  Loughton,  the  thickness  being  about  30 
feet.  Below  the  Gault  at  Loughton  there  was  sand,  which  may  possibly 
represent  Lower  Greensand.2 

CHALK 

The  Chalk  appears  at  the  surface  over  a  comparatively  small  portion 
of  Essex,  but  where  it  does  occur  its  presence  is  usually  indicated  by  pits 
and  lime-kilns. 

The  Lower  Chalk  in  Cambridgeshire  includes  at  its  base  the  well- 
known  bed  of  phosphatic  nodules  and  phosphatized  fossils  termed  the 
'  Cambridge  Greensand,'  but  whether  or  not  this  bed  occurs  underground 
in  the  northern  part  of  Essex  is  unknown.  Above  is  the  Chalk  Marl,  a 
mass  of  grey  marl  50  or  60  feet  thick,  which  yields  Ammonites  variant, 
Inoceramus  latus  and  other  fossils.  Still  higher  we  come  to  the  Tottern- 
hoe  Stone,  a  hard  band  of  somewhat  sandy  rock,  which  north  of  Heydon 
is  a  noted  water-bearing  stratum,  strong  springs  being  thrown  out  at  its 
junction  with  the  Chalk  Marl.  The  Totternhoe  Stone  is  characterized 
by  Rbynchonella  mantelliana,  Kingena  lima,  Pecten  orbicularis  and  P.  Jissi- 
costata.  The  uppermost  portion  of  the  Lower  Chalk  comprises  a  mass 
of  grey  chalk  or  clunch  which  yields  Belemnitella  (Actinocamax)  plena  and 
Ho/aster  subglobosus?  These  portions  of  the  Chalk  do  not  appear  at  the 
surface  in  Essex,  but  they  no  doubt  occur  everywhere  below  ground. 

The  Middle  Chalk,  which  is  exposed  north  of  Heydon,  at  Great 

1  See  Whitaker,  Trans.  Essex  Field  Club,  vol.  iv.  pp.  149,  1 68. 

2  Ibid.  vol.  iv.  pp.  158,  159  ;  and  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.,  vol.  Ivi.  p.  Ixxv. ;  and  Jukes-Browne, 
Cretaceous  Rocks  of  Britain,  vol.  i.  p.  370. 

3  See  W.  Hill  and  A.  J.  Jukes-Browne,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sue.,  vol.  xlii.  p.  216. 

4 


GEOLOGY 

Chesterford,  Hadstock,  and  Sturmer  near  Haverhill,  includes  at  its  base 
the  Melbourn  Rock,  named  from  the  Cambridgeshire  village  of  Mel- 
bourn.  This  is  a  hard  rocky  chalk  with  marly  and  nodular  layers,  about 
ten  feet  in  thickness.  The  mass  of  the  Middle  Chalk  above  is  well 
bedded  in  layers  that  appear  to  be  lenticular  or  wedge-shaped,  and  it  has 
but  few  flints.  Among  the  fossils  are  Rhynchonella  cuvieri,  Terebratulina, 
and  Ho/aster  subglobosus.  The  last-named  fossil  is  found  also  in  a  band 
of  hard  cream-coloured  limestone  with  green  coated  nodules  and  grains 
of  glauconite,  known  as  the  Chalk  Rock,  which  separates  the  Middle 
from  the  Upper  Chalk.  The  Chalk  Rock  has  been  observed  in  several 
places  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  county. 

Between  Heydon  and  Chishall  the  Chalk  is  locally  disturbed,  and 
instead  of  the  normal  southerly  or  south-easterly  dip  at  a  gentle  angle, 
the  strata  are  inclined  at  an  angle  of  25°  N.N.W.,  and  the  flints  are 
fractured.  This  high  dip  increases  to  the  south-west  in  Hertfordshire. 
Whether  the  disturbance  is  due  to  faulting  or  to  the  surface  derange- 
ments produced  by  glacial  agents  has  not  been  satisfactorily  determined. 
That  glacial  action  has  been  potent  is  manifest  from  the  deeply  excavated 
trough  near  Newport,  to  which  reference  will  be  made. 

The  Upper  Chalk,  which  lies  about  43  feet  below  the  surface 
near  the  Thames  at  Beckton,  appears  above  ground  at  Grays  and  Purfleet 
in  south  Essex  ;  and  in  the  north  it  may  be  seen  at  Farnham  and 
Clavering  in  the  Stort  valley,  at  Quendon,  Newport,  Audley  End  and 
Saffron  Walden  in  the  Cam  valley,  and  eastwards  at  Great  Yeldham  and 
Middleton,  near  Sudbury.  It  consists  of  soft  chalk  with  layers  of  flints, 
and  yields  remains  of  the  saurian  Leiodon  (allied  to  Mosasaurus),  of  fishes 
such  as  Ptycbodus  polygyrus,  molluscs  including  Inoceramus  and  Lima, 
brachiopods  such  as  Terebratula  carnea,  the  echinoderms  Cu/aris  and 
Goniaster,  as  well  as  crinoids  and  corals. 

At  Purfleet,  Grays  and  West  Thurrock  the  Chalk  has  been  largely 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  whiting,  lime  and  cement. 

At  Hangman's  Wood  a  remarkable  series  of  excavations  known  as 
Deneholes  occur.  These  are  shafts  carried  through  about  50  or  60  feet 
of  gravel  and  Thanet  Sand,  and  20  feet  or  more  into  the  Chalk,  but 
as  their  interest  is  mainly  archaeological  they  will  be  described  else- 
where. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  the  Chalk  has  been  used  'from  time  im- 
memorial '  for  chalking  the  land,  and  more  extensively  in  old  days. 
Arthur  Young  in  1768,  after  remarking  on  the  badness  of  the  road 
between  Billericay  and  Tilbury,  observed  that '  to  add  to  all  the  infamous 
circumstances,  which  concur  to  plague  a  traveller,  I  must  not  forget 
the  eternally  meeting  with  chalk-waggons.'  He  mentioned  also  that 
Chalk  was  brought  from  Kent  by  sea  to  Maldon.1 

At  Stifford  the  Chalk  has  not  only  been  worked  in  open  pits,  but 
also  by  means  of  shafts  or  '  chalk-wells,'  evidence  of  which  was  brought 

1  A  Six  Wteki  Tour  through  the  Southern  Counties,  p.  72  ;  see  also  hi«  General  P'ten  eftbe  Agritulture 
of  Essex,  vol.  ii.  (1807)  p.  206. 

5 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

to  the  notice  of  Mr.  T.  V.  Holmes  through  subsidences  having  occurred 
on  account  of  the  old  workings.  In  these  cases  the  Chalk  was  reached 
at  a  depth  of  about  12  feet,1  and  was  probably  dug  for  agricultural 
purposes. 

The  Chalk  itself  has  little  direct  influence  on  the  agriculture,  but 
open  down-like  tracts  occur  near  Saffron  Walden,  and  the  soil  generally 
on  the  uplands  bordering  the  Cam  valley  and  extending  to  Heydon  is  dry 
and  more  or  less  '  hurrocky,'  that  is  mixed  chalky  and  gravelly.2  Along 
the  Cam  valley  below  Newport  many  springs  issue  and  there  are  good 
watercress  beds.  In  very  wet  weather  the  valley  is  liable  to  be  flooded 
from  the  drainage  off  the  clay  uplands. 

During  excavations  at  Grays  a  former  proprietor,  Richard  Meeson, 
opened  up  some  copious  springs  which  were  afterwards  utilized  for 
the  water  supply  of  a  considerable  district.3 

The  Chalk  indeed  is  of  the  greatest  importance  as  a  water-bearing 
formation,  and  from  it  supplies  are  obtained  in  many  a  well  in  Essex. 
The  rain  falling  on  the  North  Downs  and  on  the  downs  in  Hertfordshire 
and  Cambridgeshire  descends  into  the  trough  of  Chalk  which  underlies 
Essex.  Here  the  water  is  pent  up  beneath  the  mass  of  Tertiary  strata, 
chiefly  London  Clay,  and  borings  carried  into  the  Chalk  yield  a  varying 
supply.  There  is  no  doubt  that  the  Chalk  below  sea-level  is  saturated, 
and  this  plane  of  saturation  rises  inland  to  some  extent  with  the  rise 
of  the  land  and  the  amount  of  rainfall ;  but  when  covered  by  a  great 
thickness  of  Tertiary  strata  the  Chalk  itself  is  firmer  and  closer  than  it  is 
near  the  surface.  There  are  fewer  fissures,  and  therefore  a  free  supply  at 
a  great  depth  is  not  to  be  depended  upon.  Water  may  be  pumped  faster 
than  it  can  be  replaced.  Saturated  Chalk  of  course  acts  like  an  im- 
pervious stratum,  and  the  additions  flow  away  in  springs.  Thus  overflows 
from  this  Basin  escape  at  the  surface  on  the  margin  of  the  Tertiary  strata, 
as  at  Benfield  Springs  near  Bishops  Stortford  on  the  north,  and  at  Grays 
and  Purfleet  on  the  south.  On  the  far  northern  side  of  the  Chalk  Basin 
there  is  a  copious  outflow  beyond  Heydon  along  the  outcrop  of  the 
Totternhoe  Stone,  and  numerous  springs  issue  at  and  below  Newport 
in  the  Cam  valley.  Pumping  from  deep  wells  takes  so  much  from 
the  body  of  the  Chalk,  and  the  amount  is  naturally  lost  to  the  springs. 

THANET   BEDS 

Overlying  the  Chalk  there  is  generally  to  be  found  a  mass  of  pale 
and  greenish-grey  sand  and  sandy  clay.  This  formation  known  as  the 
Thanet  Beds  contains  at  its  base  a  layer  of  green-coated  flints,  which 
appear  to  have  originated  from  the  dissolution  of  the  upper  layers  of 
Chalk  in  which  the  flints  were  formerly  embedded. 

The  strata  are  exposed  between  Purfleet  and  Aveley,  at  StifFord, 

1  Essex  Nat.,  vol.  iii.  p.  183. 

8  C.  Vancouver,  General  View  of  the  Agriculture  of  Essex  (1795)  pp.  104,  105. 
3  Prestwich,  Quart.  Jount.  Geol.  Sac.,  vol.  xxviii.  p.  xliii.  ;  see  also  Minutes  of  Evidence,  Roy.  Comm. 
on  Metrop.  Water  Supply,  1893. 

6 


GEOLOGY 

Chadwell  and  West  Tilbury.  They  have  been  opened  up  in  pits  north 
of  Grays  Thurrock  station,  and  have  been  seen  to  a  thickness  of  53 
feet  by  Mr.  T.  V.  Holmes  in  one  of  the  Deneholes  in  Hangman's  Wood, 
north  of  Little  Thurrock.  Being  in  this  area  largely  covered  by  valley 
gravel  they  have  but  little  direct  influence  on  the  soil.  Eastwards  and 
westwards  they  are  concealed  beneath  the  alluvial  deposits  bordering  the 
Thames,  but  over  a  great  part  of  Essex  they  have  been  proved  in  borings 
and  sinkings  as  at  Stratford,  Loughton  and  elsewhere. 

Along  the  northern  margin  of  the  county  their  presence  has  not 
everywhere  been  determined,  and  they  have  not  been  separated  from  the 
Woolwich  and  Reading  Beds  on  the  Geological  Survey  map,  because  in 
that  area  the  strata  are  largely  concealed  by  Glacial  Drift,  and  it  is  known 
that  although  they  occur  at  Sudbury,  the  Thanet  Beds  are  not  present  to 
the  north-west  of  the  London  Basin. 

WOOLWICH   AND   READING   BEDS 

The  Woolwich  and  Reading  Beds  comprise  mottled  clay,  laminated 
clay  and  sand,  also  shelly  clays  and  lignite,  and  usually  at  the  base 
greenish-grey  sand  with  flint  pebbles.  In  composition  and  thickness 
this  formation  is  as  usual  variable,  and  it  is  known  better  in  Essex  from 
the  records  of  well-sections  than  from  the  surface  exposures.  The  thick- 
ness varies  from  25  to  60  feet  or  more. 

The  beds  occur  beneath  the  valley  gravels  at  West  Ham  and  also 
at  Beckton,  and  they  come  to  the  surface  from  near  Wennington  to 
Aveley,  Stiffbrd,  Orsett  and  Stanford-le-Hope,  where  they  may  be  seen 
here  and  there  in  temporary  excavations. 

Along  the  northern  outcrop  they  appear  at  Roydon,  and  near  Farn- 
ham  and  Stanstead  Montfitchet.  Near  Elsenham  and  Debden  they 
probably  occur  further  north  than  the  map  indicates.  They  are  seen 
again  north  of  Thaxted  and  at  Castle  Hedingham. 

Among  the  fossils  Melania  inquinata,  Cerithium  funatum^  Cyrena  cunei- 
formis  and  Osfrea  bellavacina  indicate  estuarine  conditions. 

BLACKHEATH    OR   OLDHAVEN    BEDS 

The  Blackheath  (or  Oldhaven)  Beds  consist  locally  of  grey  sands 
with  flint  pebbles,  and  contain  marine  shells  like  those  of  the  London 
Clay,  but  they  have  been  somewhat  doubtfully  recognized  by  Mr. 
Whitaker  in  borings  in  south  Essex.  Thicknesses  of  1 1  feet  at  Barking 
Side,  50  feet  at  Stanford-le-Hope  and  37  feet  at  Shoeburyness  are  thus 
assigned  to  this  formation,1  which  is  well  represented  south  of  the 
Thames  in  the  pebble-beds  of  Blackheath,  and  in  the  sands  of  Oldhaven 
or  Bishopstone  Gap. 

The  occurrence  of  flint  pebbles  in  the  Blackheath  Beds  shows  that 
in  some  areas  the  Chalk  must  have  been  upraised  to  form  cliffs.  This 
may  have  been  in  the  area  of  the  Weald  from  which  the  Chalk  has  since 
been  removed. 

1  See  Whitaker,  Grt/egy  ef  LoaJon,  vol.  i.  p.  233. 
7 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

The  soils  furnished  by  these  Lower  Eocene  strata  between  the 
Chalk  and  London  Clay  are  on  the  whole  loamy,  being  mixed  soils 
of  sand  and  clay.  The  formations  themselves  exercise  no  marked 
influence  on  the  scenery. 

LONDON   CLAY 

The  London  Clay  occupies  a  large  part  of  the  surface  of  Essex, 
more  especially  in  the  south,  and  where  well  developed  it  is  upwards  of 
400  feet  thick. 

It  is  naturally  exposed  in  the  cliffs  at  Southend,  Shoeburyness  and 
Clacton-on-Sea,  where  it  is  capped  by  valley  gravels,  and  it  is  seen  again 
in  the  cliffs  at  Frinton,  Walton-on-the-Naze,  and  also  at  Harwich.  It 
occurs  at  the  surface  over  considerable  areas  along  the  valley  of  the 
Crouch,  around  Langdon  Hill,  over  Hainault  and  Epping  Forests  and 
near  Waltham  Abbey. 

In  north  Essex  the  London  Clay  is  exposed  along  the  Stour  valley 
below  Middleton  ;  along  the  Colne  valley  from  Castle  Hedingham  and 
Gosfield  ;  along  the  Pant  and  Blackwater  valleys  from  Wethersfield  ;  and 
along  the  Pods  Brook,  Ter  and  Chelmer  valleys  at  Braintree,  Terling, 
Thaxted  and  Dunmow.  In  the  Stort  valley  it  occurs  in  a  few  places 
along  the  Essex  borders. 

The  formation  where  it  appears  at  the  surface  is  a  stiff  brown  clay, 
which  soaks  up  a  good  deal  of  water  in  wet  weather,  and  shrinks  and 
cracks  in  very  dry  weather.  Where  dug  from  a  depth  it  is  bluish-grey 
in  colour,  and  in  this  unweathered  portion  of  the  deposit,  or  in  the 
cement-stones,  the  fossils  which  characterize  the  London  Clay  are  more 
usually  found.  These  include  mammals  allied  to  the  hyrax  and  tapir, 
some  remarkable  birds,  turtles,  a  large  serpent,  sharks  and  other  fishes, 
crabs  and  lobsters,  as  well  as  mollusca  such  as  the  Nautilus,  Foluta, 
Cypraa,  and  a  boring-shell  or  '  ship-worm  '  called  Teredina.  Among 
plant-remains  there  are  fruits  and  seeds  of  palms,  euphorbias,  mimosa? 
and  acaciae. 

Towards  the  base  of  the  London  Clay  there  are  occasional  flint 
pebbles  and  also  hard  and  impersistent  bands  of  calcareous  sandstone, 
yielding  Aporrhais  sowerbyi,  Natica,  Cytherea  orbicularis,  Panopcea  and 
Pectunculus.1  Blocks  of  this  rock  were  obtained  during  an  excavation  at 
the  gasworks  at  Beckton. 

As  a  rule  however  the  London  Clay  rarely  yields  any  fossils,  and  one 
may  examine  many  a  brick-pit  or  railway-cutting  without  finding  a  single 
specimen.  The  presence  of  selenite  (or  of  moulds  of  its  crystals)  may 
have  arisen  from  the  decomposition  of  iron-pyrites  and  of  calcareous 
organisms  :  hence  in  this  and  other  formations  the  mineral  may  indicate 
the  former  occurrence  of  fossils. 2 

The  London  Clay  is  characterized  by  nodules  of  argillaceous  lime- 
stone known  as  cement-stones  or  septaria.  These  may  be  seen  in  the 

1  See  also  Prestwich,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sac.,  vol.  vi.  p.  262. 
8  See  P.  M.  Duncan,  ibid.  vol.  xxii.  p.  12. 

8 


GEOLOGY 

cliffs  at  Clacton,  and  many  were  formerly  dredged  to  the  south  of 
Harwich  for  the  manufacture  of  Roman  cement.  The  cracks  or  septa 
arc  filled  with  calc-spar,  and  sometimes  contain  pyrites  or  '  copperas.' ' 
The  septaria  no  doubt  originated  from  the  segregation  of  the  more 
calcareous  portions  of  the  clayey  mud  after  the  deposition  of  the  London 
Clay.  Morant  says  these  nodules  were  used  in  the  walls  of  Colchester. 

The  London  Clay  has  been  extensively  dug  for  brick-making  and 
especially  for  tile-making,  as  at  Buckhurst  Hill,  Loughton  and  elsewhere. 
The  loamy  beds  which  occur  at  the  junction  with  the  Bagshot  Beds,  as 
at  Brentwood,  near  Theydon  Bois  and  on  Epping  Plain,  are  very  suitable 
for  brick-making. 

The  soil  is  naturally  thin  and  tenacious,  and  has  been  described  as  a 
cold,  heavy  and  wet  clay  on  tile-earth  ;  but  it  is  ameliorated  on  the 
slopes  where  the  higher  grounds  are  covered  by  Bagshot  Sands  or  drift 
gravels.  On  the  stifFer  grounds  of  Epping  Forest  the  oak  and  hornbeam 
find  a  congenial  soil. 

BAGSHOT   BEDS 

Overlying  the  London  Clay,  and  connected  with  it  by  alternations 
of  sand,  loam  and  clay,  are  the  Bagshot  Beds.  These  consist  in  mass 
of  fine  buff-coloured  sand  with  thin  layers  of  pipeclay,  overlaid  in 
places  by  pebble-beds  which  are  mainly  composed  of  flint  pebbles.  The 
occurrence  of  zircon  among  the  minute  materials  of  the  Bagshot  Sands 
at  High  Beech  was  detected  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Dick.*  The  formation  occurs 
in  outliers,  which  are  but  remnants  of  a  wide-spread  deposit.  These 
outliers  constitute  some  of  the  higher  and  more  picturesque  tracts,  as 
at  Epping  and  High  Beech  (362  feet),  Brentwood,  Warley  (360  feet), 
Billericay,  Stock,  Langdon  Hill  (385  feet),  Rayleigh  and  a  few  other 
localities.  The  land  is  less  cultivated  than  on  other  formations,  and 
commons,  village  greens  and  much  woodland  help  to  diversify  the  scenes. 

From  the  fact  of  this  gradual  passage  from  the  London  Clay  into 
the  Bagshot  Beds  there  has  arisen  considerable  difference  of  opinion  with 
regard  to  the  boundary  line  that  should  be  drawn  on  geological  maps  to 
separate  the  two  formations.  Those  who,  like  S.  V.  Wood,  jun.,  take 
the  first  prominent  bed  of  sand  in  the  ascending  series  to  indicate  the 
Bagshot  Beds,  would  mark  much  larger  areas  of  that  formation,  notably 
along  the  high  grounds  from  High  Beech  to  Epping,  and  between 
Theydon  Mount  and  Northweald  Basset.  On  the  other  hand  those  who 
in  the  downward  succession  take  the  first  mass  of  clay  to  belong  to 
the  London  Clay  indicate  much  smaller  areas  of  Bagshot  Beds.  In  the 
one  case  we  have  to  map  clay  in  the  Bagshot  Sand,  and  in  the  other  sand 
in  the  London  Clay.  Absolute  consistency  is  not  however  to  be  obtained, 
and  the  difficulties  met  with  in  deciding  about  a  boundary  near  Epping 
are  encountered  also  near  Brentwood  and  Rayleigh. 

Some  casts  of  shells,  apparently  Turritella,  Natica  and  Valuta  were 

1   Hence  perhaps  the  name  Copperas  Bay,  west  of  Harwich.     Copperas  (sulphate  of  iron)  is  manu- 
factured from  pyrites.     See  also  P.  Morant,  Hilt,  and  Antiq.  »f  Etiex  (1768),  vol.  i.  p.  500. 

1  Whitaker,  Geology  of  London,  vol.  i.  p.  523. 
I  9  2 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

found  at  Mill  Green,  north  of  Frierning,  by  Messrs.  H.  W.  Monckton 
and  R.  S.  Herries. 

Overlying  the  Bagshot  Sands  in  some  of  the  outliers  there  are  pebble- 
beds  composed  almost  wholly  of  flint,  and  these  belong  to  the  Bagshot 
Beds.  The  best  section,  to  which  attention  was  first  drawn  by  S.  V. 
Wood,  jun.,  was  at  Langtons  in  South  Weald  Park  near  Brentwood. 
The  pebble-bed  was  fifteen  feet  thick,  and  overlaid  by  about  six  feet  of 
rearranged  pebbly  gravel,  largely  derived  from  the  beds  below.  Other 
sections  of  the  pebble-beds  have  been  noted  at  Warley,  Billericay  and 
Stock,  where  also  there  are  reconstructed  pebbly  gravels  above  the 
Bagshot  Beds.1 

While  the  Chalk  indicates  marine  conditions  of  considerable  depth 
and  at  a  distance  from  any  land,  the  succeeding  Thanet  Sands  were  formed 
in  a  shallow  sea  probably  within  the  influence  of  the  great  Eocene  river 
which  directly  brought  succeeding  sediments.  There  is  a  great  break 
between  the  Chalk  and  Thanet  Sand,  as  indicated  in  some  areas  by  the 
destruction  of  the  Chalk  and  its  layers  of  flints,  and  everywhere  by  the 
change  in  the  life  of  the  periods  :  though  locally  the  break  is  unaccom- 
panied by  any  discordance  in  the  stratification  of  the  two  series. 

During  the  period  of  the  Thanet  Sand  there  is  no  evidence,  as  Mr. 
J.  Starkie  Gardner  points  out,  that  any  elevated  Chalk  coast-line  came 
locally  into  contact  with  the  waves.2  After  the  deposition  of  the  Thanet 
Beds  the  region  underwent  some  elevation  and  came  under  the  influence 
of  freshwater  and  estuarine  conditions. 

The  Woolwich  and  Reading  Beds  indicate  a  temperate  climate, 
which  however  was  gradually  changing  towards  the  sub-tropical  condi- 
tions which  subsequently  prevailed.  The  period  was  one  dominated  by 
the  great  Eocene  river,  and  it  was  followed  by  subsidence  which,  as  Mr. 
Gardner  remarks,  ushered  in  the  Blackheath  and  London  Clay  deposits. 

The  fossils  of  the  London  Clay  indicate  that  the  climate  during  its 
formation  was  almost  tropical,  while  the  deposit  itself  must  have  been  laid 
down  slowly  and  quietly  in  the  wide  estuary  of  the  Eocene  river.  The 
succeeding  Bagshot  Sands  were  deposited  in  shallower  water,  probably 
estuarine  in  the  Essex  area,  but  passing  westwards  into  freshwater  beds 
with  many  plant-remains  of  sub-tropical  character. 

The  various  Eocene  strata  up  to  the  Bagshot  Beds  were  spread  over 
the  entire  area  of  Essex,  and  while  as  before  mentioned  some  tracts  of 
Chalk  in  the  south  of  England  were  suffering  denudation  in  Eocene  times, 
yet  later  on  in  Oligocene  and  Miocene  times  the  region  was  generally  raised 
above  water  for  an  extended  period.  It  was  then  that  the  curvature  of 
the  London  Basin  was  produced,  a  disturbance  accompanied  by  eleva- 
tion and  followed  by  immense  destruction  of  the  land.  Surface  agents  in 
the  shape  of  rain  and  rivers  began  to  erode  channels  and  to  wear  away 

1  See  H.  B.  Woodward,  in  Whitaker's  Geology  of  London,  vol.  i.  pp.  270-279  ;  Prestwich,  Quart. 
Journ.  Geol.  Soc.,  vol.  xlvi.  p.  165  ;  H.  W.  Monckton  and  R.  S.  Herries,  Pnc.  Geol.  Assoc.,  vol.  xi.  pp. 
1 8  and  Ixv.  ;  vol.  xii.  p.  108  ;  and  Monckton,  Nature,  June  26,  1890. 

*  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.,  vol.  xxxix.  p.  202. 

IO 


GEOLOGY 

the  strata — a  process  which  continued  into  the  Pliocene  period,  when 
the  north-eastern  portions  of  the  area  were  submerged  and  received  banks 
of  the  shelly  sand  known  as  Red  Crag.  How  far  this  Pliocene  submer- 
gence extended  it  is  difficult  to  say,  for  although  there  are  some  high-level 
or  plateau  deposits  of  pebble-gravel  which  may  date  back  to  Pliocene 
times,  there  is  no  evidence  from  fossils  to  prove  the  point1  (see  p.  12). 
Prior  to  the  Glacial  period  the  more  prominent  physical  features 
of  the  country  had  been  formed,  as  the  Bagshot  Beds  must  have  been 
largely  removed,  only  scattered  outliers  remaining  on  an  irregular  found- 
ation of  London  Clay  ;  and  Mr.  T.  V.  Holmes  has  pointed  out  that 
as  a  thickness  of  400  feet  of  London  Clay  (nearly  the  full  thickness)  has 
been  proved  at  Dagenham,  it  is  probable  that  some  outliers  of  Bagshot 
Beds  may  have  diversified  the  surface  in  that  neighbourhood  just  prior 
to  the  formation  of  the  Thames  valley.4 

RED  CRAG 

The  Red  Crag  is  one  of  the  more  attractive  of  geological  formations, 
mainly  because  fossils  are  readily  to  be  obtained  and  partly  because  the 
exposures  occur  for  the  most  part  in  pleasant  places.  In  Essex  the  most 
famous  locality  is  Walton-on-the-Naze. 

As  early  as  1703  the  fossils  of  Harwich  cliff  were  noticed  by 
S.  Dale,*  and  they  were  more  prominently  brought  before  the  public  in 
the  descriptions  and  figures  published  in  his  appendix  to  Silas  Taylor's 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Harwich  and  Dovercourt*  From  this  account 
we  learn  of  an  outlier  of  the  shelly  Crag  that  has  since  been  destroyed 
by  the  ravages  of  the  sea. 

Attention  was  drawn  to  another  outlier  at  Beaumont,  by  John 
Brown  of  Stanway,  while  small  tracts  occur  between  Harwich  and 
Little  Oakley,  at  Mistley,  and  again  in  the  country  from  Langham  to 
near  Boxted.  Some  of  these  remnants  of  the  Crag  have  been  noticed 
at  the  surface,  others  have  been  detected  from  the  material  brought  up 
in  occasional  borings  or  well-sinkings.  A  phosphatic  nodule-bed  at  the 
base  of  the  Crag  was  at  one  time  worked  at  Wrabness  and  also  at 
Walton-on-the-Naze. 

The  Red  Crag  in  Essex  is  regarded  as  the  oldest  portion  of  the 
formation,  and  from  its  development  at  Walton-on-the-Naze,  it  has  been 
termed  the  Waltonian  stage  by  Mr.  F.  W.  Harmer.6  He  observes  that 
the  majority  of  the  characteristic  shells  found  in  it  are  either  extinct  or 
south-European  forms  :  they  include  Cyprcea  ave/fana,  Voluta  lamberti, 
Purpura  tetragona,  Trophon  (Neptunea)  contrarius,  and  many  others.  A 
band  of  clay  above  the  shelly  Crag  at  Walton  has  been  regarded  as  a 
representative  of  the  Chillesford  Clay  of  Suffolk,  but  this  correlation  is 
questioned  by  Mr.  Harmer. 

1  See  Whitaker,  Geology  of  London,  vol.  i.  pp.  290,  494.  *  Eitex  Nat.,  vol.  vi.  p.  145. 

•  Phil.  Trans.,  vol.  xxiv.  (1704)  p.  1568,  in  a  letter  to  Edward  Lhwyd,  1703. 
«   1730,  ed.  2,  1732. 

*  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sot.,  vol.  Ivi.  p.  709  ;  see  also  C.  Reid,  '  Pliocene  Depotiu  of  Britain,   Mtm. 
Geol.  Survey,  1890. 

II 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Most  of  the  shells  appear  to  have  belonged  to  animals  which  lived 
on  the  spot :  they  do  not  bear  evidence  of  having  been  shifted  and  rolled  as 
in  later  stages  of  the  Red  Crag.  The  Crag  at  Little  Oakley  is  regarded 
by  Mr.  Harmer  as  a  slightly  newer  stage  than  that  at  Walton.  He  has 
lately  reopened  the  pit  at  Beaumont  and  obtained  a  fine  series  of  fossils. 

Occupying  such  small  areas  the  Crag  has  no  particular  influence  on 
the  scenery  and  very  little  on  the  soils.  As  a  rule  the  land  is  fertile, 
and  the  deposit  itself  when  very  shelly  has  been  dug  for  marling  ground 
deficient  in  lime. 

The  Pliocene  period  affords  evidence  of  temperate  conditions  which 
were  slowly  changing  towards  the  more  rigorous  climate  of  the  Pleisto- 
cene. At  the  close  of  the  period  England  was  still  united  across  the 
Straits  of  Dover  with  the  continent.1 

There  are  several  tracts  of  pebbly  gravel  in  Essex,  some  mainly 
derived  from  the  old  Bagshot  pebble-beds  as  at  High  Beech,  near  Brent- 
wood,  Langdon  Hill  and  Hadleigh,  some  derived  probably  from  earlier 
Eocene  pebble-beds. 

These  are  most  largely  formed  of  pebbles  of  flint  and  quartz,  and 
in  this  respect  they  differ  from  the  more  mixed  gravels  of  the  other  high 
grounds,  which  contain  quartzites,  various  igneous  rocks,  and  likewise 
fossils  derived  from  many  older  formations,  and  which  are  definitely 
connected  with  the  Glacial  period. 

Some  patches  of  pebbly  gravel  seen  in  the  clifF  at  Walton-on-the- 
Naze,  also  near  Marks  Tey,  Witham,  Braintree  and  Thaxted,  and  near 
Epping,  have  been  regarded  as  Westleton  Beds  by  Prestwich,2  who  took 
the  name  from  the  village  of  Westleton  in  Suffolk,  and  regarded  the  beds 
as  the  base  of  the  Glacial  series.  The  age  of  the  Westleton  Beds  of 
Westleton  is  not  undisputed  :  they  may  belong  to  the  Glacial  period.3 
Hence  it  will  be  best  not  to  attempt  any  full  discussion  of  this  vexed 
question,  but  to  be  content  here  to  remark  that  as  Prof.  T.  M'K. 
Hughes,  S.  V.  Wood,  jun.,  Prestwich,  Mr.  Whitaker  and  others  have 
pointed  out  there  may  be  gravels  of  Pliocene  (or  Pre-Glacial)  age  which 
were  spread  over  the  country  and  partially  denuded  prior  to  the  great 
glaciation  which  came  about  in  later  times.  To  S.  V.  Wood,  jun.,  we 
are  particularly  indebted  for  a  knowledge  of  the  Drift  deposits  of  East 
Anglia.  He  was  the  first  to  commence  their  detailed  and  systematic 
study  in  Essex,  and  in  1867  he  presented  to  the  Geological  Society  copies 
of  the  Ordnance  Sheets  i  and  2  (Old  Series)  on  which  he  had  surveyed 
the  geology  including  the  various  superficial  deposits.  The  maps  were 
accompanied  by  a  MS.  Memoir  on  the  Structure  of  the  Glacial  and  Post- 
Glacial  Beds  in  southern  Essex. 

1  See  Reid,  Origin  of  the  British  Flora,  pp.  34,  etc. 

2  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.,  vol.  xlvi.  pp.  128,  162,  etc.,  and  Geol.  Mag.,  1898,  p.  404  ;  Monckton 
and  Herries,  Free.  Geol.  Assoc.,  vol.  xi.  p.  18  and  p.  Ixv.  and  vol.  xii.  p.  108  (where  further  references 
are  given). 

3  H.  B.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.,  1882,  p.  452  ;  and  Geol.  England  and  Wales,  ed.  2,  p.  505. 

12 


GEOLOGY 

GLACIAL    DRIFT 

Glacial  Drifts  and  especially  Boulder  Clay  occupy  a  large  portion  of 
the  surface  of  Essex  and  form  some  of  the  more  fertile  agricultural  areas. 
The  Boulder  Clay  is  a  tough  unstratified  clayey  deposit  of  irregular 
thickness,  containing  numerous  rounded  fragments  of  Chalk  of  all  sizes 
from  that  of  a  pea  to  large  blocks  ;  hence  it  is  known  as  the  Chalky 
Boulder  Clay.  It  contains  also  numerous  unworn  and  angular  fragments 
of  flints,  and  pebbles  of  various  rocks,  fossils  and  rocks  derived  from 
different  formations,  together  with  schists,  granites  and  greenstones.1 
Essentially  however  it  is  a  chalky  clay,  the  soil  being  a  '  strong  loam ' 
which  forms  good  land  for  wheat,  barley  and  beans.  This  loam  is  a  de- 
calcified portion  of  the  Boulder  Clay  which  in  places  resembles  the  soil  on 
the  London  Clay,  but  is  usually  stony  and  very  much  thicker.  Among 
the  more  abundant  fossils  are  Gryphcea  dilatata  derived  from  the  Oxford 
Clay,  Belemnites  abbreviatus  from  the  Corallian,  and  Lucina  minuscula 
from  the  Kimeridge  Clay. 

The  Boulder  Clay  lies  somewhat  irregularly  on  the  strata  beneath, 
chiefly  London  Clay  and  Chalk  ;  and  there  are  remarkable  instances  of 
glacial  erosion  which  took  place  prior  to  or  during  the  Glacial  epoch. 
Thus  a  deep  gorge  filled  with  Drift  occurs  along  the  Cam  valley,  partly 
in  Essex  and  partly  in  Cambridgeshire.  The  evidence  derived  from 
well-borings  has  been  published  by  Mr.  Whitaker,*  who  notes  the 
extraordinary  thickness  of  Glacial  Drift  at  Newport  (340  feet),  Wenden 
(272  feet),  Littlebury  (214  feet),  and  Great  Chesterford  (156  feet).  It 
appears  probable  that  this  great  trench  was  excavated  and  subsequently 
filled  up  during  the  time  of  most  intense  glaciation,  and  that  possibly  the 
disturbed  Chalk  near  Chishall  (previously  noticed)  may  then  have  been 
tilted  like  the  Chalk  in  several  localities  in  Norfolk.  Boulder  Clay 
occurs  on  the  Chalk  uplands  in  the  north-western  part  of  the  county 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Heydon,  Chrishall,  and  also  around  Debden  and 
Broxted.  Further  south  it  forms  a  more  or  less  continuous  sheet  at 
Hatfield  Forest,  Hatfield  Broad  Oak,  High  Easter  and  the  Rodings. 
Eastwards  it  is  broken  up  by  valleys  which  divide  the  high  grounds 
near  Thaxted,  Dunmow,  Braintree,  Halstead  and  Coggeshall. 

To  the  south  the  Boulder  Clay  extends  to  Chelmsford  and  Chipping 
Ongar  and  in  patches  to  the  heights,  as  at  Havering-atte-Bower,  over- 
looking the  Thames  valley.  Its  presence  in  this  valley  was  unsuspected 
until  in  the  making  of  the  railway  near  Hornchurch  a  mass  of  tough 
Chalky  Boulder  Clay  fifteen  feet  thick  was  found  by  Mr.  T.  V.  Holmes  to 
underlie  one  of  the  higher  tracts  of  Thames  valley  gravel.1  This  dis- 
covery is  of  the  greatest  interest  as  it  was  the  first  instance  where  Boulder 
Clay  had  been  seen  in  connection  with  the  Thames  valley  gravel.  As 
Mr.  Holmes  points  out  it  does  not  prove  that  the  Thames  valley  was 

»  Sec  Rev.  A..W.  Rowe,  'On  the  Rocb  of  the  Essex  Drift,'  Quart.  Jour*.  Geol.  Sec.,  vol.  xliii.  p.  35 1. 

*  Quart.  Journ.  Gtol.  Sac.,  vol.  xlvi.  p.  333. 

3  Ibid.  vol.  xlviii.  p.  365  ;  and  Euex  Nat.,  vol.  vii.  p.  I. 

13 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

pre-glacial,  but  that  an  old  hollow  or  valley  was  subsequently  cut  into 
during  the  excavation  of  the  Thames  valley.  River  gravel  also  overlies 
Boulder  Clay  in  the  Blackwater  valley  near  Kelvedon. 

Underlying  the  valley  gravel  at  Romford,  Mr.  Holmes  has  observed 
a  deposit  of  silt  and  sand  with  pebbles  of  Chalk,  and  flint,  evidently  of 
subsequent  date  to  the  Boulder  Clay  from  which  it  was  largely  derived.1 
He  looked  upon  it  as  evidence  of  an  ancient  silted-up  stream  whose 
course  he  would  trace  between  Warley,  Billericay  and  Maldon  on  the 
north  and  west,  and  Laindon,  Rayleigh  and  Althorne  on  the  south  and 
east,  and  into  the  valley  of  the  Blackwater  below  Maldon.  In  any  case 
this  silted-up  channel,  like  that  in  the  Cam  valley,  belongs  to  a  more 
ancient  period  than  the  present  Thames  valley  ;  but  whether  these  old 
valleys  which  are  occupied  by  Boulder  Clay  were  pre-glacial  valleys,  or 
were  scooped  out  by  ice-action  during  the  Glacial  period  may  fairly  be 
questioned.  There  is  however  no  doubt  that  the  main  features  of  the 
country  were  formed  prior  to  the  glaciation,  and  therefore  we  should 
expect  here  and  there  to  find  traces  of  old  valleys. 

When  the  Ice  age  was  brought  about  the  surface  of  the  land  had 
long  been  subject  to  subaerial  waste,  the  Chalk-tracts  were  covered  with 
clay-with-flints,  and  there  was  generally  much  weathered  material  or  soil 
over  the  land.  Before  any  great  movement  of  ice  took  place,  the  accu- 
mulation of  snow  led  to  the  formation  of  much  ice,  and  to  the  base  of 
this  the  soil  and  weathered  sub-strata  were  frozen. 

Eventually,  when  movement  set  in  and  there  was  coalescing  of 
great  sheets  of  ice  which  traversed  regions  of  Jurassic  rock  and  Chalk, 
the  base  of  the  ice  tore  off  the  frozen  soil  and  debris^  and  in  some  cases 
great  strips  of  the  strata  ;  in  other  cases  impinging  against  higher  ground 
the  formations  were  locally  disturbed,  as  may  have  been  the  case  near 
Heydon. 

The  debris  thus  removed  would  rise  by  overthrusts  into  higher  hori- 
zons in  the  ice,  and  be  then  carried  forward  and  widely  distributed  and 
commingled  with  local  detritus  during  alternate  recessions  and  readvances 
of  the  ice-margin  ;  the  Boulder  Clay  being  deposited,  to  a  large  extent,  by 
the  melting  of  the  ice,  as  indicated  many  years  ago  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Good- 
child  in  his  account  of  ice-work  in  Edenside. 

The  abundant  chalky  detritus  was  no  doubt  carried  along  minor 
planes  of  movement  in  the  ice,  the  chalk  lumps  being  scored  by  frac- 
tured flint,  and  the  material  being  transported  far  and  wide  at  higher 
levels  in  the  ice  than  the  bulk  of  the  more  local  material.  In  certain 
instances  the  soil  frozen  to  the  base  of  the  ice-sheet  was  little  if  at 
all  moved,  being  overridden  by  subsequent  ice-movements  ;  and  much 
Boulder  Clay  must  also  have  been  overridden  after  deposition,  owing  to 
its  exceedingly  tough  character.2 

1  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sue.,  vol.  1.  p.  443  ;   and  '  Notes  on  the  Ancient  Physiography  of  South 
Essex,'  Essex  Nat.,  vol.  ix.  p.  193. 

2  See  H.  B.  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.,  1897,  p.  485  ;  J.  E.  Marr,  ibid.  1887,  p.  262  ;  and  J.  Geikie, 
The  Great  Ice  4ge. 


GEOLOGY 

The  intercalation  of  sand  and  gravel  with  the  Chalky  Boulder  Clay 
is  best  explained  as  a  marginal  phenomenon  produced  at  different  stages 
in  the  advance  and  retreat  of  the  ice-sheet. 

In  the  ancient  hollow  along  the  Cam  valley  the  Boulder  Clay  was 
seen  to  be  much  mixed  with  sand  and  gravel  in  alternate  irregular 
masses.  This  is  also  the  case  at  Elsenham  and  elsewhere.  Gravel  over- 
lies Boulder  Clay  in  some  places  on  the  higher  ground,  although  not  to 
any  considerable  extent,  as  at  Mountnessing  and  near  Chipping  Ongar. 

Loam  also  associated  with  the  Boulder  Clay  occurs  over  a  large  area 
in  north-eastern  Essex  ;  it  rests  mostly  on  gravel  and  sand,  and  from  its 
mode  of  occurrence  it  might  be  taken  to  replace  the  Boulder  Clay.  It  thus 
extends  over  the  heaths  of  Boxted,  Ardleigh,  Crockleford  and  Elmstead, 
and  around  Wicks  and  Great  Bentley,  where  the  soil —  a  '  fertile  loam  ' 
— is  regarded  as  good  turnip-land. 

Minor  patches  of  loam  occur  on  the  Boulder  Clay  between  Peb- 
marsh  and  Twinstead,  at  Finchingfield,  south  of  Terling,  and  on  Hat- 
field  Heath  :  in  such  situations  the  loam  is  usually  a  decalcified  portion 
of  the  Chalky  Boulder  Clay. 

In  former  days  the  Boulder  Clay  was  much  used  for  claying  or 
marling  the  ground  for  agricultural  purposes  ;  hence  numerous  old  pits, 
now  for  the  most  part  ponds,  may  be  noticed  in  the  fields. 

Sands  and  gravels  occur  beneath  the  main  mass  of  Boulder  Clay, 
but  their  occurrence  though  widespread  is  uncertain.  They  were  distri- 
buted during  the  earlier  stages  of  the  period  of  great  glaciation,  and 
occasionally,  as  in  Hertfordshire,  seams  of  Boulder  Clay  occur  in  the 
gravel.  They  may  outcrop  between  Boulder  Clay  and  London  Clay  on 
one  side  of  a  valley  and  be  absent  from  the  other  side.  Hence  in  sink- 
ing a  well  through  Boulder  Clay  supplies  of  water  cannot  always  be 
depended  upon,  although  in  many  localities  a  good  supply  is  obtained. 

These  sands  and  gravels  occur  along  the  Cam  valley  at  Quendon, 
along  the  Stort  Valley  at  Clavering,  Harlow  and  Roydon,  below  Sudbury 
in  the  Stour  valley,  along  the  Colne  from  Great  Yeldham  to  Halstead  and 
Gosfield,  along  the  Pant  from  Radwinter,  the  Pods  Brook  from  its  source 
near  Great  Bardfield,  and  the  Chelmer  in  places  from  Thaxted. 

In  some  of  these  valleys,  as  along  the  Chelmer,  it  is  not  easy  to 
separate  the  Glacial  gravels  from  the  newer  valley  gravels  which  are 
principally  derived  from  them.  Occasionally,  as  near  Roxwell,  the 
gravel  is  cemented  into  a  conglomerate. 

Gravel  extends  over  the  high  grounds  of  Danbury,  being  perhaps 
in  part  the  wreck  of  an  outlier  of  older  pebbly  gravel.  Towards  the 
south  and  west  Boulder  Clay  is  intercalated  with  the  gravel,  while  on 
the  east,  at  Maldon  and  on  Hazeleigh  Common,  Boulder  Clay  over- 
lies it. 

Glacial  gravel  occurs  around  Colchester,  at  Brightlingsea  and  St. 
Osyth  ;  and  there  are  patches  on  Mersea  Island,  at  Tolleshunt  and  on 
Tiptree  Heath.  Some  of  these  tracts  of  gravel  are  not  clearly  to  be 
separated  from  the  range  of  old  valley  gravels  which  in  east  Essex 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

fringe  the  marshes  near  Burnham.  Again,  in  the  western  portion  of 
the  county,  near  Loughton,  on  Buckhurst  Hill  and  north  of  Chigwell, 
there  are  gravels  which  it  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  distinguish  from 
neighbouring  gravels  on  a  slightly  lower  level  which  seem  to  form  part 
of  the  true  valley  gravels.  Some  of  these  deposits  may  indeed  represent 
stages  in  the  denudation  of  the  country  which  followed  the  recession  of 
the  ice-sheet. 

While  the  action  of  land-ice  was  partly  to  efface  the  old  scenery  by 
thick  accumulations  of  Drift,  it  tended  also  to  degrade  and  soften  the 
bolder  features  ;  but  these  to  some  extent  have  reappeared  through  the 
influence  of  subsequent  denudation. 

The  passing  away  of  icy  conditions,  the  melting  away  of  the  land- 
ice  which  enveloped  so  much  of  the  ground,  must  have  been  attended 
by  the  formation  of  torrential  streams  which  initiated  the  present  lines 
of  drainage.  Along  the  Stour,  Colne  and  Blackwater,  and  along  the 
Lea  and  Thames,  we  find  evidence  of  later  Pleistocene  gravels  and  brick- 
earths,  to  which  attention  must  now  be  directed.  Along  the  Crouch 
however  we  find  no  such  ancient  deposits.  Rising  in  the  hills  of  Lang- 
don  and  Billericay,  it  drains  an  area  of  London  Clay  comparatively  free 
from  the  Glacial  gravels,  which  in  other  valleys  afforded  material  ready- 
made  for  the  accumulations  of  valley  gravel.  The  Crouch  may  indeed 
have  existed  in  Pleistocene  times,  and  have  simply  eroded  without  depo- 
siting much  material  along  its  course  :  but  there  is  no  evidence  to  show 
that  this  was  the  case. 

VALLEY  GRAVEL  AND  BRICKEARTH 

The  deposits  of  valley  gravel  and  brickearth  are  old  accumulations 
of  the 'rivers  and  their  tributaries,  and  they  occupy  grounds  higher  than 
the  Alluvium,  but  often  extend  beneath  it. 

The  more  important  tracts  of  valley  gravel  and  brickearth  are  those 
which  occupy  the  Thames  valley.  They  occur  from  Leyton  and  Strat- 
ford to  Barking,  Romford  and  South  Ockendon,  in  a  belt  which  in 
places  is  four  or  five  miles  broad,  and  rises  100  feet  above  the  river. 
These  deposits  belong  to  the  earliest  system  of  drainage  along  the  pre- 
sent valleys,  and  to  a  period  when  palaeolithic  man  co-existed  with  a 
fauna  many  of  the  members  of  which  are  either  extinct  or  no  longer 
inhabitants  of  this  country. 

The  mammalian  remains  have  been  met  with  in  notable  abundance 
at  Ilford  and  Grays,  not  because  these  were  exceptionally  favoured  places 
of  entombment,  but  because  the  brickearth  at  Ilford  and  the  Chalk  below 
the  brickearth  at  Grays  have  been  very  extensively  worked,  and  for  many 
years  the  remains  were  carefully  looked  after  by  the  late  Sir  Antonio 
Brady  at  Ilford  and  by  Richard  Meeson  at  Grays. 

Sir  A.  Brady  observed  that  the  bones  near  Ilford  were  mostly  found 
in  the  sands  and  gravels  and  in  a  very  decayed  condition,  but  they  were 
better  preserved  in  the  brickearth.  The  chief  locality  was  the  Uphall 

16 


GEOLOGY 

brickfield,  on   the   right  hand  side  of  the  lane  leading  from  Ilford  to 
Barking,  a  spot  about  twenty-eight  feet  above  the  river  Thames.1 

The  mammals  include  fine  examples  of  the  mammoth  or  Elepbas 
primigenius,  also  E.  antiquus,  the  hippopotamus,  three  species  of  rhino- 
ceros, the  Irish  elk,  bison,  urus,  red  deer,  brown  bear,  grisly  bear,  wolf 
and  many  others.  A  few  flint  implements  have  likewise  been  found. 
Occasional  remains  of  birds  and  fishes,  and  numerous  land  and  freshwater 
mollusca  also  occur  in  the  brickearth,  a  deposit  laid  down  under  more 
tranquil  conditions  than  the  gravel,  and  due  largely  to  the  destruction  of 
Eocene  beds  and  Drift  sands  and  loams. 

The  gravel  has  been  derived  mainly  from  pre-existing  gravels 
formed  of  flint,  with  less  abundant  quartz  and  quartzite.  The  flint 
pebbles  were  derived  from  Eocene  pebble-beds,  and  the  sub-angular 
flints,  quartz  and  quartzite  mainly  from  the  Boulder  Clay  or  from  old 
plateau  or  Glacial  gravels  which  border  the  Thames  valley  from  near 
Great  Marlow  to  Rickmansworth,  Hendon  and  Finchley.  Occasional 
greywethers  occur,  as  at  Grays.1 

The  sheets  of  gravel  and  brickearth  which  extend  from  Southend 
and  Shoeburyness  northwards  to  Great  Wakering,  Burnham,  Southmin- 
ster  and  Bradwell,  and  occur  also  on  Osea  Island,  may  originally  have 
been  connected  with  the  tracts  around  Clacton  and  Little  Holland.  In- 
deed, it  is  considered  that  in  old  times  the  Thames  turned  northwards 
along  the  eastern  margin  of  Essex,  receiving  the  Blackwater  as  a  tribu- 
tary. In  this  region  its  right  bank  has  been  wholly  lost  by  the  subse- 
quent waste  of  the  land  on  that  side.  Thus  the  Thames  was  a  much 
mightier  river  than  it  is  now,  but  when  we  contemplate  the  broad  ex- 
panse occupied  by  the  old  valley  gravels  and  brickearths,  we  need  not 
conclude  that  the  river  ever  occupied,  unless  in  seasons  of  flood,  the 
entire  area.  Its  tendency  has  been  to  alter  its  course,  and,  as  pointed 
out  by  Mr.  Whitaker,  for  the  most  part  to  diverge  towards  the  south, 
so  as  to  cut  against  the  Kentish  shores,  while  leaving  broad  tracts  of 
loam  and  gravel  to  the  north.8  It  is  difficult  to  say  whether  the  land 
was  higher  or  lower  during  the  earlier  stages  of  the  formation  of  these 
valley  deposits,  if  we  accept  the  view  that  the  lower  terraces  are  of  later 
age  where  the  river  cut  deeper  into  the  valley.  On  this  subject  opinions 
differ.  The  land  originally  may  have  been  much  higher,  and  the  river, 
more  or  less  torrential,  cut  deeper  and  deeper  into  its  valley  before  reach- 
ing a  base-level  of  erosion. 

In  other  valleys  there  are  deposits  of  river  gravel,  as  along  the 
Colne  at  Dedham  village,  and  the  Cam  at  Wenden  and  Great  Chester- 

1  See  Catalogue  of  the  Pleistocene  Vertebrata  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Ilford,  Etiex,  in  tin  Colkction  of  Sir 
Antonio  Brady,  by  William  Davies,  8vo,  London,  1874  ;  also  Henry  Woodward,  Geol.  Mag.,  1864,  p. 
241,  1868,  p.  540  ;  and  M.  A.  C.  Hinton,  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.,  vol.  xvi.  p.  177. 

1  For  details  relating  to  Grays  see  B.  B.  Woodward,  Proc.  Geol.  AIIOC.,  vol.  xi.  pp.  363,  364 
(herein  are  references  to  the  labours  of  all  previous  workers)  ;  see  also  Prestwich,  Geol.  Mag.,  1898, 
p.  409. 

*  For  a  review  of  the  literature  of  the  Thames  Valley  Drift  and  of  the  origin  of  the  Thames,  see 
Whitaker,  Geology  of  London,  vol.  i.  pp.  353,  496  ;  Ramsay,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sot.,  vol.  xxviii.  p.  148  ; 
Prestwich,  ibid.  vol.  xlvi.  p.  155  ;  J.  W.  Gregory,  Natural  Science,  vol.  v.  p.  97. 

i  17  3 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

ford.  Elsewhere  in  Essex  there  are  sheets  of  valley  gravel  and  brick- 
earth  that  have  yielded  interesting  fossil  remains,  to  which  attention  has 
been  directed  by  the  late  John  Brown  of  Stan  way,  by  the  Rev.  Osmond 
Fisher,  and  others.  Such  deposits  occur  at  Great  Clacton,  at  Lexden, 
Copford  and  Marks  Tey  to  the  west  of  Colchester,  at  Kelvedon,  Wit- 
ham  and  Chelmsford,  and  again  at  Great  Yeldham.  They  comprise 
brickearth,  peaty  clay,  and  shell  marl,  with  remains  of  mammalia,  land 
and  freshwater  mollusca,  and  occasionally  of  beetles  and  plants.  Among 
the  mollusca  the  more  noteworthy  are  Corbicula  fluminalis  which  has 
been  found  at  Clacton,  Grays  and  Ilford,  Unto  littoralis  found  at  Clacton 
and  Grays,  and  Paludestrina  marginata  found  at  Copford,  Clacton  and 
Grays.1  These  are  extinct  in  Britain  ;  the  majority  however  belong  to 
species  still  existing  in  the  district.  A  few  plant-remains  have  been 
obtained  at  Grays  :  these  include  the  ivy,  and  as  remarked  by  Mr.  C. 
Reid,  they  indicate  a  temperate  climate  with  mild  winters.2 

In  places  the  brickearth,  as  at  Grays,  exhibits  a  disturbed  not  to 
say  contorted  surface,  recalling  features  that  are  seen  in  glaciated  districts 
where  the  Chalky  Boulder  Clay  rests  on  beds  which  have  been  disturbed 
during  the  process  of  its  formation. 

The  discovery  at  Hornchurch  (previously  mentioned)  where  Boul- 
der Clay  underlies  the  Thames  Valley  Drift,  proves  that  these  superficial 
disturbances  are  of  later  date  than  the  main  glaciation.  They  may  have 
arisen  in  part  from  the  effects  of  river-ice,  in  part  from  the  later  influ- 
ences of  freezing  and  thawing  and  slipping  of  the  soil.3 

At  Wanstead  Mr.  Martin  Hinton  has  observed  in  the  '  High-Ter- 
race Drift '  much  contorted  gravel  overlain  by  undisturbed  gravel, 
affording  '  evidence  of  the  rivers  having  been  frozen  in  winter  ;  and,  on 
the  breaking  up  of  the  ice,  of  huge  ice-rafts  floating  down,  contorting 
the  deposits  in  process  of  formation  wherever  they  grounded.'  In  the 
'  Low-Terrace  Deposits '  at  Ilford  the  brickearth  and  overlying  gravel 
and  sand  are  also  in  places  remarkably  contorted,  evidently  by  '  the 
crushing  action  of  ice.' 4 

RECENT    DEPOSITS 

The  Alluvium  is  the  tract  of  marshland  bordering  the  rivers,  and  is 
in  some  cases  six  or  seven  feet  below  the  level  of  high-water  at  spring- 
tides, It  comprises  some  of  the  most  recent  deposits,  and  is  a  variable 
series  of  muds  or  silts,  clays,  shell-marls  and  peaty  deposits  with  sand  and 
gravel,  attaining  a  thickness  of  fifty  feet  at  Thames  Haven  and  more 

1  See  B.  B.  Woodward,  '  On  the  Pleistocene  (Non-Marine)  Mollusca  of  the  London  District,' 
Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.,  vol.  xi.  p.  335  ;  and  A.  S.  Kennard  and  B.  B.  Woodward,  'The  Post-Pliocene  Non- 
Marine  Mollusca  of  Essex,'  Essex  Nat.,  vol.  x.  p.  87,  and  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.,  vol.  xvi.  p.  282.  In  these 
articles  references  are  given  to  other  papers.  See  also  J.  P.  Johnson  and  G.  White,  Essex  Nat.,  vol.  xi. 

P-  '57- 

8  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sue.,  vol.  liii.  p.  464. 

3  See  O.  Fisher,  '  On  the  Warp  (of  Mr. Trimmer),'  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.,  vol.  xxii.  p.  553  ;  and 
'On  the  Ages  of  the  "Trail"  and  "Warp,"'  Geol.  Mag.  1867,  p.  193  ;  see  also  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell, 
'  History  of  Rivers  and  Denudation,'  Proc.  West  Kent  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.,  1886. 

4  M.  A.  C.  Hinton,  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.,  vol.  xvi.  p.  271. 

18 


GEOLOGY 

elsewhere.  As  might  be  expected  the  deposits  are  of  an  estuarinc  char- 
acter where  they  border  the  Thames,  the  wide  mouths  of  the  Crouch, 
Blackwater  and  Colne,  and  the  inlets  between  Walton-on-the-Naze  and 
Harwich.  Scrobicularia  plana  and  Tellina  balthica  occur  in  the  tidal 
clays.1 

Along  the  left  bank  of  the  Lea  there  is  a  variable  breadth  of  Allu- 
vium forming  a  succession  of  marshes.  At  Walthamstow  during  excav- 
ations for  the  filter-beds  and  reservoirs  of  the  East  London  Waterworks 
Company  in  1868—69,  many  interesting  remains  were  found  and  described 
by  Dr.  Henry  Woodward.  Besides  numerous  land  and  freshwater  shells 
of  existing  species,  many  bones  of  mammalia  and  a  few  of  birds  and 
fishes  were  obtained.  There  were  skulls  and  portions  of  skeletons  of 
man,  of  prehistoric  and  later  age,  as  well  as  implements  of  stone,  bone, 
bronze  and  iron.  There  were  remains  of  dog,  fox,  horse,  wild  boar,  red 
deer,  reindeer,  roebuck,  elk,  urus  and  short-horned  ox,  also  remains  of 
beaver  in  considerable  abundance.  As  remarked  by  Dr.  Woodward,  the 
work  and  enjoyment  of  the  beaver  is  to  construct  dams,  forming  large 
deep  and  clear  pools  of  water,  with  a  series  of  small  waterfalls  at  in- 
tervals.8 

From  Felstead,  Chignal  St.  James,  Roxwell  and  other  localities  in 
Essex  many  land  and  freshwater  mollusca  have  been  obtained  from  shell- 
marl  and  other  alluvial  deposits.8 

Along  the  borders  of  the  Thames  valley  many  interesting  sections 
have  been  recorded.  Thus  an  excavation  made  in  1890  for  a  new  gas- 
holder at  Beckton,  North  Woolwich,  showed  the  following  strata  : — 

ft.      in. 

{Soil i  6 
Clay 26 
Mud 14  o 
Peat 20 
Mud 10 

Valley  Gravel.     Ballast  (gravel  and  sand) 200 

Basement-bed  of  London  Clay  and  Woolwich  and  Reading  Beds. 

The  peat  yielded  much  wood,  including  bog-oak,  while  in  the 
Alluvium  down  to  a  depth  of  twenty  feet  there  were  found  human 
remains  and  bones  of  ox  [Bos  taurus,  var.  prim/genius  and  var.  longifrons\t 
red  deer,  wild  boar,  dolphin  and  whale.4 

In  other  localities  remains  of  birch,  alder,  hazel  and  yew  have  been 
recognized. 

From  the  mouth  of  the  Lea  eastwards  there  is  indeed  a  succession  of 

1  See  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell,  •  On  the  Estuary  of  the  Thames  and  itt  Alluvium,'  Prac.  Ceo/.  Attec.,  roL 
xi.  p.  210  ;  H.  Robinson,  Prac.  Init.  C.  £.,  vol.  xv.  p.  196. 

1  Geol.  Mag.,  1869,  p.  385  ;  and  'The  Ancient  Fauna  of  Essex,'  Trout.  Eistx  FitU  Club,  vol. 
iii.  p.  1.  See  also  Holmes,  Enex  Nat.,  vol.  xii.  p.  I. 

»  M.  Christy,  Enex  Nat.,  vol.  iii.  p.  I  ;  J.  French,  ibid.  p.  1 1  ;  A.  S.  Kennard  and  B.  B.  Wood- 
ward, ibid.  vol.  x.  p.  87.  For  other  fossils  from  alluvial  deposits,  see  Whitaker,  Geologj  of  Undo*,  vol. 
i.  p.  476. 

*  The  section  was  examined  by  Mr.  T.  V.  Holmes  and  the  writer,  and  the  bone*  were  identified 
by  Mr.  E.  T.  Newton. 

19 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

broad  levels,  and  on  those  of  Plaistow  and  East  Ham,  where  the  land  is 
comparatively  cheap,  the  population  has  greatly  increased  despite  the 
naturally  undesirable  character  of  the  situation.  The  Gas-Light  and 
Coke  Company  have  created  the  village  of  Beckton,  and  other  manu- 
factories have  attracted  many  workers. 

The  marshland  disappears  for  a  space  at  Purfleet  and  again  at  Grays, 
where  the  Thames  in  its  windings  almost  touches  the  higher  grounds  of 
valley  gravel.  At  Tilbury  Fort  there  is  again  a  wide  spread  of  Allu- 
vium, to  which  attention  has  been  specially  directed  because  at  the  base 
of  the  clays  and  peaty  beds  at  a  depth  of  a  little  over  thirty  feet  there 
was  found  a  human  skeleton  of  prehistoric,  but  not,  as  was  originally 
supposed,  of  palaeolithic  age.  The  beds  above  included  peat  and  tidal 
clay,  and  the  peat  contained  roots  of  birch  and  hazel,  and  remains  of 
reeds,  ferns  and  mosses.  Above  the  uppermost  layer  of  peat  were 
evidences  of  Roman  occupation.1 

At  Thames  Haven  and  Canvey  Island  there  is  a  broad  tract  of 
marshland,  consisting  of  fifty  feet  of  clay,  silt,  sand  and  peat. 

Marshlands  border  east  Essex  at  Wakering,  including  Foulness  and 
other  islands,  and  northwards  they  extend  along  the  Crouch  valley  below 
Rettenden,  and  from  Burnham  to  Bradwell  on  the  borders  of  the  river 
Blackwater.  On  the  opposite  side  Tollesbury  Marsh  is  continued  to  the 
spit  known  as  Shingle  Head  Point. 

At  the  mouth  of  the  Colne  St.  Osyth  marsh  extends  towards  Clacton- 
on-Sea,  where  the  peaty  portion  of  the  Alluvium,  clay  with  plant- 
remains,  and  stools  and  prostrate  trunks  of  trees,  exposed  at  low-tide,  has 
given  rise  to  a  submerged  forest.  On  the  south  side  the  marshes  are 
bordered  by  a  ridge  of  shingle  and  sand,  '  which  rises  above  the  level 
of  the  highest  tides,  and  still  continues  to  increase  in  width  although 
freely  used  for  road-metal  and  ballast.'2 

South-west  of  Clacton  there  are  thin  fringes  of  Blown  Sand,  and 
there  is  a  tiny  patch  at  Stour  Point  between  Walton-on-the-Naze  and 
Harwich.  Harwich  itself  appears  to  be  built  partly  on  marine  sand. 

These  alluvial  tracts  comprise  not  only  the  old  embanked  areas  below 
high-water  mark,  including  islands  and  other  tracts  of  excellent  loamy 
soil  adapted  for  grazing  as  well  as  arable  ground,  but  they  include  also 
salt  marshes  or  saltings  which  rise  ten  feet  and  more  above  Ordnance 
Datum.  The  spring  tides  cover  these  salt  marshes,  and  by  leaving  thin 
films  of  sediment,  tend  gradually  to  raise  their  level,  until  in  the  end  the 
sea  may  be  excluded.  As  the  saltings  continually  widen  seaward,  fresh 
strips  have  been  from  time  to  time  enclosed.3  The  trouble  with  all  these 
marshlands  has  been  the  want  of  fresh  water  in  dry  seasons,  but  deep 
wells  carried  through  the  London  Clay  have  provided  a  remedy. 

1  Holmes,  Trans.  Essex  Field  Club,  vol.  iv.  (1885)  ;  Owen,  Prof.  Roy.  Sue.,  vol.  xxxvi.  p.  136  ;  and 
Antiquity  of  Man  as  deduced  from  the  Discovery  of  a  Human  Skeleton,  etc.,  at  Tilbury,  1884;  see  also 
Spurrell,  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.,  vol.  xi.  p.  224. 

*  W.  H.  Dalton,  'Geology  of  Colchester,'  Geol.  Survey,  1880,  p.  11. 

8  W.  H.  Dalton,  Geol.  Mag.,  1876,  p.  492. 

20 


GEOLOGY 

The  age  of  the  older  embankments  is  unknown,  but  Mr.  Spurrell 
says  there  are  none  below  Purfleet  so  old  as  the  Roman  period  ; '  and  the 
fact  that  the  marshes  so  protected  are  now  in  many  places  below  the 
level  of  high-tide  is  attributed  by  Mr.  Whitaker  to  the  drying  and  con- 
traction of  the  alluvial  deposits  since  they  were  preserved  from  inundation.* 

The  drainage  off  the  alluvial  tracts  before  they  were  embanked  led 
to  the  formation  of  irregular  islands,  which  have  retained  their  outlines 
since  they  were  protected.  Some  like  Canvey  and  Foulness  are  wholly 
alluvial  and  recent.  Others  like  Osea  and  Northey  in  the  Blackwater 
valley,  are  formed  partly  of  London  Clay  and  partly  of  Gravel  or  Allu- 
vium. In  the  Crouch  valley  there  are  ancient  islets  of  London  Clay  no 
longer  surrounded  by  water,  but  enclosed  by  marshland.  Bricks  arc 
made  from  the  alluvial  clay  on  Bridgemarsh  Island  south  of  Latch- 
ingdon. 

Although  the  tidal  waters  of  the  Thames  ascend  as  far  as  Richmond 
and  Teddington,  nevertheless  its  estuary  is  sometimes  taken  to  mean  that 
portion  east  of  a  line  drawn  between  Southend  and  Sheerness,  onwards  to 
the  bank  known  as  the  Kentish  Knock.  The  area  off  Essex  is  composed 
of  broad  banks  and  shoals  of  sand  and  mud  with  shells,  trending  north- 
east and  divided  by  channels  known  as  'deeps'  which  are  connected  with 
the  Thames,  Crouch  and  Blackwater.  Some  of  the  isolated  banks  as 
well  as  the  broad  foreshore  known  as  the  Maplin  Sands  are  dry  at  low- 
water.  The  Maplin  Sands,  though  shifting  sands,  are  mostly  firm  when 
uncovered,  although  there  are  muddy  tracts  near  the  shore.  The  condi- 
tion of  the  estuary  is  regarded  by  Capt.  T.  H.  Tizard  as  due  to  the  action 
of  the  sea  in  casting  up  banks,  and  of  the  tidal  flow  in  cutting  channels 
through  the  banks  thus  formed.*  Changes  in  the  depths  of  channels  and 
banks  are  continually  in  progress,  and  their  forms  are  liable  to  more 
abrupt  alterations  during  gales. 

The  presence  of  peaty  beds  in  the  Alluvium  indicates  that  the  land 
has  subsided  some  twenty  feet  or  more,  and  consequently  that  the  tidal 
waters  are  enabled  to  extend  higher  up  than  was  formerly  the  case. 
As  the  Rev.  O.  Fisher  has  remarked,  '  The  tidal  rivers  are  evidently 
nothing  more  than  a  continuation  of  the  valleys  beneath  the  sea-level.' ' 
The  estuarine  character  of  the  waters  is  favourable  to  the  cultivation  of 
oysters,  and  the  Colne,  Crouch  and  Blackwater  form  famous  grounds  for 
the  Colchester  and  Burnham  '  natives.'  Nevertheless  there  has  been 
much  silting  up  of  the  tidal  creeks,  and  Maldon  in  old  times  was  a  more 
important  port  than  it  is  now. 

Much  waste  is  going  on  along  the  coast  between  Harwich  and 
Southend,  waste  which  has  in  places  been  greatly  accelerated  by  land- 
slips. The  greater  losses  have  taken  place  between  the  mouth  of  the 

1  See  C.  Vancouver,  General  new  of  the  Agriculture  of  Enex  (1795)  5  and  Spurrell,  'Early  Sites 
»nd  Embankments  on  the  Margins  of  the  Thames  Estuary,'  Artb.  Jcnr*.,  vol.  xliii.  p.  269. 

*  GuiJe  to  Geol.  LonJm,  ed.  5.  (1889),  p.  78. 

*  Nature,  April  10,  1890,  p.  539;  see  also  J.  B.  Redman,  '  The  River  Thames,'  Pne.  Intl.  C.  S., 
vol.  xlix.  p.  67. 

*  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.,  vol.  xvii.  p.  I. 

21 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Colne  and  Harwich.  Mr.  Redman  observed  in  1864,  that  '  At  Holland 
the  mere  basements  of  the  east  buttresses  of  the  church  are  left,  indicat- 
ing the  site  of  the  ruins.  Here,  on  a  mile  of  frontage,  three  acres  of 
land  have  been  lost  in  eight  years,  equal  to  a  recession  of  one  yard  per 
annum.'1  In  January,  1901,  an  extensive  landslip  took  place  at  Frinton, 
when  hundreds  of  tons  of  the  cliff  fell  away  on  to  the  foreshore  and 
into  the  sea. 

That  land  is  elsewhere  growing  by  the  process  of  reclamation  has 
been  indicated,  but  in  this  respect  it  is  only  a  partial  recovery  of  lost 
ground.  That  the  sea  has  in  comparatively  recent  times  burst  over  the 
present  artificial  bounds  is  indicated  by  the  marine  beach-deposits  of 
shelly  sand  and  shingle  which  are  found  on  Shoebury  Common.  Similar 
patches  occur  in  Foulness  Island,  and  in  the  marshes  east  of  Burnham 
and  Southminster,  Tillingham  and  Bradwell.*  Among  the  shells  the 
periwinkle,  mussel,  and  more  especially  the  common  cockle  are  to  be 
found.  Formerly  the  shelly  deposit  at  Tillingham  was  dug  for  manur- 
ing the  land. 

In  early  times  the  settlers  being  dependent  on  ready  local  supplies  of 
drinking-water  from  wells  and  springs  fixed  their  habitations  on  the 
Thames  valley  gravels  or  on  the  Bagshot  Sands  or  Glacial  gravels,  or  on 
the  Chalk.  Settlements  on  the  areas  of  London  Clay  were  rare,  until 
with  the  finding  of  artesian  water  abundant  supplies  could  be  obtained 
below  ground  and  transmitted  from  a  short  distance. 

It  is  noteworthy  that  along  the  western  side  of  the  Lea  valley  in 
Hertfordshire  and  Middlesex  a  number  of  important  villages  grew  up  on 
the  broad  tracts  of  valley  gravel,  while  on  the  eastern  and  more  clayey 
side  in  Essex  the  villages  are  few  and  far  between,  Waltham  Abbey  being 
the  only  place  of  particular  note,  and  this  is  situated  on  gravel.  The 
same  remarks  apply  to  large  areas  of  London  Clay  between  Brentwood 
and  Rayleigh.  Over  great  part  of  Essex  however  gravelly  and  sandy 
beds  occur  here  and  there  in  the  Boulder  Clay,  and  these  throw  out 
springs,  some  of  which,  however,  are  far  from  permanent,  failing  in  dry 
summer  weather.  The  larger  independent  masses  of  Glacial  sand  and 
gravel  afford  more  enduring  supplies. 

Among  the  noteworthy  permanent  springs  is  one  known  as  Crom- 
well's Well,  at  Maldon,  which  issues  from  the  Glacial  gravels  ;  but  there 
are  numerous  others,  not  the  least  important  being  those  which  issue 
from  the  Chalk  (see  p.  6). 

An  old  writer  mentions  a  chalybeate  spring  at  Witham,  and  another 
spring  that  issues  from  a  hill  (probably  Chadwell)  two  miles  from  the 
river  at  Tilbury,  remarking  that  'It  makes  excellent  Punch,  and  is  ex- 
tremely good  for  Tea.' 3  Other  mineral  springs  have  been  noted  at 
Woodford,  Chigwell,  Brentwood  and  North  Upminster. 

1  J.  B.  Redman,  '  The  East  Coast  between  the  Thames  and  the  Wash  Estuaries,'  Pnc .  Inst.  C.  £., 
vol.  xxiii.  p.  1 86  ;  see  also  W.  H.  Dalton,  Geol.  Mag.  1876,  p.  492. 

2  See  Whitaker,  Geology  of  London,  vol.  i.  p.  478. 

3  R.  Russel,  Dissertation  on  Sea  Water,  etc.,  ed.  5  (1769),  p.  293  ;  see  also  Morant,  Hist,  and  Antij. 
of  Essex  (1768),  vol.  i.  pp.  39,  no,  164. 

23 


GEOLOGY 

Essex  possesses  one  mineral  water  which  attained  a  temporary 
reputation.  This  was  at  Hockley  Spa,  where  a  permanent  spring  issues 
from  the  base  of  the  Bagshot  Sand.  Here  about  sixty  years  ago  an 
endeavour  was  made  '  to  establish  a  Spa  with  pump-rooms,  and  a  woman 
was  employed  to  dispense  them,  whose  strong  healthy  appearance  visitors 
were  led  to  believe  was  the  result  of  the  medicinal  effects  of  the  water,' 
but  '  the  speculation  proved  a  failure.'1  Dr.  A.  B.  Granville,  writing  in 
1841,  gives  an  account  of  the  discovery  of  the  mineral  water,  and  states 
that  it  contained  sulphates  of  magnesia  and  lime,  carbonate  of  lime,  and 
chloride  of  sodium.1 

With  the  growth  of  population  the  supplies  of  water  from  shallow 
sources  have  in  many  cases  become  not  only  inadequate,  but  also  con- 
taminated ;  and  even  when  the  supply  remains  sufficient  for  a  small 
country  village  the  danger  from  pollution  is  great,  especially  if  any 
serious  illness  arises. 

The  whole  aspect  of  Essex  appears  geologically  to  be  one  of  some- 
what sluggish  repose  despite  the  constant  waste  of  the  ground  by  rain 
and  rivers  and  sea.  The  force  of  the  breakers  is  however  broken  by  the 
shallow  ground  which  borders  a  great  part  of  Essex. 

Nevertheless  geological  action  occasionally  makes  itself  manifest  in 
a  more  startling  manner.  In  1884  a  remarkable  earthquake  was  felt 
especially  in  the  country  between  Colchester  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Blackwater  ;  and  according  to  the  detailed  investigations  made  by 
Prof.  R.  Meldola  and  Mr.  W.  White  it  was  '  the  most  serious  that 
has  happened  in  the  British  Islands  for  about  four  centuries.'  They 
state  that  the  number  of  buildings  damaged  by  the  shock  was  between 
1,200  and  1,300,  including  20  churches  and  11  chapels,  and  that  the 
main  axis  of  damage  had  a  general  direction  from  north-east  to  south- 
west, extending  from  Wivenhoe  to  Peldon.  The  effects  produced  may,  in 
their  opinion,  have  resulted  from  the  rupture  of  deep-seated  rocks  under 
strain  or  pressure,  such  as  the  sudden  production  or  extension  of  a  line 
of  faulting  ;  and  the  localization  of  the  damage  was  probably  due  to  the 
disturbance  having  originated  under  a  clay  area.3 

i  H.  W.  Bristow  in  Whitaker's  Geo/egy  of  London,  vol.  i.  p.  26 1. 

*  The  Sfai  of  England,  vol.  iii.  p.  606. 

•  'Report  on  the  East-Anglian  Earthquake  of  April  zznd,  1884,'  Essex  Field  Club  Special  Memoirs, 
vol.  i.  (London,  1885). 


PALEONTOLOGY 


AS  regards  the  past  history  of  vertebrated  animals  (with  which 
alone  we  are  concerned  on  the  present  occasion)  interest  in  Essex 
is  chiefly  concentrated  on  the  wonderful  series  of  mammalian 
remains  which  have  been  obtained  from  the  Pleistocene  gravels 
and  brickearths  of  various  localities  in  the  Thames  valley,  and  more 
especially  at  Ilford  and  Grays,  as  well  as  those  from  approximately 
contemporaneous  deposits  in  other  parts  of  the  county,  notably  Clacton. 
From  the  brickearth  at  Grays  has  been  obtained  the  sole  evidence  of  the 
former  occurrence  of  monkeys  in  the  British  Isles  ;  the  so-called  Macacus 
eoccenus  from  the  Eocene  of  Suffolk  being  described  on  the  evidence  of  a 
tooth  which  was  subsequently  ascertained  to  belong  to  the  undermen- 
tioned Hyracotherium  leporinum.  A  considerable  amount  of  interest  like- 
wise attaches  to  the  remains  of  mammals  from  the  valley  of  the  Lea  at 
Walthamstow  ;  but  as  these,  on  account  of  their  later  age,  belong  to 
existing  species,  their  importance  is  far  less  than  the  remains  from  the 
brickearths.  In  this  connection  it  may  avoid  confusion  to  mention  that, 
in  addition  to  this  particular  series  of  remains,  certain  other  mammalian 
fossils,  notably  teeth  of  the  mammoth,  have  been  obtained  at  Waltham- 
stow which  appear  to  belong  to  an  older  deposit,  approximately  equivalent 
to  the  valley  gravels  and  brickearths  of  other  parts  of  the  county. 

Another  important  element  in  the  palaeontological  history  of  the 
county  is  represented  by  the  vertebrate  remains  from  the  London  Clay  of 
Harwich,  the  majority  of  these  belonging  to  extinct  types  of  turtles, 
although  at  least  one  species  of  mammal  has  been  recorded  from  this 
locality,  while  a  second  is  represented  by  a  specimen  dredged  off  the 
coast  between  Harwich  and  St.  Osyth.  Although  the  Red  Crag  occurs 
in  the  county,  it  has  very  few  vertebrate  fossils  in  comparison  with  those 
found  in  the  same  formation  in  Suffolk. 

Since  the  nature  of  these  various  Tertiary  formations,  as  well  as  the 
localities  where  they  occur,  are  mentioned  in  the  chapter  on  geology,  no 
further  reference  is  required  in  this  place. 

The  mammalian  remains  from  the  alluvium  of  the  marshes  at 
Walthamstow  were  first  described  by  Dr.  H.  Woodward,1  but  some 
emendations  on  the  list  of  species  then  given  have  been  made  subse- 
quently. The  species  include  the  dog  (Canis  familiar -is),  horse  (Equus 

1  Geological  M agazint,  vi.  385  (1869). 
I  25  4 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

caballus]^  wild  boar  (Sus  scrofa),  red  deer  (Cervus  elaphus),  roebuck  (Cap- 
reolus  capreolus),  reindeer  (Rangifer  tarandus],  elk  (Alces  machlis),  Celtic 
shorthorn  (Bos  taurus),  wild  ox  (Bos  taurus  primigenius],  goat  (Capra 
bircus)  and  beaver  (Castor  fiber).  The  Celtic  shorthorn,  it  may  be  ob- 
served, is  frequently  alluded  to  as  Bos  longifrons  or  Bos  taurus  longifrons  ; 
but  since  it  is  believed  to  be  only  a  domesticated  breed  it  has  no  more 
claim  to  a  distinct  name  (other  than  Bos  taurus)  than  has  the  modern 
shorthorn  or  any  other  existing  breed.  The  alluvial  marshes  extend 
some  way  along  the  Lea  valley,  the  British  Museum  possessing  a  fine 
pair  of  red  deer  antlers  dug  up  at  Edmundsea  near  Waltham  Abbey. 
Remains  of  the  Celtic  shorthorn  have  also  been  recorded  from  Audley 
End,  Clacton  and  Walton. 

The  Walthamstow  deposits  have  also  yielded  a  wing-bone  of  a 
species  of  sea-eagle.  This  specimen,  now  in  the  British  Museum,  was 
at  one  time  regarded  by  the  present  writer  *  as  probably  belonging  to  the 
Pacific  HaliaStus  pelagicus.  The  recent  skeleton  in  the  British  Museum 
on  which  the  determination  was  made  has  however  been  found  to  have 
been  wrongly  named,  and  the  Walthamstow  specimen  probably  belongs 
to  the  European  H.  albicilla. 

Remains  of  existing  species  of  mammals  have  been  found  in  the 
prehistoric  deposits  of  other  places  in  the  county,  but  there  would  be  no 
advantage  in  alluding  to  them  in  detail.  Reference  is  made  in  the 
chapter  on  geology  to  the  occurrence  in  the  alluvium  of  Beckton, 
Woolwich,  of  remains  of  the  wild  boar,  red  deer,  Celtic  shorthorn,  wild 
ox,  dolphin  (Delpbinus  delpbis)  and  a  whale.  It  may  be  added  that  from 
the  marshes  of  East  Ham  have  been  disinterred  remains  of  the  bottle- 
nosed  whale  (Hyperob'don  rostratus),  a  species  which  is  one  of  the  most 
common  cetacean  visitors  to  the  British  shores.  A  skull  and  vertebra? 
(now  in  the  British  Museum)  of  the  blackfish  (Globicepbalus  me/as)  have 
been  dug  up  in  the  marshes  at  Barking  Creek.  Teeth  of  the  sperm-whale 
(Physeter  macrocephalus)  have  also  been  recorded  from  the  estuarine 
turbary  of  the  county. 

Passing  on  to  the  consideration  of  the  vertebrate  remains  from  the 
brickearths,  valley  gravels  and  other  deposits  which,  from  containing  a 
percentage  of  extinct  mammals,  may  be  regarded  as  of  Pleistocene  rather 
than  prehistoric  age,  it  may  be  mentioned  in  the  first  place  that  many 
of  these  are  not  strictly  contemporaneous  with  one  another.  Evidence 
of  this  is  afforded  by  a  difference  in  the  mammalian  fauna.  At  Chelms- 
ford 2  for  instance  we  have  the  mammoth,  the  woolly  rhinoceros  and 
the  hippopotamus,  whereas  at  Great  Yeldham3  the  hippopotamus  is 
wanting  and  the  woolly  rhinoceros  replaced  by  the  slender-nosed  species, 
the  mammoth  being  common  to  both  deposits. 

The  most  interesting  of  all  these  animals  is  the  Essex  monkey,  the 
sole  evidence  of  whose  former  existence  is  a  single  upper  molar  tooth  in 
a  fragment  of  the  jaw  which  was  obtained  from  Grays,  and  is  now  in  the 

1  Cat.  Fossil  Birds  Brit.  Mus.  p.  23  (1891).     z  See  E.  T.  Newton,  Essex  Naturalist,  ix.  16  (1895). 

8  See  Holmes,  ibid.  115  (1896). 

26 


PALEONTOLOGY 

British  Museum.  It  was  described  by  Sir  Richard  Owen  in  1846  under 
the  name  of  Macacus  pliocenus. 

Of  Carnivora,  the  first  on  the  list  is  the  cave-lion  (Felis  leo  speleca), 
of  which  remains  have  been  obtained  both  at  Ilford  and  Clacton,  the 
specimens  obtained  by  Sir  A.  Brady  from  the  former  locality  including 
part  of  the  lower  jaw  and  one  of  the  bones  of  the  foot.  The  wild  cat 
(F.  catus)  is  known  by  a  lower  jaw  from  Grays  preserved  in  the  museum 
at  Oxford.  The  extinct  European  race  (Hyana  crocuta  spelaa)  of  the 
spotted  hysena,  a  species  now  restricted  to  Africa,  has  been  met  with  in 
the  Pleistocene  deposits  of  Grays  and  Walton  ;  and  remains  of  the  wolf 
(Cams  lupus)  occur  at  Grays,  and  those  of  the  fox  (C.  \Vulpes~\  wipes) 
both  at  Grays  and  Ilford.  Bones  of  the  otter  (Lutra  lutra)  have 
likewise  been  discovered  at  Grays.  Remains  of  bears  are  recorded  from 
Grays,  Great  Yeldham,  Ilford  and  Walton ;  some  of  these  certainly  be- 
long to  the  common  European  brown  bear  (Ursus  arctus),  but  others 
have  been  assigned  to  the  American  grizzly  bear.  In  view  however  of 
the  numerous  forms  more  or  less  closely  allied  to  the  typical  brown  bear 
which  have  recently  been  recognized  in  northern  Asia  and  North 
America  this  determination  is  extremely  doubtful.  In  his  British  Fossil 
Mammals  and  Biro's  Sir  R.  Owen  expressed  the  opinion  that  certain 
ursine  remains  from  Clacton  and  Grays  might  pertain  to  the  great -cave- 
bear  (£7.  spelaus),  but  this  also  requires  confirmation. 

A  jaw  of  some  species  of  shrew  (Sorex)  from  Grays  seems  to  be  the 
only  known  representative  of  the  Insectivora  in  the  Essex  Pleistocene. 
Allusion  has  already  been  made  to  the  occurrence  of  remains  of  the 
beaver  at  Walthamstow,  and  evidence  of  the  presence  of  the  same 
animal  at  Ilford  and  Grays  has  likewise  been  obtained.  The  beds  at  the 
former  locality  have  yielded  remains  of  two  other  rodents,  namely  the 
water-vole  (Microtus  amphibius)  and  the  common  field-vole  (M.  agrestis).1 
The  common  mouse  (Mus  musculus)  is  recorded  from  Copford,  where 
have  likewise  been  obtained  molar  teeth  of  a  large  undetermined  beaver- 
like  rodent. 

The  list  of  Ungulate,  or  hoofed,  mammals  from  these  deposits  is 
very  large  indeed.  From  Clacton  have  been  obtained  antlers  of  a 
fallow  deer  which  has  been  regarded  as  distinct  from  the  ordinary 
European  species  and  named  Ceruus  browni,  in  honour  of  the  late  Mr. 
John  Brown  of  Stanway,  who  did  so  much  to  advance  our  knowledge  of 
the  fossil  mammals  of  the  Essex  coast.  Remains  of  the  giant  fallow 
deer  (C.  giganteus),  so  constantly  miscalled  '  Irish  elk,'  have  been  obtained 
from  Audley  End,  Grays,  Ilford  and  Walton-on-the-Naze.  Of  the  red 
deer  remains  have  been  recorded  from  Clacton,  Colchester,  Grays,  Great 
Yeldham  and  Walton,  and  those  of  the  roe  from  Grays  and  Great 
Yeldham.  The  bison  (Bos  [Bison]  priscus)  is  known  from  the  coast, 
Ilford,  Walton  and  possibly  Chelmsford.  Magnificent  skulls  of  the  wild 
ox  were  obtained  by  Sir  Antonio  Brady  from  Ilford,  so  large  indeed  that 
they  were  regarded  as  belonging  to  a  peculiar  species,  for  which  the 

1  Sec  Hinton,  Entx  Naturafut,  xi.  169  (1899). 
27 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

name  Bos  glganteus  was  suggested  by  Sir  R.  Owen.  Its  remains  have 
likewise  been  found  at  Clacton,  Grays,  Great  Yeldham  and  Walton.  In 
addition  to  its  occurrence  at  Walthamstow,  the  wild  boar  has  been 
recorded  from  Clacton,  Colchester  and  Grays,  although,  curiously  enough, 
none  of  its  remains  were  obtained  by  Sir  A.  Brady  from  Ilford.  Of  the 
extinct  European  race  of  the  hippopotamus  {Hippopotamus  amphibius 
major)  teeth  and  bones  have  been  found  in  considerable  numbers  at 
Chelmsford,  Grays,  Ilford  and  Walton. 

The  wild  horse  (Equus  caballus  fossilis)  appears  to  have  been  widely 
distributed  over  the  county,  its  remains  being  recorded  from  Audley 
End,  Clacton,  Grays,  Ilford,  Saffron  Walden  and  Walton.  Of  much 
greater  interest  are  the  remains  of  rhinoceroses  from  the  Essex  deposits, 
these  being  more  varied  and  occurring  in  greater  perfection  than  perhaps 
in  any  other  English  county.  They  have  been  assigned  to  three  species. 
Of  the  woolly  rhinoceros  (Rhinoceros  antiquitatis),  which  was  a  two- 
horned  species  closely  allied  to  the  so-called  white  rhinoceros  of  Africa, 
remains  have  been  recorded  from  Chelmsford,  Clacton,  Ilford  and 
Walton.  The  second  species,  R.  leptorhinus,  which  differs  by  the  form 
of  its  cheek-teeth  but  has  a  similar  bony  partition  dividing  the  two 
nostrils,  occurs  at  Clacton,  Grays,  Great  Yeldham,  Ilford  and  Walton. 
It  is  represented  in  the  British  Museum  by  no  less  than  four  Essex 
skulls,  two  of  which  are  from  Walton  and  the  others  respectively  from 
Grays  and  Clacton.  The  Clacton  skull,  which  is  figured  in  Sir  R. 
Owen's  British  Fossil  Mammals  and  Birds,  has  been  the  subject  of  much 
controversy.  The  third  form,  R.  mercki  or  R.  megarhinus,  has  teeth  very 
similar  to  the  last,  with  which  indeed  some  have  thought  it  to  be 
identical ;  but,  according  to  a  recent  publication  by  Professor  H.  F. 
Osborn,  it  is  perfectly  distinct.  It  appears  to  have  no  partition  between 
the  nostrils.  Its  remains  occur  at  Grays,  Ilford  and  Walton,  many  of 
the  molar  teeth  from  the  two  former  localities  having  been  described 
by  Professor  W.  B.  Dawkins. 

Teeth  and  bones  of  the  mammoth  (Elepbas  primigenius),  a  near  rela- 
tive of  the  Indian  elephant,  have  been  obtained  in  great  numbers  from 
the  Ilford  pits,  which  have  likewise  yielded  a  nearly  entire  skull,  with 
the  tusks,  of  the  same  species,  which  is  now  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum.  Mammoth  remains  have  likewise  been  recorded  from  Chelms- 
ford, Clacton,  Grays,  Great  Yeldham,  Harwich,  Hedingham,  Ilford, 
Isle  of  Dogs,  Walthamstow  and  Walton.  Neither  is  evidence  wanting 
of  the  former  presence  in  the  county  of  the  straight-tusked  elephant 
(E.  antiquus),  its  remains,  although  less  abundant  than  those  of  the 
mammoth,  occurring  at  Clacton,  Grays,  Harwich,  Ilford,  Saffron  Walden 
and  Walton.  Of  the  older  southern  elephant  (E.  meridionalis]  no  remains 
appear  to  have  been  obtained  on  land  within  the  confines  of  the  county, 
although  its  molar  teeth  have  been  dredged  up  off  the  coast. 

Vertebras  provisionally  assigned  to  the  bottle-nosed  dolphin  (fTursiops 
tursio)  are  known  from  the  brickearth  at  Grays. 

One  bird  alone  appears  to  have  been  identified  as  occurring  in  the 

28 


PALEONTOLOGY 

Essex  Pleistocene,  this  being  the  wild  swan  (Cygnus  musicus),  of  which 
the  British  Museum  possesses  a  leg-bone  from  Grays. 

A  few  fish  remains  have  been  obtained  from  the  brickearths  of 
Essex,  mainly  from  Grays,  and  have  been  provisionally  assigned  to  the 
following  species,1  viz.  the  pike  (Esox  lucius),  ruff  (Acerina  vu/garis), 
roach  (Leuciscus  rutilus),  dace  (L.  dobula),  rudd  (L.  erythophthalmus)t 
and  eel  (Anguilla  vu/garis).  With  the  exception  of  the  first,  which  also 
occurs  at  Copford  and  Ilford,  all  these  forms  are  known  from  the 
deposits  at  Grays. 

Mammalian  remains  from  the  Red  Crag  at  Walton  and  other 
localities  where  the  same  formation  occurs  in  the  county  appear  to  be 
exceedingly  rare.  Fragments  of  the  tusks  of  the  Crag  walrus  (Odobanus 
huxleyi)  are  however  recorded  from  Essex. 

At  the  time  when  the  '  cement  stones,'  or  septaria,  of  the  London 
Clay  were  collected  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Harwich,  these  when 
broken  were  occasionally  found  to  be  formed  round  part  of  a  mammalian 
skeleton  or  the  shell  or  skull  of  a  turtle.  In  the  winter  of  1856-7  a 
portion  of  such  a  nodule  containing  bones,  which  had  been  obtained 
near  Harwich,  was  brought  to  Sir  R.  Owen,  who  described  the  skull 
and  other  remains  found  therein  as  those  of  a  new  genus  of  mammal, 
under  the  name  of  Pliolophus  vulpiceps.  Subsequently  however  they 
were  identified  by  Sir  W.  H.  Flower  with  a  mammal  previously 
described  by  Owen  from  the  London  Clay  of  Kent  as  Hyracotberium 
leporinum.  The  animal  in  question,  which  was  about  the  size  of  a  fox  ; 
was  one  of  the  ancestral  types  of  the  horse.  The  Essex  specimen  is  in 
the  British  Museum. 

Of  even  greater  interest  is  a  fragment  of  the  lower  jaw  of  a  much 
larger  mammal  in  the  same  collection  containing  two  teeth,  which  was 
dredged  off  the  Essex  coast  between  St.  Osyth  and  Harwich  some  time 
previous  to  the  year  1846,  and  appears  to  have  been  derived  from  the 
London  Clay.  This  specimen  is  described  and  figured  in  Owen's  British 
Fossil  Mammals  and  Birds  under  the  name  of  Coryphodon  eoceenus,  and 
forms  the  type  of  both  the  genus  and  the  species.  For  many  years  the 
affinities  of  the  Coryphodon  were  unknown,  but  from  the  evidence  of 
complete  skeletons  obtained  in  North  America  it  is  now  ascertained  to 
have  been  a  large  hoofed  mammal  of  very  primitive  type  allied  to  the 
wonderful  horned  Uintatherium  of  the  North  American  Eocene. 

Skulls  and  shells  of  large  marine  turtles  belonging  to  the  extinct 
genus  Lytoloma  are  not  uncommon  in  these  Harwich  cement  stones,  and 
there  is  a  considerable  series  of  such  specimens  in  the  British  Museum. 
Some  of  these  remains  belong  to  L.  crassicostatum,  of  which  the  type 
specimen  is  from  Harwich,  and  was  originally  described  by  Sir  R.  Owen 
as  Chelone  crassicostata.  The  second  species,  originally  described  by  the 
same  palaeontologist  on  the  evidence  of  a  skull  from  Harwich,  is  L. 
planimentum. 

From  the  Chalk   of  Essex  remains   belonging    to    those    gigantic 

1  See  E.  T.  Newton,  Geol.  Mag.  Dec.  4,  viii.  51  (1901). 
29 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

extinct  marine  lizards  known  as  Mosasauria  are  occasionally  met  with, 
some  of  these  belonging  to  Liodon  anceps,  while  others  indicate  a  species 
more  nearly  allied  to,  if  not  identical  with,  the  typical  genus  Mosasaurus, 
whose  remains  are  so  abundant  in  the  Upper  Cretaceous  formation  of 
Belgium. 

Very  few  species  of  fishes  appear  to  have  been  hitherto  recorded 
from  the  Chalk  of  Essex.  These  include  Ptychodus  polygyrus^  a  common 
species  of  a  well  known  Cretaceous  genus  of  pavement-toothed  rays, 
teeth  of  which  have  been  found  both  at  Grays  and  Purfleet.  Three 
species  of  sharks  are  known,  all  from  Grays,  namely  Scapanorhynchus 
subulatus,  Corax  falcatus  and  Oxyrbina  mantelli,  the  latter  being  repre- 
sented in  the  British  Museum  collection  by  an  associated  series  of  fifty- 
seven  teeth  and  some  vertebra  from  Grays.  All  are  common  Cretaceous 
forms.  The  same  locality  has  also  yielded  teeth  of  Enchodus  leivesiensis, 
an  extinct  barracuda-like  fish  with  large  teeth,  originally  named  on  the 
evidence  of  remains  from  the  Sussex  Chalk. 


HISTORY  OF  ESSEX 


BOTANICAI 


THE    VI CTORIA    HI  STORY    OF 


HSTRICTS. 


LIST     OF     BOTANICAL     DISTRICTS 

I  •  Saffron    Walden  *  .    Brentuioott 

II.  Halttead  VI.  Southend 

III.  CM../M  VII. 

IV.  f  oo/oo  VIII.   Colctltitir 


E    COUNTIES    OF    ENGLAND 


BOTANY1 


PLANTS  first  became  of  interest  to  man  on  account  of  their  value 
as    food,    their    medicinal    virtues    or    the    poisonous    properties 
possessed   by  so   many  of  them.     Hence   the  first   steps  in   the 
building   up   of  our   science   consisted    in    attempts    to    describe 
plants   with   a    degree    of  accuracy    which    would    enable    students    to 
recognize  those  which  could  be  utilized  for  food  or  medicine,  or  which 
should  be  avoided  because  of  their  poisonous   character.     Attempts  of 
this  kind  slowly  developed  into  the  vast  subject  now  known  as  vegetable 
biology. 

Owing  no  doubt  to  the  fact  that  the  metropolis,  the  home  of  many 
of  the  earlier  English  writers,  is  only  a  few  miles  from  the  borders  of 
Essex,  the  history  of  the  botany  of  our  county  is  practically  coterminous 
with  that  of  the  science  tn  Britain.  Hence  we  must  seek  the  early 
records  of  the  Essex  flora  in  the  works  of  William  Turner,  the  father  of 
English  botany,  and  in  those  of  Gerard,  Johnson,  Parkinson,  How, 
Robert  Turner,  Merrett,  Ray,  Morison  and  Dale. 

Since  a  brief  outline  of  the  botany  of  Essex  is  all  that  space  permits 
of  in  this  article,  and  an  account  of  the  '  History  of  the  Botany  of  Essex,' 
by  Professor  G.  S.  Boulger  is  now  appearing  in  the  Essex  Naturalist,  I 
wish  to  refer  my  readers  to  that  publication  for  details  of  this  interesting 
subject. 

William  Turner  was  born  in  Northumberland  between  1510  and 
1515.  He  was  educated  at  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge.  Like  many 
who  adopted  the  principles  of  the  Reformation  of  that  period,  Turner 
spent  a  portion  of  his  time  in  prison  and  in  foreign  travel.  His  herbal, 
which  was  written  just  three  centuries  before  the  publication  of  Gibson's 
flora,  contains  the  first  records  of  Essex  plants,  viz.  Ruscus  aculeatus,  a 
7V/W,  a  hellebore  and  mistletoe. 

'  Butcher's  broom  (Ruscus  aculeatus);  he  says,  '  groweth  verye 
plenteously  in  Essex.'  The  '  Lind  tre,'  he  tells  us,  '  groweth  very 
plenteously  in  Essekes  in  a  parke  within  two  miles  of  Colichester,  in 
the  possession  of  one  maister  Bogges,'  but  whether  he  alludes  to  the 

1  I  desire  here  to  express  my  indebtedness  to  the  following  correspondents  :  Professor  G.  S. 
Boulger,  F.L.S.  ;  Dr.  M.  C.  Cooke,  M.A.,  LL.D.  ;  Mr.  Philip  Lake,  M.A.  ;  Mr.  E.  E.  Turner. 
I  am  under  special  obligations  to  Mr.  E.  M.  Holmes,  F.L.S.,  for  looking  over  MS.  and  proofs,  and 
for  revising  and  rearranging  portions  of  the  cryptogamic  flora  of  Essex. 

31 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

indigenous  or  to  the  planted  species  is  uncertain.  Of  hellebore  he 
says,  '  I  dare  not  saye  that  ever  I  found  the  righte  black  hellebor,  but 
thys  I  dare  holde,  that  a  man  for  defaut  of  it,  may  use  verye  well  that 
kinde  of  bear  foot  that  goeth  every  yeare  into  the  grounde,  whereof 
groweth  greate  plentye  in  a  parke  besyde  Colchester.'  Of  the  mistletoe 
he  tells  us  that  it  grows  more  plentifully  than  elsewhere. 

Essex  perhaps  owes  more  to  John  Gerard  than  to  any  other  early 
botanist. 

Gerard  was  born  at  Nantwich  in  Cheshire  in  1545.  He  was 
educated  in  a  neighbouring  school,  but  at  an  early  age  he  studied  medi- 
cine and  travelled  in  Denmark,  Poland,  Sweden  and  Russia.  In  1577 
he  had  charge  of  the  gardens  of  Lord  Burleigh  in  the  Strand  and  at 
Theobalds  in  Hertfordshire,  and  at  one  time  he  had  a  house  and  garden 
of  his  own  in  Holborn.  In  1597  he  became  a  warden  of  the  Barber- 
Surgeons  Company,  and  issued  his  celebrated  herbal,  which  was  illus- 
trated by  i, 800  woodcuts,  mostly  reproduced  from  the  Eicones  Stirpium 
of  Taberncemontanus.  This  herbal  records  about  seventy-five  Essex  plants. 

I  must  not  pass  from  these  pioneers  in  botanical  science  without 
referring  to  Ray,  who  filled  an  important  place  among  the  great  founders 
of  botany  and  zoology.  To  his  works  Linnaeus,  BufFon,  Jessieu,  Brown, 
De  Candolle  and  others  were  largely  indebted.  Ray  was  born  at  Black 
Notley  near  Braintree.  The  son  of  a  blacksmith  he  studied  at  Cam- 
bridge, entering  at  St.  Catharine  College  and  subsequently  at  Trinity 
College.  He  was  elected  a  fellow  of  Trinity  in  1649.  He  was 
appointed  Greek  lecturer  of  his  college,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty-five 
he  was  made  mathematical  tutor.  He  finally  settled  in  our  county,  and 
the  house  he  lived  in  was  destroyed  by  fire  quite  recently.  The  county 
may  well  be  proud  to  have  given  birth  to  this  great  man. 

More  recent  records  of  Essex  botany  are  to  be  found  in  a  catalogue 
of  plants  in  Cough's  edition  of  Camden's  Britannia,  in  Warner's  Plantce 
Woodfordiensis  (pub.  1771),  Watson's  Botanical  Guides,  in  the  Phytologist, 
in  Smith's  English  Flora,  Withering's  works  and  several  herbaria  which 
are  preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  and  finally  in  Gibson,  who, 
assisted  by  a  band  of  workers,  published  the  first  complete  Essex  Flora 
in  1862,  a  work  which  will  compare  favourably  with  any  county  flora 
since  published. 

During  the  last  twenty  years  many  lists  of  plants  found  in  the 
county  have  been  published  in  the  journal  of  the  Essex  Field  Club 
(Essex  Naturalist,  edited  by  W.  Cole).  The  plants  thus  added  to  the 
records  of  the  Essex  flora  are  chiefly  those  belonging  to  the  so-called 
critical  genera,  which  were  not  recognized  as  species  in  Gibson's  day, 
and  casuals,  some  of  which  may  establish  themselves  as  permanent  resi- 
dents. The  cryptogamic  plants  included  in  this  article  are  almost 
entirely  derived  from  the  above  journal,  and  afford  an  example  of  the 
value  of  such  publications.  That  the  contributors  include  the  names  of 
Mr.  E.  A.  L.  Batters,  Dr.  M.  C.  Cooke,  the  Rev.  James  Crombie, 
Messrs.  English,  E.  M.  Holmes,  G.  P.  Hope,  Worthington  Smith 

32 


BOTANY 

and  E.  G.  Varenne  is  sufficient  guarantee  of  the  trustworthiness  of  those 
records. 

There  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  flora  of  the  county  has 
changed  since  the  publication  of  Gibson's  Flora.  I  have  botanized 
through  that  portion  of  the  county  which  forms  Gibson's  district  8, 
Mr.  E.  E.  Turner  of  Witham  has  done  much  work  in  district  7,  and 
the  Rev.  J.  T.  Powell  has  contributed  a  paper  to  the  Essex  Naturalist 
(vi.  i)  on  the  existing  flora  of  Epping  Forest.  I  do  not  know  of 
any  species  of  flowering  plants  which  have  been  certainly  lost  to  us. 
Ft/ago  gallica  has  not  been  found  for  some  years,  owing  to  the  field  from 
which  it  was  formerly  collected  having  been  left  uncultivated. 

In  some  districts  of  the  county,  more  especially  near  the  metro- 
polis, the  rapid  growth  of  town  threatens  the  early  destruction  of  the 
flora.  Such  abundant  plants  as  the  primrose  and  the  wild  hyacinth  are 
said  to  have  been  almost  exterminated  in  some  neighbourhoods,  and  the 
advent  of  the  bicycle  has  unfortunately  extended  the  range  through 
which  this  destruction  may  take  place. 

DISTRIBUTION 

• 

The  chief  forces  which  influence  the  distribution  of  plants  may  be 
generalized  as  follows.  When  we  travel  north  and  south  we  observe 
considerable  change  in  the  flora,  and  though  such  changes  are  not  very 
marked  in  a  small  country  like  England,  the  distinction  between  the 
flora  of  the  tropical,  subtropical,  temperate  and  arctic  latitudes  has  always 
greatly  impressed  travellers.  Again,  as  we  travel  east  and  west  a  less 
marked  change  may  be  noted.  In  the  latter  case  the  difference  in  the 
climatic  conditions  is  not  great.  In  so  small  an  area  as  that  of  Essex 
these  changes  may  be  neglected. 

When  we  climb  a  mountain,  plants  which  were  abundant  at  the 
lower  levels  gradually  disappear  and  new  ones  take  their  place.  The 
highest  ground  in  Essex  does  not  greatly  exceed  400  feet  above  the  sea  ; 
we  should  therefore  not  expect  to  meet  with  representatives  of  the 
mountain  flora,  but  strange  though  it  may  seem  our  coast  produces 
several  plants  which  are  also  found  high  up  on  mountains,  though  they 
do  not  grow  at  intervening  altitudes. 

The  most  potent  agent  in  regulating  the  distribution  of  plants  is 
undoubtedly  climate.  The  difference  between  tropical,  subtropical, 
temperate  and  arctic  vegetation  is  so  marked  that  geologists  do  not 
hesitate  to  tell  us  that  England  was  once  a  tropical  and  later  an  arctic 
country,  because  they  find  remains  of  tropical  and  arctic  flora  in  different 
strata  underlying  our  eastern  counties. 

England  was  once  part  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  and  during  at 
least  a  portion  of  that  time  was  clothed  by  arctic  plants  ;  these  however 
gave  place  to  our  modern  flora,  which  is  similar  in  character  to  the 
flora  of  Europe,  and  is  therefore  no  doubt  derived  from  the  adjacent 
continent. 

i  33  5 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

The  meteorological  conditions  of  a  district  have  a  most  important 
influence  upon  the  flora,  plants  being  peculiarly  sensitive  to  drought  or 
excessive  moisture  in  the  atmosphere,  and  also  to  winds  and  other 
atmospheric  conditions. 

Perhaps  next  to  climate  the  geological  formations  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth  have  the  most  potent  influence  upon  the  distribution  of  plants, 
and  botanists  can  frequently  identify  a  geological  formation  by  plants 
which  occur  on  its  surface.  In  the  county  of  Essex  the  distribution  of 
plants  is  mainly  determined  by  geological  conditions. 

All  plants  are  more  or  less  adapted  to  their  environment.  Hence 
in  those  districts  where  the  field  boundaries  are  constructed  of  stone 
certain  plants  become  more  or  less  rare  which  elsewhere  are  com- 
paratively common  ;  and  in  counties  from  which  stone  is  absent  those 
plants  which  delight  in  stone  walls  are  rare  or  absent.  Again,  if  a  wood 
is  converted  into  arable  land  or  pasturage,  plants  which  need  the  shade 
and  other  forms  of  vegetable  life  peculiar  to  woodland  country  soon 
disappear.  Pasturage,  heath  land,  cultivated  land  and  river  banks  have 
each  their  peculiar  inhabitants. 

In  order  to  show  clearly  the  distribution  of  plants  over  any  area  it 
is  necessary  to  divide  it  into  districts.  When  possible  it  is  better  that 
these  districts  should  coincide  with  the  geological  formation,  or  when 
this  is  impossible  with  the  natural  features  of  the  country.  Reference 
to  the  geological  map  of  Essex  will  show  that  the  surface  geological 
formations  are  so  scattered  that  any  division  of  the  county  coinciding 
with  the  geological  structure  is  practically  impossible. 

Watson  in  his  Cybele  Britannica  has  subdivided  Great  Britain  into 
its  river  beds,  and  although  the  distribution  of  plants  does  not  in  all 
cases  coincide  with  river  beds  this  system  has  many  practical  advantages. 
Professor  G.  S.  Boulger  has  suggested  the  adoption  of  this  system  for 
the  county  of  Essex,1  and  has  worked  out  the  districts  of  Essex  on  that 
basis ;  but  I  do  not  think  that  for  practical  purposes  this  arrangement  is 
as  convenient  in  this  county  as  the  purely  artificial  divisions  adopted  by 
Gibson.  Therefore  in  the  list  of  Essex  flowering  plants  here  given 
Gibson's  divisions  have  been  adhered  to. 

As  the  geology  of  Essex  is  fully  dealt  with  elsewhere  it  is  only 
necessary  here  to  summarize  those  features  of  the  surface  geology  of  our 
county  which  influence  the  flora. 

Essex  occupies  a  large  part  of  an  irregular  tract  known  as  the 
London  basin,  which  has  for  its  foundation  the  great  chalk  formation, 
and  the  chalk  comes  to  the  surface  at  Purfleet  and  Grays  in  south  Essex ; 
at  Quendon,  Newport,  Audley  End  and  Saffron  Walden  in  north  Essex  ; 
and  at  Great  Yeldham  and  Middleton  eastwards. 

London  clay,  which  lies  upon  the  chalk,  is  a  very  stiff  bluish-grey 
clay,  brown  on  its  surface  ;  it  shrinks  and  cracks  in  dry  weather,  but 
absorbs  much  water  in  wet  weather.  It  occupies  a  large  part  of  the 
county,  and  is  exposed  over  considerable  areas. 

1   Transactions  of  the  Essex  Field  Club,  ii.  69. 
34 


BOTANY 

Overlying  the  London  clay  we  have  various  formations  consisting 
of  sands  and  gravels.  Amongst  these  are:  (i)  Bagshot  beds,  which 
constitute  some  of  the  higher  and  more  picturesque  tracts,  as  at  High 
Beech,  Brentwood,  Warley,  Billericay,  Stock,  Langdon  Hill  and  Ray- 
leigh  ;  (2)  the  glacial  gravels  occurring  at  Quendon,  at  Clavering,  at 
Harlow  and  at  Roydon,  along  the  Colne  from  Great  Yeldham,  Halstead, 
Gosfield,  Great  Bardfield,  Thaxted,  over  the  high  grounds  of  Danbury, 
around  Colchester,  Brightlingsea  and  St.  Osyth,  in  patches  at  Mersca 
Island  and  Tolleshunt,  and  at  Tiptree  Heath  ;  (3)  valley  gravel  in  the 
Thames  valley. 

Boulder  clay,  another  glacial  drift  formation,  occupies  a  large 
portion  of  the  surface  of  Essex. 

Bordering  on  our  rivers  we  have  large  tracts  of  alluvium  recently 
deposited,  forming  extensive  marshlands.  These  marshlands  near  the 
sea  and  riverine  estuaries  are  either  covered  at  high  tides,  when  they  are 
known  as  saltings,  or  the  sea  water  permeates  them,  when  they  may  be 
described  as  brackish  marshes.  We  have  also  on  the  edges  of  the  sea 
coast  considerable  stretches  of  shingle  and  sand.  The  long  stretches 
of  sea  wall  protecting  the  coast  have  a  characteristic  though  limited 
flora. 

It  will  therefore  be  evident  that  Essex  has  an  abundant  variety  of 
soil,  and  is  very  pleasantly  diversified  with  arable  land  and  pasture,  with 
woodlands,  commons  and  well  timbered  hedgerows.  It  includes  every 
species  of  soil  from  the  most  stubborn  to  the  mildest  loam. 

For  our  present  purposes  we  may  group  the  geological  formations 
as  follows  : — 

1 .  Chalk  and  Boulder  Clay,  which  contains  much  chalk. 

2.  London  Clay. 

3.  Gravels  and  Sands. 

4.  Alluvium. 

5.  Marine. 

Though  chalk  only  comes  to  the  surface  over  a  small  area  in  the 
county  the  chalk  flora  extends  over  a  considerable  portion  of  its  surface, 
for  the  Essex  boulder  clay  usually  contains  so  much  chalk  that  the  chalk 
loving  plants  may  always  be  met  with  upon  this  formation.  It  is  upon 
this  strata  that  the  traveller's  joy  (Clematis  Vitalba]  flourishes  more 
particularly.  Both  the  green  hellebore  and  the  foetid  hellebore  also 
occur  as  natives  upon  the  boulder  clay.  Berberis  vu/garis  is  found  at 
Saffron  Walden  on  the  chalk,  also  the  common  rockrose  (Helianthemum 
•uulgare),  which  plant  also  occurs  at  other  stations.  The  hairy  violet 
(Viola  hirta)  is  common  both  upon  the  chalk  and  upon  the  boulder 
clay.  The  following  chalk  plants  are  included  in  our  flora  :  the  buck- 
thorn (Rhamnus  c atharticus) ,  ladies'  fingers  (Anthyllis  Vu Ineraria) ,  the 
wild  liquorice  (Astragalus  glycypbyllos),  the  purple  milk-vetch  (A.  hypo- 
glottis'),  the  dropwort  (Spiraea  Filipendula),  the  salad  burnet  (Poterium 
Sanguisorba],  common  hare's  ear  (Bupleurum  rotundifoliuni) ,  dwarf  thistle 
(Carduus  acau/is),  yellow-wort  (Cblora  perfoliata),  autumnal  gentian 

35 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

(Gentiana  amarelld),  deadly  nightshade  (Atropa  Belladonna),  the  dwarf 
orchis  (Orchis  ustulatd),  the  pyramidal  orchis  (O.  pyramidalis),  the  green 
man  orchis  (Aceras  anthropophord) ,  bee  orchis  (Opbrys  apiferd),  spider 
orchis  (O.  araniferd),  the  fly  orchis  (O.  musciferd),  large  white  helle- 
borine  (Cephalanthera  pat/ens),  and  other  chalk  plants. 

London  clay  is  perhaps  remarkable  for  the  limited  character  of  its 
flora.  In  the  summer  the  surface  dries  and  becomes  so  hard  that  a  pick 
can  scarcely  penetrate  it,  whilst  below  it  retains  much  moisture.  It 
favours  those  plants  which  send  their  roots  deep  into  the  soil,  e.g.  colts- 
foot (Tussilago  Farfard),  which  is  common  on  undrained  London  clay. 
Thymus  Chamcedrys  also  favours  this  formation,  whilst  wild  oat  (Avena 
fatud]  is  peculiarly  abundant  on  it. 

The  gravels  and  sands  possibly  stand  next  to  chalk  for  the  variety 
of  characteristic  plants  which  these  soils  produce  in  the  county.  The 
following  may  be  mentioned  as  characteristic  of  these  formations  :  the 
interesting  mouse's-tail  (Myosurus  minimus),  the  small-flowered  ranunculus 
(Ranunculus  parviflorus) ,  flixweed  (Sisymbrium  Sophia],  swine's  cress  (Sene- 
biera  Coronopus),  lesser  swine's  cress  (S.  didymd),  dog  violet  (Viola  canind), 
Deptford  pink  (Dianthus  Armerid),  English  catchfly  (Silene  anglicd),  purple 
sandwort  (Spergula  rubrd),  trailing  St.  John's  wort  (Hypericum  humifusum), 
upright  St.  John's  wort  (H.  pulchrum),  allseed  (Radio/a  millegrand),  needle 
whin  (Genista  anglicd),  hare's  foot  trefoil  (Trifolium  aruense),  lesser  trefoil 
(T.  minus),  slender  trefoil  ( T.  Jiliforme),  annual  knawel  (Scleranthus  annuus), 
purple-tipped  cudweed  (Filago  apiculatd),  field  cudweed  (F.  minima), 
narrow-leaved  cudweed  (F.  Gallicd),  slender-flowered  thistle  (Carduus 
tenuiftorus),  common  sheep's  scabious  (Jasione  montand),  downy  hemp 
nettle  (Galeopsis  ochroleucd),  and  the  pretty  little  orchid  'lady's  tresses' 
(Spiranthes  autumnalis] . 

The  riverside  and  alluvium  flora  is  well  represented  ;  amongst  these 
plants  we  have  the  common  meadow-rue  (Thalictrum  flaiium),  greater 
spearwort  (Ranunculus  Lingua),  white  water  lily  (Nymphcea  alba),  yellow 
water  lily  (Nuphar  luteuni),  bitter  ladies'  smock  (Cardamine  amard),  purple 
loosetrife  (Lythrum  Salicaria,  L.),  the  willow  herbs  (Epilobium),  common 
hare's-tail  (Hippuris  vu/garis),  whorled  water-milfoil  (Myriophyllum  verti- 
cillatum),  spiked  water -milfoil  (M.  spicatum),  meadow-sweet  (Spiraea 
Ulmarid),  common  marsh  wort  (Helosciadium  nodiflorum),  the  very  poisonous 
water  drop  worts  (CEnanthe),  common  valerian  (Valeriana  qfficinalis),  small 
teasel  (Dipsacus  pilosus],  hemp  agrimony  (Eupatorium  cannabinum),  bur 
marigold  (Bidens  tripartita  and  B.  cernud),  yellow  rattle  (Rhinanthus 
Crista-galli),  most  species  of  the  mints  (Mentha  rotundifolia,  M.  aquatica, 
M,  syhatica,  M.  viridis,  M.  piperita,  M.  pratensis,  M.  sativa),  scullcap 
(Scute llaria  galericulatd),  water  violet  (Hottonia  palustris),  yellow  loosestrife 
(Lysimachia  vu/garis),  great  water  dock  (Rumex  Hydrolapathum),  yellow 
flag  (Iris  pseudacorus],  great  flowering  rush  (Butomus  umbellatus),  sweet 
flag  (Acorus  Calamus),  all  the  duckweeds  (Lemnd),  and  bullrush  (Scirpus 
lacustris) . 

Essex  possesses  a  very  representative  marine  flora.  There  are 

36 


BOTANY 

stretches  of  sand  and  shingle,  upon  which  the  following  plants  occur  : 
horned  poppy  (Glaucium  /uteum),  sea  rocket  (Cakile  maritima),  sea  kale 
(Crambe  maritima),  saltwort  (Salsola  Kali),  various  species  of  orache 
(Atrip/ex)  and  sea  spurge  (Euphorbia  Par  alia*). 

Our  saltings  are  very  extensive  and  their  flora  includes  scurvy  grass 
(Cocblearia  anglica,  C.  officinalis,  C.  Danica),  golden  samphire  (Inula 
critbmoides),  thrift  (Armeria  maritima),  sea  lavenders  (Statice  Limonium,  S. 
rariflora  and  S.  occidentalis) ,  marsh  samphires  (Salicornia  herbacea,  S.  radi- 
cans),  sea  aster  (Aster  Tripolium),  sea  blite  (Suceda  maritima). 

Upon  our  sea  walls  and  waste  ground  near  the  sea  we  find  whitlow 
pepperwort  (Lepidium  Draba),  broad-leaved  pepperwort  or  cress  (L.  lati- 
folium),  smooth  sea  heath  (Frankenia  Icevis),  sea  campion  (Silene  maritima'), 
marsh-mallow  (Altbaa  officinalis),  Alexanders  (Smyrnium  Olusatrum),  sea 
wormwood  (Artemisia  maritima),  sea  lettuce  (Lactuca  saligna),  shrubby  sea 
blite  (Suada  fruticosa),  shrubby  sea  purslane  (Obione  portulacoides),  sea 
dock  (Rumex  maritimus),  asparagus  (Asparagus  officinalis),  round  fruited 
rush  (Juncus  Gerardf),  wild  celery  (Apium  graveo/ens).  Common  mus- 
tard (Brassica  sinapioides)  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  our  coast,  and  upon 
sandy  ground  near  our  coast  Medicago  minima,  M.  maculata  and  M.  denti- 
culata  occur. 

The  very  extensive  brackish  marshes,  covering  thousands  of  acres, 
do  not  produce  a  great  variety  of  plants  ;  but  the  rare  Vicia  lutea  has 
been  found  upon  them,  and  the  uncommon  Trifolium  maritimum  also 
occurs. 

The  very  interesting  grass  vetch,  Lathyrus  Nissolia,  grows  in  con- 
siderable quantities  on  some  of  these  marshes.  In  the  dikes,  or  at  the 
edges  of  the  dikes  bounding  the  marshes,  the  following  plants  are 
abundant  :  Slender  hare's  ear  (Bupleurum  tenuissimum),  salt  marsh  club 
rush  (Scirpus  maritimus)  and  tassel  pondweed  (Ruppia  maritima). 

Drainage  and  enclosure  have  been  carried  out  in  Essex  so  exten- 
sively that  the  bog  flora  has  been  almost  exterminated,  but  boggy  places 
remain  at  Danbury,  at  Warley  and  in  Epping  Forest,  hence  we  have  the 
following  representatives  of  the  bog  flora  :  Drosera  rotundifolia,  Parnassia 
palustris,  Hypericum  elodes,  Eriophorum  angustifolium  and  E.  latifolium. 

The  old  walls  of  Essex  afford  us  the  wallflower  (Cheiranthus  Cheiri), 
the  Spanish  catchfly  (Silene  Otites),  which  latter  was  planted  on  the  walls 
in  Colchester  by  a  lepidopterist  as  a  food  plant  for  larvae,  and  has  been 
well  established  for  twenty  years.  The  rue-leaved  saxifrage  (Saxifraga 
tridactylites),  viper's  bugloss  (Ecbium  vu/gare),  mother  of  thousands 
(Linaria  Cymbalaria),  wall  pellitory  (Parietaria  offidnalis)  and  wall  veron- 
ica (Veronica  arvensis).  There  is  an  abundant  wood  flora,  waste  ground 
flora,  hedge  flora  and  cornfield  flora,  but  space  will  not  permit  the 
enumeration  of  the  species  which  favour  these  situations. 

It  will  thus  be  evident  that  if  Essex  is  not  so  rich  in  rarities,  nor  in 
the  actual  number  of  species  as  some  of  the  southern  counties  of  England, 
it  nevertheless  ranks  high  as  a  field  for  botanical  research,  and  affords  an 
abundant  variety  of  species  for  the  lover  of  wild  plants. 

37 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

RARE  AND   INTERESTING   PLANTS 

Among  the  rare  plants  of  Essex  may  be  mentioned  Bupleurum 
falcatum,  an  interesting  plant  which  appears  to  be  truly  indigenous,  and 
is  confined  in  Britain  to  one  situation  in  Essex,  where  it  is  very  plenti- 
ful and  extends  over  an  area  of  several  square  miles.  It  was  discovered 
by  Corder  in  1831.  Another  is  Lathyrus  tuberosus  ;  this  beautiful  plant 
is  still  plentiful  in  the  Essex  locality.  It  was  first  noticed  by  O.  Corder 
in  1859,  but  is  figured  in  Gerard's  herbal  of  1597,  and  specimens  occur 
in  some  old  herbaria,  but  previous  to  Mr.  Corder's  rediscovery  it  was 
confused  with  L.  macrorhizus.  It  occurs  nowhere  else  in  England. 
L.  birsutus  occurs  in  only  a  few  other  counties  in  Britain.  It  has  been 
known  in  Essex  since  1861.  Galium  Vaillantii  was  discovered  in  Britain 
by  Gibson  in  1844  in  a  field  in  Essex.  It  is  spread  over  a  large  dis- 
trict, where  it  is  abundant  in  fields,  more  particularly  in  those  planted 
with  potatoes. 

Besides  the  above  we  have  the  following  plants  which  are  only 
found  in  two  or  three  of  Watson's  subprovinces  :  Fi/ago  galllca  (this 
plant  has  not  been  collected  for  some  five  years,  but  probably  still  occurs), 
Primula  elatior,  Cbenopodium  botryoides,  Peucedanum  qfficinale,  Crepis  fcetida, 
Medicago  falcata,  Barbarea  stricta,  Diotis  maritima  (probably  now  lost). 

The  following  plants  should  also  be  mentioned  as  amongst  the 
rarer  plants  of  Essex  :  (Enantbe  pimpinelloides,  Galium  Anglicum,  Hypo- 
chceris  maculata,  Lactuca  Scario/a,  L.  saligna,  Cynoglossum  montanum, 
Scropbularia  verna/is,  Melampyrum  aruense,  Galeopsis  ocbroleuca,  Suceda 
fruticosa,  Aceras  Anthropophora,  Ceratopbyllum  submersum,  Fritillaria 
Me/eagris,  Lepidium  latifolium,  Vicia  gracilis,  Actinocarpus  Damasonium, 
Carex  elongata,  Pbleum  Boehmeri,  Polypogon  Monspeliensis,  Trifolium  ochro- 
leucum,  Spartina  stricta,  Salicornia  radicans,  Limnanthemum  peltatum. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  plants  of  Essex,  and  indeed  of  England, 
is  Primula  elatior,  the  true  oxlip.  This  must  not  be  confounded  with 
the  hybrids  between  the  cowslip  and  the  primrose  so  often  mistaken  for 
the  oxlip.  The  true  oxlip  is  a  very  beautiful  primula.  It  is  very  diffi- 
cult to  give  any  specific  characters  by  which  it  can  be  distinguished 
from  its  relations.  The  peduncle  is  more  slender,  the  calyx  Jits  more 
tightly  to  the  corolla  tube,  the  form  of  the  umbel  is  peculiarly  graceful, 
the  pedicels  varying  in  length  so  that  the  flowers  are  arranged  one  over 
the  other,  all  facing  in  one  direction,  the  petals  of  a  pale  buff  colour  quite 
distinct  from  that  of  other  primulas.  The  free  portions  of  the  petals 
are  peculiarly  regular  in  outline  and  never  overlap  one  another,  whilst 
the  folds  or  boxes  in  the  neck  of  the  corolla,  present  in  all  other  species 
of  primrose,  are  absent  from  the  true  oxlip. 

This  plant  is  confined  to  an  area  of  our  county  where  it  borders 
upon  Suffolk,  Cambridgeshire  and  Hertfordshire,  extending  into  those 
counties.  It  covers  a  stretch  of  country  some  475  square  miles  in 
extent,  having  an  irregular  outline.  There  are  some  outlying  patches, 
one  in  Cambridgeshire,  one  in  Suffolk  and  one  in  Norfolk.  Within  the 

38 


BOTANY 

district  where  it  grows  it  entirely  replaces  the  primrose  and  is  even  more 
abundant.  On  the  borders  of  the  district,  which  in  some  parts  divides 
woods  into  two  portions,  there  is  usually  a  narrow  belt  of  country  which 
is  occupied  by  hybrids  between  the  primrose  and  the  true  oxlip.  Mr. 
Miller  Christy  suggests  that  the  primrose,  which  is  the  more  hardy 
plant,  is  gradually  destroying  the  oxlip  by  hybridization  and  replacing 
it.  I  have  visited  the  oxlip  country  upon  several  occasions  with  Mr. 
Miller  Christy,  and  think  that  there  is  much  to  support  his  view.  It 
will  be  interesting  if  botanists  of  a  later  period  note  the  boundary"  line 
between  the  oxlip  and  the  primrose  country,  and  observe  whether  the 
habitat  of  the  former  has  been  reduced.  Mr.  Miller  Christy  gives  a 
carefully  prepared  map  of  the  oxlip  country  in  his  paper.1  The  oxlip  is 
confined  to  the  boulder  clay. 

Another  interesting  plant  of  Essex  is  the  sea  holly  (Eryngium  mari- 
timum).  A  candy  was  prepared  from  the  roots  of  this  plant  for  which 
the  town  of  Colchester  was  formerly  celebrated,  and  in  the  chamber- 
lain's accounts  for  the  borough  items  frequently  appear  for  purchasing 
the  roots  to  present  to  royal  and  other  distinguished  persons.  It  was 
first  prepared  by  one  Robert  Buxton,  an  alderman  of  the  borough,  during 
the  Civil  War,  and  its  manufacture  was  continued  down  to  some  forty 
years  ago.1 

The  coast  flora  of  Essex  presents  points  of  interest  and  should  afford 
opportunities  for  scientific  work  to  our  county  naturalists.  The  climatic 
conditions  and  the  nature  of  the  soil  is  rendered  quite  different  from 
the  climate  and  the  soil  of  the  inland  portions  of  the  county  by  the 
presence  of  salt,  and  consequently  the  character  of  the  flora  is  quite 
distinctive.  A  thorough  investigation  of  the  variation  of  the  coast 
plants  and  of  their  nearest  allies  growing  inland  would,  I  am  sure,  be 
profitable. 

The  action  of  the  salt  water  and  atmosphere  favours  those  plants 
known  to  botanists  as  xerophytes,  as  it  reduces  the  amount  of  transpira- 
tion. Hence  there  is  a  similarity  between  the  coast  flora  and  that  of 
rocky  or  dry  situations ;  but  in  the  one  case  we  have  an  abundance  of 
water  under  conditions  which  reduce  the  amount  of  transpiration,  in  the 
other  we  have  at  times  a  dearth  of  water,  and  consequently  those  plants 
thrive  which  retain  the  water  in  their  tissues.  We  find  therefore  that 
whilst  the  plants  which  favour  our  coast  line  are  similar  in  character  to 
those  which  we  find  in  dry  and  rocky  inland  situations,  yet  they  show 
distinct  variations  from  the  latter  and  are  known  as  halophytes. 

On  our  sandy  shores  Silene  maritima  frequently  occurs  ;  it  is  con- 
sidered by  some  a  mere  variety  of  S.  Cucubalus,  the  latter  growing  in 
sandy  and  chalky  situations ;  thus  we  have  two  very  near  relations  both 
having  the  characters  of  xerophytes,  but  one  confined  to  the  coast  and 
the  other  to  the  inland  districts  of  the  county ;  but  strange  as  it  may 

1  •  The  Primula  elatior  in  Great  Britain,'  Journal  of  the  Ltnnxan  Society,  1 897. 
»  A  full  account  of  this  manufacture  will  be  found  in  the  Eiiex  Naturalist,  'Report  on  the  Flower- 
ing Plants  of  Essex,'  J.  C.  Shenstone,  February,  1897. 

39 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

appear  the  marine  species  occurs  also  high  up  on  mountains.  Common 
thrift  (Armeria  marifima),  which  grows  abundantly  on  our  saltings,  covered 
at  every  tide  by  salt  water,  also  flourishes  high  up  on  mountains,  where 
the  conditions  of  soil  and  climate  must  be  very  different  ;  in  fact  it  is 
difficult  to  imagine  localities  affording  wider  differences.  In  the  sea 
plantain  (Plantago  maritima)  and  scurvy  grass  (Cochlearia  officinalis]  we 
have  also  two  plants  which  flourish  on  our  saltings  and  high  up  on 
mountains. 

The  species  of  Atriplex  on  our  coast  should  also  provide  material  for 
investigation.  On  our  sandy  shores  there  is  a  wide  range  of  variations, 
and  inland  another  series  of  variations.  The  sandworts  (Spergularia) 
give  four  forms  :  S.  rubra^  growing  in  hot,  sandy,  inland  situations  ; 
S.  sa/igna,  found  in  muddy  or  rocky  situations  by  the  sea  ;  S.  media, 
occurring  on  muddy  sea  marshes;  and  lastly  a  species  found  only  in 
rocky  places  by  the  sea,  S.  rupestris.  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that 
this  latter  does  not  occur  in  Essex.  These  plants  are  so  closely  related 
that  botanists  do  not  agree  in  dividing  them  into  species  and  varieties, 
but  the  inland  forms  are  quite  distinct  from  the  marine  forms.  It  will 
thus  be  seen  that  the  coast  flora  of  Essex  offers  problems  of  great 
scientific  interest. 

Insectivorous  plants  mostly  occurring  in  bogs  are  represented  in 
the  county,  though  rare.  We  have  the  sundew  (Drosera  rotundifolia), 
the  great  bladderwort  (Utricularia  vulgaris),  rue-leaved  saxifrage  (Saxi- 
fraga  tridactylites),  and  that  remarkable  plant  the  tooth  wort  (Lathraa 
squamaria),  which  obtains  its  vegetable  diet  from  the  roots  of  plants  to 
which  it  attaches  itself,  and  its  animal  nourishment  by  catching  small 
insects  in  its  scale-like  leaves,  folded  back  at  the  edges  to  form  traps  for 
unwary  insects.  The  plant  only  needs  to  come  above  the  ground  in  the 
spring  to  form  flowers  and  seeds,  not  requiring  green  leaves  like  other 
plants. 

Orchids  remarkable  for  the  mechanism  of  their  flowers  by  which 
their  fertilization  is  accomplished  are  well  represented  in  the  county, 
though  not  so  abundant  as  in  some  of  the  southern  counties  of  England. 

The  poisonous  plants  growing  in  the  county  are  both  of  scientific 
and  also  of  practical  interest  to  the  farmer  and  country  resident.  They 
may  be  summarized  as  follows  :  The  poppy,  which  is  unwholesome, 
though  not  so  deadly  as  those  species  favouring  hot  climates ;  the  com- 
mon celandine,  which  is  an  acrid  and  violent  irritant ;  the  soapwort ;  the 
Deptford  pink ;  the  white  campion,  the  red  campion,  and  most  plants 
of  the  natural  order  Caryophylleas,  which  contain  the  active  principle 
saponine  and  are  therefore  either  poisonous  or  unwholesome.  Fortunately 
saponine  is  destroyed  by  heating,  hence  flour  made  from  corn  containing 
seeds  of  these  plants  is  rendered  harmless  by  cooking.  Holly  berries 
cause  violent  irritation  of  the  bowels.  The  leafless  vetchling  (Latbyrus 
ap/jaca),  the  rough-podded  vetchling  (L.  birsutus],  and  the  broom  (Cytisus 
Scoparius)  are  the  only  British  plants  of  the  pea-flower  tribe  which  have 
been  known  to  possess  deleterious  qualities,  causing  violent  headache 

40 


BOTANY 

and  vomiting.  Many  species  of  the  rose  family  contain  emulsin  and 
amygdalin,  and  when  the  seeds  are  bruised  these  substances  react  and 
the  deadly  prussic  acid  is  formed.  The  kernel  of  the  sloe  also  contains 
these  principles.  Cattle  have  been  poisoned  by  browsing  on  the  leaves 
of  the  bird  cherry,  and  the  berries  of  the  mountain  ash  have  been  known 
to  cause  symptoms  of  poisoning  to  children  who  have  eaten  them. 

Common  bryony  is  a  powerful  and  highly  irritant  purgative.  The 
natural  order  Umbelliferaj  affords  perhaps  some  of  the  most  virulent  of 
British  poisonous  plants.  There  are  found  in  Essex  the  hemlock  (Conium 
maculatum),  the  water  hemlock  (Cicuta  vtrosa),  the  water  dropwort 
((Enant6ejistu/osa),the  parsley  dropwort  (CE.  pimpinelloides),  the  hemlock 
dropwort  (CE.  crocatd),  the  fineleaved  dropwort  (CE.  Pbellandriuni),  and 
the  fool's  parsley  (SEthusa  Cynapiuni),  all  of  which  have  caused  fatal 
poisoning;  and  to  these  may  be  added  the  wild  parsnip  (Pastinaca  satrva), 
though  the  cultivated  plant  is  such  a  useful  vegetable.  Ivy  has  purga- 
tive and  emetic  properties,  and  common  elder  and  honeysuckle  are  both 
unwholesome. 

The  composite  plants  only  afford  us  wormwood,  containing  an  oil 
which  is  a  narcotic  poison,  but  the  plant  can  scarcely  be  considered 
dangerous. 

Privet  berries  have  certainly  caused  fatal  poisoning,  and  in  the  root 
and  herbage  of  great  bindweed  we  have  a  strong  emetic  and  purgative. 

The  nightshade  family  is  perhaps  the  most  poisonous  of  all  our 
orders  of  plants.  Most  if  not  all  the  plants  of  this  order  contain  some 
one  of  the  alkaloids  known  as  the  mydriatic  alkaloids,  though  curiously 
the  potatoes  and  tomatoes,  both  belonging  to  this  order,  are  valuable 
vegetables.  Potatoes  are  said  to  be  poisonous  when  uncooked.  We 
have  in  the  county  the  following  plants  of  this  order:  Bitter-sweet 
(Solatium  Dulcamara),  common  nightshade  (S.  nigrum),  deadly  night- 
shade (Atropa  Belladonna),  thorn-apple  (Datura  Sframomium),  the 
henbane  (Hyoscyamus  niger),  most  of  which  are  still  used  in  medicine. 
The  foxglove  is  both  very  poisonous  and  much  valued  in  medicine. 
The  bark  of  the  mezereon  (Daphne  Mezereum)  and  of  the  spurge  laurel 
(D.  Laureola)  both  afford  us  strong  blistering  agents.  The  spurges 
and  perennial  mercury  are  powerful  irritant  poisons.  The  poisonous 
properties  of  the  yew  are  too  well  known  :  the  branches  in  a  half- 
faded  condition  are  even  more  deadly  than  when  fresh.  It  is  stated  that 
yew  berries  are  not  poisonous  ;  it  is  however  wisest  to  leave  them 
untasted.  The  wild  hyacinth  and  herb  Paris  are  very  acrid.  The 
meadow  saffron  is  a  narcotic  irritant  poison  and  is  still  used  in  medi- 
cine. The  wild  arum  is  very  acrid,  but  the  poison  is  destroyed  by  heat 
and  the  roots  formerly  provided  a  wholesome  farina  called  Portland 
arrowroot,  the  manufacture  of  which  was  discontinued  in  1853.  Black 
bryony  (Tamus  communis)  was  formerly  a  favourite  internal  medicine, 
but  was  discontinued  as  it  was  found  to  be  dangerous  in  its  action. 
It  is  still  used  when  grated  as  an  application  to  blackened  eyes. 

Common  rye  grass  is  apt  to  be  attacked  by  a  fungus  known  as  ergot, 

4i  6 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


which  is   poisonous  but  useful  in  medicine.     The  darnel  grass  is  the 
only  British  grass  which  is  said  to  be  poisonous. 

A   LIST    OF   BRITISH    FLOWERING   PLANTS    FOUND    IN    ESSEX 
Showing  the  districts  in  which  they  are  found.1 


Clematis  Vitalba,  L.8      1-8 
Thalictrum  saxatile,  Bab.      I 

—  flavum,  L.     i— 8 
Anemone  Pulsatilla,  L.      I 

—  nemorosa,  L.     1-8 
[Adonis  autumnalis,  L.]     1-5 
Myosurus  minimus,  L.     z— 8 
Ranunculus  heterophyllus,  Fries.      I,  6,  7 

—  peltatus,  Fries.     4,  7,  8 

var.  floribundus,  Bab.     4 
„  „  Hiern.  Mon.     8 

„    truncatus,  Dumort.     8 
„    penicillatus,  Dumort.     8 

—  confusus,  Godr.     6,  8 

—  Baudotii,  F.  Godr.     8 

—  trichophyllus,  Chaix.      I,  4,  7,  8 

—  Drouetii,  F.  Schultz.      i,  4,  8 

—  fluitans,  Lam.      i,  4 

—  circinatus,  Sibth.      1—8 

—  hederaceus,  L.      1—8 

—  Lingua,  L.      i 

—  Flammula,  L.      1—8 

—  auricomus,  L.      1-8 

—  sceleratus,  L.      1—8 

—  acris,  L.     1-8 

—  repens,  L.     i— 8 

—  bulbosus,  L.     1-8 

—  hirsutus,  L.     2,  4-8 

—  arvensis,  L.     1-8 

—  parvi  floras,  L.      1-4,  6—8 

—  Ficaria,  L.      1-8 
Caltha  palustris,  L.      1-8 
Helleborus  viridis,  L.      i,  3,  4 

—  fcetidus,  L.      i,  3-5,  7 
Aquilegia  vulgaris,  L.      1—3 
Delphinium  Ajacis,  Reichb.      I,  4,  6,  8 
[Aconitum  Napellus,  L.]      i,  3 
Berberis  vulgaris,  L.      I,  3,  4,  7 
Nuphar  luteum,  Sm.     1-8 
Nymphsea  alba,  L.      1-8 

Papaver  Argemone,  L.      1-4,  6-8 

—  hybridum,  L.      i,  6,  8 

—  Rhceas,  L.     1-8 

—  dubium,  L.      1-8 

—  Lecoqii,  Lamotte.      2,  5 
[ —  somniferum,  L.]     i,  5 
Glaucium  luteum,  Scop.    6-8 
Chelidonium  majus,  L.      1-8 

1  The  numbers  refer  to  corresponding  numbers 
marked  upon  the  map,  and  indicate  the  districts 
in  which  the  species  occur.  Those  species  enclosed 
in  brackets  are  probably  casuals.  A  hyphen  be- 
tween two  numbers  indicates  that  the  intermediate 
numbers  are  to  be  included. 

8  The  arrangement  and  nomenclature  followed 
in  this  list  is  that  of  the  Students'  Flora  of  the 
British  Islands,  ed.  3  (1884),  by  Sir  J.  D.  Hooker. 


Fumaria  capreolata,  L.     4,  5,  8 

—  officinalis,  L.      1-8 

—  densiflora,  DC.      i 

—  parviflora,  Lamk.      i 

var.  Vaillantii,  Loisel.      i 
Corydalis  claviculata,  DC.     3,  4,  8 
[—  lutea,  DC.]     i,  3,  4,  7,  8 
[ —  solida,  Hook.]     i 
Cheiranthus  Cheiri,  L.      i,  3,  4,  6,  8 
Nasturtium  officinale,  Br.      1—8 

—  sylvestre,  Br.     3,  4,  6 

—  palustre,  DC.      1-8 

—  amphibium,  Br.      3,  4,  6,  7 
Barbarea  vulgaris,  Br.      1-8 
[—  praecox,  Br.]     1-4,  7,  8 
Arabis  stricta,  Huds.      5 

—  perfoliata,  Lamk.     3,  4,  8 
Cardamine  hirsuta,  L.      1-8 

var.  sylvatica,  Link.     3,  5,  7 

—  pratensis,  L.      1-8 

—  amara,  L.     2—5,  7 
Sisymbrium  Thaliana,  Hook.      1-8 

—  Irio,  L.     3 

—  Sophia,  L.     1-8 

—  officinale,  Scop,      i— 8 

—  Alliaria,  Scop.     1-8 
Erysimum  Cheiranthoides,  L.      i— 8 
Brassica  oleracea,  L.     6 

—  campestris,  L.     4,  6,  8 

—  sinapioides,  Roth,      i,  2,  4-8 

—  sinapistrum,  Boiss.      1-8 

—  alba,  Boiss.     1—7 
Diplotaxis  muralis,  DC.      5-8 

—  tenuifolia,  DC.     4,  5,  8 
Erophila  vulgaris,  DC.      1-8 
Alyssum  calycinum,  L.      i,  4,  7 

—  maritimum,  L.     4,  5,  8 
Cochlearia  officinalis,  L.     6-8 

—  Danica,  L.     8 

—  Anglica,  L.     4-8 

—  Armoracia,  L.     1-8 
Camelina  sativa,  Crantz.      i,  4-6 
Capsella  Bursa-Pastoris,  Mcench.      i— 8 
Senebiera  didyma,  Persoon.      i,  3,  4 

—  Coronopus,  Poiret.      1—8 
Lepidium  latifolium,  L.     4-8 

—  ruderale,  L.     3,  5-8 

—  campestre,  Br.     z-8 
[—  Draba,  L.]     1,3,6,7 
Thlaspi  arvense,  L.      1-4,  6-8 
Iberis  amara,  L.     1,2 
Teesdalia  nudicaulis,  Br.     4,  8 
Isatis  tinctoria,  L.      1,4 
Crambe  maritima,  L.      8 
Cakile  maritima,  Scop.     6-8 
Raphanus  Raphanistrum,  L.      1-8 
Reseda  lutea,  L.      1-6,  8 

—  Luteola,  L.      1-8 


BOTANY 


Helianthemum  vulgare,  Garrtn.      1-4,  6 
Viola  palustris,  L.      J 

—  odorau,  L.     1—8 

-  hirta,  L.     1-4,  6,  j 

—  canina,  L.     7,  8 

-  sylvatica,  Fries.     1-8 

—  tricolor,  L.     1-8 
Polygala  vulgaris,  L.      1-8 

var.  deprcssa,  Wend.     5 
Frankenia  Izvis,  L.     6-8 
Dianthus  Armcria,  L.      1-4,  6,  7 
[ —  deltoides,  L.]     3 
[ —  plumarius,  L.]     4 
Saponaria  Officinalis,  L.      1—5,  8 
Silene  Cucubalus,  Wibel.      1-8 

—  maritima,  With.     6-8 
[ —  conica,  L.]     8 

—  Gallica,  L.     8 

var.  Anglica,  L.     2,  8 
[ —  Otites,  L.]     8 

—  noctiflora,  L.      I,  3,  4 
Lychnis  Flos-cuculi,  L.      1-8 

—  diurna,  L.      1-8 

—  vespertina,  Sibth.      1—8 
Githago  scgetum,  Dcsf.      1-8 
Cerastium  quaternellum,  Fenzl.     3-8 

—  tetrandrum,  Curtis.      5,  6,  8 

—  semidecandrum,  L.      1,4,  6—8 

—  glomeratum,  Thuillier.      1-8 

—  triviale,  Link.      1-8 

—  arvense,  L.      I,  3,  4,  6 
Stellaria  aqaatica,  Scopoli.      1—8 

-  media,  Vill.     1-8 

—  Holostea,  L.      1-8 

—  palustris,  Ehrh.      3,  4 

—  graminea,  L.      1—8 

—  uliginosa,  Murr.      1-8 
Arenaria  tenuifolia,  L.      I 

—  trinerva,  L.      1-8 

—  serpylli folia,  L.      1-8 

var.  leptoclados,  Guss.     I,  5,  6 

—  peploides,  L.     6-8 
Sagina  apetala,  L.      1-8 

—  ciliata,  Fries.     5,  7 

—  procumbcns,  L.      1-8 

—  nodosa,  Frenzl.      3 

-  maritima,  Don.     6,  7 
Spergula  arvensis,  L.      1-8 
Spergularia  rubra,  Pers.      I,  3-8 

-  salina,  Pers.     4-8 

var.  medium,  Fries.      5-8 
Montia  fontana,  L.     2-8 
Claytonia  perfoliata,  Don.     3,  8 
Tamarix  Gallica,  L.     6,  8 
Hypericum  Androsxmum,  L.      1-8 

—  quadrangulum,  L.      1-8 

—  perforatum,  L.      1-8 

—  humifusum,  L.      1-8 

—  pukhrum,  L.      1-8 

—  hirsutum,  L.      1—8 

-  Elodes,  Huds.     4,  5 
Althaea  oificinalis,  L.     5-8 
Malva  sylvestris,  L.      1-8 

—  rotundifolia,  L.      1-8 

—  moschata,  L.      1-8 


[Lavatera  arborea,  L.]     6 
[Tilia  europaca,  L.]      1-8. 

—  parvifolia,  Ehrh.      1-5,  7,  8 
[ —  platyphyllos,  Scop.]     1-8 
Linum  catharticum,  L.      1-8 

-  perenne,  L.      i 

—  angustifolium,  Huds.     2,  5,  6,  8 
[ —  usitatissimum,  L.]      1-4,  6,  7 
Radiola  linoides,  Gmel.      3,  4,  7,  8 
Geranium  sanguineum,  L.     I 

-  pratense,  L.      1-3,  6 

[ —  pyrcnaicum  Burm.  f.]      1-4,  7 

-  molle,  L.      I,  3-8 

—  rotundifblium,  L.     4 

—  pusillum,  L.     1—8 

—  columbinum,  L.      1-3,  5—8 

—  dissectum,  L.      1-8 

—  Robert ianum,  L.      1—8 

—  lucidum,  L.      1-4,  6-8 
Erodium  cicutarium,  L'Hcrit.      1-8 
[ —  moschatum,  L'Hcrit.]     1,  4,  8 
Oxalis  Acetosella,  L.      1-8 
Impatiens  parviflora,  DC.      I,  4,  8 
Ilex  Aquifolium,  L.      1-8 
Euonymus  europxus,  L.      1-8 
Rhamnus  catharticus,  L.      1-7 

—  Frangula,  L.     2-8 
Acer  campestre,  L.      1—8 

—  pscudoplatanus,  L.      1—8 
Genista  tinctoria,  L.      I,  3-8 

-  Anglica,  L.     3-5,  7,  8 
Ulex  europxus,  L.      1-8 

—  nanus,  Forster.     4,  5 
Cytisus  Scoparius,  Link.      1-8 
Ononis  spinosa,  L.      I— 8 

Trigonella  ornithopodioides,  DC.      3,  4,  7 
Mcdicago  falcata,  L.      1-8 

-  saliva,  L.      I,  3 

—  lupulina,  L.      1-8 

-  denticulata,  Willd.      I,  6-8 

-  maculata,  L.     2-8 

-  minima,  Desr.     4,  6,  8 
Melilotus  altissima,  Thuill.      1-7 

-  alba,  Desr.      i,  4,  7,  8 

-  officinalis,  Desr.      I,  7,  8 
Trifolium  subterraneum,  L.     3-8 

-  arvense,  L.      1-8 

—  ochroleucum,  L.      1-3,  5-7 

-  pratense,  L.      1-8 

—  medium,  Huds.      1—7 

—  maritimum,  Huds.     4-8 

—  striatum,  L.      i-K 

-  scabrum,  L.      I,  5-7 

—  glomeratum,  L.     6 

—  hybridum,  L.      I,  3 

-  repcns,  L.      1-8 

—  fragifcrum,  L.      1-8 

-  procumbens,  L.     1,2,  4-8 

—  dubium,  Sibth.      1-8 

—  filiforme,  L.      1-8 
Anthyllis  Vulneraria,  L.      I 
Lotus  corniculatus,  L.      1-8 

—  tenuis,  Waldst.  and  Kit.      I,  3-8 

—  uliginosa,  Schlc.      1-8 
Astragalus  glycyphyllos,  L.      1-3,  J 


43 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Astragalus  hypoglottis,  L.      i 
Ornithopus  perpusillus,  L.     3—8 
Hippocrepis  comosa,  L.      i 
Onobrychis  sativa,  Lamk.      i,  3-5 
Vicia  tetrasperma,  Moench.      1-8 

—  gracilis,  Loisel.      i,  6 

—  hirsuta,  Koch.      1-8 

—  Cracca,  L.     1-8 

—  sepium,  L.     1-8 

—  lutea,  L.     8 

—  sativa,  L.     1-8 

—  angustifolia,  Roth.      1-4,  6-8 

—  bithynica,  L.     2,  3,  6 
Lathyrus  Aphaca,  L.      1-4,  6 

—  Nissolia,  L.     1-8 

—  hirsutus,  L.     4—6 

—  pratensis,  L.      1-8 

—  sylvestris,  L.      I,  3,  4,  6 

—  tuberosus,  L.      3 

—  macrorrhizus,  Wimm.     3—7 
Prunus  communis,  Huds.      i— 8 

—  insititia,  L.      1,2,  4-8 

—  cerasus,  L.      J,  2,  4,  7,  8 

—  Avium,  L.      1-3,  6-8 
Spiraea  Ulmaria,  L.      i— 8 

-  Filipendula,  L.      i,  4 
Rubus  Idaeus,  L.     1-8 

—  suberectus,  Anders. 

var.  plicatus,  W.  &  N.     5,  8 
„   affinis,  W.  &  N.      i,  4,  7 

—  rhamnifolius,  W.  &  N.      1,2,  4,  5,  7,  8 

—  Lindleianus,  Lees.     2,  4,  5,  7,  8 

—  corylifolius,  Sm.     1—7 

var.  Balfourianus,  Blox.     7 
„   althaeifolius,  Bab.     7 

—  csesius,  L.     i— 8 

—  discolor,  W.  &  N.      1-8 

var.  thyrsoideus,  Wimm.     7 

—  leucostachys,  Sm.      i,  2,  4,  7 

—  villicaulis,  Weihe.      I,  7 

—  umbrosus,  Arrh. 

var.  carpinifolius.      2,  4 

—  macrophyllus,  Weihe.      5,  7,  8 

—  Sprengelii,  Weihe.     4 

—  dumetorum,  Weihe. 

var.  nemorosus,  Hayne.      i,  7 
„   diversifolius,  Lind.     4 

—  radula,  Weihe.     7 

var.  rudis.     2,  7,  8 

—  Bloxamii,  Lees. 

var.  scaber,  Weihe.     7 
„   fusco-ater.     Weihe.      2,  7 

—  Ko:hleri,  Weihe.      I,  2,  4,  7 

—  hystrix,  Weihe.     4 

var.  rosaceus,  Weihe.     4 

—  pallidus,  Weihe.     2,  4,  5,  7 

var.  hirtus,  Weihe.     5,  7 

—  glandulosa,  Bell.      I,  4,  5,  7,  8 

—  saltum,  Focke. 

var.  Guntheri,  Weihe.      5,  7 

—  pyramidalis,  Kaltenb.     4 
Geum  urbanum,  L.      1-8 

—  rivale,  L.      I,  2 

var.  intermedium,  Ehrh.     i 
Fragaria  vesca,  L.     1-8 


Fragaria  elatior,  Ehrh.     2,  3 
Potentilla  Comarum,  Nestl.     7,  8 

—  Tormentilla,  Scop,      i— 8 

—  reptans,  L.      1—8 

—  Fragariastrum,  Ehrh.  1—8 

—  argentea,  L.      2—8 
Alchemilla  arvensis,  Lamk.      1-8 

—  vulgaris,  L.      1—3 
Agrimonia  Eupatoria,  L.      1-8 

—  odorata,  Mill.     6 
Poterium  Sanguisorba,  L.      I,  4—6 

—  muricatum,  Spach.      i,  2 
Rosa  spinossima,  L.     5,  6,  8 

—  tomentosa,  Sm.      i— 8 

—  rubiginosa,  L.      1-8 

—  micrantha,  Sm.      I,  3-8 

—  inodora,  Freis.      I,  4,  7 

—  canina,  L.      1-8 

—  lutetiana,  Leman.     8 

—  surculosa,  Woods,      i,  4 

—  sphaerica,  Gren.     8 

—  sarmentacea,  Woods,      i,  4,  5 

—  urbica,  Leman.     4,  5 

—  frondosa,  Steven.     4 

—  Andevagensis,  Bast.      8 

—  verticillacantha,  Merat.     8 

—  collina,  Jacq.     8 

—  decipiens,  Dumort.     8 

—  arvensis,  Huds.      1-8 

—  systyla,  Woods.      1-4,  7 
Pyrus  communis,  L.      1-7 

—  Malus,  L.      1-8 

-  torminalis,  Ehrh.      1-4,  6-8 
[ —  Aria,  Sm.]     7 

—  Aucuparia,  Gaertn.      i,  3-8 
Crataegus  Oxyacantha,  L.      1—8 
Saxifraga  tridactylites,  L.      1—8 

—  granulata,  L.      i,  3-8 
Chrysosplenium  alternifolium,  L.     2-4,  '• 
• —  oppositifolium,  L.      i—  6,  8 
Parnassia  palustris,  L.      I,  3,  4 

[Ribes  Grossularia,  L.]      1-4,  6,  7 

-  rubrum,  L.     1,2,  4,  5,  7,  8 

—  nigrum,  L.      1—5,  7,  8 
Sedum  Telephium,  L.      1-3,  7,  8 

var.  Fabaria,  Koch.     7 

—  album,  L.      i,  3,  7 

—  dasyphyllum,  L.      1,2 
• —  acre,  L.      1-8 

—  reflexum,  L.      i,  3-8 
Sempervivum  tectorum,  L.      1,2,  4-8 
Drosera  rotundifolia,  L.      3-5,  7,  8 
Hippuris  vulgaris,  L.      1,2 
Myriophyllum  verticillatum,  L.      1-5,  7 

—  alterniflorum,  L.      3,  4,  7 

—  spicatum,  L.      1—8 
Callitriche  verna,  L.      1-8 

—  platycarpa,  Kuetz.      i ,  2,  4-7 

—  pedunculata,  DC.      I,  4,  8 
Lythrum  Salicaria,  L.      1-8 
Peplis  Portula,  L.      1-8 

Epilobium  angustifolium,  L.     1-5,  7,  8 

-  hirsutum,  L.     1—8 

-  parviflorum,  Schreb.      1-8 

—  montanum,  L.      1-8 


44 


BOTANY 


Epilobium  roseum,  Schreb.      I— 8 

—  tetragonum,  L.      1—8 

—  obscurum,  Schreb.     2,  3,  5,  8 

-  palustrc,  L.      i,  3-8 
[CEnothera  biennis,  L.]     8 
Circza  lutetiana,  L.      1—8 
Bryonia  dioica,  L.      1—8 
Hydrocotyle  vulgaris,  L.      3-8 
Eryngium  maritimum,  L.     6—8 
Sanicula  europsea,  L.      1-8 
Conium  macul.it um,  L.      1-8 
Smyrnium  Olusatrum,  L.      I,  3-8 
Buplcurum  rotundifolium,  L.      I,  3-5 

—  falcatum,  L.      3 

-  tenuissimum,  L.     4—8 
Apium  graveolens,  L.      1,3-8 

—  nodiflorum,  Reichb.      1-8 

var.  repens,  Koch.     3—7 

-  inundatum,  Reichb.      I,  3-8 
[Carum  Carui,  L.]     2,  6,  7 

-  segetum,  Benth.      I,  3-8 

-  Petroselinum,  Benth.      I,  3,  4,  7,  8 
Sison  Amomum,  L.      I— 8 

Slum  latifolium,  L.     4,  8 

—  angustifolium,  L.      1—8 
.<£gopodium  Podagraria,  L.      1-5,  7,  8 
Pimpinella  Saxifraga,  L.      1-8 

-  major,  Huds.      i,  3,  5 
Conopodium  denudatum,  Koch.      1-8 
Scandix  Pecten-Veneris,  L.      1-8 
Chzrophyllum  temulum,  L.      1-8 
Anthriscus  vulgaris,  Pers.      1—4,  6-8 

—  sylvestris,  Hoffm.      1-8 

-  Ccrcfolium,  Hoffm.     4,  7 
[Crithmum  maritimum,  L.]     8 
CEnanthe  fistulosa,  L.      1—4,  6-8 

—  pimpinelloides,  L.     7 

—  Lachenalii,  Gmel.      5-8 

—  crocata,  L.     4-6 

—  phellandrium,  Lamk.      2—8 

-  fluviatilis,  Colera.      1-5,  7,  8 
yEthusa  Cynapium,  L.      1-8 
Silaus  pratensis,  Besser.      1-8 
Angelica  sylvestris,  L.      1-8 
Peutedanum  officinale,  L.      8 

-  palustre,  Mcench.     4 
Pastinaca  sativa,  L.      1,2,  4-8 
Heracleum  Sphondylium,  L.      1-8 
Daucus  Carota,  L.      1-8 
Caucalis  daucoides,  L.      1,5 

—  latifolia,  L.      3 

—  Anthriscus,  Huds.      1-8 

-  nodosa,  Scopoli.      1-8 
Hedera  Helix,  L.      1-8 
Corn  us  sanguinea,  L.      1-8 
Viburnum  Lantana,  L.      I,  3—6 

-  Opulus,  L.      1-8 
Sambucus  Ebulus,  L.      1-8 

—  nigra,  L.      1—8 

Adoza  Moschatellina,  L.      1-8 
Lonicera  Periclymenum,  L.      1-8 

—  Caprifolium,  L.      I,  2,  7 

—  Xylosteum,  L.      I,  3,  4 
Galium  verum,  L.      1-8 

—  Cruciata,  Scopoli.      l,  3,  4,  6,  8 


Galium  palustre,  L.      1-8 

—  uliginosum,  L.      1-5,  7 

—  saxatile,  L.     3-8 

—  Mollugo,  L.     1-8 

var.  erectum,  Huds.     i 

—  Aparine,  L.      i— 8 

var.  Vaillantii,  DC.      I 

—  tricornc,  With.      1-7. 

—  Anglicum,  Huds.      I 
Asperula  odorata,  L.      1-4,  6-8 

-  cynanchica,  L.      I,  3,  5 
Sherardia  arvensis,  L.      1-8 
Valeriana  dioica,  L.      1-5,  7,  8 

—  officinalis,  L.      1-6,  8 

var.  sambucifolia,  Milan,      i,  z,  4,  5,  7 
Valerianella  olitoria,  Mcench.      1-8 

-  carinata,  Loisel.      3,  4,  7,  8 

-  Auricula,  DC.     7,  8. 

-  dentata,  Poll,      i,  3-8 
Dipsacus  sylvestris,  L.      1-8 

-  pilosus,  L.      1-8 
Scabiosa  succisa,  L.      1-8 

—  Columbaria,  L.      i,  4,  5,  8 

-  arvensis,  L.      1-8 

Eupatorium  cannabinum,  L.      1-4,  6-8 
Aster  Tripolium,  L.     4-8 
Erigeron  acre,  L.      I,  5,  6,  8 

-  Canadense,  L.     4,  5,  8 
Bell  is  perennis,  L.      1—8 
Solidago  Virgaurea,  L.      2—7 
Inula  Conyza,  DC.      1-3,  5-8 

-  crithmoides,  L.     6-8 

[ —  Helenium,  L.]     i,  3,  4,  6 
Pulicaria  dysenterica,  Gaertn.      i,  2,  4-8 

-  vulgaris,  Gaertn.     3,  4,  6-8 
Gnaphalium  sylvaticum,  L.      1—8 

-  uliginosum,  L.      1-8 
[Antennaria  margaritacea,  Br.]     2 
Filago  Germanica,  L.      1-8 

var.  spathulata,  Presl.      i,  6-8 
„   apiculata,  G.  E.  Sm.      5,  7,  8 

-  minima,  Fries.     3-5,  7,  8 

-  Gallica,  L.     2,  8 
Bidens  cernua,  L.      1-8 

-  tripartita,  L.      i— 8 
Anthemis  arvensis,  L.     2—5,  7,  8 

-  Cotula,  L.      1-8 

—  nobilis,  L.      i,  3-8 
Achillea  Ptarmica,  L.      1-8 

-  Millefblium,  L.      1-8 
Diotis  marititna,  Cass.     7 
Matricaria  Chamomilla,  L.     2,  4-8 

-  inodora,  L.      1-8 
Chrysanthemum  segetum,  L.      1-8 

—  Leucanthemum,  L.      1-8 

-  Parthcnium,  Pen.      1-8 
Tanacetum  vulgare,  L.      1-8 
Artemisia  vulgaris,  L.      1-8 

—  Absinthium,  L.      1-8 

—  maritima,  L.     5-8 

var.  Gallica,  Willd.     6-8 
Pctasites  vulgaris,  Desf.      1-4,  6-8 
Tussilago  Farfara,  L.     1—8 
[Doronicum  Pardalianches,  L.]      i 

—  plantagineum,  L.      1,3 


45 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Senecio  vulgaris,  L.      1-8 

—  sylvaticus,  L.     2-8 

—  viscosus,  L.     4 

—  Jacobaea,  L.      1-8 

—  erucifolius,  L.      1-8 

—  aquaticus,  L.      1-8 

—  campestris,  DC.      I 
Arctium  Lappa,  L. 

var.  majus,  Schkuhr.      i,  z,  4—8 
„    tomentosum,  Bab.      4,  5 
„   minus,  Schkuhr.      1-8 
„    intermedium,  Langc.      I,  3—7 

Carlina  vulgaris,  L.      I,  3—8 

Centaurea  nigra,  L.      1—8 

—  Scabiosa,  L.      I— 8 

—  Cyanus,  L.     I— 8 

—  Calcitrapa,  L.     2,  4-6 

—  solstitialis,  L.      i— 6,  8 
Serratula  tinctoria,  L.      1,4 
Carduus  nutans,  L.      i,  3-6,  8 

—  crispus,  L.      1-8 

var.  acanthoides,  L.      i,  4,  7,  8 

—  pycnocephalus,  L.     3-8 
Cnicus  lanceolatus,  Hoffm.      1—8 

—  eriophorus,  Hoffm.      1—3 

—  acaulis,  Hoffm.      1—5,  7 

—  dubius,  Willd.      i 

—  arvensis,  Hoffm.      1—8 

—  palustris,  Hoffm.      1-8 

—  pratensis,  Willd.     4 
Onopordium  Acanthium,  L.      1-8 
Silybum  Marianum,  Gaertn.      1-8 
Cichorium  Intybus,  L.      i— 8 
Arnoseris  pusilla,  Gaertn.      2-4,  8 
Lapsana  communis,  L.      1-8 
Picris  hieracioides,  L.      1-7 

—  echioides,  L.      1-8 
Crepis  virens,  L.      1—8 

—  biennis,  L.      1-7 

—  foetida,  L.     i,  3,  5 

—  taraxacifolia,  Thuill.      5,  6 
[ —  setosa,  Haller  fil.]      i ,  8 
Hieracium  Pilosella,  L.      1-8 

—  umbellatum,  L.      3-5,  7 

—  boreale,  Fries.      2-5,  7,  8 

—  tridentatum,  Fries.      3,  7,  8 

—  vulgatum,  Fries.      I,  3-5,  7,  8 
Hypochoeris  radicata,  L.      1-8 

—  maculata,  L.      I 
Leontodon  hirtus,  L.      [-8 

—  hispidus,  L.     1-8 

-  autumnalis,  L.      1-8 
Taraxacum  officinale,  Web.      1-8 
Lactuca  virosa,  L.      i,  3—8 

-  Scariola,  L.     5,  6 

—  saligna,  L.      5,  6 

—  muralis,  Fresen.     4,  8 
Sonchus  arvensis,  L.      1—8 

—  palustris,  L.     4 

—  oleraceus,  L.      i— 8 

sub-sp.  asper,  Hoffm.     1—8 
Tragopogon  pratensis,  L.      1,3-7 
var.  minor,  Fries.      1-8 

—  porrifolius,  L.     2,  4-8 
Jasione  montana,  L.     2-8 


Wahlenbergia  hederacea,  Reichb.     4 

Campanula  rotundifolia,  L.      1-8 

[ —  Rapunculus,  L.]     3,  4 

[—  patula,  L.]     2,  3 

[ —  rapunculoides,  L.]      I 

—  Trachelium,  L.      1—5 

—  glomerata,  L.      1—4 
Specularia  hybrida,  DC.      1—8 
Vaccinum  Myrtillus,  L.      3,  4 

—  Vitis-Idaea,  L.     4 

—  Oxycoccos,  L.     4 
Erica  Tetralix,  L.     3-8 

—  cinerea,  L.     4,  5,  7,  8 
Calluna  vulgaris,  Salisb.      2-8 
Hypopitys  multi flora,  Scop,      i,  3,  4 
Armeria  maritima,  Willd.     5-8 
Statice  Limonium,  L.     5—8 

sub-spec,  rariflora,  Drejer.     5-8 

—  auriculaefolia,  Vahl.      8 
Primula  vulgaris,  Huds.      i— 8 

—  elatior,  Jacq.      1—3 

—  veris,  L.     1-8 

Lysimachia  vulgaris,  L.      3,  4,  7,  8 

—  nemorum,  L.      1—8 

—  Nummularia,  L.      1-8 
Glaux  maritima,  L.     4—8 
Centunculus  minimus,  L.     4,  6,  7 
Anagallis  arvensis,  L.      i— 8 

var.  ccerulea,  Schreb.      2-4,  6-8 

—  tenella,  L.      i,  3-5,  7 
Hottonia  palustris,  L.     2-8 
Samolus  Valerandi,  L.      I,  3-8 
Ligustrum  vulgare,  L.      1-8 
Fraxinus  excelsior,  L.      i— 8 
Vinca  minor,  L.     1-8 

—  major,  L.     i— 8 
Chlora  perfoliata,  L.      1-8 
Erythrasa  Centaurium,  Pers.      1—4,  7 

—  pulchella,  Fries.     5,  6 
Gentiana  Amarella,  L.      1-3 
Menyanthes  trifoliata,  L.      i— 8 
Limnanthemum  peltatum,  Gmel.     4 
[Polemonium  cceruleum,  L.]      i,  4 
Echium  vulgare,  L.      1-8 

Borago  officinalis,  L.      i,  3,  4,  6-8 
Symphytum  officinale,  L.      1—8 

—  tuberosum,  L.     5,  8 
Anchusa  arvensis,  Bieb.      1-8 

—  sempervirens,  L.     2,  4,  7,  8 
Lithospermum  officinale,  L.      I,  3-8 

—  arvense,  L.      i— 8 
Myosotis  palustris,  With.      1—8 

—  caespitosa,  Schultz.      1—8 

—  sylvatica,  Hoffm.      i,  2,  4,  6,  8 

—  arvensis,  Hoffm.      1-8 

—  collina,  Hoffm.      1-4,  6-8 

—  versicolor,  Reichb.      2—8 
[Asperugo  procumbens,  L.]     5 
Cynoglossum  officinale,  L.      I,  3-8 

—  montanum,  Lamk.     4,  5,  7 
Convolvulus  arvensis,  L.     1-8 

—  sepium,  L.     1—8 

—  Soldanella,  L.     6-8 
Cuscuta  europaea,  L.      I,  2,  4 

—  Epithymum,  Murr.     4—6,  8 


46 


BOTANY 


Cuscuta   Epilinum,  Weihe.      I 

—  Trifolii,  Bab.      1-3,  6-8 
Hyoscyamus  niger,  L.      I,  3-8 
Solarium  Dulcamara,  L.      1—8 

—  nigrum,  L.      1—8 

Atropa  Belladonna,  L.      I,  4,  7,  8 
Plantago  major,  L.      I— 8 

—  media,  L.     I— 8 

—  lanceolata,  L.      1-8 

—  maritima,  L.     4—8 

—  Coronopus,  L.      I,  3-8 
Littorella  lacustris,  L.     4 
Verbascum  Thapsus,  L.      1-8 

—  nigrum,  L.      I,  3—6,  8 
[—  Blattaria,  L.]     4,  7 

Linaria  Cymbalaria,  Mill.      1-6,  8 

—  spuria,  Mill.      1-8 

—  Elatine,  Mill.     1-8 

—  vulgaris,  Mill.     1-7 

—  minor,  Desf.      1—8 
Antirrhinum  Orontium,  L.      I,  4,  7,  8 

-  majus,  L.      i,  4-6 
Scrophularia  nodosa,  L.      1-8 

-  aquatica,  L.      1-8 

-  vernal  is,  L.      I,  3,  8 
Limosella  aquatica,  L.     4 
Digitalis  purpurea,  L.      I,  3-8 
Veronica  agrestis,  L.      1-8 

sub-sp.  polita,  Fries.      1-8 

—  Buxbaumii,  Ten.      I— 8 

-  hederxfolia,  L.      1-8 

—  arvensis,  L.      1-8 

—  jcrpyllifolia,  L.      1-8 

—  officinalis,  L.      1,2,  4—8 

—  Chamzdiys,  L.      I— 8 

-  montana,  L.      1-8 

-  scutellata,  L.      1-5,  7,  8 

—  Beccabunga,  L.      1-8 

-  Anagallis,  L.      1-8 
Bartsia  Odontites,  Huds.      1-8 
Euphrasia  officinalis,  L.      1-8 
Rhinanthus  crista-Galli,  L.      1-8 
Pedicularis  palustris,  L.      1—5,  8 

—  sylvatica,  L.      2-8 
Melampyrum  pratense,  L.      2-8 

—  arvense,  L.      I,  3 

—  cristatum,  L.      I,  2 
Lathrza  Squamaria,  L.      2 
Orobanche  major,  L.     2-5,  7,  8 

-  elatior,  Sutt.      1-3,  7 

—  minor,  Sutt.     I,  2,  6-8 
Utricularia  vulgaris,  L.      2-5,  7 

sub-sp.  neglecta,  Lehm. 
Verbena  officinalis,  L.      1-8 
Mentha  sylvestris,  L.      1-8 

—  rotundifolia,  L.      1-5,  7 

—  viridis,  L.      1-5,  7 

—  pi  peri  ta,  Huds.      1-8 

—  aquatica,  L.      1-8 

—  sativa,  L.      1-8 

—  rubra,  Sm.     8 

—  pratcnsis,  Sole.      I,  2,  4,  5,  7 

—  arvensis,  L.      1—8 

-  Pulegium,  L.      I,  4,  5,  7,8 
Lycopus  europxus,  L.      1-8 


Origanum  vulgare,  L.      1,2,  4-6 
Thymus  Serpyllum,  L.      I— 8 

—  Chamaedrys,  Fries,      i,  5-8 
Calamintha  officinalis,  Moench.      1-6,  8 

—  Nepeta,  Clairv.      i,  3-8 

—  Clinopodium,  L.      1-7 

—  Acinos,  Clairv.      i,  8 
Melissa  officinalis,  L.      1—4,  6—8 
Sal  via  Verbenaca,  L.      1-8 
Nepeta  Cataria,  L.      1-8 

—  Glechoma,  Benth.      1-8 
Prunella  vulgaris,  L.      1-8 
Scutellaria  galericulata,  L.      1-8 

—  minor,  L.     3 
Marrubium  vulgare,  L.      i,  3-8 
Stachys  sylvatica,  L.      1-8 

—  palustris,  L.      1—8 

-  ambigua,  Sm.      1—4,  7 

-  arvensis,  L.      i,  3-8 

-  Betonica,  Benth.      1-8 
Galeopsis  Ladanum,  L.      i— 8 

-  dubia,  Leers.      8 

-  Tetrahit,  L.      1-8 

sub-sp.  speciosa,  Miller,  i,  4,  7 
Lamium  purpureum,  L.      i-S 

sub-sp.  hybridum,  Vill.      1-3,  6-8 

-  amplexicaule,  L.      1-5,  7,  8 

-  album,  L.      1-8 

-  Galeobdolon,  Crantz.      1-8 
Ballota  nigra,  L.      1-8 
Tcucrium  Scorodonia,  L.      i,  3-8 
Ajuga  reptans,  L.      1-8 

-  Chamzpitys,  Schreber.      5 
Scleranthus  annuus,  L.      1-8 
Chenopodium  Vulvaria,  L.     4-8 

-  polyspermum,  L.      1-8 

—  album,  L.      1-8 

-  ficifolium,  Sm.      i,  2,  4-7 

-  urbicum,  L.     3—7 

-  hybridum,  L.     2,  4,  7 

-  murale,  L.      1—7 

-  rubrum,  L.      i,  3-8 

var.  botryoides,  Sm.     6,  7 

-  glaucum,  L.     4,  7,  8 

—  Bonus-Henricus,  L.      1-4,  6-8 
Beta  maritima,  L.     4-8 
Atriplez  erecta,  Huds.      1-8 

-  angustifolia,  Sm.      i—  8 

—  triangularis,  Willd.      1-6,  8 

—  hastata,  L.      1-8 

-  Babingtonii,  Woods.     6,  8 

—  marina,  L.     5,  6,  8 

-  laciniata,  L.     6—8 

-  portulacoides,  L.      5-8 
Salicornia  herbacea,  L.     4-8 

—  rad leans,  Sm.     6-8 
Suaeda  maritima,  Dumort.     5-8 

—  fruticosa,  Forsk.     6-8 
Salsola  Kali,  L.     6-8 
Amaranthus  Blitum.      i,  3-6,  8 
Polygonum  Bistorta,  L.      1-4,  6,  8 

—  amphibium,  L.      1-8 

—  lapathifolium,  L.      1—8 

—  maculatum,  Dyer  &  Trimen.     1-5,  7,  8 

—  Pcrsicaria,  L.      1-8 


47 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Polygonum  mite,  Schrank.     4,  5 

—  Hydropiper,  L.      1-8 

—  minus,  Huds.     3—5 

—  aviculare,  L.      1-8 

—  Convolvulus,  L.      1—8 
Rumex  obtusifolius,  L.      I— 8 

-  acutus,  L.     i,  2,  4,  5,  7,  8 

—  pulcher,  L.     1-8 

—  maritimus,  L.      5,  8 

—  palustris,  Sm.     4,  5 

—  crispus,  L.      1-8 

—  sanguineus,  L.      1-8 

—  conglomerates,  Murray.      1-8 

—  Hydrolapathum,  Huds.      I— 8 

-  Acetosa,  L.      1-8 

—  Acetosella,  L.      1-8 
[Aristolochia  Clematitis,  L.]     5 
Daphne  Laureola,  L.      1-7 

[ —  Mezereum,  L.]     i,  7 
[Hippophae  rhamnoides,  L.]     6 
Viscum  album,  L.     1-4,  6,  7 
Thesium  linophyllum,  L.      i 
Euphorbia  Helioscopia,  L.      1—8 

—  platyphyllos,  L.      1—7 

• —  amygdaloides,  L.      1-8 
[—  dulcis,  L.]     8 

-  peplus,  L.      i—8 

—  exigua,  L.      1-8 

—  Paralias,  L.     6,  8 

-  Cyparissias,  L.      1,4 

[ —  Lathyris,  L.]     1-3,  5 
Mercurialis  perennis,  L.      1-8 

-  annua,  L.      i,  4,  6,  8 
Ulmus  montana,  Sm.      1-8 

—  campestris,  Sm.      1-8 

—  suberosa,  Ehrh.      I,  3—6,  8 

—  glabra,  Mill.      1-7 
Urtica  urens,  L.      1—8 

—  dioica,  L.      1—8 

—  pilulifera,  L.     4,  6—8 
Parietaria  officinalis,  L.      1—8 
Humulus  Lupulus,  L.      1-8 
Betula  alba,  L.     i,  3-5,  7,  8 

sub-sp.  glutinosa,  Fries.      1-3,  5,  6 
Alnus  glutinosa,  Gaertn.      i— 8 
Quercus  Robur,  L.      1-8 

—  sessiliflora,  Salisb.      i,  3,  4,  7 
Fagus  sylvatica,  L.      1,2,  4—7 
Corylus  Avellana,  L.      1-8 
Carpinus  Betulus,  L.      1-7 
Populus  alba,  L.      1-7 

sub-sp.  canescens,  Sm.      I,  3—5 

—  tremula,  L.      1-8 

-  nigra,  L.      i,  3-5,  7 
Salix  triandra,  L.      1-4,  8 

var.  Hoffmanniana,  Sm.      I,  3—5,  7 
„    undulata,  Ehrh.      i,  4 

—  fragilis,  L.      1,2,  4—6,  8 

var.  decipiens,  Hoffm.      i,  3,  5 

—  Russelliana,  Sm.      i,  2,  4,  5 

—  alba,  L.      1,2,  4-8 

var.  vitellina,  L.      i,  4—7 

—  Caprea,  L.      1-8 

sub-sp.  cinerea,  L.      1—7 
sub-var.  aquatica,  Sm.      i,  4—6 


Salix  Caprea,  sub-var.  oleifolia,  Sm.      I,  3-5 

—  aurita,  L.      I,  3-5,  7,  8 

—  repens,  L.     3-5,  7,  8 

—  incubacea,  Sy.      3,  4 

—  viminalis,  L.      i,  4,  5,  7,  8 

—  Smithiana,  Willd.      i,  4,  5,  7 

—  stipularis,  Sm.     4,  7 

—  ferruginea,  G.  And.      I 

—  acuminata,  Sm.      l,  2,  7 

—  purpurea,  L.     4,  7 

sub-sp.  rubra,  Huds.     i,  4 

var.  Helix,  L.      i,  4,  7,  8 
Ceratophyllum  demersum,  L.      1-4,  6-8 

sub-sp.  submersum,  L.     4,  6,  7 
[Pinus  sylvestris,  L.]      1-8 
Juniperus  communis,  L.      I,  4,  8 
[Taxus  baccata,  L.]     i,  4,  5 
Hydrocharis  Morsus-Ran*,  L.      2,  4-6,  8 
Stratiotes  aloides,  L.     2 
Elodea  Canadensis,  Michx.      3,  8 
Neottia  Nidus-avis,  L.     i— 8 
Listera  ovata,  Br.      1-8 
Spiranthes  autumnalis,  Rich.      1—8 
Epipactis  latifolia,  Sw.      I,  3-8 

var.  media,  Fries,      l,  2,  4,  5,  7 

—  palustris,  Sw.      1—4 
Cephalanthera  pallens,  Rich.      I,  4 
Orchis  mascula,  L.      1—4,  6-8 

—  latifolia,  L.      1-3,  7 

sub-sp.  incarnata,  L.      i,  3,  4 

—  maculata,  L.      1-8 

—  Morio,  L.      1-4,  6-8 

—  ustulata,  L.      i,  2 

—  pyramidalis,  L.      i,  3-6 

Aceras  anthropophora,  Huds.     2,  3,  6 
Ophrys  apifera,  Huds.      1-5,  7,  8 

—  aranifera,  Huds.      i,  2 

—  muscifera,  Huds.     i,  3,  7 
Herminium  Monorchis,  Br.      1,3 
Habenaria  viridis,  Br.      i,  3 

—  conopsea,  Benth.      i,  3,  4 

—  bifolia,  Br.     i,  4,  7 

sub-sp.  chlorantha,  Bab.      1-3,  5-8 
Iris  pseudacorus,  L.      1-8 

—  foetidissima,  L.      i,  3—6 

Narcissus  pseudo-narcissus,  L.      i,  3,  4,  6-8 

[ —  biflorus,  Curt.]      I,  4 

[Galanthus  nivalis,  L.]      1,3 

[Leucojum  aestivum,  L.]     4 

Tamus  communis,  L.      1-8 

Ruscus  aculeatus,  L.     3-8 

Asparagus  officinalis,  L.     6,  8 

Polygonatum  multiflorum,  All.     4 

Convallaria  majalis,  L.      2-8 

Allium  vineale,  L.     1—4,  6-8 

—  oleraceum,  L.      I,  3 
Muscari  racemosum,  Miller.     3,  4 
Scilla  nutans,  Sm.      1-8 
Ornithogalum  umbellatum,  L.      i,  3,  8 
[Lilium  Martagon,  L.]     i 
Fritillaria  Meleagris,  L.      i,  3,  4 
[Tulipa  sylvestris,  L.]     3 
Colchicum  autumnale,  L.      i 

Paris  quadrifolia,  L.      1—4,  7 
Juncus  effusus,  L.      1-8 


48 


BOTANY 


June  us  effusus,  var.  conglomeratus,  L.      1-8 

—  glaucus,  Ehrh.      1-8 
. —  diffusus,  L.     2,  4,  7 

—  maritimus,  Sm.     2,  J-8 

—  squarrosus,  L.      3-8 

—  compressus,  Jacq.      I,  4-8 

sub-sp.  Gerardi,  Loisel.     $-8 

—  obtusiflorus,  Ehrh.      I,  3-5,  7 

—  articulatus,  L.      1-8 

sub-sp.  supinus,  Moench.      3-5,  7,  8 

—  lamprocarpus,  Ehrh.      1-8 

-  bufonius,  L.     1—8 

Luzula  maxima,  DC.     2-5,  7,  8 

—  vernalis,  DC.     1-8 

-  Forsteri,  DC.     4,  6 

—  campcstris,  Willd.      1-8 

var.  crecta,  Desv.      1-8 
Sparganum  ramosum,  Huds.      1-8 

—  simplex,  Huds.      1-7 

—  minimum,  Fries.      I,  3 
Typha  latifolia,  L.      1-8 

—  angustifolia,  L.     2-8 
Arum  maculatum,  L.      1-8 
Acorus  Calamus,  L.     3,  4 
Lemna  minor,  L.      1-8 

—  trisulca,  L.     1—8 

—  gibba,  L.     2-8 

-  polyrhiza,  L.      1-8 
Alisma  Plantago,  L.      1-8 

—  ranunculoides,  L.      I,  4,  ;,  7 
Damasonium  stellatum,  Pen.     4,  5 
Sagittaria  sagittifolia,  L.      1-8 
Butomut  umbellatus,  L.      1-8 
Triglochin  palustre,  L.      1-4,  6-8 

—  maritimum,  L.     4-8 
Potamogeton  n  a  tans,  L.      1-8 

—  polygonifolius,  Pourr.     4,  5,  7,  8 

—  rufescens,  Schrad.     2,  3,  7 

—  heterophyllui,  Schreb.     4 

—  lucent,  L.     1-4,  6-8 

—  przlongus,  Wulfen.     3,  6,  7 

—  perfoliatus,  L.     3,  4,  7,  8 

—  crispus,  L.      1-8 

—  dens  us,  L.      1-4 

—  zosterzfolius,  Schum.     3 

—  obtusifolius,  Mert.  &  Kock.     3,  4 

—  pusillus,  L.      1-4,  7,  8 

—  pectinatus,  L.     2-4,  6—8 

sub-sp.  flabellatus,  Bab.     7 
Ruppia  maritima,  L.     6-8 

sub-sp.  rostellata,  Kock.     5-8 
Zannichellia  palustris,  L.      I,  4-8 
Zostera  marina,  L.     6-8 

var.  angustifolia,  Symc.     6,  8 
Heleocharis  palustris,  Br.      1-8 

—  multicaulis,  Sm.     3,  4,  7,  8 

—  acicularis,  Sm.     4 
Scirpus  lacuitris,  L.      1-8 

—  Tabcrnzmontani,  Gmel.      2,  6-8 

—  maritimus,  L.     2,  4—8 

—  sylvaticns,  L.     1-5,  7,  8 

—  setaccui,  L.      1-8 

-  fluitans,  L.     3-5,  7,  8 

—  caetpitosus,  L.     5,  7 

—  pauciflorus,  Lightf.     3,  4 


Scirpus  Caricis,  Retz.      1—8 
Eriophorum  polystachion,  L.      I,  3-5,  8 

sub-sp.  latifolium,  Hoppe.      1-3 
Schcenus  nigricans,  L.      5 
Carex  pulicaris,  L.      I,  3,  4 
[ —  dioica,  L.]      3 

—  divisa,  Huds.     4-8 

—  disticha,  Huds.      I,  3,  4,  6-8 

—  arenaria,  L.     6—8 

—  paniculata,  L.      1-8 

—  teretiuscula,  Good.     4 

—  muricata,  L.     1-8 

sub-sp.  divulsa,  Good.      1-8 

—  vulpina,  L.      1-8 

—  echinata,  Murr.      I,  3-8 

-  re  m  ota,  L.      1-8 

-  axillaris,  Good.      1-8 

-  leporina,  L.      1-5,  7,  8 

-  elongata,  L.     2 

-  acuta,  L.     I,  3,  4,  6-8 

-  stricta,  Good.      I,  3-5 

-  Goodenovii,  Gay.      I,  3-5 

—  glauca,  Murr.      1-8 

—  pallescens,  L.      1-8 

—  panicea,  L.     I,  3-5,  7 

—  pendula,  Huds.      1-8 

-  pnecox,  Jacq.      1-8 

-  pilulifera,  L.      I,  3-8 

—  hirta,  L.      1-8 

—  extensa,  Good.     8 

—  flava,  L.     i,  3-7 

sub-sp.  CEdcri,  Ehrh.      1,  3-7 

-  distans,  L.      I,  3,  5-8 

-  fulva,  Good.     I 

—  bincrvis,  Sm.      I,  3—8 

-  Isevigata,  Sm.     3,  5-7 

—  sylvatica,  Huds.      1-8 

-  strigosa,  Huds.      1-5,  7 

—  vesicaria,  L.     2-5 

-  ampullacea,  Good.      I,  3,  4 

—  Pseudocyperus,  L.      1-7 

—  paludosa,  Good.      1-8 

—  riparia,  Curtis.      1-8 
Setaria  viridis,  Beauv.     8 
Spartina  stricta,  Roth.     6-8 
[Phalaris  Canariensis,  L.]      I,  3,  4,  6-8 

-  arundinacea,  L.      1-8 
Anthoxanthum  odoratum,  L.      1-8 
Alopecurus  agrestis,  L.      1-8 

—  pratensis,  L.      1-8 

—  geniculatus,  L.      1—8 

sub-sp.  fulvus,  Sm.      1-4,  6,  7 
„       bulbosus,  Gouan.     5,  8 
M  ilium  efFusum,  L.      1-8 
Phleum  pratense,  L.      1-8 

—  arenarium,  L.      6-8 

—  phalaroides,  Koel.      I 
Agrostis  canina,  L.      1-8 

—  vulgar! »,  With.      1-8 

var.  pumila,  L.     i,  2,  4,  5,  7,  8 

—  alba,  L.     1-8 

Polypogon  Monspeliensit,  Desf.     4-6 

—  littoralis,  Sm.     5 
Calamagrostis  Epigejos,  Roth.      I,  3-8 

—  lanccolata,  Roth.      6-8 


49 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Gastridium  lendigerum,  Gaud.      2,  3,  5-8 
Apera  Spica-venti,  Beauv.     4    , 

—  interrupta,  Beauv.     7 
Ammophila  arundinacea,  Host.     6—8 
Aira  caryophyllea,  L.      I— 8 

—  pracox,  L.      I,  3-8 
Deschampsia  flexuosa,  Trin.      3-6 

—  caespitosa,  Beauv.      1-8 
Holcus  lanatus,  L.     1—8 

—  moll  is,  L.      1-8 
Trisetum  flavescens,  Beauv.     1—8 
Avena  fatua,  L.     1-8 

[ —  strigosa,  Schreb.]     I,  5 

—  pratensis,  L.      I 

—  pubescens,  Huds.      i,  4 
Arrhenatherum  avenaceum,  Beauv.      1-8 
Triodia  decumbens,  Beauv.      i,  3-8 
Phragmites  communis,  Trin.      1-8 
Cynosurus  cristatus,  L.      1—8 

Koeleria  cristata,  Pers.      I,  5,  6 
Molinia  caerulea,  Moench.      I,  3-8 

var.  depauperata,  Lind.     7,  8 
Catabrosa  aquatica,  Beauv.      1—8 
Melica  uniflora,  Retz.      1—8 
Dactylis  glomerata,  L.      1—8 
Briza  media,  L.      I— 8 
Poa  annua,  L.     1-8 

—  pratensis,  L.      I— 8 

—  couipressa,  L.      1-6 

—  trivialis,  L.      1—8 

—  nemoralis,  L.      1-8 
Glyceria  aquatica,  Sm.      1—8 

—  fluitans,  Br.  1-8 

—  plicata,  Fr.      1-3,  5,  7,  8 

—  maritima,  Wahlb.     4-8 

—  Borreri,  Bab.     4—8 

—  distans,  Wahlb.     4-8 

—  procumbens,  Dumort.     4-8 
Festuca  elatior,  L.      1—6,  8 

—  pratensis,  Huds.      1-8 

—  gigantea,  Vill.      1-8 

—  ovina,  L.      1-8 

sub-sp.  duriuscula,  L.      1-8 
„      rubra,  L.      i,  3-8 

—  Myuros,  L.      I,  3-8 

sub-sp.  sciuroides,  Roth.      1-8 

—  uniglumis,  Sol.      6,  7 

—  rigida,  Kth.     1-8 

—  loliacea,  Huds.     1-8 
Bromus  asper,  Murr.      1-8 

—  erectus,  Huds.      I,  6 

—  sterilis,  L.      1-8 

—  moll  is,  L.      1—8 

—  racemosus,  L.      i,  4,  6,  8 

—  commutatus,  Schrad.      1-8 

—  secalinus,  L.      1—4,  7,  8 

—  arvensis,  L.      1,6 


Brachypodium  sylvaticum,  R  &  S.      1-8 

—  pinnatum,  Beauv.      I,  3 
Lojium  perenne,  L.      1—8 

—  temulentum,  L.      1-4,  6,  8 
Agropyrum  caninum,  Beauv.      1-8 

—  repens,  Beauv.      i— 8 

sub-sp.  pungens,  R.  &  S.     5 

—  acutum,  R.  &  S.     8 

• — •  junceum,  Beauv.      5—8 
Lepturus  filiformis,  Trin.     8 

var.  incurvatus,  Trin.      5-8 
Nardus  stricta,  L.     i,  3—8 
Hordeum  sylvaticum,  Huds.      I,  2 

—  pratense,  Huds.      i— 8 

—  murinum,  L.      1-8 

—  maritimum,  With.      5-8 
Elymus  arenarius,  L.     6,  7 
Pteris  aquilina,  L.      1-8 
Lomaria  Spicant,  Desv.     3-8 
Asplenium  Ruta-muraria,  L.      1,3—7 

—  Trichomanes,  L.      1-8 

—  Adiantum-nigrum,  L.      1—8 

—  Filix-fcemina,  Bernh.      2-8 

—  Ceterach,  L.      i,  4,  5 
Scolopendrium  vulgare,  Sm.      i— 8 
Cystopteris  fragilis,  Bernh. 

[var.  alpina,  Desv.]     4 
Aspidium  aculeatum,  Sw.      1-5,  7,  8 

—  lobatum,  Sw.      1—7 

-  angulare,  Willd.     3-8 
Nephrodium  Filix-mas,  Rich,      i— 8 

—  spinulosum,  Desv.      1-5,  7,  8 

sub-sp.  dilatatum,  Desv.     2—8 

—  Thelypteris,  Desv.     3,  4 

—  Oreopteris,  Desv.     3—5,  7 
Poly  podium  vulgare,  L.      1—8 
Osmunda  regalis,  L.     3-6,  8 
Ophioglossum  vulgatum,  L.     1—5,  7,  8 
[Botrychium  Lunaria,  Sw.]     8 
Equisetum  arvense,  L.      1—8 

—  maximum,  Lamk.      1—8 

—  sylvaticum,  L.     3-5,  7,  8 

—  palustre,  L.      1-6,  8 

—  limosum,  L.      1-8 
Lycopodium  clavatum,  L.      3—5 

—  inundatum,  L.     4,  7 
Pilularia  globulifera,  L.     4 
Nitella  flexilis,  C.  Ag.      1,5 

—  syncarpa,  Kuetz.     7 

—  translucens,  C.  Ag.     7 

—  gracilis,  C.  Ag.     2 

Chara  polyacantha  ?,  Braun.      I 

—  vulgaris,  L.      I,  S,  7 

—  hispida,  L.      I,  3,  6,  7 

—  aspera,  Willd.      i 

—  fragilis,  Desv.     7 


MOSSES    (Musci) 

The  mosses  of  Essex  have  by  no  means  been  thoroughly  investi- 
gated. The  only  records  available  are  the  list  prepared  from  the  col- 
lections of  the  late  Mr.  E.  G.  Varenne  of  Kelvedon  (Essex  Naturalist, 
v.  i)  and  other  notes  issued  at  intervals  in  the  same  publication,  and 

50 


BOTANY 

specimens  collected  by  myself  near  Colchester.  There  is  a  herbarium 
of  mosses  collected  by  the  late  Mr.  J.  English  in  Epping  Forest  and  its 
vicinity  in  the  possession  of  the  museum  of  the  Essex  Field  Club  at 
Stratford,  but  unfortunately  it  will  not  be  available  in  time  for  use  for 
this  publication. 

The  county,  as  far  as  explored,  is  comparatively  rich  in  species 
occurring  in  bogs,  and  such  as  are  found  at  ordinary  elevations  in  woods, 
heaths,  clayey  and  sandy  soils,  and  in  maritime  situations  ;  but  it  is 
chiefly  deficient,  as  might  be  expected,  in  species  which  occur  on  sub- 
alpine  and  alpine  districts,  and  on  limestone  or  granitic  rocks. 

The  occurrence  of  several  species  characteristic  of  calcareous  soil, 
such  as  Weissia  crispa,  Pottia  /anceo/ata,  Anomodon  viticu/osus,  Campto- 
tbecium  lutescens,  Eurbynchium  tenellum  and  Hypnum  molluscum,  render  it 
probable  that  the  calcareous  districts  in  the  north  of  the  county  would, 
on  further  exploration,  yield  many  more  species. 

One  moss  found  in  Essex  has  a  special  interest,  since  it  is  only 
found,  so  far  as  is  known,  in  two  other  counties  in  England,  viz. 
Somersetshire  and  Sussex,  and  is  rare  and  local  on  the  continent.  This 
is  Zygodon  Forsteri,  which  was  first  found  in  this  country  on  a  felled  tree 
in  a  timber  yard  in  Walthamstow  early  in  the  last  century,  and  was  not 
again  seen  in  Essex  until  detected  in  Epping  Forest  by  Mr.  E.  M. 
Holmes  a  few  years  ago  and  shortly  afterwards  in  another  locality  in  the 
Forest  by  Mr.  H.  N.  Dixon.  The  exact  Sussex  locality  is  unknown, 
so  that  Essex  can  boast  of  possessing  one  of  the  rarest  of  British  mosses. 

Other  rare  species  found  in  the  'county  are  Pottia  Wiltoni  and 
Zygodon  conoideus,  Ortbotricbum  pollens  and  Hypnum  giganteum. 

Comparatively  few  species  of  Sphagna  are  recorded,  but  the  list 
of  species  of  this  genus  will  probably  be  largely  increased  by  further 
investigation. 

Sphagnum  cymbifolium,  Ehrh.  Dicranella  cerviculata,  Schimp. 

-  squarrosulum,  Nees  &  Hornsch.  —  varia,  Schimp. 

—  rigidum,  Schimp.  Dicranoweisia  cirrhata,  Lindb. 

—  subsecundum,  Nees  Campylopus  pyriformis,  Brid. 

var.  contortum,  Schimp.  -  fragilis,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  acutifolium,  Ehrh.  Dicranum  Bonjeani,  De  Not. 

var.  purpureum,  Schimp.  —  scoparium,  Hedw. 

—  intermedium,  Hoffm.  Leucobryum  glaucum,  Schimp. 
Tetraphis  pcllucida,  Hedw.  Fissidens  exilis,  Hedw. 
Catharinea  undulata,  Web.  &  Mohr.  —  viridulus,  Wahl. 
Polytrichum  nanum,  Neck.  —  incurvus,  Starke 

-  abides,  Hedw.  —  bryoides,  Hedw. 

-  piliferum,  Schreb.  —  taxifolius,  Hedw. 

-  juniperinum,  Willd.  Grimmia  apocarpa,  Hedw. 

-  formosum,  Hedw.  -  pulvinata,  Smith 

—  commune,  Linn.  Rhacomitrium  canescens,  Brid. 
Pleuridium  axillare,  Lindb.  Acaulom  muticum,  C.  Muell. 

—  subulatum,  Rabenh.  Phascum  cuspidatum,  Schreb. 

-  alternifolium,  Rabenh.  Pottia  Heimii,  C.  Muell. 
Ditrichum  homomallum,  Hampe.  —  truncatula,  Lindb. 
Ceratodon  purpureus,  Brid.  —  intermedia,  Fuernr. 
Dicranella  hcteromalla,  Schimp.  —  Wilsoni,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Pottia  minutula,  Fuernr. 

—  Starkeana,  C.  Muell. 

—  lanceolata,  C.  Muell. 
Tortula  pusilla,  Mitt. 

—  ambigua,  ^ngstr. 

—  abides,  De  Not. 

—  atrovirens,  Lindb. 

—  cuneifolia,  Roth. 

—  marginata,  Spruce 

—  muralis,  Hedw. 

—  mutica,  Lindb. 

—  laevipila,  Schwaegr. 

—  intermedia,  Beck. 

—  ruralis,  Ehrh. 

—  papillosa,  Wils. 
Barbula  rubella,  Mitt. 

—  fallax,  Hedw. 

—  rigidula,  Mitt. 

—  Hornschuchiana,  Schultz. 

—  revoluta,  Hedw. 

—  unguiculata,  Hedw. 
Weisia  crispa,  Mitt. 

—  microstoma,  C.  Muell. 

—  viridula,  Hedw. 

—  mucronata,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 
Cinclidotus  Brebissoni,  Husnot. 
Zygodon  viridissimus,  Brown 

—  conoideus,  Hook.  &  Tayl. 

—  Forsteri,  Wils. 
Ulota  Bruchii,  Horrisch. 

—  crispa,  Brid. 
Orthotrichum  anomalum,  Hedw. 

—  leiocarpum,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  Lyellii,  Hook.  &  Tayl. 

—  affine,  Schrad. 

—  Sprucei,  Mont. 

—  stramineum,  Hornsch. 

—  tenellum,  Bruch. 

—  pallens,  Bruch. 

—  pumilum,  Dicks. 

—  diaphanum,  Schrad. 
Ephemerum  serratum,  Hampe. 
Physcomitrella  patens,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  pyriforme,  Brid. 
Funaria  fascicularis,  Schimp. 

—  hygrometrica,  Sibth. 
Aulacomnion  palustre,  Schwaegr. 

—  androgynum,  Schwaegr. 
Bartramia  pomiformis,  Hedw. 
Philonotis  fontana,  Brid. 
Leptobryum  pyriforme,  Wils. 
Webera  nutans,  Hedw. 

—  carnea,  Schimp. 
Bryum  pendulum,  Hornsch. 

—  inclinatum,  Bland. 

—  pallens,  Swartz. 

—  bimum,  Schreb. 

—  intermedium,  Brid. 

—  caespiticum,  Linn. 

—  capillare,  Linn. 


Bryum  erythrocarpum,  Schwaegr. 

—  atropurpureum,  Web.  &  Mohr. 

—  argenteum,  Linn. 
Mnium  affine,  Bland. 

—  undulatum,  Linn. 

—  hornum,  Linn. 

—  punctatum,  Linn. 

—  subglobosum,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 
Fontinalis  antipyretica,  Linn. 
Cryphaea  heteromalla,  Mohr. 
Neckera  complanata,  Huebn. 
Homalia  trichomanoides,  Brid. 
Leucodon  sciuroides,  Schwaegr. 
Porotrichum  alopecurum,  Mitt. 
Leskea  polycarpa,  Ehrh. 
Anomodon  viticulosus,  Hook.  &  Tayl. 
Thuidium  tamariscinum,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 
Pylaisia  polyantha,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 
Isothecium  myurum,  Brid. 

Pleuropus  sericeus,  Dixon 

Camptothecium  lutescens,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

Brachythecium  albicans,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  rutabulum,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  velutinum,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  purum,  Dixon 

Eurhynchium  piliferum,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  praelongum,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  Swartzii,  Hobkirk 

—  pumilum,  Schimp. 

—  tenellum,  Milde 

—  myosuroides,  Schimp. 

—  striatum,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  rusciforme,  Milde 

—  murale,  Milde 

—  confertum,  Milde 

—  megapolitanum,  Milde 
Plagiothecium  denticulatum,  Bruch.  & 

Schimp. 

—  sylvaticum,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 
Amblystegium  serpens,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  irriguum,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  filicinum,  De  Not. 

Hypnum  riparium,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  stclla turn,  Schreb. 

—  aduncum,  Hedw. 

—  flu i tans,  Linn. 

—  uncinatum,  Hedw. 

—  intermedium,  Hedw. 

—  commutatum,  Hedw. 

—  cupressiforme,  Linn. 

—  resupinatum,  Schimp. 

—  molluscum,  Hedw. 

—  stramineum,  Dicks. 

—  cordifolium,  Hedw. 

—  giganteum,  Schimp 

—  cuspidatum,  Linn. 

—  Schreberi,  Willd. 

Hylocomnium  splendens,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  squarrosum,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 

—  triquetrum,  Bruch.  &  Schimp. 


BOTANY 
SCALE-MOSSES,  LIVERWORTS  AND  CRYSTALWORTS 

The  list  of  Essex  Hepaticas  includes  only  the  commonest  species, 
with  the  exception  of  Trichocolea  tomentella  and  Ptilidium  ci/iare,  which 
are  characteristic  of  subalpine  boggy  woods  and  moorlands,  and  where 
they  occur  there  must  almost  certainly  be  other  unrecorded  species. 
The  genera  Kanft'a,  Cephalozia,  Lejeunia,  yungermannia,  Reboulia  and 
Zegatella  are  almost  certain  to  occur  in  the  county.  The  list  must 
therefore  be  considered  an  imperfect  one. 

Frullania  dilatata,  Dumort  Plagiochila  asplenioides,  Dumort 

Radula  complanata,  Dumort  Aplozia  crenulata,  Dumort 

Porella  platyphylla,  Carr  &  Pears  —  inflata,  Huds. 

Ptilidium  ciliare,  Nees  Nardia  scalaris,  Carr 

Trichocolea  tomentella,  Ehrh.  Pellia  epiphylla,  Corda 

Lepidozia  reptans,  Dumort  Metzgeria  furcata,  Dumort 

Scapania  undulata,  Dumort  Aneura  multifida,  Dumort 

—  nemorosa,  Dumort  Marchantia  polymorpha,  Necs 
Diplophyllum  albicans,  Dumort  Lunularia  vulgaris,  Mich. 
Lophocolea  bidentata,  Dumort  Riccia  glauca,  Linn. 

—  heterophylla,  Dumort  Ricciella  fluitans,  Braun. 

LICHENS   (Lichenes] 

The  Epping  Forest  district  of  Essex  and  the  neighbourhood  of 
Kelvedon  are  the  only  portions  of  the  county  from  which  the  lichen 
flora  has  been  at  all  fully  recorded.  It  is  therefore  difficult  to  estimate 
what  wealth  of  lichens  the  county  possesses,  for  there  are  other  districts, 
such  as  Hatfield  Forest  and  some  well  wooded  portions  of  the  county, 
worth  investigating. 

Lichens  occur  more  particularly  upon  trees  and  upon  rocks.  The 
majority  of  lichens  are  of  extremely  slow  development,  remaining 
latent  except  when  the  moisture  and  other  conditions  of  the  atmosphere 
are  favourable.  It  is  therefore  upon  comparatively  old  trees  and  in 
situations  suitable  to  their  requirements  that  one  would  expect  to  find 
interesting  species.  Owing  to  the  former  bad  management  of  the 
Epping  Forest,  the  Rev.  J.  M.  Crombie  tells  us  in  1883  that  its  lichen 
flora  was  not  so  good  as  it  would  be  under  better  conditions,  and  that 
the  species  had  diminished  in  numbers  since  the  time  when  he  first 
visited  it,  but  I  am  informed  that  under  the  new  management  of  the 
forest  the  lichen  flora  is  improving. 

Granitic  sandstone  and  calcareous  rocks  which  some  lichens  love 
so  well  do  not  occur  in  the  county ;  it  is  therefore  only  upon  the 
stonework  and  upon  the  brickwork  of  old  buildings  that  these  species 
are  represented. 

The  first  records  of  lichens  are  in  Turner  and  Dillwyn's  Botanist's 
Guide,  published  in  1805,  where  fifteen  species  are  enumerated.  The 
next  list  was  by  Mr.  Edward  Forster,  to  whom  the  county  owes  so  much. 
More  recently  the  Rev.  James  M.  Crombie  has  brought  our  knowledge 
up  to  date.1 

1  « On  the  Lichen   Flora  of  Epping  Forest  and  the  causes  of  its  recent  diminution,'  Transactlmu 
Eiiex  Field  Club,  iv.  54,  1886. 

53 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

The  late  Mr.   E.   G.  Varenne1  has   also  left  us  many  records  of 
lichens.     It  is  from  these  records  that  the  following  list  is  compiled  :  — 


Collema  furvum,  Ach. 

—  pulposum,  Ach. 

—  crispum,  Ach. 

—  cheileum,  Ach. 
Collemodium  biatorinum,  Nyl. 

—  microphyllum,  Nyl. 
Leptogium  tenuissimum,  Koerb. 

—  pusillum,  Nyl. 

—  palmatum,  Mont. 

—  lacerum,  Gray 

sub-sp.  pulvinatum,  Nyl. 
Sphinctrina  turbinata,  Fr. 
Calicium  chrysocephalum,  Ach. 

—  aciculare,  Fr. 

—  trichiale,  Ach. 

—  melanophaeum,  Ach. 

var.  ferrugineum,  Schasrb. 

—  hyperellum,  Ach. 

—  trachelinum,  Ach. 

—  quercinum,  Pers. 

—  curtum,  Turn.  &  Bott. 

—  subtile,  Pers. 
Coniocybe  furfuracea,  Ach. 
Trachylia  tigillaris,  Fr. 

—  tympanella,  Fr. 

—  stigonella,  Fr. 
Bseomyces  rufus,  DC. 

—  roseus,  Pers. 
Cladonia  alcicornis,  Floerke 

—  pyxidata,  Fr. 

f.  epiphylla,  Nyl. 

var.  chlorophaea,  Flcerke 

—  fimbriata,  Fr. 

var.  tubaeformis,  Fr. 
f.  exigua,  Cromb. 
var.  carneopallida,  Nyl. 
sub-sp.  fibula,  Nyl. 
var.  subcornuta,  Nyl. 
f.  nemoxyna,  Nyl. 

—  gracilis,  Hoffin. 

—  furcata,  Hoffm. 

var.  spinosa,  Hook, 
sub-sp.  racemosa,  Nyl. 

—  pungens,  Flcerke 

—  squamosa,  Hoffm. 

sub-sp.  adspersa,  Nyl. 

—  coccifera,  Schaer. 

f.  cornucopioides,  Fr. 

—  digitata,  Hoffm. 

—  caespiticia,  Flcerke 

—  macilenta,  HofFm. 

var.  scolecina,  Nyl. 
„    maidenta,  Hoffm. 
„    scabrosa,  Nyl. 
„    coronata,  Nyl. 


Cladonia  macilenta,  var.  ostreata,  Nyl. 

—  flcerkeana,  Fr.  ;  f.  trachypoda,  Nyl. 

—  bacillaris,  Nyl. 
Cladina  sylvatica,  Nyl. 

f.  tenuis,  Lamq. 

—  rangiferina,  Nyl. 

—  uncialis,  Nyl. 
Usnea  hirta,  Hoffm. 

—  ceratina,  Ach.  ;  var.  scabrosa,  Ach.  ; 

f.  ferruginascens,  Cromb. 
Alectoria  jubata,  Nyl. 
Evernia  furfuracea,  Fr. 

—  prunastri,  Ach. 
Ramalina  calicaris,  Hoffm. 

—  farinacea,  Ach. 

—  fraxinea,  Ach. 

f.  ampliata,  Ach. 

—  fastigiata,  Ach. 

—  -pollinaria,  Ach. 

—  evernioides,  Nyl. 

Cetraria     aculeata,    Fr.  ;      f.     hispida, 

Cromb. 

Platysma  glaucum,  Nyl. 
Sticta  pulmonaria,  Hook. 
Peltigera  canina,  Hoffm. 

—  spuria,  Leight. 

—  polydactyla,  Hoffm. 
Parmelia  caperata,  Ach. 

—  subaurifera,  Nyl. 

—  exasperata,  Nyl. 

—  physodes,  Ach. 

f.  labrosa,  Ach. 

—  reddenda,  Stirt. 

—  perlata,  Ach. 

—  Borreri,  Turn. 

—  fuliginosa,  Nyl. 

var.  laetevirens 

—  acetabulum,  Dub. 

—  saxatilis,  Ach. 

—  sulcata,  Tayl. 
Physcia  parietina,  De  Not 

var.  aureola,  Nyl. 
„    lychnea,  Ach. 
„    polycarpa,  Ehrh. 
„    cinerascens,  Leight. 

—  ciliaris,  DC. 

—  pulverulenta,  Nyl. 

sub-sp.  pityrea,  Ach. 
var.  angustata,  Nyl. 

—  stellaris,  Nyl. 

var.  leptalea,  Nyl. 
sub-sp.  tenella,  Nyl. 

—  aipolia,  Nyl. 

—  caesia,  Nyl. 

—  erosa,  Leight. 


1  'Cryptogamic  Flora  of  Kelvedon  and  its  neighbourhood,'  Essex  NaturaRst,  v.  i,  1891. 

54 


BOTANY 


Physcia  astroidea,  Nyl. 

—  obscura,  Nyl. 

—  ulothrix,  Nyl. 

var.  virella,  Crotnb. 

—  adglutinata,  Nyl. 
Pannaria  nebulosa,  Nyl. 
Squamaria  saxicola,  Sm. 
Placodium  murorum,  Lcight. 

—  decipiens,  Leight. 

—  callopismum,  Mudd. 

—  miniatum,  Hoffm. 

—  chalybzum,  Mudd. 

—  citrinum,  Ach. 

f.  granulosa,  Cromb. 
Lecanora  vitellina,  Ach. 

var.  coruscans,  Cromb. 

—  epixantha,  Nyl. 

-  laciniosa,  Nyl. 

-  glaucocarpa,  Ach. 

—  pruinosa,  Nyl. 

—  squamulosa,  Nyl. 

—  fuscata,  Nyl. 

—  cinerca,  Somm. 

—  sarcopis,  Ach. 

—  varia,  Ach. 

—  atra,  Ach. 

—  circinata,  Ach. 

—  sulphurea,  Ach. 

—  symmicta,  Ach. 

—  oresthea,  Ach. ;  var.  subli vescens,  Nyl. 

—  expallens,  Ach. 

—  subfusca,  Nyl. 

var.  campestris,  Nyl. 

—  allophana,  Ach. 

—  parisiensis,  Nyl. 

—  rugosa,  Nyl. 

sub-sp.  chlarona,  Nyl. 

—  intumescens,  Koerb. 

—  atrynea,  Nyl. 

—  cpibryon,  Ach. 

—  galactina,  Ach. 

sub-sp.  dispersa,  Nyl. 

—  Hageni,  Ach. 

var.  pallidior,  Larb. 

—  calcarea,  Somm. 

f.  concreta,  Schzr. 

—  gibbosa,  Nyl. 

f.  vulgaris,  Th.  Fr. 

—  parella,  Ach. 

—  turned,  Sm. 

—  pallescens,  Nyl. 

—  irrubata,  Nyl. 

sub-sp.  calva,  Nyl. 

—  angulosa,  Ach. 

—  albella,  Ach. 

—  aurantiaca,  Nyl. 

sub-sp.  crythella,  Nyl. 
var.  inalpina,  Nyl. 

—  ferruginea,  Nyl. 

f.  corticola,  Leight. 


Lecanora  cerina,  Ach. 

f.  cyanolepra,  Nyl. 
var.  stillicidiorum,  Nyl. 
sub-sp.  chlorina,  Nyl. 

—  angulosa,  Ach. 

var.  sordidescens,  Flcerke 

—  pyracea,  Nyl. 

sub-sp.  holocarpa,  Nyl. 

—  lutea-alba,  Nyl. 

—  teicholyta,  Ach. 

—  phlogina,  Nyl. 

—  sophodes,  Ach. 

f.  roboris,  Duf. 
f.  exigua,  Ach. 
f.  metabolica,  Ach. 
f.  lecideoides,  Nyl. 

—  erysibe,  Nyl. 

f.  cinereo-fusca,  Cromb. 

-  syringea,  Ach. 

—  coccinea,  Cromb. 

—  conizaea,  Nyl. 

—  conizacoides,  Nyl. 
Pertusaria  dealbata,  Nyl. 

—  communis,  DC. 

—  melalcuca,  Dub. 

-  Wulfenii,  DC. 

—  lutescens,  Lamy. 

—  vclata,  Nyl. 

f.  aspergilla,  Cromb. 

—  amara,  Nyl. 

—  globulifera,  Nyl. 

—  pustulata,  Nyl. 

-  leioplaca,  Schser. 

-  coccodes,  Nyl.  ;  f.  bacillosa,  Nyl. 
Phlyctis  agelza,  Koerb. 

—  argena,  Koerb. 
Thelotrema  lepadinum,  Ach. 
Urceolaria  scruposa,  Ach. 
Lecidea  Friesii,  Ach. 

—  ostreata,  Hoffm. 

—  fuliginosa,  Tayl. 

-  dispansa,  Nyl. 

-  crustulata,  Ach. 

—  flexuosa  f.  zruginosa,  Borr. 

-  sphaeroides,  Dicks. 

—  decolorans,  Floerke 

-  quernea,  Dicks. 

-  enteroleuca,  Ach. 

—  minuta,  Schzr. 

-  tenebricosa,  Ach. 

—  parasema,  Ach. 

var.  tabescens,  Koerb. 
„   flavens,  Nyl. 
„   elzochroma,  Ach. 

—  uliginosa,  Schrad. 

f.  fuliginosa,  Fr. 

—  coarctata,  Sm. 

f.  elacista,  Ach. 
f.  involuta,  Tayl. 
f.  globulosa,  Sm. 


55 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Lecidea  coarctata,  f.  ornata,  Smrf. 

—  fuscoatra,  Ach. 

f.  fumosa,  Ach. 
f.  meiosporiza,  Nyl. 

—  sub-Kochiana,  Nyl. 

—  Taylori,  Salw. 

—  contigua,  Fr. 

—  confluens,  Leight. 

—  canescens,  Dicks. 

—  disciformis,  Fr. 

—  myriocarpa,  DC. 

f.  chloropolia,  DC. 
f.  pinicola,  Ach. 
f.  leprosa,  DC. 
f.  quercicola,  Rabh. 
f.  saprophila,  Ach. 

—  nigritula,  Nyl. 

—  chalybeia,  Borr. 

—  grossa,  Pers. 

—  Lightfootii,  Sm. 

—  anomala,  Fr. 

—  tricolor,  With. 

—  Ehrhartiana,  Ach. 

—  Caradocensis,  Leight. 

—  incompta,  Borr. 

—  alboatra,  Hoffm. 

f.  populorum,  Mass. 
f.  epipolia,  Ach. 

—  Dilleniana,  Ach. 

—  aromatica,  Sm. 

—  umbrina,  Ach. 

—  milliaria,  Fr.  ;  f.  terrestris,  Fr. 

—  endoleuca,  Nyl. 

—  premnea,  Ach. 

—  phacodes,  Kcerb. 

—  sabuletorum,  Floerke 

—  rubella,  Ehr. 

—  effiisa,  Sm. 

—  contigua,  Ach. 

—  petraea,  Wulf. 

f.  fuscescens,  Leight. 

—  tantilla,  Nyl. 

—  parmeliarum,  Smrft. 

—  parasitica,  Flcerke 
Opegrapha  herpetica,  Ach. 

f.  vera,  Leight. 
f.  rubella,  Pers. 
f.  rufescens,  Pers. 

—  atra,  Pers. 

f.  denigrata,  Ach. 
f.  nigrita,  Leight. 
f.  parallela,  Leight. 
f.  hapalea,  Ach. 
f.  arthonoidea,  Leight. 

—  Turneri,  Leight. 

—  saxicola,  Ach. 

var.  Chevallieri,  Leight. 

—  varia,  Pers. 

f.  pulicaris,  Leight. 
f.  notha,  Ach. 


Opegrapha  varia,  f.  diaphora,  Ach. 
f.  tigrina,  Ach. 
f.  tridens,  Ach. 

—  vulgata,  Ach. 

f.  vulgata,  Ach. 
f.  stenocarpa,  Ach. 
f.  subsiderella,  Nyl. 

—  lyncea,  Sm. 
Stigmatidium  crassum,  Dub. 
Arthonia  lurida,  Ach. 

—  vinosa,  Leight. 

—  punctiformis,  Ach. 

—  astroidea,  Ach. 

—  epipasta,  Ach. 

—  Swartziana,  Ach. 

—  cinnabarina,  Wallr. 

var.  kermesina,  Nyl. 

f.  rosacea,  Turn.  &  Borr. 

f.  marginata,  Turn.  &  Borr. 

var.  pruinata,  Del. 

f.  dubia,  Turn.  &  Borr. 

var.  anerythraea,  Nyl. 

f.  detrita,  Turn.  &  Borr. 

—  pruinosa,  Ach. 

—  anastomosans,  Ach. 
Graphis  elegans,  Sm. 

—  scripta,  Ach. 

f.  minuta,  Leight. 
f.  varia,  Leight. 
f.  horizontalis,  Leight. 
var.  pulverulenta,  Ach. 
f.  betuligna,  Ach. 
var.  serpentina,  Ach. 

—  dendritica,  Ach. 

f.  Smithii,  Leight. 
f.  obtusa,  Leight. 

—  inusta,  Ach. 

f.  vera,  Leight. 

f.  simpliuscula,  Leight. 

f.  macularis,  Leight. 

—  sophistica,  Nyl. 

f.  flexuosa,  Leight. 

f.  radiata,  Leight. 

f.  divaricata,  Leight. 

var.  pulverulenta,  Sm. 

„    dendriticoides,  Leight. 
Endocarpum  hepaticum,  Ach. 

f.  trapeziformis,  Zoega. 
Mycoporum  miserrimum,  Nyl. 
Verrucaria  papillosa,  Ach. 

—  mutabilis,  Borr. 

—  mauroides,  Schaer. 

—  nigrescens,  Pers. 

—  plumbea,  Ach. 

—  fucella,  Turn. 

—  glaucina,  Ach. 

—  macrostoma,  Duf. 

—  viridula,  Schrad. 

—  rupestris,  Schrad. 

var.  muralis,  Ach. 


BOTANY 

Verrucaria,  var.  subalbicans,  Leight.  Verrucaria  Salweii,  Leight. 

—  calciseda,  DC.  —  rugulosa,  Borr. 

—  gemmata,  Ach.  —  chlorotica,  Ach. 

—  conformis,  Nyl.  —  nitida,  Weig. 

—  epidermidis,  Ach.  —  glabrata,  Ach. 

var.  analepta,  Ach.  —  albissima,  Ach. 

f.  fallax,  Nyl.  -  epipolytropa,  Mudd. 

var.  cinereopruinosa,  Schaer.  -  hymenogonia,  Nyl. 

—  punctiformis,  Ach.  Melanotheca  gelatinosa,  Chev. 

—  biformis,  Borr. 

FRESHWATER    ALG^E 

Probably  Essex  is  one  of  the  best  counties  in  England  for  fresh- 
water algae.  It  has  plenty  of  small  ponds,  pools,  streams,  fresh  and 
brackish  ditches,  and  other  conditions  so  favourable  to  their  growth. 
Dr.  M.  C.  Cooke  writes  to  me  that  the  Epping  Forest  district  is  the 
best  anywhere  around  London.  Of  course  such  species  as  are  to  be 
found  only  on  rocks  and  in  mountainous  districts  are  absent  from  Essex. 

The  Conjugate  and  Conferva  are  well  represented,  also  the  Zygne- 
macea,  Desmidiacea  and  (Edogoniacece.  Dr.  Cooke  has  never  found 
CEdogonium  crassiusculum  anywhere  else,  nor  does  he  recollect  receiving 
(E.  plirviale  from  any  other  locality. 

He  says  :  '  As  to  species  of  interest,  I  fancy  that  the  constant  and 
perennial  excursions  of  the  Quekett  Club  will  show  that  there  is  always 
the  prospect  of  something  worth  going  after  if  it  is  only  Volvox  and 
Gom'um,  and  Eudorina,  the  latter  especially.  For  myself,  I  have  never 
been  disappointed  in  a  trip  to  the  Forest  district  when  in  search  of 
alga?,  having  always  managed  to  secure  something  new,  or  comparatively 
interesting.' 

The  following  list  is  by  Dr.  M.  C.  Cooke1  and  includes  records 
by  himself,  Dr.  Hassall,  E.  G.  Varenne,  Mr.  C.  E.  Mainland,  and 
the  excursion  lists  of  the  Quekett  Microscopic  Club.  They  are  from 
the  Epping  Forest  district  and  from  Kelvedon.  No  doubt  this  list 
would  be  very  considerably  extended  if  the  whole  county  had  been 
explored. 

Plcurococcus  vulgaris,  Menegh  Pediastrum  Boryanum,  Menegh 

Palmella  hyalina,  Rabenh.  —  rotula,  A.  Br. 

—  Mooreana,  Harv.  Hydrianum  heteromorphum,  Reinsert. 
Porphyridium  cruentum,  Nzg.  Chlamydococcus  nivalis,  A.  Br. 
Tetraspora  bullosa,  Ag.  Volvox  globator,  Ehr. 

—  lubrica,  C.  Ag.  —  minor,  Stein. 

—  gelatinosa,  Desv.  Gonium  pectorale,  Muell. 
Apiocystis  Brauniana,  Naeg.  Eudorina  elegans,  Ehrenb. 
Raphidium  falcatum,  Cooke  Sphaerozosma  secedens,  De  Bary 
Protococcus  viridis,  C.  Ag.  Hyalotheca  dissiliens,  Breb. 
Chlorococcum  gigas,  Grun.  —  mucosa,  Ehrenb. 
Scenedesmus  obtusus,  Meyen  Desmidium  Swartzii,  Ag. 

—  acutus,  Meyen  Docidium  Ehrenbergii,  Ralfs. 

—  quadricauda,  Brcb.  —  nodulosum,  Br£b. 
Hydrodictyon  utriculatum,  Roth.  —  baculum,  Breb. 

1  Eiitx  Naturalist,  vii.  1 70. 
i  57  8 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Closterium  Lunula,  Ehrenb. 

—  acerosum,  Ehrenb. 

—  gracile,  Breb. 

—  Ehrenbergii,  Menegh 

—  moniliferum,  Ehrenb. 

—  Jenneri,  Ralfs 

—  Leibleinii,  Kuetz. 

—  Dianse,  Ehrenb. 

—  striolatum,  Ehrenb. 

—  intermedium,  Ralfs 

—  lineatum,  Ehrenb. 

—  rostratum,  Ehrenb. 

—  setaceum,  Ehrenb. 

—  linea,  Perty. 

Penium  margaritaceum,  Breb. 

—  digitus,  Br£b. 

—  closteroides,  Ralfs 

—  Brebissonii,  Ralfs 
Mesotaenium  Braunii,  De  Bary 
Tetmemorus  Brebissonii,  Ralfs 

—  granulatus,  Ralfs 
Spirotaenia  condensata,  Breb. 
Micrasterias  denticulata,  Breb. 

—  rotata,  Ralfs 
Euastrum  oblongum,  Ralfs 

—  crassum,  Kuetz. 

—  affine,  Ralfs 

—  ansatum,  Ehrenb. 

—  circulare,  Hass. 

—  elegans,  Kuetz. 

—  inerme,  Lund. 
Cosmarium  cucumis,  Corda 

—  Meneghinii,  Br£b. 

—  Brebissonii,  Menegh 

—  margaritiferum,  Menegh 

—  botrytis,  Menegh 
Xanthidium  armatum,  Br6b. 
Arthodesmus  octocornis,  Ehrenb. 

—  incus,  Hass. 

—  convergens,  Ehrenb. 
Staurastrum  dejectum,  Brdb. 

—  cuspidatum,  Breb. 

—  orbiculare,  Ralfs 

—  muricatum,  Brib. 

—  punctulatum,  Br6b. 

—  alternans,  Br6b. 

—  polymorphum,  Breb. 

—  Arachne,  Ralfs 
Zygnema  cruciatum,  C.  Ag. 

—  Vaucherii,  C.  Ag. 

var.  stagnale,  Kirchn. 

—  anomalum,  Cooke 
Spirogyra  crassa,  Kuetz. 

—  nitida,  Link. 

—  orthospira,  Naeg. 

—  setiformis,  Kuetz. 

—  orbicularis,  Hass. 

—  bellis,  Crouan 

—  porticalis,  Cleve 

—  condensata,  Kuetz. 


Spirogyra  longata,  Kuetz. 

—  flavescens,  Kuetz. 

—  insignis,  Kuetz. 

—  quadrata,  Petit 

—  Weberi,  Kuetz. 

—  tenuissima,  Kuetz. 
Zygogonium  ericetorum,  Kuetz. 
Mesocarpus  parvulus,  De  Bary. 

—  scalaris,  Hass. 

—  pleurocarpus,  De  Bary 
Staurospermum  gracillimum,  Kuetz. 

—  capucinum,  Kuetz. 

—  viride,  Kuetz. 
Botrydium  granulatum,  Grcv. 
Vaucheria  aversa,  Hass. 

—  sericea,  Lyngb. 

—  Dillwynii,  C.  Ag. 
-  sessilis,  DC. 

—  geminata,  DC. 

var.  racemosa,  Walz. 

—  hamata,  Lyngb. 

—  terrestris,  Lyngb. 
Prasiola  crispa,  C.  Ag. 
Enteromorpha  intestinalis,  Link. 
Microspora  floccosa,  Thur. 

—  vulgaris,  Rabenh. 

—  fugacissima,  Rabenh. 
Chaetomorpha  Linum,  Kuetz. 
Conferva  bombycina,  C.  Ag. 
Cladophora  crispata,  Kuetz. 

—  glomerata,  Kuetz. 

—  flavescens,  Kuetz. 

—  fracta,  Kuetz. 
CEdogonium  vernale,  Wittr. 

—  paludosum,  Kuetz. 

—  Rothii,  Pringsh. 

—  pluviale,  Nordst 

—  flavescens,  Kuetz. 

—  crassiusculum,  Wittr. 

—  capillare,  Kuetz. 

—  Boscii,  Breb. 

—  hexagonum,  Kuetz. 

—  fasciatum,  Kuetz. 

—  longatum,  Kuetz. 

—  sphasricum,  Kuetz. 

—  Muelleri,  Kuetz. 
Bulbochaete  setigera,  C.  Ag. 
Hormiscia  zonata,  Aresch. 
Ulothrix  tenuis,  Kuetz. 

—  tenerrima,  Kuetz. 

—  radicans,  Kuetz. 
Chroolepus  aureum,  Kuetz. 
Stigeoclonium  thermale,  A.  Br. 

—  nanum,  Kuetz. 
Draparnaldia  glomerata,  C.  Ag. 

—  plumosa,  C.  Ag. 
Chaetophora  pisiformis,  C.  Ag. 

—  tuberculosa,  Hook. 

—  elegans,  C.  Ag. 

—  endivcasfolia,  C.  Ag. 


BOTANY 


Coleochaete  scutata,  Breb. 
Aphanothece  prasina,  A.  Br. 
Nostoc  commune,  Vauch. 
Anabaena  Hassalii,  Wittr. 
Cylindrospermum  macrospermum,  Kuctz. 
Spirulina  Jenneri,  Kuetz. 

—  oscillarioides,  Kuetz. 
Oscillatoria  amphibia,  C.  Ag. 

—  tenuis,  C.  Ag. 
Sympluea  muscorum,  Gom. 


Symploea  limosa,  C.  Ag. 

—  nigra,  Vauch. 
Phormidium  autumnale,  Gom. 
Microcoleus  terrestris,  Desmaz. 
Gloiotrichia  natans,  Rabenh. 

—  Pisum,  Thur. 
Batrachospermum  moniliforme,  Roth. 

—  vagum,  C.  Ag. 

—  ectocarpum,  Sirod. 

—  Dillenii,  Bory. 


MARINE   ALG^E 

The  flat  muddy  coast  of  the  county,  without  any  natural  rocks 
capable  of  affording  a  stable  anchorage,  is  not  a  favourable  locality  for 
seaweeds,  hence  the  list  of  Essex  seaweeds  is  not  large. 

A  list  of  the  marine  algae  of  Essex  has  been  compiled  by  Mr. 
E.  A.  L.  Batters,  chiefly  from  the  herbarium  of  Mr.  G.  P.  Hope,1  and 
it  is  from  this  source  that  I  have  obtained  the  following  list.  A  few 
species  are  added  from  a  list  of  seaweeds  quite  recently  collected  by 
Dr.  H.  C.  Sorby  and  named  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Holmes. 

So  far  as  is  at  present  known  the  marine  flora  of  Essex  consists 
of  158  species  included  in  95  genera,  and  is  marked  as  much  by  the 
absence  of  many  species  common  and  abundant  elsewhere  as  for  the 
presence  of  a  few  which  are  very  rarely  met  with  on  the  shores  of  our 
islands.  As  examples  of  the  latter  class,  Ectocarpus  erectus,  Phyllitis 
Jiliformis,  Scinaia  furcellata  and  Grateloupia  Jilicina  may  be  mentioned  ; 
while  as  examples  of  the  former,  Calotbrix  confervico/a,  Desmarestia 
acu/eafa,  Dictyosiphon  fceniculaceui^  Asperococcus  echinatus,  Spbacelaria 
cirr&osa,  Chordaria  Jiagelliformis,  Leatbesia  difformis^  Laminaria  digitata^ 
Saccorhiza  bulbosa,  Pehetia  canaliculata^  Chantransia  secundata^  Gelidium 
crina/e,  Gigartina  mammillosa,  Callopbyllis  /aciniata,  Lomentaria  c/ave//osa, 
Nitophyllum  punctatum,  Ceramium  echionotum,  C.  acanthonotum^  C.  ci/iafum, 
Polysiphonia  fastigiafa,  all  of  them  common  species,  are  '  conspicuous  by 
their  absence  '  from  the  flora  of  Essex. 

The  marine  flora  of  Essex  is  southern  in  its  character.  The 
following  have  been  recorded  : — 


Gloeocapsa  crepidinum,  Thur. 
Aphanocapsa  marina,  Hansg. 
Dermocarpa  prasina,  Born. 
Hyella  caespitosa,  Born.  &  Flah. 
Spirulina  subsalsa,  CErsted 
Oscillatoria  corallina,  Gom. 
Lyngbya  semiplena,  J.  Ag. 

—  aestuarii,  Liebman. 
Symploea  hydnoides,  Kuetz. 
Microcoleus  chthonoplastes,  Thur. 
Calothrix  scopulorum,  C.  Ag. 

—  pulvinata,  C.  Ag. 

-  confervicola,  C.  Ag. 
Isactis  plana,  Thur. 


Rivularia  atra,  Roth. 
Mastigocoleus  testarum,  Lagerh. 
Anabaena  variabilis,  Kuetz. 
Chlorochytrium  inclusum,  Kjellm. 
Monostroma  laceratum,  Thur. 
Enteromorpha  ramulosa,  Hook. 

-  erecta,  J.  Ag. 

—  clathrata,  C.  Ag. 

—  canaliculate,  Halt. 

—  percursa,  Harv. 

—  compressa,  L. 

—  intestinalis,  L. 

-  Linza,  J.  Ag. 

—  tubulosa,  Kuetz. 


1  Enex  Naturalist,  viii.  i,  and  species  recorded  by  E.  M.  Holmes  in  the  same  publication. 

59 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Enteromorpha  minima,  Naeg. 
Ulva  latissima,  J.  Ag. 
Epicladia  Flustrae,  Reinke 
Urospora  penicilliformis,  Aresch. 

—  flacca,  Holm.  &  Batt. 
Chaetomorpha  aerea,  Kuetz. 

—  Melagonium,  Kuetz. 

—  Linum,  Kuetz. 

—  litorea,  Holm.  &  Batt. 

—  tortuosa,  Kuetz. 
Rhizoclonium  riparium,  Harv. 
Cladophora  rupestris,  Kuetz. 

—  Hutchinsias,  Kuetz. 

—  utriculosa,  Kuetz. 

—  glaucescens,  Harv. 

—  fracta,  Kuetz. 

—  albida,  Kuetz. 
— 7  uncialis,  Harv. 
Bryopsis  plumosa,  C.  Ag. 
Vaucheria  sphaerospora,  Nordst. 
Punctaria  plantaginea,  Grev. 
Ectocarpus  erectus,  Kuetz. 

—  Crouani,  Thur. 

—  confervoides,  Le  Jol. 

—  siliculosus,  Lyngb. 

—  granulosus,  C.  Ag. 

—  tomentosus,  Lyngb. 
Pylaiella  litoralis,  Kjellm. 
Elachista  fucicola,  Aresch. 
Sphacelaria  plumigera,  Holmes 
Stypocaulon  scoparium,  Kuetz. 
Cladostephus  verticillatus,  C.  Ag. 

—  spongiosus,  C.  Ag. 
Myrionema  strangulans,  Grev. 
Hecatonema  reptans,  Saur. 
Ralfsia  verrucosa,  Aresch. 

—  clavata,  Crouan 
Phyllitis  filiformis,  Batt. 
Scytosiphon  lomentarius,  Endl. 
Chorda  Filum,  Stackh. 
Laminaria  saccharina,  Lamour. 
Cutleria  multifida,  Grev. 
Fucus  ceranoides,  L. 

—  vesiculosus,  L.  ;    f.  spiralis,  L. 

f.  Baltica,  J.  Ag. 

—  platycarpus,  Thur. 

—  serratus,  L. 
Ascophyllum  nodosum,  Le  Jol. 

f.  scorpoides,  Hauck. 
Himanthalia  lorea,  Lyngb. 
Halidrys  siliquosa,  Lyngb. 
Dictyota  dichotoma,  Lamour. 
Taonia  atomaria,  J.  Ag. 
Padina  pavonia,  Gaillon. 
Porphyra  laciniata,  C.  Ag. 

—  f.  typica,  Holm,  and  Batt. 

—  linearis,  Grev. 

—  leucosticta,  Thur. 
Bangia  fusco-purpurea,  Lyngb. 
Scinaia  furcellata,  Bivona. 


60 


Harveyella  mirabilis,  Reinke 
Chondrus  crispus,  Stackh. 
Phyllophora  rubens,  Grev. 

—  membranifolia,  J.  Ag. 
Gymnogongrus  Griffithsias,  Mart. 

—  Norvegicus,  J.  Ag. 
Ahnfeltia  plicata,  Fr. 
Actinococcus  aggregatus,  Schmitz. 

—  peltaeformis,  Schmitz. 
Colacolepis  incrustans,  Schmitz. 
Sterrocolax  decipiens,  Schmitz. 
Cystoclonium  purpurascens,  Kuetz. 
Catenella  Opuntia,  Grev. 
Gracilaria  confervoides,  Grev. 
Calliblepharis  ciliata,  Kuetz. 
Rhodymenia  palmata,  Grev. 
Lementaria  clavellosa,  Gaill. 
Chylocladia  kaliformis,  Grev. 

f.  squarrosa,  Harv. 
Plocamium  coccineum,  Lyngb. 
Nitophyllum  laceratum,  Grev. 
Delesseria  alata,  Lamour. 

—  Hypoglossum,  Lamour. 

—  sinuosa,  Lamour. 

—  sanguinea,  Lamx. 
Bostrychia  scorpioides,  Montg. 
Rhodomela  subfusca,  C.  Ag. 
Laurencia  hybrida,  Lam. 

—  pinnatifida,  Lamx. 
Chondria  dasyphylla,  C.  Ag. 
Polysiphonia  urceolata,  Grev. 

—  elongata,  Harv. 

—  atro-rubescens,  Grev. 

—  nigrescens,  Grev. 

—  affinis,  Moore 
Brongniartella  byssoides,  Bory 
Dasya  coccinea,  C.  Ag. 
Spermothamnion  Turneri,  Aresch. 
Griffithsia  setacea,  C.  Ag. 

—  corallina,  C.  Ag. 
Halurus  equisetifolius,  Kuetz. 
Pleonosporium  Borreri,  Naeg. 
Rhodochorton  Rothii,  Naeg. 

—  floridulum,  Nag. 
Callithamnion  polyspermum,  C.  Ag. 

—  roseum,  C.  Ag. 

—  corymbosum,  C.  Ag. 

—  pseudobyssoides,  Crouan 
Plumaria  elegans,  Schmitz. 
Antithamnion  Plumula,  Thur. 
Ceramium  tenuissimum,  J.  Ag. 

—  Deslongchampsii,  Chauv. 

—  strictum,  Harv. 

—  diaphanum,  Roth. 

—  rubrum,  C.  Ag. 

—  flabelligerum,  J.  Ag. 
Grateloupia  filicina,  C.  Ag. 
Dumontia  filiformis,  Grev. 
Dilsea  edulis,  Schmitz. 
Fastigiaria  furcellata,  Stackh. 


BOTANY 


Polyides  rotundus,  Grev. 
Cruoriella  Dubyi,  Schmitz. 
Hildenbrandtia  prototypus,  Nardo. 
Melobesia  membranacea,  Lamour. 
—  corticiformis,  Kuetz. 


Melobesia  Corallinae,  Crouan 
Lithophyllum  Lenormandi,  Rosan 
Corallina  officinalis,  L. 

—  rubens,  L. 

—  corniculata,  L. 


FUNGI 


It  is  difficult  to  compare  the  cryptogamic  flora  of  one  county  with 
that  of  another,  because  cryptogamic  botanists  are  few  and  the  record  of 
cryptogamic  plants  for  all  counties  is  very  incomplete. 

Probably  the  Epping  Forest  district  is  one  of  the  most  thoroughly 
investigated  of  England.  For  many  years  a  large  party  of  members  of 
the  Essex  Field  Club  have  explored  the  Forest  each  autumn  in  search  of 
fungi.  Messrs/  English  and  Worthington  Smith  have  also  collected 
fungi  in  this  county.  In  spite  of  these  many  workers,  Dr.  M.  C.  Cooke 
says  that  it  may  be  taken  for  granted  that  the  mycology  of  the  Forest 
has  been  by  no  means  exhausted. 

Altogether  406  species  of  Hymenomycetous  fungi  have  been  re- 
corded in  Epping  Forest.1  This  is  a  good  record,  as  only  1,338  species 
are  recorded  as  occurring  in  Great  Britain.  It  is  evident  that  Essex  is 
not  an  unfavourable  county  for  the  development  of  fungi.  Several 
species  new  to  Britain  have  been  first  detected  in  Epping  Forest. 

E.  G.  Varenne  contributed  a  list  of  the  cryptogamic  plants  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Kelvedon,8  a  part  of  Essex  which  is  possibly  more  in 
character  with  the  county  generally  than  the  Epping  Forest. 

A  short  list  of  Ustilaginei  and  ./Ecidiomycetes  was  also  contributed 
by  M.  C.  Cooke.*  Of  these  Delitschia  insignis,  Mont.,  and  Sporodesmium 
pyriforme,  Corda,  are  new  to  Britain. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Essex  fungi,  found  mostly  in  the 
Epping  Forest  and  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Kelvedon.  A  few  were 
observed  by  myself  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Colchester. 


Agaricus  (Amanita)  phalloides,  Fr. 

„  vernus,  Bull. 

„  mappa,  Fr. 

„  muscarius,  Fr. 

„  pantherinus,  Fr. 

„  strobiliformis,  Fr. 

„  excelsus,  Fr. 

„  rubescens,  Fr. 

„  spissus,  Fr. 

„  nitidus,  Fr. 

„  vaginatus,  Fr. 

var.  nivalis,  Grev. 

„  strangulatus,  Fr. 


Agaricus  (Lepiota)  procerus,  Scop. 

„  rachodes,  Vitt. 

„  excoriatus,  Schaeff. 

„  acutesquamosus,  Weinm. 

„  cristatus,  A.  &  S. 

„  carcharias,  Pers. 

„  granulosus,  Batsch. 

(Armillaria)  constrictus,  Fr. 

„  melleus,  Vahl. 

„  mucidus,  Schrad. 
(Tricholoma)  sejunctus,  Sow. 

„  portentosus,  Fr. 

„  resplendens,  Fr. 


1  The  arrangement  and  nomenclature  followed  in  this  list  is  that  of  the  Handbook  of  British  Fungi, 
by  M.  C.  Cooke  (1871),  and  of  the  British  Uredinett  and  Uiti/agiaete  by  Chas.  B.  Plowright  (1889). 

*  '  Hymenomycetal  Fungi  of  Epping  Forest,'  by  M.  C.  Cooke,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  Essex  Naturafut, 
iii.  248. 

8  Essex  NaturaKst,  v.  2 1 . 

*  Ibid.  i.  1 84, and  'Recent  Additions  to  the  Fungi  of  Epping  Forest,'  by  Geo.  Massee,  F.L.S.,  in 
»•  3>3- 

6l 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Agaricus  (Tricholoma)  acerbus,  Bull. 

„  nictitans,  Fr. 

—  ,,  fulvellus,  Fr. 

— •  „  flavo-brunneus,  Fr. 

„  albo-brunneus,  Pers. 

„  ustalis,  Fr. 

„  rutilans,  SchaefF. 

„  variegatum,  Schaeff. 

„  columbetta,  Fr. 

„  scalpturatus,  Fr. 

„  imbricatus,  Fr. 

„  vaccinus,  Pers. 

„  terreus,  SchaefF. 

„  saponaceus,  Fr. 

„  cuneifolius,  Fr. 

„  carneus,  Bull. 

„  gambosus,  Fr. 

„  civilis,  Fr. 

„  personatus,  Fr. 

„  nudus,  Bull. 

„  grammopodius,  Bull. 

„  subpulverulentus,  Pers. 

„  sordidus,  Fr. 
(Clitocybe)  nebularis,  Fr. 

„  clavipes,  Pers. 

„  odorus,  Bull. 

„  cerussatus,  Fr. 

„  phyllophilus,  Fr. 

„  dealbatus,  Sw. 

„  elixus,  Sow. 

„  gallinaceus,  Fr. 

„  rumosus,  Pers. 

„  maximus,  Fr. 

„  infundibuliformis,  SchaefF. 

„  flaccidus,  Fr. 

„  geotrupus,  Bull. 

„  inversus,  Fr. 

„  catinus,  Fr. 

„  ericetorum,  Bull. 

„  cyathiformis,  Fr. 

„  brumalis,  Fr. 

„  metachrous,  Fr. 

„  ditopus,  Fr. 

„  fragrans,  Sow. 

„  obsoletus,  Batsch. 

„  bellus,  Fr. 

„  laccatus,  Fr. 
(Collybia)  radicatus,  Bull. 

„  platyphyllus,  Fr. 

„  fusipes,  Bull. 

„  maculatus,  A.  &  S. 

„  distortus,  Fr. 

„  butyraceus,  Bull. 

„  velutipes,  Curt. 

„  confluens,  P. 

„  cirrhatus,  Schum. 

„  tuberosus,  Bull. 

„  psathyroides,  Cke. 

„  dryophilus,  Bull. 

„  ocellatus,  Fr. 


62 


Agaricus  (Collybia)  muscigenus,  Schum. 

,,  atratus,  Fr. 

„  laceratus,  Lasch. 
(Mycena)  elegans,  Pers. 

„  purus,  Pers. 

„  adonis,  Bull. 

„  lacteus,  Pers. 

„  gypseus,  Fr. 

„  rugosus,  Fr. 

„  galericulatus,  Scop. 

var.  calopus,  Fr. 

»  polygrammus,  Bull. 

„  parabolicus,  Fr. 

„  tintinnabulum,  Fr. 

„  pullatus,  Berk.  &  Cke. 

„  leptocephalus,  Pers. 

„  alcalinus,  Fr. 

„  ammoniacus,  Fr. 

„  metatus,  Fr. 

„  tenuis,  Bolt. 

„  filopes,  Bull. 

„  amictus,  Fr. 

„  vitilis,  Fr. 

„  haematopus,  Fr. 

„  sanguinolentus,  Fr. 

„  galopus,  Fr. 

„  leucogalus,  Cke. 

„  epipterygius,  Fr. 

„  clavicularis,  Fr. 

„  roridus,  Fr. 

„  corticola,  Schum. 

„  capillaris,  Schum. 

„  griseus,  Fr. 

„  fibula,  Bull. 

var.  Swartzii,  Fr. 
(Omphalia)  hydrogrammus,  Fr. 

„  pyxidatus,  Bull. 

„  oniscus,  Fr. 

„  demissus,  Fr. 

„  pseudoandrosaceus,  Bull 
(Pleurotus)  corticatus,  Fr. 

„  dryinus,  Pers. 

„  spongiosus,  Fr. 

„  petaloides,  Bull. 

,,  Leightonii,  Berk. 

.,  ulmarius,  Bull. 

„  ostreatus,  Jacq. 

var.  euosmus,  Berk. 

„  acerosus,  Fr. 

„  septicus,  Fr. 

„  mastrucatus,  Fr. 

„  Leightoni,  Berk. 

„  chioneus,  Berk. 

„  acerinus,  Fr. 

„  mitis,  Pers. 

„  limpidus,  Fr. 
(Volvaria)  medius,  Schum. 
(Pluteus)  cervinus,  SchaefF. 

„  umbrosus,  Pers. 

„  nanus,  Pers. 


BOTANY 

Agaricus  (Entoloma)  sinuatus,  Fr.  Agaricus    (Galera)    mniophilus,  Fr. 

„          lividus,  Bull.  (Tubaria)  furfuraceus,  P. 

„          prunuloides,  Fr.  var.  trigonophyllus,  Fr. 

„          Saundersii,  Fr.  „          stagninus,  Fr. 

„         jubatus,  Fr.  (Crepidotus)  mollis,  Schaeff. 

„          sericellus,  Fr.  (Psalliota)  arvensis,  SchaefF. 

„          sericeus,  Bull.  „          cretaccus,  Fr. 

„          nidorosus,  Fr.  „          campestris,  Fr. 

(Clitopilus)  prunulus,  Scop.  „          sylvaticus,  Schaeff. 

„          orcella,  Bull.  (Stropharia)  aeruginosus,  Curt. 

„          carneo-albus,  With.  „          albocyaneus,  Dcsmaz. 

(Nolanea)  pascuus,  Pers.  „          inunctus,  Fr. 

„          pisciodorus,  Ces.  „          coronillus,  Bull. 

„         subglobosus,  A.  &  S.  „         squamosus,  Fr. 

(Claudopus)  cuosmus,  Berk.  „          thraustus,  Kalchbr. 

„         variabilis,  Pers.  „          Worthingtonii,  Fr. 

(Pholiota)  tcrrigenus,  Fr.  „         merdarius,  Fr. 

„         prsecox,  Fr.  „         stercorarius,  Fr. 

„          radicosus,  Bull.  „          semi-globatus,  Batsch. 

„         comosus,  Fr.  „         spintrigcr,  Fr. 

„         squarrosus,  Mucll.  (Hypholoma)  sublateritius,  Schceff. 

var.  Muelleri,  Fr.  „          epixanthus,  Fr. 

var.  verruculosuSjLasch.     —  „         fascicularis,  Huds. 

„          durus,  Bolt.  „          dispersus,  Fr. 

„         spectabilis,  Fr.  „         storea  var.  ccespitosus, 

„          adiposus,  Fr.  Cookc 

„          mutabilis,  SchaefF.  „          lachrymabundus,  Fr. 

„          marginatus,  Batsch.  „          vclutinus,  Pers. 

(Inocybe)  pyriodorus,  P.  „         pyrotrichus,  Holmsk. 

„          maritimus,  Fr.  „          Candolleanus,  Fr. 

„          lacerus,  Fr.  „         append iculatus,  Bull. 

„          perlatus,  Cke.  (Psilocybe)  hydrophilus,  Bull. 

„          fastigiatus,  Schaeff.  „          ericseus,  Pers. 

„          rimosus,  Bull.  „          udus,  Pers. 

„          asterosporus,  Q.  „          semilanceatus,  Fr. 

„         eutheles,  B.  it  Br.  „         spadiceus,  Fr. 

„          destrictus,  Fr.  (Psathyra)  foenisecii,  Pers. 

„         geophyllus,  Sow.  „         conopileus,  Fr. 

(Hebeloma)  fastibilis,  Fr.  „         corrugis,  Pers. 

„          mesopheus,  Fr.  „          fibrillosus,  Pers. 

„         sinapizans,  Fr.  „          pennatus,  Fr. 

„          crustuliniformis,  Bull.  „          semivestitus,  Berk. 

(Flammula)  decipiens,  Sm.  (Panseolus)  separatus,  Fr. 

„          gummosus,  Lasch.  „          fimiputris,  Bull. 

„          spumosus,  Fr.  „          phalenarum,  Fr. 

,,          carbonarius,  Fr.  „          retirugis,  Fr. 

,,          alnicola,  Fr.  „          sphinctrinus,  Fr. 

„         flavidus,  SchaefF.  „         campanulatus,  L. 

„          inopus,  Fr.  „          papilionaceus,  Bull. 

„          hybridus,  Fr.  „          caliginosus,  Jungh. 

(Naucoria)  centunculus,  Fr.  (Psathyrella)  trepidus,  Pers. 

„          melinoides,  Fr.  „          disseminatus,  Pers. 

„          pediades,  Fr.  „          pronus,  Fr. 

„         semiorbicularis,  Bull.  Coprinus  comatus,  Fr. 

„          carpophilus,  Fr.  —  ovatus,  SchaefF. 

(Galera)  tcner,  SchaefF.  —  atramentarius,  Fr. 

„       ovalis,  Fr.  —  picaceus,  Bull. 

„       rubiginosus,  P.  —  niveus,  Pers. 

„       hypnorum,  Batsch.  —  micaccus,  Bull. 

var.  sphagnorurn,  Fr.       —  aratus,  Berk,  it  Br. 

63 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Coprinus  radians,  Desmaz. 

—  deliquescens,  Bull. 

—  congregatus,  Bull. 

—  radiatus,  Bolt. 

—  plicatilis,  Curt. 
Bolbitius  Boltoni,  Pers. 

—  fragilis,  Fr. 

Cortinarius  (Phlegmacium)  varius,  Fr. 

„  cyanopus,  Fr. 

„  largus,  Fr. 

—  „  Riederi,  Weinm. 
„  infractus,  Fr. 

„  multiformis,  Fr. 

„  talus,  Fr. 

„  glaucopus,  Schaeff. 

„  purpurascens,  Fr. 

var.    subpurpur- 

escens,  Bat. 

„  turbinatus,  Bull. 

„  decoloratus,  Fr. 

„  decolorans,  Pers. 

(Myxacium)  collinitus,  Fr. 

„         elatior,  Fr. 
(Inoloma)  argentatus,  Pers. 
„        violaceus,  Linn. 
„        albo-violaceus, 

Pers. 

„        bolaris,  Pers. 
„        pholideus,  Fr. 
(Dermocybe)  ochroleucus,  Schaeff. 
„  decumbens,  Pers. 

„  tabularis,  Bull. 

„  camurus,  Bull. 

„  caninus,  Fr. 

„  anomalus,  Fr. 

„  lepidopus,  Cke. 

—  „  cinnabarinus,  Fr. 
„  sanguineus,  Wulf. 
„  cinnamomeus,  L. 
„  orellanus,  Fr. 

(Telamonia)  torvus,  Fr. 

„  evernius,  Fr. 

„  armillatus,  Fr. 

„  hinnuleus,  Fr. 

„  brunneus,  Fr. 

„  hemitrichus,  Fr. 

„  rigidus,  Fr. 

„  paleaceus,  Fr. 

„  scutulatus,  Fr. 

(Hydrocybe)  dilutus,  Pers. 

„  saturninus,  Fr. 

„  renidens,  Fr. 

„  dolabratus,  Fr. 

„  rigens,  Pers. 

„  decipiens,  Pers. 

—  „  germanus,  Fr. 

—  „          obtusus,  Fr. 
Gomphidius  glutinosus,  Schaeff. 

—  maculatus,  Scop. 
Paxillus  involutus,  Batsch. 


Paxillus  atrotomentosus,  Batsch. 

—  Alexandri,  Gill. 
Hygrophorus  chrysodon,  Batsch. 

—  eburneus,  Bull. 

—  cossus,  Sow. 

—  penarius,  Fr. 

—  pratensis,  Pers. 

—  virgineus,  Wulr. 

—  russo-coriaceus,  Berk.  &  Br. 

—  Colemannianus,  Blox. 

—  laetus,  Fr. 

—  ceraceus,  Wulf. 

—  coccineus,  Schaeff. 

—  miniatus,  Fr. 

—  turundus,  Fr. 

—  conicus,  Scop. 

—  calyptrae  formis,  Berk. 

—  chlorophanus,  Fr. 

—  psittacinus,  Schaeff. 
Lactarius  torminosus,  Fr. 

—  turpis,  Fr. 

—  controversus,  Fr. 

—  insulsus,  Fr. 

—  blennius,  Fr. 

—  trivialis,  Fr. 

—  pyrogalus,  Fr. 

—  chrysorrhoeus,  Fr. 

—  pergamenus,  Fr. 

—  piperatus,  Fr. 

—  vellereus,  Fr. 

—  deliciosus,  Fr. 

—  pallidus,  Fr. 

—  quietus,  Fr. 

—  aurantiacus,  Fr. 

—  rufus,  Fr. 

—  glyciosmus,  Fr. 

—  fuliginosus,  Fr. 

—  lilacinus,  Lasch. 

—  volemum,  Fr. 

—  serifluus,  Fr. 

—  mitissimus,  Fr. 

—  subdulcis,  Fr. 

—  cimicarius,  Batsch. 

—  camphoratus,  Fr. 

—  subumbonatus,  Lindgr. 
Russula  nigricans,  Fr. 

—  adusta,  Fr. 

—  delica,  Fr. 

—  furcata,  Fr. 

—  rosacea,  Fr. 

—  maculata,  Quel. 

—  granulosa,  Cke. 

—  depallens,  Fr. 

—  lactea,  Fr. 

var.  incarnata,  Quel. 

—  virescens,  Fr. 

—  cutefracta,  Cke. 

—  lepida,  Fr. 

—  rubra,  Fr. 

var.  mitis,  Cke. 


64 


BOTANY 


Russula  xerampclina,  Fr. 

—  Linnaci,  Fr. 

—  vesca,  Fr. 

—  cyanoxantha,  Fr. 

—  heterophylla,  Fr. 

—  consobrina,  Fr. 

var.  sororia,  Fr. 

—  foetens,  Fr. 

—  fellea,  Fr. 

—  subfoetens,  Sm. 

—  emetica,  Fr. 

-  fallax,  Schaeff. 

—  pectinata,  Fr. 

—  ochroleuca,  Fr. 

—  citrina,  Gillet 

—  fragilis,  Fr. 

var.  violacea,  Pcrs. 

—  integra,  Fr. 

—  Armeniaca,  Ckc. 

—  alutacea,  Fr. 

—  lutea,  Fr. 

—  Chameleontina,  Fr. 
Cantharellus  cibarius,  Fr. 

—  aurantiacus,  Fr. 

—  tubaeformis,  Fr. 

—  infundibuliformis,  Fr. 
Nyctalis  asterophora,  Fr. 

—  parasitica,  Fr. 
Marasmius  urens,  Fr. 

—  peronatus,  Fr. 

—  oreades,  Fr. 

—  fuscopurpureus,  Fr. 

—  terginus,  Fr. 

—  erythropus,  Fr. 

—  cohaerens,  Fr. 

—  ramealis,  Fr. 

—  rotula,  Fr. 

—  androsaceus,  Fr. 

—  Hudsoni,  Fr. 

-  cpiphyllus,  Fr. 
Lentinus  lepideus,  Fr. 

—  cochleatus,  Fr. 
Pan  us  torulosus,  Fr. 

-  stypticus,  Fr. 

—  farinaceus,  Fr. 
Lenzites  betulina,  Fr. 
Boletus  elegans,  Schum. 

—  flavus,  With. 

—  bovinus,  Fr. 

—  tenuipes,  Cke. 

—  bad  i  us,  Fr. 

—  piperatus,  Bull. 

—  chrysenteron,  Fr. 

—  subtomentosus,  Linn. 

var.  radicatus,  Qucl. 

—  rubinus,  Sm. 

—  versicolor,  Rostk. 

—  parasiticus,  Fr. 

—  calopus,  Fr. 

—  pachypus,  Fr. 


Boletus  candicans,  Fr. 

—  edulis.  Bull. 

—  impolitus,  Fr. 

—  aestivalis,  Fr. 

—  satanas,  Fr. 

—  luridus,  Fr. 

—  purpureus,  Fr. 

—  eyrthropus,  Fr. 

—  laricinus,  Fr. 

—  versipellis,  Fr. 

—  duriusculus,  Schulz. 

—  scaber,  Fr. 

—  felleus,  Bull. 
Fistulina  hepatica,  Fr. 
Polyporus  Schweinitzii,  Fr. 

—  rufescens,  Fr. 

—  squamosus,  Huds. 

—  picipes,  Fr. 

—  varius,  Fr. 

—  elegans,  Fr. 

—  um  be  Hat  us,  Fr. 

—  intybaceus,  Fr. 

—  giganteus,  Fr. 

—  sulphureus,  Fr. 

—  imbricatus,  Fr. 

—  cxsius,  Fr. 

—  chioncus,  Fr. 

—  adust  us,  Fr. 

—  adiposus,  B. 

—  cuticularis,  Fr. 

—  hispidus,  Fr. 

—  dryadeus,  Fr. 

—  betulinus,  Fr. 

—  fulvus,  Fr. 

—  salignus,  Fr. 
Fomes  lucidus,  Fr. 

—  applanatus,  Fr. 

—  fomentarius,  Fr. 

—  igniarius,  Fr. 

—  roseus,  Fr. 

—  annosus,  Fr. 

—  fraxineus,  Fr. 
Polystictus  perennes,  Linn. 

—  radiatus,  Fr. 

—  fibula,  Fries 

—  versicolor,  Fr. 
Poria  vaporaria,  Fr. 

—  medula-panis,  Fr. 

—  vulgaris,  Fr. 
Trametes  gibbosa,  Fr. 

—  mollis,  Somm. 
Dzdalea  quercina,  P. 

—  confragosa,  Fr. 

—  unicolor,  Fr. 
Merulius  tremellosus,  Fr. 

—  corium,  Fr. 
Hydnum  repandum,  Fr. 

—  zonatum,  Fr. 

—  erinaceum,  Fr. 

—  cirrhatum,  Fr. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Hydnum  diversidens,  Fr. 

—  ferruginosum,  Fr. 
Sistotrema  confluens,  Fr. 
Radulum  quercinum,  Fr. 

—  fagineum,  Fr. 
Grandinia  granulosa,  Fr. 
Craterellus  cornucopioides,  Fr. 

—  crispus,  Fr. 

Thelephora  multizonata,  Berk.  &  Br. 

—  caryophyllea,  Fr. 

—  anthocephala,  Fr. 

—  clavularis,  Fr. 

—  palmata,  Fr. 

—  laciniata,  P. 

—  cristata,  Fr. 

—  Crustacea,  Fr. 
Stereum  purpureum,  Fr. 

—  hirsutum,  Fr. 

—  spadiceum,  Fr. 

—  sanguinolentum,  Fr. 

—  rugosum,  Fr. 
Hymenochoete  rubiginosa,  Fr. 

—  tabacina,  Fr. 
Peniophora  quercina,  Cke. 

—  incarnata,  Fr. 
Corticium  laeve,  Fr. 

—  serum,  Fr. 

—  comedens,  Fr. 

—  sebaceum,  Fr. 
Coniophora  puteana,  Fr. 

—  olivacea,  Fr. 

—  cellare,  Pers. 
Phlebia  radiata,  Fr. 

—  merismoides,  Fr. 
Auricularia  mesenterica,  Fr. 
Cyphella  Curreyi,  Berk.  &  Br. 

—  villosa,  Pers. 
Clavaria  amethystina,  Fr. 

—  fastigiata,  Fr. 

—  coralloides,  Fr. 

—  cinerea,  Fr. 

—  cristata,  Fr. 

—  rugosa,  Fr. 

—  aurea,  Schaeff. 

—  grisea,  Pers. 

—  fusiformis,  Sow. 

—  inaequalis,  Fr. 

—  fragilis,  Holms. 

—  vermicularis,  Scop. 

—  pistillaris,  Linn. 

—  contorta,  Holms. 
Calocera  viscosa,  Fr. 

—  cornea,  Fr. 
Typhula  phacorhiza,  Fr. 
Pistillaria  quisquiliaris,  Fr. 
Tremella  foliacea,  Pers. 

—  mesenterica,  Retz. 

—  albida,  Huds. 
Exidia  glandulosa,  Fr. 
Dacryomyces  deliquescens,  Duby. 


66 


Dacryomyces  stillatus,  Nees 

—  chrysocoma,  Bull. 
Lycoperdon  giganteum,  Batsch. 

—  saccatum,  Vahl. 
Didymium  physarioides,  Fr. 
Arcyria  punicea,  Pers. 
Cyathus  striatus,  Hoffm. 

—  vernicosus,  DC. 
Phoma  radula,  Berk.  &  Br. 

—  depressum,  Berk.  &  Br. 
Leptothyrium  Ribis,  Lib. 

—  Juglandis,  Lib. 
Dothiora  sphaeroides,  Fr. 
Piggottia  astroidea,  Berk.  &  Br. 
Discclla  carbonacea,  Berk.  &  Br. 
Torula  ovalispora,  Berk. 

—  pulvillus,  Berk.  &  Br. 

—  pulveracea,  Corda 
Sporidesmium  pyriforme,  Corda 
Sterigmatocystis  dubia,  Sacc. 
Phragmidium  mucronatum,  Link. 

—  bulbosum,  Sch. 

—  gracile,  Grev. 

—  Fragariastri,  DC. 

—  Potentillae,  Schrcet. 
Triphragmium  Ulmarias,  Link. 
Puccinia  Graminis,  Pers. 

—  arundinacea,  Hedw. 

—  striola,  Link. 

—  coronata,  Corda 

—  Polygonorum,  Link. 

—  bupleuri,  DC. 

—  Menthae,  Pers. 

—  Vincae,  Berk. 

—  sparsa,  Cooke 

—  Compositarum,  Sch. 

—  syngenesiarum,  Link. 

—  Malvacearum,  Corda 

—  discoidearum,  Link. 

—  glomerata,  Grev. 

—  albescens,  Plowr. 

—  Tragopogi,  Wint. 

—  umbelliferarum,  DC. 

—  Apii,  Corda 

—  Anemones,  Pers. 

—  Violarum,  Link. 

—  Lychnidearum,  Link. 

—  Epilobii,  DC. 

—  Prunorum,  Link. 

—  Circaeae,  Pers. 

—  pulverulenta,  Grev. 

—  Hydrocotyles,  Cke. 

—  acuminata,  Fckl. 

—  Centaufeae,  DC. 

—  Lapsanae,  Fckl. 

—  obtegens,  Tul. 

—  amphibii,  Fckl. 

—  Xrailii,  Plow. 

—  Primulae,  Wint. 

—  Variabilis,  Grev. 


BOTANY 


Puccinia  Caricis,  Schum. 
Tilletia  caries,  Tul. 

—  striae  formis,  Schroet. 
Ustilago  carbo,  Tul. 

—  longissima,  Tul. 

—  hypodytes,  Fr. 

—  Salveii,  B.  &  Br. 

—  utriculosa,  Tul. 

—  receptaculorum,  Fr. 

—  antherarum,  Fr. 
Uromyces  Fabz,  Pcrs. 

—  Betz,  Wint. 

—  apiculosa,  Lev. 

—  Ficariz,  Wint. 

—  Geranii,  Wint. 

—  Trifolii,  DC. 

—  Valerianz,  Schum. 

—  avicularae,  DC. 

—  Rumicum,  Lev. 

—  Scillarum,  Grev. 

—  Poz,  Raben. 
Coleosporium  Tussilaginis,  Lev. 

—  Campanulas,  Lev. 

—  Senecionis,  Lev. 

—  Rhinanthaccarum,  Lev. 
Schinzia  Alni,  Woron. 
Gymnosporangium  Sabinz,  Wint. 

—  clavariz forme,  Wint. 
Mclampsora  Populina,  Lev. 

—  Salicina,  Lev. 

—  Euphorbiz,  Cast. 

—  Tremulz,  Tul. 
Cystopus  candidus,  Lev. 

—  cuhicus,  Str. 

CEdocephalum  fimetarium,  Sacc. 
Tubercularia  granulata,  Pers. 
Fusidium  griscum,  Link. 
Helminthosporium  Tiliz,  Fr. 
Macrosporium  Sarcinula,  Berk. 

—  Cheiranthi,  Fr. 

—  Brassicz,  Berk. 

—  concinnum,  Berk. 
Cladosporium  dendriticum,  Wallr. 

—  epiphyllum,  Nees 
Peronospora  infestans,  Mont. 

—  pangliformis,  Berk. 

—  Urticz,  Casp. 

—  Schliedeniana,  De  Bany. 
Polyactis  vulgaris,  Link. 

—  fascicularis,  Corda 

Oidium  concentricum,  Berk.  &  Br. 

—  Erysiphoides,  Berk. 


Pilobolus  crystallinus,  Pers. 
Sphzrotheca  Castagnei,  Lev. 
Uncinula  adunca,  Lev. 

—  bicornis,  Lev. 
Phyllactinia  guttata,  Lev. 
Podosphzria  Kunzei,  Lev. 

—  clandestina,  Lev. 
Microsphzria  Grossulariz,  Lev. 

—  Mougeotii,  Lev. 

—  penicillata,  Lev. 

—  Martii,  Link. 

—  Montagnei,  Lev. 

—  Tortilis,  Link. 

—  communis,  Schl. 
Erysiphe  lamprocarpa,  Lev. 

—  Martii,  Link. 

—  Montagnei,  Lev. 

—  tortilis,  Link. 

—  communis,  Schl. 
Peziza  salmonicolor,  Br. 

—  aurantia,  Fr. 

—  coccinea,  Jacq. 

—  domestica,  Sow. 
Lachnea  crucipila,  Cooke 
Mollisia  cinerea,  Karst. 
Helotiun  virgultorum,  Fr. 
Orbilia  xanthostigma,  Pers. 
Ascobolus  furfuraceus,  Pers. 

—  venosus,  Berk. 

—  glaber,  Fr. 

Rhyparobius  sexdecemsporus,  Crouan 
Ascophanus  granuliformis,  Bornet 
Patellaria  lignyota,  Fr. 
Claviceps  purpurea,  Tul. 
Rhytisma  acerinum,  Pers. 
Hysterium  angustatum,  A.  &  S. 
Epichloe  typhina,  Berk. 
Polystigma  rubrum,  Pers. 
Dothidea  Ulmi,  Fr. 

—  trifolii,  Fr. 
Diatrype  quercina,  Tul. 

—  verruczformis,  Fr. 
Massaria  Curreyi,  Tul. 
Sphzria  apotheciorum,  Mass. 
Sordaria  decipiens,  Wint. 

—  coprophila,  De  Not 

—  curvula,  Fr. 
Sporormia  intermedia,  De  Not 

—  minima,  Anersw. 
Delitschia  insignis,  Mouton 
Gymnoascus  Recsii,  Baran. 


ZOOLOGY 

MARINE  ZOOLOGY 

DURING  the  summer  months  for  the  last  twenty  years  I  have 
lived  on  board   my  yacht  the  Glimpse  more  or  less  in  Essex 
waters,  and  have  devoted  much  of  my  time  to  the  study  of  the 
marine  animals,  either  by  dredging  or  collecting  on  shore.     I 
have  also  done  much  from  the  deck  of  the  yacht,  which  has  enabled  me 
to  obtain  various  specimens  floating  in  the  tide. 

Having  thus  had  a  somewhat  unusual  experience,  I  venture  to  do 
the  best  I  can  for  my  subject,  although  I  feel  that  it  is  very  incomplete, 
and  that  a  great  deal  remains  to  be  learned  both  as  to  specific  identity 
and  local  distribution. 

If  in  years  gone  by  I  had  known  that  it  would  have  been  my  lot 
to  write  an  essay  on  the  marine  invertebrata  of  the  coast  of  Essex  I 
should  have  collected  the  necessary  material  and  studied  several  groups 
of  animals  which  I  have  almost  entirely  neglected.  My  aim  has  chiefly 
been  to  find  out  how  to  kill  certain  animals  in  a  fully  expanded  condition, 
and  permanently  to  preserve  them  with  their  natural  colours,  either  as 
transparent  lantern  slides,  mounted  in  Canada  balsam,  or  kept  in  glass 
vessels  in  undiluted  glycerine.  Animals  not  suited  for  these  purposes 
have  been  almost  entirely  neglected,  and  I  have  directed  far  more 
attention  to  experiments  with  species  easily  procured  than  to  making 
a  complete  and  accurately  named  collection  of  those  living  on  the  coast. 
Though  I  have  a  large  amount  of  the  above-named  preparations,  show- 
ing the  general  character  of  the  animals  extremely  well,  they  are  some- 
times not  suitable  for  specific  identification,  since  they  cannot  be  turned 
about  or  dissected,  and  the  characteristic  structure  may  be  lost  or  hidden. 
In  connection  with  the  distribution  of  the  animals  along  the  coast 
it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  living  on  the  yacht  has  led  to  the  special 
study  of  places  where  the  anchorage  was  secure  and  where  we  could 
obtain  what  is  necessary,  and  to  the  neglect  of  other  localities  open  to 
objection  from  a  yachtsman's  point  of  view.  Since  my  collecting  has 
thus  been  done  from  the  side  of  the  water  the  rarity  or  abundance  of 
particular  species  may  probably  appear  different  to  what  it  would  be  to 
any  one  collecting  from  the  shore.  There  are  also  great  changes  from 

69 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

year  to  year,  so  that  what  was  common  at  one  time  may  be  rare  at 
another,  and  particular  species  may  have  ceased  to  occur  in  one  locality 
and  have  established  themselves  in  another. 

In  addition  to  the  animals  I  have  collected  myself  I  give  the 
Hydroids,  Polyzoa,  etc.,  collected  near  Harwich  by  Mr.  S.  P.  Hope, 
lent  to  me  by  Mr.  William  Cole,  and  identified  by  Mr.  Walter  Garstang ; 
and  those  of  various  groups  collected  near  Brightlingsea  by  Mr.  H.  W. 
Unthank,  as  described  in  his  paper, '  Natural  History  Work  at  Brightling- 
sea,' published  in  the  ^Journal  of  the  Essex  Technical  Laboratories,  No.  19, 
April,  1896,  pp.  206—10.  These  additions  are  more  especially  valuable 
because  they  give  a  number  of  species  in  groups  of  animals  to  which 
I  have  paid  little  attention.  I  also  give  a  very  complete  and  well- 
arranged  list  of  the  Mollusca  drawn  up  by  Mr.  William  Cole. 

In  concluding  this  introduction  I  must  express  my  best  thanks  to  a 
number  of  friends  who  have  assisted  me  in  identifying  the  various  species. 
These  belong  to  so  many  groups,  and  my  time  has  been  so  much  taken 
up  with  other  matters,  that  I  did  not  feel  confident  in  my  own  determina- 
tion. My  thanks  are  especially  due  to  Mr.  Walter  Garstang,  who  has 
examined  and  named  many  of  the  sponges,  Ccelenterata,  Nemertians, 
Chsetopoda  and  Polyzoa.  Professor  Herdman  has  assisted  me  in  naming 
the  Ascidians  and  Nudibranchs.  The  Rev.  T.  R.  R.  Stebbing  has 
examined  some  of  my  crustaceans  ;  and  my  Sheffield  friends,  Professor 
Denny,  Mr.  Arnold  T.  Watson  and  Mr.  E.  Howarth,  have  assisted  me 
over  sundry  animals.  I  hope  therefore  that  on  the  whole  the  names  are 
correct,  but  fear  that  some  may  not  be,  owing  to  the  want  of  suitable 
specimens  collected  and  preserved  for  this  special  purpose.  The  diffi- 
culties are  also  apparently  increased  by  the  probable  existence  of  varieties 
differing  from  the  recognized  types,  owing  to  local  conditions  and  other 
causes.  In  several  cases  species  which  at  one  time  were  extremely  com- 
mon and  in  some  respects  have  been  well  preserved  could  not  lately  be 
procured  for  exact  specific  identification.  I  may  also  here  say  that  in 
the  Essex  district  some  of  the  animals  are  abnormally  small,  as  if  dwarfed 
by  unfavourable  conditions.  In  some  cases  also  only  single  specimens 
have  been  found,  and  it  is  uncertain  whether  they  are  full-grown 
animals.  On  the  whole  there  are  ten  or  a  dozen  doubtful  identifica- 
tions. 

CHARACTERISTIC  FEATURES   OF  THE   COAST 

Before  describing  the  various  animals  it  seems  to  me  desirable  to 
give  a  short  account  of  the  chief  characters  of  the  coast,  along  the  whole 
of  which  I  have  passed  more  or  less  frequently,  since  they  must  have 
such  a  great  influence  on  the  kind  of  animals  found  along  it. 

My  knowledge  of  the  Thames  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  vicinity  of 
Erith  and  Greenhithe,  at  both  which  places  I  lived  on  the  yacht  for 
some  weeks  in  1882.  Though  the  free-swimming  animals  and  plants 
are  of  much  interest,  the  district  cannot  be  looked  upon  as  marine  ;  and 
I  do  not  know  exactly  how  far  the  influence  of  fresh  water  extends, 

70 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 

which  must  vary  much  with  the  season.  Passing  down  the  river  to 
beyond  Shoeburyness  there  is  the  large  flat  tract  of  the  Maplin  Sands, 
in  some  parts  3!  miles  wide  at  low  water.  I  have  examined  this 
imperfectly  off  Havengore  and  at  the  east  end  of  Foulness.  In  the 
Swin,  off  the  Maplin  Sands,  the  water  is  deeper  than  anywhere  else 
along  the  coast  of  Essex,  but  yet  its  maximum  depth  is  only  1 3  fathoms, 
maintained  by  the  strong  tidal  currents.  Passing  westwards  along  the 
northern  side  of  Foulness  we  have  the  estuaries  of  the  Crouch  and 
Roche,  as  well  as  sundry  channels  and  creeks,  all  having  muddy  shores, 
but  no  extensive  flat  tracts  left  dry  at  low  water.  In  these  estuaries  and 
creeks  oyster  culture  is  of  such  importance  that  hundreds  of  men  are 
employed,  and  some  of  the  river  beds  are  worth  one  hundred  times  as 
much  as  the  adjoining  meadow  land.  I  am  best  acquainted  with  the 
Crouch,  having  remained  in  it  off  Burnham  many  times  for  weeks. 
When  there  in  summer  I  have  found  the  low  water  more  salt  than  the 
high  water,  which  is  an  unusual  thing  in  an  estuary  ;  and  the  water  at 
Battle  Bridge,  12  miles  from  the  mouth,  more  salt  than  the  North  Sea, 
no  doubt  owing  to  small  rainfall  and  great  evaporation.  North  of 
Foulness  to  the  estuary  of  the  Blackwater  is  a  sandy  tract  left  dry  at 
low  water  for  a  width  of  a  mile,  which  I  have  never  examined  for 
marine  animals.  In  the  estuary  of  the  Blackwater,  often  called  '  Pont,' 
I  have  examined  the  shores  near  Bradwell,  and  have  dredged  off  an  island 
called  Osea.  Between  the  Blackwater  and  the  Colne  are  sundry  creeks 
near  West  Mersea,  and  a  tract  of  more  or  less  sandy  mud,  left  dry  at 
low  water  for  a  width  of  ^  mile,  the  east  end  of  which  I  have  examined 
to  some  extent.  I  have  lived  in  the  estuary  of  the  Colne  for  weeks  at 
a  time  almost  every  year  for  more  than  twenty  years,  and  have  examined 
the  shores  and  creeks  in  every  direction,  and  dredged  and  trawled  in  the 
open  water  off  Mersea.  On  the  east  side  of  the  Colne,  both  above  and 
below  Brightlingsea,  there  is  good  ground  for  collecting  at  low  water  from 
a  boat  or  in  long  waterproof  boots.  Between  the  Colne  and  Walton-on- 
Naze  is  a  long  extent  of  coast  with  narrow  sands,  which  I  have  never 
examined.  The  open  water  off  this,  in  the  Wallet,  is  seldom  more  than 
6  fathoms  deep,  which  is  no  more  than  in  some  of  the  estuaries.  On 
one  occasion  I  dredged  in  this  near  the  Gunfleet  Bank,  but  in  many 
places  the  ground  is  too  full  of  large  stones  for  dredging  purposes.  The 
creeks  on  the  east  side  of  Walton-on-Naze  are  very  good  collecting 
ground.  In  1889  I  remained  some  time  in  what  is  marked  on  the 
charts  as  '  Walton  Channel,'  but  I  know  nothing  of  its  present  condition, 
since  the  sewage  discharge  from  Walton  was  so  objectionable  that  I  have 
not  gone  there  again.  But  for  this  it  would  be  the  best  place  on  the 
coast  for  collecting,  since  there  is  no  oyster  culture  and  no  disturbance 
by  steamboats.  East  of  the  Naze  is  a  tract  of  coast  which  I  have  never 
examined,  except  near  Harwich.  Both  outside  and  inside  the  harbour 
is  or  was  excellent  collecting  ground  in  fine  calm  weather,  but  when  it 
is  windy  little  or  nothing  can  be  done.  Passing  up  the  Stour  are  vast 
tracts  of  mud,  covered  with  Zostera  marina,  which  are  left  dry  at  low 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

water  in  some  places  for  a  mile  in  width  ;  but  my  more  intimate  know- 
ledge of  the  upper  part  is  confined  to  near  Mistley,  where  I  have  often 
collected  and  dredged,  though  it  is  too  far  up  to  be  satisfactory. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  though  I  have  fairly  well  studied  some 
districts  there  are  large  tracts  which  I  have  never  examined,  on  account 
of  being  too  far  from  any  convenient  anchorage.  It  must  also  be  borne 
in  mind  that  my  account  of  the  marine  invertebrata  of  Essex  has  been 
made  much  less  complete  than  it  would  have  been  owing  to  difficulties 
connected  with  the  oyster  fisheries.  One  cannot  dredge  in  some  most 
suitable  and  convenient  places,  and  in  some  cannot  even  use  a  small  light 
trawl.  In  some  no  one  is,  or  was,  allowed  to  collect  on  the  shore  at  low 
water,  or  to  dredge  even  where  there  are  no  oysters.  If  special  facilities 
had  not  been  conceded  to  me  this  article  could  not  have  been  written. 

The  total  length  of  the  coast,  including  the  chief  estuaries  and 
creeks,  is  considerably  over  200  miles,  and  it  would  take  a  long  time  to 
examine  properly  the  whole.  Some  of  the  animals  found  are  so  rare 
and  so  local  that  possibly  many  more  species  occur  than  I  have  been 
able  to  collect,  though  there  may  not  be  so  much  variation  along  the 
exposed  coasts  as  in  the  estuaries.  These  play  a  most  important  part, 
since  the  total  length  of  their  shores  is  fully  three  times  that  of  the  more 
open  coast.  In  summer  the  water  is  not  much  less  salt  than  in  the  sea, 
and  in  some  special  cases  even  more  salt.  The  extremes  of  temperature 
are  also  great,  since  there  is  relatively  such  a  large  extent  of  very  shallow 
water  and  of  mud  banks  left  dry  when  the  tide  is  low.  In  summer 
in  the  Orwell  I  have  known  it  as  high  as  74°,  and  in  winter  some  of 
the  estuaries  are  occasionally  filled  with  masses  of  ice.  The  conditions 
are  therefore  very  unsuitable  for  certain  kinds  of  animals,  and  they 
probably  explain  why  some  common  species  are  of  smaller  size  than 
elsewhere.  At  the  same  time  there  is  a  tendency  for  the  colder  water  to 
sink  and  pass  out  to  sea,  and  for  the  warmer  to  remain  in  the  estuaries 
and  creeks,  and  therefore  in  the  long  run  for  these  to  have  a  higher 
temperature  than  the  more  open  water.  This  is  probably  one  great 
reason  why  some  parts  of  the  Essex  district  are  so  admirably  fitted  for 
oyster  culture,  since  the  proper  development  of  spat  depends  so  much  on 
a  sufficiently  high  temperature. 

Along  the  coast  of  Essex  there  are  thus  no  quiet  deep  water,  and  no 
rocks,  and  no  clear  rock-pools,  but  strong  currents  and  great  stretches 
of  gravel,  sand  and  mud  ;  so  that  the  animals  found  are  necessarily  of  a 
restricted  character.  At  the  same  time  these  circumstances  seem  favour- 
able for  certain  kinds,  and  some  are  common  which  may  be  very  rare  in 
other  districts. 

The  coast  of  Essex  is  thus  peculiar,  and  estuarine  conditions  must 
have  great  influence  as  compared  with  the  coast  of  Norfolk.  The 
following  table  shows  the  number  of  species  of  such  groups  of  animals 
as  seem  to  have  attracted  a  fair  amount  of  attention  in  both  counties. 
Those  of  Norfolk  are  taken  from  a  proof  of  a  portion  of  the  Victoria 
History  lent  to  me  by  Mr.  Walter  Garstang.  This  did  not  include  the 

72 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 

Crustacea  or  the   Mollusca.     Those  of  Essex  are   from   my   own  list, 
including  those  collected  by  Mr.  Hope  and  Mr.  Unthank  : — 


In  Essex 

In  both  Essex  and 
Norfolk 

In  Norfolk 

Hydrozoa       

17 

1-7 

2Q 

Actinia      

I 

2 

I 

i 

2 

Medusae    

6 

2 

2 

Echinoderms  

7 

7 

/ 
2 

I 

2 

Chztopoda    

28 

21 

Polyzoa     

22 

c 

14 

Simple  Ascidians     .... 

9 
97 

2 

39 

5 
86 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  there  is  a  remarkable  difference,  and  that 
whilst  fifty-eight  species  found  in  Essex  are  not  found  in  Norfolk,  and 
forty-seven  in  Norfolk  not  in  Essex,  there  are  only  thirty-nine  common 
to  both.  These  results  are  no  doubt  in  part  due  to  imperfect  collecting, 
but  yet,  I  think,  still  more  to  the  materially  different  characters  of  the 
coasts. 

MARINE  AND  FRESHWATER  PLANKTON 

During  the  years  1882  to  1889,  from  the  early  part  of  May  to  the 
middle  of  September,  I  carried  out  continuous  observations  of  the  num- 
ber of  small  free-swimming  animals  per  gallon  of  water.  The  method 
adopted  was  to  collect  the  water  near  the  surface,  half  way  down  and 
near  the  bottom,  in  a  bottle  sunk  empty,  and  filled  by  pulling  out  the 
cork.  Usually  2\  gallons  were  collected,  and  passed  through  a  fine 
sieve,  not  allowing  any  animal  larger  than  ^  of  an  inch  in  diameter  to 
pass.  The  material  so  separated  was  then  washed  out  by  pouring  a 
few  ounces  of  sea  water  on  the  back  of  the  sieve,  care  being  taken  that 
none  of  the  animals  should  be  killed  by  drying.  I  had  a  glass  trough 
3  inches  deep,  i  inch  broad,  and  |  inch  from  front  to  back,  into  which 
the  water  containing  the  animals  was  poured,  and  the  number  of  the 
various  kinds  counted,  the  process  being  repeated  until  the  whole  had 
been  examined.  The  different  sorts  could  in  general  be  easily  dis- 
tinguished by  their  different  form  or  manner  of  swimming.  It  would 
be  out  of  place  to  go  into  detail,  but  it  seems  desirable  to  give  some 
of  the  general  results  which,  though  never  printed,  were  repeatedly 
described  by  me  in  public  lectures  at  a  time  when  this  subject  had 
attracted  little  or  no  attention. 

In  the  following  tables  I  give  the  number  of  the  animals  per 
10  gallons  of  water,  but  omit  those  which  on  an  average  do  not  amount 
to  one  in  that  quantity.  These  were  determined  from  my  first  three  years' 
observations,  and  might  be  somewhat  modified  by  the  later,  which  have 
not  yet  been  adequately  discussed.  As  might  be  expected  larval  forms 
play  a  very  important  part. 


73 


10 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

TABLE    I 


Excess  of  density  per  1000  . 

i-i 

8-8 

12-9 

18-8 

22-0 

24-5 

25-3 

26-0 

26-5 

Larval  fish    

j 

| 

Larval  Ascidians    . 
Appendicularia  . 
Copepoda     

21 

171 

I  J.I  2 

124. 

I 

7 
86 

I 

14 

108 

IO 

i 

204 

2 
2 
IOC 

8 

QQ 

Larval  Copepoda    . 
Cladocera     

3 
8 

348 

2OO 

124 

39 

54 

355 

28 

77 

28 

Ostracoda    

iq 

i 

I 

Larval  Balani    .... 
Larval  Chjetopoda 
Rotifera  

I  A. 

i 

I 

18 
4 

17 

149 

45 

A.Q 

83 

89 

87 

'7 

43 

06 

43 
33 

20 

i 
8 
8 

Cyphonautes,  etc.  . 
Small  Medusae  .... 
Noctiluca     



IO 

1  / 
29 

vy 

2 
I 

880 

"/ 

i 

5012 

7W 
I 

26 

5 
i 
612 

7 
383 

Totals  in  10  gallons  . 

65 

521 

1624 

316 

1259 

5397 

753 

852 

543 

TABLE    II 


Surface 

4  feet 

Bottom 

High 

Low 

Ascidians  

IO 

2 

4. 

7 

•3 

Copepoda  

78 

26 

I  A.O 

e-j 

A.1 

Larval  Copepoda      

/•* 

172 

8<5 

Q4. 

jj 

2Q 

TO 

118 

Larval  Balani  

28 

IO 

9 

22 

66 

Larval  Chaetopoda    
Rotifera     

'3 
58 

15 

I  "JO 

28 

84 

8 
3 

H 
1  02 

Noctiluca  

24.O 

7OI 

24.2 

672 

/" 

"/— 

Totals  

eon 

q6q 

601 

77o 

1018 

TABLE    III 
Totals  in   10  gallons 

(  Clear  rivers IO 

„     ,  I   Heybridge  canal 50 

Freshwater  \   ,-,     ,   -t      ,     •         j   i-    • 

Heybndge  basin  and  ditches 270 

\.  Weedy  stagnant  ponds I73° 

Mean  for  sea  water  including  the  estuaries      .     .     2060 

One  great  object  I  had  in  view  was  to  trace  the  changes  in  passing 
from  freshwater  conditions  down  to  the  sea.  The  density  of  the  water 
was  therefore  determined  by  observing  the  excess  in  weight  of  the 
measure  of  1,000  grains  of  fresh  water,  which  is  given  in  the  upper 
line  of  Table  I.  In  preparing  this  table  I  made  no  distinction  between 
Essex,  Suffolk  or  Kent ;  and  the  results  are  derived  from  observations 
made  in  the  Crouch,  Roche,  Blackwater,  Colne,  Stour,  Orwell,  Aide, 
Bentley  and  Medway. 

As  will  be  seen  from  Table  I.  there  is  a  most  striking  difference  in 
the  character  and  number  of  the  different  animals  as  we  proceed  from 
freshwater  conditions  to  the  open  sea,  but  there  are  very  few  kinds 
more  numerous  in  this  than  where  the  water  is  less  salt.  On  the 
whole  there  are  most  in  the  somewhat  sheltered  estuaries,  where  the 

74 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 

excess  of  density  is  about  23  or  24.  This  fact  is  of  much  interest 
in  connection  with  the  culture  of  oysters,  which  is  such  an  impor- 
tant industry  in  Essex,  since  it  is  in  such  localities  that  they  are  laid 
down  to  fatten  ;  and  although  they  probably  do  not  feed  on  some  of  the 
animals  included  in  the  table,  it  seems  almost  certain  that  there  is  a 
corresponding  excess  of  the  more  minute  animals  and  plants  on  which 
they  do  feed.  The  relatively  great  number  of  larval  Balani  and  Ascidians 
is  also  to  be  noticed,  and  agrees  with  the  fact  that  the  bottoms  of  vessels 
become  so  much  covered  with  them  when  lying  long  in  such  water. 
It  will  also  be  seen  that  there  is  a  well  marked  secondary  maximum 
where  the  excess  of  density  is  about  I2|,  due  almost  entirely  to  the 
great  development  of  Copepoda. 

Table  II.  shows  the  distribution  of  some  of  the  minute  animals 
from  the  top  to  the  bottom,  and  also  according  to  the  state  of  the 
tide. 

Table  III.  shows  what  a  remarkable  increase  occurs  in  the  number 
of  free-swimming  animals  as  we  proceed  from  clear  running  rivers  to 
more  stagnant  water,  in  which  they  have  time  to  multiply.  This  fact 
was  confirmed  in  a  striking  manner  by  my  observations  in  the  rivers  and 
broads  of  Norfolk.  As  will  be  seen,  the  mean  number  in  the  sheltered 
estuaries  and  the  more  open  water  just  outside  them  is  comparable  to 
that  in  the  stagnant  freshwater  ponds,  probably  because  it  also  is  not  so 
changed,  by  the  introduction  of  plankton-free  water,  as  to  prevent  the 
accumulation  of  the  animals. 

THAMES 

In  August  and  September  of  1882  I  lived  at  anchor  for  about  six 
weeks  at  Greenhithe  and  Erith,  carrying  out  researches  for  the  Board  of 
Works  in  connection  with  the  main  drainage  of  London.  For  this 
purpose  it  seemed  important  to  study  the  Entomostraca  and  the  free- 
swimming  organisms,  since  the  combination  of  various  facts  indicated 
that  minute  animals  and  plants  played  a  very,  important  part  in  removing 
sewage  from  the  river.  Though  the  Thames  in  the  district  studied 
cannot  be  looked  upon  as  sea  water,  yet  it  forms  such  a  long  stretch  of 
coast  in  Essex  that  it  seems  desirable  to  describe  some  of  the  observed 
facts,  it  being  of  course  understood  that  they  relate  only  to  a  particular 
season  of  the  year.  The  extraordinary  strength  of  the  tidal  currents,  and 
the  great  amount  of  mud  held  in  suspension,  make  this  river  very  unlike 
any  other  in  Essex. 

Table  IV.  shows  the  mean  number  of  Entomostraca  and  larval 
shrimps  in  10  gallons  of  water,  combining  half  flood  with  high  water 
and  half  ebb  with  low  water,  and  shows  well  the  variation  in  the  num- 
bers of  these  animals  which  are  more  especially  characteristic  of  fresh 
water  and  salt  water,  the  extreme  variations  being  at  Erith  combined 
half  ebb  and  low,  and  at  Greenhithe  combined  half  flood  and  high. 
One  effect  of  this  great  and  constant  change  in  the  character  of  the  water 

75 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

is  that  few  kinds  of  animals  can  establish  themselves  permanently,  which 
is  very  unlike  what  occurs  in  other  tidal  estuaries  in  the  county. 

TABLE  IV 


Half  flood  and  high 

Half  ebb  and  low 

At  Er'ith— 

1-4. 

14*0 

•4 

O 

At  Greenhitbe  — 

2"? 

5'4 

1-8 

1-2 

Mean  of  all  per  10  gallons 


6-6 


I.  PROTOZOA 

Noctiluca  mlliaris. 

This  varies  greatly  in  numbers  at  different 
places  and  in  different  seasons.  Sometimes 
there  are  few,  but  on  one  occasion  I  found 
that  the  average  number  in  the  water  of 
Harwich  harbour,  from  the  surface  to  the 
bottom,  was  about  4,000  per  gallon. 

II.  PORIFERA  (Sponges) 

The  best  locality  in  the  county  seems  to  be 
the  creeks  east  of  Walton-on-Naze.  The 
following  species  have  been  identified,  but 
probably  others  occur,  which  have  been  ob- 
tained in  the  Orwell. 

I.  CALCAREA 

1.  Leucosolenia  lacunosa,  Johnston. 
Dredged    in   the  Wallet  by  Mr.   H.  W. 

Unthank. 

2.  Leucosolenia  botryoides,  Ellis  &  Sol. 

Pin  Mill  on  the  Orwell ;  also  dredged  in 
the  Wallet  by  Mr.  Unthank. 

3.  Sycon  coronatum,  Ellis  &  Sol. 

In  the  creek  east  of  Walton-on-Naze  and 
in  the  Colne.  Mr.  Unthank  records  it  from 
the  Wallet. 

4.  Sycon  compressum,  Auctt. 

The  only  place  in  the  county  where  I  have 
found  this  species  is  in  the  creek  east  of 
Walton-on-Naze. 

II.  SILICEA 

I.   Cbalina  oculata,  Pallas. 

Possibly  all  my  preserved  specimens  have 
been  collected  just  outside  Essex,  but  it  is 
almost  certain  that  it  occurs  at  Harwich  and 
Walton. 


2.  Halichtmdria  panicea,  Pallas. 

This  occurs  in  the  Colne,  but  not  abund- 
antly, and  I  think  I  have  seen  it  near  Harwich 
and  at  Walton. 

3.  Isodictya  fucorum  (Bowerbank). 
Dredged  in  the  Wallet  by  Mr.  Unthank. 

4.  Isodictya  palmata  ?  (Bowerbank). 
Dredged  in  the  Wallet  by  Mr.  Unthank. 

5.  C liana  celata  (Grant). 

This  sponge  does  some  injury  to  the 
oysters.  My  friend,  the  late  Mr.  Fred. 
Wiseman,  told  me  he  had  found  that  by 
keeping  the  shells  dry  for  a  time  the  sponges 
could  be  killed,  and  the  oysters  restored  to  a 
healthy  state. 

I  have  found  several  other  species  not  yet 
identified,  and  probably  many  more  occur, 
since  some  seem  to  be  very  local,  and  not  to 
be  met  with  every  year. 

III.  CCELENTERATA 

(Jellyfish,  Sea  Anemones,  etc.} 

I.  HYDROZOA 
i.  HYDROID  ZOOPHYTES 

I  have  never  made  any  effort  to  collect 
the  more  minute  species,  and  the  list  would 
have  been  much  more  incomplete  than  it  is 
if  Mr.  Wm.  Cole  had  not  lent  me  a  collection 
made  by  Mr.  Hope  near  Harwich,  the  species 
of  which  are  distinguished  by  his  name.  They 
have  been  identified  by  Mr.  Walter  Garstang. 

1.  Coryne  vaginata,  Hincks. 

Taken  by  Mr.  S.  P.  Hope  in  Essex  waters 
near  Harwich  in  June  and  July. 

2.  Syncoryne  eximia. 

Off  Brightlingsea  (H.  W.  Unthank). 


76 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 


3.  Tubularia  larynxy  Ellis  &  Sol. 

My  specimens  have  usually  been  obtained 
from  the  bottom  of  my  yacht,  and  dead  ones 
are  so  often  seen  in  such  situations  that  the 
species  must  be  common  all  along  the  coast. 
Small  groups  are  also  occasionally  dredged  off 
Mersea. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  original 
description  of  this  species  (1755)  was  probably 
based  on  Essex  specimens,  since  Ellis  refers 
to  the  abundance  of  the  '  windpipe  coralline ' 
'  near  the  mouth  of  the  Thames,  adhering  to 
other  marine  bodies,  and  often  to  the  bottoms 
of  ships.' 

4.  Tubularia  indivisa. 

Mr.  Unthank  gives  this  as  found  off 
Brightlingsea.  Unfortunately  in  1901  I  was 
unable  to  obtain  any  specimens  in  order  to  be 
sure  that  I  had  found  this  species  as  well  as 
T.  larynx. 

5.  Eudendrium  ramosum. 

Off  Brightlingsea  (H.  W.  Unthank). 

6.  Okelia  gelatinosa  (Pallas). 

Several  fine  specimens  in  my  collection  from 
the  Orwell,  and  there  can  be  little  doubt  as 
to  its  occurrence  in  Essex  waters. 

7.  Clytia  jahnstoni  (Alder). 

Off  Brightlingsea  (H.  W.  Unthank). 

8.  Haledum  halednum,  Linn. 

The  specimens  collected  were  probably 
dredged  off  Mersea. 

9.  Sertularella  po/yzoniai  (Linn.). 
Found  by  Mr.  Hope  near  Harwich. 

0 O.  Sertularia  putni/a,  Linn. 

Found  by  Mr.  Hope  near  Harwich  at  all 
seasons.  The  specimens  show  considerable 
variation  in  the  thickness  of  the  stems  and 
attenuation  of  the  internodes,  some  having  all 
the  characters  of  HassaU's  species  gracilis, 
which  Mr.  Hope  thinks  should  probably  be 
regarded  as  a  variety  of  pumila. 

1 1.  Sertularia  operculata,  Linn. 
Found  by  Mr.  Hope  near  Harwich. 

12.  Sertularia  abietina,  Linn. 

Found  by  Mr.  Hope  near  Harwich. 

13.  Sertularia  argentea,  Ellis  &  Sol. 
Near  Harwich  (S.  P.  Hope). 

14.  Hytlrallmania  falcata  (Linn.). 

Near  Harwich  (S.  P.  Hope),  and  often 
dredged  off  Mersea  and  in  other  localities  of 

Essex. 


15.  Antennularia  antennina  (Linn.). 

Near  Harwich  (S.  P.  Hope),  and  dredged 
in  various  other  localities. 

1 6.  Plumularia  setacea  (Ellis). 

Specimens  bearing  gonophores  from  the 
Orwell,  and  probably  occurs  also  in  the 
neighbouring  estuaries  of  Essex. 

17.  Plumularia  echinulata,  Lamarck. 

This  appears  to  be  a  common  species  in 
Essex  waters.  Specimens  taken  near  Harwich 
by  Mr.  Hope  in  June  and  October  bear 
gonophores,  and  are  attached  to  pieces  of 
filamentous  weeds  and  Zostera. 

2.  MEDUSJE 

The  smaller  medusae  (Hydromedusar)  are 
produced  by  lateral  budding  from  various 
Hydroid  stocks,  e.g.  Syncoryne,  Obelia. 

The  larger  medusae  (Discomedusae)  do  not 
always  exhibit  a  similar  alternation  of  stages 
in  their  life  history,  but  Aurella  and  Chrysaora 
are  known  to  be  produced  by  a  remarkable 
process  of  successive  fission  from  minute 
Hydra-like  polyps  which  form  extensive 
colonies  on  old  oyster  shells  and  similar 
objects. 

A.  Hydromeduste 

1.  Phia/idium,  sp.  var. 

Caught  in  a  tow-net  in  the  Wallet,  but 
not  well  preserved.  Probably  many  other 
species  could  be  obtained  if  carefully  looked  for. 

B.  Discomeduste 

2.  Chrysaora  isosceles  (Linn.). 

I  have  collected  this  in  the  Crouch  at 
Burnham  and  in  the  Stour  at  Mistley,  but 
more  off  Harwich  than  elsewhere,  though  I 
have  never  seen  many.  The  colour  seems  to 
vary  a  good  deal  in  different  years,  the  upper 
surface  being  sometimes  beautifully  striped 
with  brown,  and  sometimes  scarcely  marked 
at  all.  In  1899  I  saw  off  Felixstowe  one 
estimated  to  have  a  disk  a  foot  in  diameter 
and  the  appendages  five  or  six  feet  long,  but 
such  are  extremely  rare. 

3.  Cyanea  capillata  (Linn.). 

This  species  occurs  in  nearly  all  localities, 
but  is  seldom  or  never  very  abundant.  It 
grows  to  be  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter, 
and  the  tentacles  are  some  few  yards  in 
length  when  fully  extended.  The  usual 
colour  is  a  creamy  white,  varying  to  a  sort  of 
orange  colour.  In  1901  I  caught  a  specimen 
which  seemed  to  differ  from  the  above  in 
having  much  shorter  tentacles,  but  it  was 
accidently  destroyed  before  having  been 


77 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


sufficiently  examined  to  decide  whether  it  was 
a  different  species  or  only  a  variety. 

4.  Cyanea  lamarckii. 

In  July,  1888,  this  was  very  abundant  in 
the  Aide  at  Shingle  Street,  and  I  think  I  have 
seen  it,  or  an  unusually  blue  C.  capillata,  in 
the  Stour  or  Colne,  but  so  many  years  ago 
that  I  am  not  certain,  and  the  specimens 
were  not  caught  and  examined  carefully.  In 
any  case  it  seems  to  occur  only  now  and 
then. 

5.  Cyanea  imporcata,  A.  M.  Norman. 

On  July  26,  1884,  I  caught  in  the  Colne 
off  Mersea  a  medusa  of  a  beautiful  purple- 
blue  colour.  At  that  time  I  was  studying  the 
spectra  of  the  colouring  matters  of  marine 
animals,  and  after  making  a  careful  drawing 
I  destroyed  the  specimen  in  studying  the 
pigment,  not  knowing  that  it  was  such  a  rare 
species.  In  the  seventeen  subsequent  years 
I  have  looked  in  vain  for  another  specimen. 
On  sending  my  drawing  to  Mr.  Garstang,  he 
recognised  it  as  a  Cyaneid  medusa,  on  account 
of  the  sixteen  radial  gastric  pouches  indicated 
in  my  figure,  the  deep  and  much  folded  oral 
membranes,  the  absence  of  marginal  tentacles 
and  the  presence  of  eight  crescentic  groups  of 
tentacles  attached  to  the  under  side  of  the 
disk  at  some  distance  from  the  edge.  The 
tentacles  are  seen  to  be  of  various  lengths, 
but  many  exceed  twice  the  length  of  the  oral 
appendages.  The  medusa,  on  the  other  hand, 
differs  from  the  common  Cyanete  of  our  coasts 
in  the  cup-shaped  disk,  the  diameter  of  which 
is  less  than  twice  the  height.  In  this  re- 
spect the  medusa  closely  resembles  the  Cyanea 
imporcata  of  Norman  (Nat.  Hist.  Trans. 
Northumberland  and  Durham,  1865,  i.  58— 
60,  pi.  xi.),  of  which  only  a  single  specimen 
has  hitherto  been  recorded,  and  that  also  in 
the  North  Sea,  between  the  Dogger  Bank 
and  Newcastle.  Mr.  Garstang  believes  the 
two  to  belong  to  the  same  species,  although 
my  specimen  was  probably  devoid  of  the  super- 
ficial markings  on  the  disk  which  Norman 
figured,  and  which  he  tentatively  but  errone- 
ously described  as  radiating  and  secondary 
canals.  Possibly  the  species  inhabits  the 
deeper  waters  to  the  north  of  our  islands, 
from  which  region  stray  specimens  have 
drifted  from  time  to  time  down  our  east 
coast.  Further  information  is  much  to  be 
desired  to  clear  up  several  doubts  connected 
with  this  species,  which  is  evidently  very 
rare  in  the  English  seas. 

6.  Aurelia  aurita  (Linn.) 

Though  there  seems  to  be  a  great  variation 


in  number  in  different  years,  yet  on  the 
whole  this  is  by  far  the  most  common  medusa 
on  the  coast.  Occasionally  it  is  extremely 
abundant.  By  far  the  larger  number  are 
under  6  inches  in  diameter,  but  those  of  at 
least  double  that  size  are  sometimes  numerous 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  season.  I  have  col- 
lected and  preserved  a  considerable  number 
of  abnormal  varieties,  differing  much  in  the 
number  of  the  different  organs. 

1 .   Rhizostoma  octopus.  Linn. 

I  have  occasionally  seen  very  fine  speci- 
mens in  the  Wallet  and  in  the  Swin.  I  have 
collected  many  small  ones  in  the  Crouch  at 
Burnham  and  one  in  the  Colne,  but  none  in 
any  other  of  the  Essex  estuaries. 

II.  CTENOPHORA 

Jellyfish  devoid  of  a  muscular  umbrella  and 
provided  with  eight  vertical  (meridional)  rows 
of  iridescent  paddles. 

Pleurobrachia  pileus,  Modeer. 

Formerly  common  at  most  places,  but 
during  the  last  few  years  has  become  less  and 
less  abundant,  and  in  1900-1  comparatively 
scarce.  The  best  way  to  preserve  it  is  to 
take  it  out  of  the  water  by  means  of  a  sieve, 
and  put  it  at  once  into  diluted  formalin. 
Trawled  or  dredged  specimens  are  almost 
worthless.  I  have  a  mounted  specimen  which 
had  been  swallowed  by  another  only  a  little 
larger. 

III.  ANTHOZOA 
(Sea  Anemones  and  Corals') 

Nomenclature  :  Gosse,  British  Sea  Ane- 
mones and  Corals  (1860). 

1.  Alcyonium  digitatum,  Linn. 

The  only  locality  in  which  I  have  found 
this  is  in  the  open  water  off  Harwich,  never 
having  dredged  it  in  the  estuaries.  Mr.  Un- 
thank  has  met  with  it  in  the  Wallet. 

2.  Actinoloba  dianthus,  Ellis. 

The  white,  the  flesh-coloured  and  the 
brown  varieties  all  occur  abundantly  in  the 
Crouch  at  Burnham,  attached  to  large  stones 
on  the  south  shore,  and  can  be  easily  ob- 
tained when  the  tide  is  very  low.  Some 
years  ago  I  found  some  on  the  oyster  beacons 
in  Pyefleet,  but  I  have  not  seen  any  for 
several  seasons.  The  white  and  the  flesh- 
coloured  varieties  are  abundant  on  the  timber 
of  the  pier  at  Harwich,  but  are  exposed  only 
when  the  tide  is  very  low.  By  using  men- 
thol it  may  be  killed  and  preserved  in  a  fully 
expanded  condition. 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 


3.  Sagartia  viduata  (O.  F.  Mailer). 

This  is  common  in  the  Crouch  at  Burn- 
ham  on  the  south  shore,  but  seen  only  when 
the  tide  is  low.  It  can  be  killed  in  an  ex- 
panded state  by  using  menthol. 

4.  Sagartia  troglodytes. 

What  are  probably  young  or  somewhat 
small  individuals  of  this  species  are  common 
in  the  Orwell,  a  short  distance  outside  Essex. 

5.  Ttalia  crassicornis  (O.  F.  Mtlllcr). 

I  have  occasionally  caught  this  in  the 
Crouch  when  trawling,  and  it  is  often  dredged 
in  the  more  open  sea.  I  have  collected  a  fair 
number  of  specimens  at  low  water  on  both 
the  east  and  west  shores  of  the  Colne  near 
Brightlingsea.  In  1901  it  was  very  abundant 
on  the  shore  off  Harwich,  near  the  level  of 
extreme  low  water. 

6.  Halcampa  chrysanthellum  (Gosse). 

Found  in  sandy  gravel  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Colne,  but  the  colour  of  the  disk  differs 
somewhat  from  the  Cornish  specimens  de- 
scribed by  Gosse. 

Though  Actinia  mesembryanthemum  is  so 
common  on  the  coast  of  Kent,  I  have  never 
seen  one  in  Essex. 

IV.  NEMERTINEA 

1.  Lineui  obscurus,  Desor. 

The  only  place  where  I  have  found  this  is 
in  the  mud  at  Mistley. 

2.  Amphiporus  lactifloreus,  Johnston. 

I  have  found  only  one  specimen,  which  was 
obtained  in  the  Orwell  a  short  distance  out- 
side Essex. 

V.  NEMATODA  (?) 

Nectontma  (?) 

I  have  never  seen  more  than  one  specimen, 
which  was  caught  wriggling  about  at  the  sur- 
face in  the  Stour  off  Harwich.  It  is  11$ 
inches  long  and  ^  inch  thick  and  full  of  eggs, 
and  is  almost  certainly  a  fish  parasite  which 
had  escaped  from  its  host  when  mature. 

VI.  ANNELIDA 
I.  POLYCH^ETA 

I.  Aphrodita  aculeata  (Linn.). 

This  used  to  be  fairly  common  in  the  Stour 
off  Harwich,  but  lately  I  have  not  obtained 
it  there.  It  is  much  more  common  in  the 
Wallet  near  the  Gunfleet  bank. 


2.  Lepidonotus  squamatus,  Linn. 

This  occurs  commonly  in  most  parts  of  the 
district.  It  is  often  found  in  the  tubes  of 
Amphitrite  Johnstons. 

3.  Nereis  diver sicoler,  Mull. 

Very  abundant  in  the  mud  banks  of  St. 
Osyth's  creek  and  found  in  most  other  Essex 
estuaries,  though  comparatively  rare  in  the 
Crouch.  In  some  places  it  is  much  coloured 
by  a  fugitive  green  pigment,  and  in  others 
coloured  red  by  the  great  amount  of  hemo- 
globin which  is  comparatively  absent  in  others. 
In  some  places  almost  at  high  water  mark  and 
up  the  estuaries  far  from  the  sea  it  is  abundant 
to  the  exclusion  of  other  similar  animals. 

4.  Nereis  cultrifera  (Grube). 

Common  in  particular  places  in  sandy  mud 
near  low  water  mark  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Colne  and  off  Harwich. 

5.  Nereis  pt/agica,  Linn. 

All  the  specimens  I  have  procured  were 
dredged  outside  Harwich  harbour,  where  it 
occurred  amongst  the  sandy  tubes  built  by 
Sabellaria  spinulosa. 

6.  Nereis  dumeriliiy  Aud.  &  M.  Edw. 
Readily  distinguished  from  the  three  other 

species  by  having  very  long  tentacular  cirri. 
I  have  always  found  it  in  tubes  built  amongst 
alga.  When  kept  in  a  small  aquarium  it 
built  a  semi-transparent  tube  open  at  both 
ends  and  came  out  and  ate  Ulva  and  returned 
to  its  tube.  It  laid  very  many  eggs  without 
passing  into  the  Hettranereis  condition.  What 
I  believe  was  the  same  species  passed  into  that 
condition  in  my  larger  aquarium,  but  they 
may  have  been  males.  Though  I  have  lived 
in  the  Orwell  and  Stour  for  a  total  period  of 
between  one  and  two  years  I  seldom  if  ever 
saw  Heteronereis  except  in  the  early  morning 
of  July  1 6,  1898,  when  males  of  about  2 
inches  long  were  swimming  on  the  sur- 
face in  Harwich  harbour  in  such  numbers 
that  I  estimated  them  at  something  like  a 
million.  When  dried  and  mounted  in  Canada 
balsam  this  species  differs  from  all  the  others 
in  turning  deep  brown,  but  this  does  not  hap- 
pen in  the  case  of  the  male  Heteronereis. 

7.  Nephthys  hambergii  (Cuvier). 

Common  in  the  more  or  less  sandy  mud 
exposed  at  low  water  in  the  Colne  and  near 
Harwich  but  much  rarer  near  Burnham. 
It  varies  considerably  in  colour  owing  to  the 
greater  or  less  amount  of  hzmoglobin  and  of 
a  brown  pigment. 


79 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


8.  Nephthys  cteca  (Fabr.). 

Much  larger  than  the  above  and  not  so 
common,  but  occurs  in  sandy  mud  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Colne  and  off  Harwich. 

9.  Phyllodoce  maculata  (?)  (Johnston). 

Only  one  specimen  has  been  found,  which 
occurred  in  the  sandy  mud  at  low  water  off 
Harwich. 

10.  Glycera  capitata(l)  (Oerst.). 
Apparently  rare  in  the  Essex  district  since  I 

have  found  only  two  specimens  which  oc- 
curred in  the  mud  of  the  Crouch  at  Burnham 
and  corresponded  with  the  figures  given  at 
plate  xvb  of  the  Brit.  Mus.  Catalogue  (1865). 

1 1 .  Syllis  armillaris  (Mull.). 

Possibly  not  uncommon  but  easily  over- 
looked from  being  so  small.  It  is  interesting 
from  the  manner  in  which  it  divides  into  two 
or  more  individuals. 

12.  Goniada  maculata  (?)  (Grube). 

Only  one  specimen  was  found  in  the  sandy 
mud  near  the  mouth  of  the  Colne.  It  seems 
to  agree  with  the  description  in  the  Brit. 
Mus.  Catalogue  (1865). 

13.  Nerine  foliosa  (Aud.  &  M.  Edw.). 
Occurs  in  the  sandy  mud  near  the  mouth 

of  the  Colne  near  low  water,  but  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  obtain  perfect  specimens. 

14.  Nerine  cirratulus  (Delle  Chiaje). 
Common    in    sandy    gravel    near    Mersea 

stones  much  above  low  water  mark. 

15.  Scoloplos  armiger  (O.  F.  Muller). 
Occurs  in  considerable  numbers  in  gravelly 

sand  at  the  mouth  of  the  Colne. 

1 6.  Cirratulus  cirratus  (Malmgren). 

Found  in  sandy  mud  near  low  water  mark 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Colne,  but  not  common, 
and  the  specimens  small. 

17.  Flabelligera  affinis  (Sars). 

Though  all  my  specimens  have  been  ob- 
tained in  the  Orwell,  yet  when  floating  as  it 
often  does  in  the  tide  it  must  have  sometimes 
passed  into  Essex. 

1 8.  Notomastus  latericeus  (Sars). 

Occurs  in  sandy  mud  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Colne  and  off  Harwich. 

19.  Arenicola  marina,  Linn. 

This  is  very  abundant  in  sandy  gravel  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Colne  and  off  Harwich,  and 
dug  extensively  for  bait. 


20.  Lanice  conchi/ega,  Pall. 

I  have  found  this  over  nearly  the  whole 
district.  It  occurs  in  large  numbers  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Colne  below  Brightlingsea 
near  low  water  mark. 

21.  Amphitrite  Johnston!  (Holmgren). 
Common  in  particular  places  in  sandy  mud 

near  the  mouth  of  the  Colne. 

22.  Nicolea  zostericola,   Orst. 

This  used  to  be  very  common  in  the 
Orwell  just  outside  Essex,  but  was  not  found 
in  1901. 

23.  Polycirrus  aurantiacus,  Grube. 

This  is  common  at  the  mouth  of  the  Colne 
in  sandy  gravel  at  about  half-tide  level,  but 
only  in  restricted  areas,  where  it  occurs  along 
with  Phascolosoma.  It  seems  surprising  that 
such  a  long  tender  animal  can  move  about  in 
such  coarse  rough  material. 

24.  Melinna  cristata,  Sars. 

Occurs  in  the  sandy  mud  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Colne,  but  all  the  specimens  found 
were  of  small  size. 

25.  Pectinaria  belgica,  Pallas. 

I  have  never  found  this  alive,  but  empty 
tubes  are  common  off  Mersea. 

26.  Terebe Hides  strcemii. 

This  interesting  species,  of  which  only  one 
specimen  had  been  found  in  British  waters, 
over  a  hundred  years  ago,  in  Scotland,  used  to 
be  fairly  common  in  the  Orwell  near  Pin  Mill, 
a  few  miles  outside  Essex,  but  was  rare  in 
1901. 

27.  Sabellaria  spinulosa,  Leuck. 

I  have  dredged  this  off  Harwich  and  off  the 
Colne,  and  it  must  be  common  in  many  other 
places  in  the  more  open  water  but  not  in  the 
estuaries.  It  builds  the  sandy  tubes  locally 
called  ross, 

28.  Sabella  pavonina,  Sav. 

This  is  more  or  less  common  over  the 
whole  district  and  occurs  in  enormous  num- 
bers along  the  east  side  of  the  Colne  above 
Brightlingsea  Creek  at  the  level  of  low  water. 
Some  years  ago  I  found  in  that  district  a  con- 
siderable number  of  what  was  either  a  dwarfed 
variety  or  a  somewhat  different  species  not 
met  with  lately. 

II.  GEPHYREA 

I.   Phascolosoma,  sp. 

I  have  never  found  this  except  in  one  small 
tract  of  sandy  gravel  at  about  half-tide  level 


80 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 


on  the  east  shore  of  the  Colne  just  below  the 
mouth  of  Blake-stone  Hole.  This  tract  is 
kept  constantly  wet  and  soft  by  water  oozing 
out,  and  the  animals  are  so  abundant  that 
several  are  often  found  in  each  spadeful  of 
material.  A  number  of  these  have  been  ex- 
amined by  Mr.  A.  E.  Shipley,  and  though  he 
cannot  identify  them  with  any  named  species 
he  does  not  like  to  give  them  a  new  specific 
name. 

2.   Priapulus  caudatus. 

This  occurs  in  small  numbers  at  most 
stations  along  the  coast  in  mud  banks  left  dry 
at  low  water.  I  have  specimens  with  tails 
one  and  a  half  times  as  long  as  the  body. 
Occasionally  there  are  two  tails. 

VII.  ARTHROPODA 
I.  COPEPODA 

A  considerable  amount  of  material  was 
collected  but  had  deteriorated  too  much  by 
long  keeping  before  being  properly  examined. 
When  the  material  was  fresh  I  identified  the 
following  species  with  more  or  less  certainty, 
but  probably  many  others  occur  in  the  dis- 
trict : — 

1.  Dactylopus  titboides. 

2.  Dias  longirtmis. 

3.  Harpacticus  c  he  lifer. 

4.  Laophontt  curticauda, 

5.  —  longicaudata. 

6.  —  simi/is. 

•J.  Psrudocalanus  elongatut. 
8.    Timor  a  longicornis. 

II.   PANTOPODA  (Sea  Spiders) 

1.  Pycnogonum  Httorale  (StrOm.). 

An  occasional  specimen  collected  at  most 
stations,  but  it  was  very  abundant  in  the 
Crouch  at  Burnham,  living  amongst  the  ten- 
tacles and  on  the  bodies  of  the  Actinia?,  and  I 
think  even  inside  them  without  apparent  in- 
jury. 

2.  Nymphon  rubrum  (Hoda.). 

A  few  specimens  found  in  most  places,  but 
not  so  fine  or  abundant  as  in  the  Deben  in 
Suffolk. 

VIII.  MOLLUSCA 

On  the  whole  I  have  paid  but  little  atten- 
tion to  the  shells,  one  reason  being  that  they 
are  not  of  much  interest  in  connection  with 
my  special  studies,  and  another  being  that  it 
seems  to  me  to  be  a  poor  district  except  for  a 
limited  number  of  species,  the  individuals  of 
which  are  extremely  abundant.  I  have  often 


been  surprised  to  find  so  very  few  species  in 
dredging,  and  at  the  great  number  of  dead 
shells  in  many  places  where  the  living  animals 
arc  rare  or  altogether  absent.  In  some  cases 
this  may  be  due  to  the  extra  amount  of  fresh 
water  at  flood  time  now  that  the  land  is  better 
drained,  and  in  others  to  sewage  discharge  or 
to  the  operations  connected  with  oyster  cul- 
ture. The  following  list  is  given  mainly  to 
show  what  are  the  commonest  species,  not 
including  those  of  small  size.  It  might  have 
been  made  much  longer  by  including  dead 
shells  of  species  which  must  have  lived  in  the 
district  not  many  years  ago.  I  mention  only 
those  found  near  the  coast  alive  or  very 
recently  dead.  The  names  adopted  are  those 
recommended  by  the  Conchological  Society. 

I.  AMPHINEURA 

1.  Craspedochilui  onyx  (Spengl.). 

2.  Acantboc hitei  fascicularis  (Linn.). 

In  the   Colne  district  and    probably   else- 
where. 

II.  LAMELLIBRANCHIA 

1.  Nucula  nucleus  (Linn.). 
Dredged  off  Essex. 

2.  Mytilui  eJu/is,  Linn. 

Common  along  the  coast  and  largely 
dredged  for  manure. 

3.  Ostrea  edulit,  Linn. 

Naturally  common,  and  its  culture  is  the 
chief  industry  in  some  localities.  Enormous 
numbers  of  dead  shells  occur  where  the  living 
animals  are  seldom,  if  ever,  found,  which 
may  have  been  exposed  at  the  bottom  for  a 
very  long  period  ;  since,  unlike  some  shells, 
they  decompose  very  slowly.  I  often  think 
that  many  of  these  dead  shells  are  of  more 
elongated  shape  than  the  modem  living 
varieties.  These  also  vary,  and  those  who 
have  paid  much  attention  to  the  subject  can 
recognize  them  as  coming  from  particular 
localities,  and  how  they  have  been  moved 
from  one  to  another.  The  large  oysters 
dredged  in  the  North  Sea  differ  greatly  from 
those  of  the  Essex  estuaries.  The  contrast 
between  the  comparatively  young  and  well- 
fed  Colchester  and  Burnham  natives,  and 
some  of  the  very  old  oysters  I  have  occa- 
sionally dredged  from  places  little,  if  ever, 
disturbed  is  very  remarkable.  Instead  of 
having  large  fat  animals  and  thin  shells,  the 
animals  may  be  relatively  small,  and  the  shell 
a  solid,  heavy  mass,  something  like  i  $  inch  in 
thickness. 


8l 


II 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


The  question  of  the  food  of  the  oysters  in 
different  localities  is  one  of  great  importance, 
and  may  vary  so  much  as  to  account  for  the 
difference  in  flavour,  and  why  they  become 
green  in  some  localities  and  not  in  others,  and 
lose  that  colour  when  moved  elsewhere. 
This  question  of  the  food  can  be  properly 
studied  only  on  the  spot,  by  examining  the 
contents  of  the  stomachs  immediately  after 
the  animals  have  been  taken  out  of  the  water 
in  which  they  have  lived,  before  the  food  has 
been  digested. 

Large  numbers  of  the  French  oysters  and 
of  the  specifically  distinct  Portuguese  and 
American  have  been  laid  down  in  particular 
localities.  Mr.  T.  Newman,  the  manager  of 
the  Colne  fishery,  informs  me  that  the  Portu- 
guese have  reproduced,  though  not  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  be  of  commercial  value  ;  but 
the  general  temperature  of  the  water  is  too 
low  for  the  successful  reproduction  of  the 
American  or  for  that  of  the  somewhat  delicate 
French  variety  of  our  native  species,  which 
unfortunately  for  the  same  reason  often  fails 
to  arrive  at  maturity,  to  the  great  loss  of  those 
interested  in  the  fishery. 

4.  Scrobicularia  plana  (Da  Costa). 

Occurs  in  great  numbers  in  Pye  Fleet  and 
in  some  other  estuaries.  It  is  interesting  to 
keep  it  alive  in  an  aquarium  at  the  bottom  of 
which  is  a  depth  of  2  or  3  inches  of  mud, 
and  to  see  how  it  projects  its  longer  syphon 
to  an  extent  of  5  inches  and  scoops  up  the 
mud,  which  it  swallows  and  afterwards  ejects. 
It  may  be  killed  with  the  syphons  elongated 
by  keeping  it  in  a  vessel  from  which  all  air  is 
carefully  excluded. 

5.  Macoma  balthica  (Linn.). 

Common  in  the  mud  of  the  estuaries.  I 
have  kept  it  alive  in  an  aquarium  with  a  mud 
bottom  and  bred  hundreds  of  small  ones,  so 
that  the  surface  of  the  mud  seemed  alive  with 
the  protruded  syphons.  Some  grew  to  be 
\  inch  in  diameter  in  three  or  four  months. 

6.  Tellina  tenuis  (Da  Costa)  and 

7.  Tellina  fabula,  Gronovius. 

These  also  occur,  but  are  not  so  common 
as  Macoma  balthica. 

8.  Mactra  stultorum,  Linn. 

Not  common  but  has  been  seen. 

9.  Tapes  aureus  (Gmelin). 

This  may  be  obtained  alive  from  the  mud 
off  Mersea  when  left  dry  at  low  water,  being 
fairly  abundant. 


10.  Cardium  edule,  Linn. 

Common  in  many  localities.  Some  years 
ago  it  was  very  abundant  in  the  sandy  mud 
off  Foulness,  but  living  individuals  were  com- 
paratively rare  in  1894,  after  the  previous 
very  severe  winters. 

1 1 .  Mya  arenaria,  Linn. 

This  is  very  common  in  most  of  the  estu- 
aries, and  judging  from  the  great  number  of 
dead  shells  in  the  living  position  it  seems  to 
have  been  still  more  common  in  some  locali- 
ties than  it  now  is. 

12.  Mya  truncata,  Linn. 

Probably  lives  off  Mersea  since  the  shells  of 
recently  dead  individuals  are  not  uncommon. 

13.  Borneo  Candida  (Linn.). 

Abundant  in  Blakestone  Hole  near  Bright- 
lingsea  and  in  the  mud  above  Harwich. 

III.  GASTROPODA  PROSOBRANCHIA 

1.  Gibbula  cineraria  (Linn.). 
Common  in  various  places. 

2.  Littorina  littorea  (Linn.). 

This  is  so  extremely  abundant  on  the  mud 
flats  left  dry  at  low  water  that  it  must  out- 
number all  other  associated  mollusca  com- 
bined. Many  men  and  boys  are  employed  in 
collecting  it  for  food. 

3.  Littorina  obtusata  (Linn.). 

Found  in  sundry  places,  but  not  abun- 
dantly. 

Rissoa  and  Zippora. 

These  small  shells  are  common  in  the 
estuaries,  and  dead  ones  sometimes  collect  in 
vast  numbers  on  the  shores.  My  specimens 
seem  to  be  chiefly — 

4.  Rissoa  inctmspicua,  Alder. 

5.  Zippora  membranacea,  J.  Adams. 
Probably  others  could  be  found  by  careful 

searching. 

6.  Buccinum  undatum,  Linn. 

This  is  more  or  less  common  all  along  the 
coast  and  dredged  at  almost  every  station. 

7.  Purpura  lapillus  (Linn.). 

This  is  commonly  known  as  the  'dog 
whelk,'  and  is  collected  and  destroyed  on 
account  of  the  damage  it  does  in  the  oyster 
grounds,  by  killing  the  animals. 


82 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 


8.  Nasia  reticulata  (Linn.). 

I  have  found  this  in  the  Colne  and  I  think 
elsewhere,  but  it  is  not  abundant. 

IV.  GASTROPODA  OPISTHO- 
BRANCHIA 

1.  Acer  a  tullata,  M  tiller. 

This  must  be  common  in  the  upper  part 
of  the  Stour,  and  I  think  I  have  collected  it 
in  the  Colne. 

2.  Philine  aperta  (Linn.). 

Common  off  Mersea  and  met  with  in  most 
other  places. 

Nudibranchiata 

1.  Galvina  cingu/atat  var.  vittata  (?) 
Specimens  dredged  off  the  Gunflcet   bank 

in  1895,  but  not  preserved  or  identified,  were 
as  far  as  I  can  remember  more  like  E.  vittata 
than  any  other  figured  by  Alder  and  Han- 
cock. 

2.  Facelina  coronata,  Forbes  and  Goodsir. 
Some  years  ago  this  was  not  uncommon  at 

a  depth  of  a  few  fathoms  off  Mersea  but 
always  of  small  size,  and  lately  has  been  rare. 
In  1889  good  specimens  were  common  in  the 
creek  east  of  Walton-on-Naze.  Specimens 
carefully  dried  on  glass,  and  well  soaked  with 
gum  arabic  to  protect  them  from  the  solvent 
action  of  the  Canada  balsam  in  which  they 
were  afterwards  mounted,  have  kept  their 
colour  well  for  ten  years,  and  are  in  every 
way  satisfactory. 

3.  Fiona  marina  (Forskal). 

Many  years  ago  I  dredged  in  Harwich 
harbour  a  Nudibranch  which  I  did  not 
again  find  until  1901,  when  I  obtained  two 
in  the  Orwell,  a  short  distance  outside  Essex. 
They  seem  to  differ  from  the  figures  in  Alder 
and  Hancock's  Ray  Society's  monograph  only 


in  being  smaller,  which  is  not  surprising, 
since  the  two  which  they  had  found  were 
obtained  off  Falmouth. 

4.  Acantkodoris  pilota  (Mailer). 

This  is  common  amongst  the  Fuci  on  the 
banks  of  the  Crouch  at  Burnham,  and  is  also 
dredged  off  Mersea.  By  proper  management 
both  the  form  and  colour  may  be  well  pre- 
served in  undiluted  glycerine. 

5.  Goniodoris  castanea,  Aid.  &  Han. 

I  obtained  in  the  Orwell  a  specimen  of 
this  which  corresponds  with  the  figure  of  the 
only  specimen  which  Alder  and  Hancock  had 
found,  and  is  quite  unlike  any  other. 

///.   Cephalopoda 

1.  Sepia  offtcinafisy  Linn. 

In  1899  I  caught  a  number  of  small  speci- 
mens off  Mersea,  but  had  never  seen  one 
before.  They  are  rather  too  young  for 
accurate  determination,  but  probably  belong  to 
this  species. 

2.  Sepio/a  at/antica,  D'Orb. 

Eleven  years  ago  this  was  very  abundant 
in  the  creek  east  of  Walton-on-Naze,  and 
not  uncommon  at  all  other  stations,  but 
latterly  has  become  more  and  more  rare. 

3.  Loligo  media  (Linn.). 

Some  years  ago  this  was  fairly  common  in 
the  Stour  near  Harwich,  but  latterly  it  has 
become  more  and  more  rare.  This  has  been 
kindly  identified  for  me  by  Mr.  W.  E.  Hoyle. 

At  my  request  Mr.  Wm.  Cole  has  very 
kindly  supplied  me  with  the  following  list  of 
the  marine  testaceous  mollusca  of  the  Essex 
coast,  which  have  come  under  his  notice  in 
connection  with  the  Essex  Field  Club  and 
the  museum  at  West  Ham.  It  will  show 
the  species  which  occur  outside  the  district 
which  I  have  more  especially  studied. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

LIST   OF   THE   MARINE   MOLLUSCA 


No. 

Name 

• 

Estuaries 
of  Orwell 
and  Stour 

River 
Colne 

River 
Black- 
water 

River 

Crouch 

Other  localities 

12 
15 

AMPHINEURA 

Craspedochilus  onyx  (Spengl.) 
(  =  Chiton  cinereus)  . 
Acanthochites    (  =  Chiton)    fasci- 

2,4 

IO 

I 
I 

— 

18 

19 
46 
60 

PELECYPODA 

Nucula  nucleus  (L.)      .... 
—  nitida,  G.  B.  Sowerby  .     .     . 
Anomia  ephippium,  L  

2,4 

4 

2.  4. 

6 

IO 

I 
I 
I 
I 

3 

5 
<5 

Clacton  (8) 

61 
62 

Volsella  (  =  Modiolus)  modiolus,  L. 

I 

5 

66 
69 

77 

Modiolaria  marmorata  (Forbes)    . 
—  discrepans  (Leach)  (  =  nigra)  . 

4 
2,  4. 

IO 

I 
I 

5 
5 

IO 

/  / 

79 
81 

117 

Pecten  maximus  (L.)     .... 
Chlamys  (  =  Pecten)  varius  (L.)  . 

2,4 

IO 

I 

5 

1  *  J 
142 

Syndosmya  (  =  Scrobicularia)  alba 
(Wood)  

A 

c 

145 

Scrobicularia    plana    (Da    Costa) 
(  —  piperita^  . 

A 

7,  IO 

I 

Foulness  (8) 

154 
I56 
I  60 

Tellina  tenuis  (Da  Costa)  . 
Macoma  (Tellina)  balthica  (L.)    . 
Mactra  stultorum,  L  

4 

I 
I 

5 

Foulness  (8) 
Foulness  (8) 

162 
164 
I78 

I7Q 

Spisula  (  =  Mactra)  solida  (L.) 
—  subtruncata  (Da  Costa) 
Tapes  aureus  (Gmelin)  .... 
—  virgineus  (L.)      

4 

s79 

I 
I 
I 
I 

5 

180 
181 

—  pullastra  (Montagu) 
—  decussatus  (L.)   

2,4 
A. 

8,9 

7 

I 

5 

[Mount  Sales 
•J  Burnham  Mar. 

1  86 
189 

IQ2 

Cardium  echinatum,  L. 
—  exiguum,  Gmelin    .... 
—  edule,  L  

4 

2    A 

/ 
IO 

9 

IO 

I 
I 
I 

5 
5 

IO 

(8) 

Walton  N.  (8) 
Foulness  (8) 

I9O 

Mya  arenaria,  L  

*J  t 

2    A. 

IO 

I 

e 

Foulness  (8) 

2OO 

—  truncata,  L.  . 

8   10 

I 

C     IO 

207 
2OQ 

Ensis  (  =  Solen)  ensis  (L.)  . 
Solen  vagina,  L  

8,9,10 

j,  1VJ 

212 

Saxicava  rugosa  (L.)  

2 

Foulness  (8,  9) 

NOTE. — The  numbers  in  the  first  column  correspond  with  those  in  the  '  List  of  British  Marine 
Mollusca  and  Brachiopoda'  given  in  the  Journal  of  Conchohgy  (1901),  x.  9.  The  numbers  in  columns 
three  to  seven  refer  to  the  following  : 

7.  Dr.  Sorby,  Essex  'Naturalist,  x.  166. 

8.  W.  Dalton,  MS.  Catalogue. 


i.  W.  Crouch,  Essex  'Naturalist,  ii.  248. 


2.  W.  Crouch 

3.  E.  A.  Fitch 

4.  W.  Crouch 

5.  W.  Crouch 

6.  Dr.  Sorby 


iv.  169. 
v.  145-52. 
v.  244. 
vi.  81-92 
v.  259. 


9.  Dalton  Collection,  Essex  Museum  Nat.  Hist. 

10.  Cole  „  „          „         „       „ 

1 1 .  Colchester    „  „          „         „       „ 

1 2.  W.  Crouch. 


84 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 


No. 

Name 

Estuaries 
of  Orwell 

and  Stour 

River 
Colne 

River 
Black- 
water 

River 
Crouch 

Other  localities 

21  C 

Pholas  dactylus    L.  .                       . 

7.  IO 

Foulness  (8   9) 

216 

221 
222 

Barnea  (  =  Pholas)  Candida  (L.)    . 
Teredo  norvegica,  Spengler 
—  navalis,  L  •     • 

4 

/>  * 
10 

9 

I 

3 
c 

227 

—  fiinbriata,  JefF.    

Clacton  (8) 

239 
265 

274. 

Thraciafragilis,Penn.(=  papyracea) 

SCAPHOPODA 
Dentalium  entalis,  L  

GASTROPODA 
Patella  vulgata,  L.         .... 

— 

— 

I 
I 

3 
3 

•*/4- 
295 
296 

207 

Gibbula  (  =  Trochus)  majus  (L.)  . 
-  tumida  (Montagu)  .... 

-  cineraria  (L.)      

2    A. 

8,9 

I 
I 

fT.  cinereus, 

•y/ 

298 
305 

-  (  =  Trochus)umbilicata(Mont.) 
Calliostoma  (  =  Trochus)  zizyphi- 
nus  (L.}  . 

IO 

I 

(Foulness  (8) 
Walton  (8,  n) 

324 
326 

327 
328 

77O 

Lacuna  crassior  (Montagu)      .     . 
-  parva  (Da  Costa)  (  =  puteolus) 
-  pallidula  (Da  Costa)     .     .     . 
Littorina  obtusata  (L.)  .... 
—  rudis  (Maton)     

4 

2.  4. 

6 
8 
6 

IO 

6 

i 

i 

5 

JJ" 

»> 
•771 

„     v.  tenebrosa,  Mont.  .     . 
-  littorea  (L.)  .... 

2    ± 

IO 

i 

— 

Foulness  (8) 
Foulness  (8) 

Jj' 

-  littoralis    

IO 



Foulness  (8) 

346 

Zippora  (  =  Rissoa)  membranacea, 
v.  labiosa,  Mont.  (  =  membra- 
nacea)      

6  8,0 

i 

359 

37' 

Paludestrina  (  =  Hydrobia)  stagna- 
lis  (Baster),  (  =  ulvse)  .     .     . 
Truncatella  truncata  (Mont.)  . 
—  subcylindrica       

4 

6,8 
6 
8,9 

i 

— 

Foulness  (8) 

374 
38' 
389 
454 

Crepidula  (fornicata,  L.)     .      .     . 
Natica  catena  (Da  Costa)    .     .     . 
Velutina  laevigata  (Penn.)  .     .     . 
Turbonilla  (  =  Odostomia)   lactea 
(L.)  . 

— 

6,  10 

i 

IO 

3 
5 

Foulness  (8) 

489 

495 
508 

5'5 
518 

5i9 
53' 
553 

554 

572 
580 

Buccinum  undatum,  L. 
Neptunea  (  =  Fusus)  antiqua  (L.). 
Ocinebra  (  =  Murex)  erinacea  (L.) 
Purpura  lapillus  (L.)      .... 
Nassa  reticulata  (L.)      .... 
—  incrassata  (Strom.)  .... 
Bela  (  =  Pleurotoma)  rufa  (Mont.) 
Tornatina  (  =  Utriculus  and  Cyli- 
chna  truncatula  (Bruguiere)  . 
—  obtusata  (Mont.)      .... 

OPISTHOBRANCHIA 

Accra  bullata,  Mailer    .... 
Philine  aperta  (L.)    

2,4 

4 
4 
2,4 

2    A. 

8,  10 

10 
IO 

6 

IO 

i 
i 

3 

3 
3 

3 

Walton  (8) 
Walton  (8) 

Foulness  (8) 

/C.  truncata, 
\Foulness  (8) 
Foulness  (8) 

•*»  T 

85 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 


No. 

Name 

Estuaries 
of  Orwell 
and  Stour 

River 
Colne 

River 

Black- 
water 

River 
Crouch 

Other  localities 

f>ni 

NUDIBRANCHIATA 

5 

614 

63S 

636 

648 
658 

Cratena  (  =  Eolis)  concinna  (Alder 
and  Hancock)  
Facelina(  =  Eolis)  coronata,  Forbes 
and  Goodsir     
—  drummondi,  Thomson  .     .     . 
Doto  coronata  (Gmelin)     .     .     . 
Archidoris  (  =  Doris)    tuberculata 
(Cuvier)       

2 

— 

— 

5 

5 
5 
5 

5 

674 

Acanthodoris     (  =  Doris)      pilosa 
(Mall  )        

4 

5 

700 

707 
710 

Alexia  (  =  Melampus)  denticulata 
van  myosotis  (Drap.)    .     .     . 

CEPHALOPODA 

Loligo  forbesi  (Steenstrup)  . 
Sepia  officinalis,  L  

10 
IO 

I 

5 

Foulness  (8) 

Petricola  pholadiformis  .... 

[A  North  American   species  ;    has 
been  introduced  recently,  and  is 
spreading  both  here  and  on  the 
North  Kent  coast] 

••™ 

~— 

12 

IX.   POLYZOA 

1.  Gemellaria  loricata.  Linn. 
Brightlingsea  (H.W.U.),  Harwich  (G.P.H.). 

2.  Scrupocellaria  reptans,  Linn. 
Harwich  (G.P.H.). 

3.  Bicellaria  ciliata,  Linn. 
Brightlingsea,  Orwell. 

4.  Bugula  plumosa,  Pallas. 
Brightlingsea. 

5.  Notamia  tursaria,  Linn. 
Brightlingsea. 

6.  Flustra  foliacea.  Linn. 

Met    with    in    the   open    water,    but    not 
common. 

7.  Flustra  papyracea.  Ell.  &  Sol. 
Harwich  (G.P.H.). 

8.  Membranipora  lacroixii,  Audouin. 
Common  on  old  mussel  shells,  etc.    Orwell, 

Brightlingsea.       The     larva     Cyphonantes    is 
abundant. 

9.  Membranipora  pilosay  Linn. 
Brightlingsea  (H.W.U.),  Harwich  (G.P.H.). 


86 


10.  Membraniporella  melo/antba,  Busk. 
Dredged  in  the  Orwell  (Harmcr). 

1 1 .  Schizoporella  linearis,  Hassall. 
Brightlingsea. 

12.  Crisia  eburnea,  Linn. 

Often  growing  on  other  forms,  especially 
Hydrallmania  falcata  and  Flustra  foliacea, 
Brightlingsea  (H.  W.  Unthank). 

13.  Alcyonidium  ge/atinosum,  Linn. 

So  extremely  abundant  in  some  of  the 
estuaries  that  the  bottom  must  to  a  large 
extent  be  covered  by  it.  By  the  local  fisher- 
men it  is  called  'pipe-weed.' 

14.  Alcyonidium  mytili,  Dalzell. 

A  whitish  or  yellowish  incrustation  on 
stones  and  shells.  Brightlingsea  (H.W.U.). 

15.  Alcyonidium  birsutum,  Fleming. 

1 6.  Flustrella  bispida,  Fabr. 

17.  Vesicularia  spinosa,  Linn. 
Common  ;  Brightlingsea,  Orwell. 

1 8.  Amathia  lendigera,  Linn. 
Brightlingsea (H.W.U.),  Harwich  (G.P.H.). 

1 9.  Bowerbankia  pustulosa,  Solander. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


20.  Anguinella  palmetto,  V.  Ben. 
Common  ;  Dovercourt,  Orwell  (Harmer). 

21.  Valkcria  uva  (var.  cuicuta). 
Harwich  (G.  P.  Hope). 

22.  Pedicel  Una  cernua,  Pallas. 
Brightlingsea. 

X.   ECHINODERMATA 

1.  Echinus  mi/iarii,  Linn. 

This  is  extremely  abundant  in  Harwich 
harbour,  and  less  so  in  the  open  water  off 
Mersea. 

2.  So/aster  pappasus  (Fabr.). 

Fairly  common  at  all  the  places  I  have 
examined.  Though  some  specimens  are  of  a 
fine  red  colour,  there  is  considerable  variation, 
due  to  the  varying  amount  of  several  different 
pigments. 

3.  Asterias  rubens,  Linn. 

This  is  common  all  along  the  coast,  and 
dredged  in  large  quantities  for  manure. 

4.  Ophiura  ciliaris,  Linn. 

Extremely  abundant  in  the  open  water 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Colne,  and  common  in 
many  other  localities. 

5.  Ophiothrix  jragilis  (O.  F.  Mailer). 

This  is  fairly  common  in  Harwich  har- 
bour, though  it  cannot  be  said  to  be  abun- 
dant. 

6.  Synapta  inherent,  O.  F.  Muller. 

I  do  not  remember  ever  finding  this  in 
Essex,  but  at  one  time  it  was  common  in  a 
restricted  area  in  the  Orwell,  a  few  miles 
outside  the  county. 

7.  Ciuumaria,  sp.  (?) 

At  one  time  a  Holothurian,  something  like 
a  Cucumaria,  was  fairly  common  in  the  Stour 
off  Parkeston,  but  lately  I  have  dredged  for  it 
in  vain.  Unfortunately  all  my  early  speci- 
mens seem  to  have  been  destroyed,  and  only 
the  tentacles  and  digestive  organs  preserved, 
mounted  as  a  lantern  slide.  This  may  be  an 
abnormal  specimen,  since  it  shows  only  eight 
tentacles,  which  are  of  dark  brown  colour, 
and  until  other  specimens  have  been  found 
identification  is  impossible. 

8.  Thyme  fisus,  O.  F.  Mflller. 

Many  years  ago  I  dredged  this  in  Harwich 
harbour,  and  lately  in  the  Orwell,  but  in  each 
case  only  one  specimen. 


XI.   TUNICATA   (Sea-squirts) 

1.  Styelopsis  grossulariay  Van  Beneden. 

This  flesh-coloured  ascidian  is  very  common 
all  along  the  coast  and  in  the  estuaries, 
attached  to  stones,  shells  and  algae. 

2.  Polycarpa  cantata,  Alder. 

Small  specimens  occur  in  the  Stour,  and 
larger  in  the  creek  east  of  Walton-on-Naze, 
often  so  covered  with  attached  sand  as  to 
look  like  a  ball  of  hardened  sand. 

3.  Polycarpa  pomaria,  Savigny. 

Much  less  common  than  the  other  species. 

4.  Aiddiella  aspersa,  O.  F.  Muller. 

5.  Ascidiella  virginea,  O.  F.  Muller. 

These  two  species  occur  in  greater  or  less 
abundance  all  along  the  coast,  and  in  the 
estuaries ;  in  some  cases  fixed  objects  being 
covered  by  them. 

6.  Ascidia  plebeia,  Alder. 

Found  in  the  Stour  near  Harwich,  but  not 
common. 

7.  Atcidia  producta,  Hancock. 

Fairly  common  in  some  parts  of  the  Colne, 
often  much  attached  along  its  side  to  algse. 

8.  Clona  intestinalis,  Linn. 

Though  less  abundant  than  the  above 
named  Ascidia,  this  is  also  common  all  along 
the  coast. 

9.  C/ave/ina  lepadifirmis,  O.  F.  Muller. 
This  occurs  in  bunches  of  many  individuals 

on  the  east  bank  of  the  Colne  below  Bright- 
lingsea and  at  Walton-on-Naze. 

Compound  ascidians. — These  are  sometimes 
difficult  to  preserve  for  future  identification. 
Much  remains  to  be  learned  about  their 
colouring  matters. 

10.  Botryllus,  spp. 

Specimens  of  this  genus  are  common  along 
the  coast.  The  exact  species  cannot  be 
properly  identified  from  preserved  specimens, 
but  amongst  them  appear  to  be  probably 
B.  ichlosseri  and  polycyclus.  The  colours  are 
various  and  due  to  a  mixture  of  two  or  three 
different  pigments.  The  blue  one  is  changed 
into  a  deep  red  one  by  formalin.  The 
yellow  and  flesh-coloured  specimens  turn  to 
a  dirty  dark  brown  in  alcohol,  owing  to  the 
formation  of  a  new  pigment  by  oxidization  ; 
but  by  careful  management  they  may  be 
fairly  well  preserved  in  undiluted  glycerine. 

1 1 .  Botrylloidei  rubrum,  M.  Edw. 

This  is  found  below  Brightlingsea  and  on 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


the  pier  at  Harwich.  Mounted  in  Canada 
balsam  specimens  show  the  structure  well,  and 
have  retained  the  natural  colour  for  a  good 
many  years. 

12.  Botrylloides  leachii,  Sav. 

Common  in  the  Orwell  just  outside  Essex, 
and  I  think  I  have  also  found  it  in  the  Stour. 
By  proper  management  both  the  form  and 
natural  colour  may  be  well  preserved  in  un- 
diluted glycerine. 

13.  Polyclinum  aurantium. 

In  1889  fine  specimens  were  common  in 
the  creek  east  of  Walton-on-Naze.  Sections 
mounted  in  Canada  balsam  show  the  structure 


very  well,  and  have  retained  the  natural 
orange  colour  for  many  years  without  any 
apparent  change. 

14.  Didemnum, 

15.  Leptoclinum,  and 

1 6.  Diplosoma. 

Some  species  of  these  genera  occur  in  the 
Orwell,  just  outside  Essex,  and  probably 
could  be  found  in  the  Stour  and  in  the 
creeks  near  Walton-on-Naze. 

17.  Oikopleura,  sp. 

Appendicularians  are  common  in  sievings 
of  the  sea  water  all  along  the  coast. 


88 


MOLLUSCS 

A  coastal  county  with  numerous  estuaries,  marshes,  streams,  and 
many  woodlands  and  heaths,  Essex  is  an  ideal  spot  from  the  molluscan 
point  of  view. 

Accordingly  we  find  that  out  of  a  possible  139  species  for  the  whole 
of  the  British  Islands  1 10  are  now  living  in  the  area  while  10  more  have 
been  met  with  in  the  numerous  Post-pliocene  deposits,  viz.  Vitrea 
excavata,  Helicella  cartusiana^  Acanthinula  lamellata,  Pupa  ang/ica,  Vertigo 
minufissima,  V.  a/pesfris,  V.  angustior,  Clausilia  rolphii,  Succinea  oblonga  and 
Acicula  line  at  a. 

Some  of  these,  and  one  or  two  more  slugs,  may  yet  be  discovered  in 
the  county.  In  addition  the  Post-pliocene  deposits  have  yielded  the 
following  which  no  longer  live  in  this  country,  viz.  Pyramidula  ruderata^ 
Eulota  fruticum,  Paludestrina  marginata,  Unto  littoralis  and  Corbicula 
fluminalisy  with  two  entirely  extinct  forms  Vivipara  clacktonensis  and 
Pisidium  astartoides. 

The  notable  absentees  from  the  list  are  consequently  the  species 
peculiar  to  the  south-western  portions  of  England. 

The  principal  sources  of  information  are  papers  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Webb, 
A.  S.  Kennard  and  B.  B.  Woodward  in  the  Essex  Naturalist,  vol.  x.  1897. 

A.  GASTROPODA 

I.  PULMONATA  Anon  ater  (Linn.) 

a.  STYLOMMATOPHORA  '  horten"s>  .f*r>  .  . 

—  circumscrtptuS)  John. 

Teitactlla  kaliotidea,  Drap.     Sisted,  Widford        —  subfuscus  (Drap.).     Warley 

—  scutulum,  Sby.    Buckhurst  Hill ;  Wanstead      Punctum  pygmaum  (Drap.) 

Limax  maximus,  Linn.  Pryamidula  rupeitris  (Drap.).     Barking  Side 

—  flavin^  Linn.  -  rotundata  (Mall.) 

—  arborum,  Bouch.-Chant.    Saling ;  Chignal ;      Helicella  virgata  (Da  C.) 

Weald  Hall  Park,  Brentwood  ;  Ingrave      —  itala  (Linn.) 
Agriolimax  agrestis  (Linn.)  —  captrata  (Mont.) 

—  LeviSj  Mflll.     Wanstead  ;  Warley  ;  Hal-     —  cantiana  (Mont.) 

stead  ;  Chelmsford  Hygromia  fusca  (Mont.).     Saffron  Walden 
Amalia  sowerbii  (Fer.).  Barking  Side  ;  Chelms-     —  granulate  (Aid.) 

ford  ;  Brentwood  —  hispida  (Linn.) 

Vitrina  pellucida  (Mall.)  —  rufesctns  (Penn.) 

Vitrea  crystallina  (Mall.)  Acanthinula  aculeata  (Mflll.) 

—  alliaria  (Miller)  Vallonia  pulthella  (Mall.) 

—  glabra  (Brit.  Auct.)  Helicigona  lapicida  (Linn.) 

—  cellaria  (Mall.)  —  arbuitorwn  (Linn.) 

—  nitidula  (Drap.)  Helix  aspersa,  Mall. 

—  pura  (Aid.)  —  pomatia.  Linn.    Great  Bardfield  ;  Chappel ; 

—  radiatula  (Aid.)  Chalkney  Wood  ;    Witham  ;  Chignal 

—  nitida  (Mall.)  Smealey 

—  fuhia  (Mall.)  —  nemoralit,  Linn. 

I  89  12 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Helix  bortensis,  Mttll. 

Buliminus  montanus  (Drap.).      '  Essex  '  (Brit. 
Mus.) 

—  etscurus  (Mall.) 
Cocblicopa  lubrica  (Mall.) 
Azeca  tridens  (Pult.) 
Ctectlianella  acicula  (Mall.) 
Pupa  cylindracea  (Da  C.) 

—  muscorum  (Linn.) 
Sphyradium  edentulum  (Drap.) 
Vertigo  anti-vertigo  (Drap.) 

—  substriata  (Jeff.) 

—  pygm*a  (Drap.) 

—  moulinsiana  (Dup.).     Roydon 

—  pusilla,  Mull.     Bardfield  (?) 
Balea  pervena  (Linn.) 
Clausilia  laminata  (Mont.) 

—  bidentata  (Strom.) 
Succinea  putris  (Linn.) 

—  elegansy  Risso. 

b.  BASOMMATOPHORA 
Carychium  minimum,  Mall. 
Melampus  denticulatus  (Mont.).     River  Colne, 

Wyvenhoe 
Alexia    myosotii   (Drap.).      Grays  ;    Purfleet  ; 

Dovercourt 
Leuconia    bidentata    (Mont.).       Brightlingsea ; 

Dovercourt 

Ancylus  ftuviatilis,  Mall. 
Velletia  lacuitris  (Linn.) 
Limntea  auricularia  (Linn.) 

—  pereger  (Mall.) 

—  palustris  (Mull.) 

—  truncatula    (Mall.) 

—  stagnalis  (Linn.) 

—  glabra  (Mall.).   Woodford  ;  Barking  Side  ; 

Colchester 


Planorbis  corneus  (Linn.) 

—  albus,  Mull. 

—  g/aber,  Jeff.      Carswell  Pond  ;   Dagenham 

—  nautileus  (Linn.) 

—  carinatus,  Mall. 

—  marginatus,  Drap. 

—  vortex  (Linn.) 

—  spirorbis,  Mall. 

—  contortus  (Linn.) 

—  fontanus  (Lightf.) 

—  lineatus  (Walker) 
Physa  fontinalis  (Linn.) 

—  hypnorum  (Linn.) 

II.  PROSOBRANCHIATA 

Paludestrina  confusa  (Frau.).  Becton  (probably 
now  extinct) 

—  jenkinsi    (Smith).        Becton  ;     Rainham  ; 

Tilbury 

• —  ventrosa  (Mont.).  Coldharbour  Point  to 
Tilbury  ;  Thurrock  Marsh  ;  between 
Walton  and  Thorpe-le-Soken 

—  stagnalis  (Bast.).     Grays  ;  Tilbury  ;  Wy- 

venhoe ;  Colchester 
Bithynia  tentaculata  (Linn.) 

—  leachii  (Shepp.) 
V'mipara  vivipara  (Linn.) 

—  contecta  (Millett).     Old  River  Lea  ;  Col- 

chester ;  River  Stour 
Valvata  piscina/is  (Mall.). 

—  cristata,  Mttll. 

Assiminea  grayana,  Leach.  Grays  and  other 
spots  along  the  Thames  ;  River  Colne, 
Colchester.  (Becoming  extinct) 

Pomatias  elegans  (Mull.).  Felstead  ;  Coggles- 
hall  ;  Saffron  Walden  ;  Wicken  Bon- 
hunt  ;  Belchamp 

Neritina  flwviatilii  (Linn.). 


B.  PELECYPODA 


Dreissensia  polymorpha  (Pall.).     River  Lea 
Unto  pictorum  (Linn.) 

—  tumulus,  Retz. 
Anodonta  cygneea  (Linn.) 

Spharium  rivicola  (Leach).     River  Stort 

—  corneum  (Linn.) 

—  male  (Fir.).     Woodford 


Spkterium  lacustre  (Mall.) 
Pisidium  amnicum  (Mall.) 

—  pusillum  (Gmel.) 

—  nitidum,  Jenyns.     Colchester 

—  fontinale  (Drap.) 

—  milium  (Held.).     Lea  Marshes 


90 


INSECTS 


Entomology,  though  the  most  extensive  of  all  the  domains  of 
natural  history,  would  not  at  one  time  have  occupied  the  space  which 
is  accorded  to  it  here;  but  knowledge  has  been  making  rapid  strides 
in  recent  years,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the  information  now  given  will 
be  of  value  as  well  to  the  student  of  economic  entomology  as  to  the 
collector. 

In  compiling  the  lists  that  follow,  the  entomologist  has  been  at  a 
great  disadvantage  as  compared  with  some  of  his  fellow  contributors,  for 
in  several  other  branches  of  natural  history  admirable  and  exhaustive 
monographs  have  already  been  published,  whereas  as  far  as  can  be 
ascertained  the  only  complete  list  of  any  of  the  Essex  insects  is  Mr. 
Fitch's  list  of  the  butterflies,  which  appeared  in  the  Essex  Naturalist 
for  March,  1891,  et  seq.  In  the  same  publication  (iii.  123)  there  is  a 
long  annotated  list  of  *  The  Lepidoptera  of  Leigh  and  its  Neighbour- 
hood '  by  the  late  Mr.  Howard  Vaughan,  and  Mr.  F.  G.  Whittle 
published  a  similar  list  of  the  '  Lepidoptera  of  South-east  Essex '  in 
Science  Gossip  for  1899,  vol.  v.  n.s. 

Besides  these  sources  of  information  there  are  innumerable  short 
lists  and  records  of  individual  captures  scattered  through  the  entomo- 
logical literature  of  the  past  century,  and  for  many  years  Mr.  Fitch 
has  been  making  notes  of  these ;  but  as  pressure  of  other  work  has  pre- 
vented him  from  completing  his  contemplated  list  of  the  insect  fauna 
of  the  county,  he  has  very  kindly  placed  the  whole  of  his  material 
at  the  disposal  of  the  writer,  and  from  this  many  interesting  particu- 
lars have  been  obtained  ;  but  as  a  general  rule  it  has  been  thought 
preferable  to  rely  upon  the  more  recent  observations  of  competent 
living  authorities  whose  accuracy  need  not  be  questioned.1 

If  it  be  noticed  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  records  are 
from  certain  limited  localities,  it  is  because  these  have  been  more 
assiduously  and  thoroughly  worked  than  other  parts  of  the  county, 
and  not  because  the  species  mentioned  are  confined  to  them,  for  nearly 
all  would  probably  be  found  if  well  looked  for  in  other  places  where 
sufficient  food  supplies  and  other  favourable  conditions  exist. 

1  For  local  lists  and  assistance  in  other  ways  the  writer  wishes  to  acknowledge  the  courtesy  and 
kindness  of  Mr.  F.  C.  Adams,  F.E.S.  ;  Mr.  Percy  Adams ;  Rev.  E.  N.  Bloomfield,  M.A.,  F.E.S.  ; 
Mr.  Malcolm  Burr,  F.Z.S.,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.  ;  Mr.  G.  C.  Champion,  F.E.S.  ;  Mr.  F.  B.  Jennings,  F.E.S.  ; 
Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S.  ;  Mr.  R.  McLachlan,  F.R.S.,  etc.  ;  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice,  M.A.  ; 
Mr.  L.  B.  Prout,  F.E.S.  ;  Mr.  Percy  Reid,  F.E.S.  ;  Mr.  C.  R.  V.  Perkins,  B.A.  ;  Mr.  A.  Thurnall  ; 
Mr.  G.  H.  Verrall,  F.E.S.  ;  Mr.  W.  West. 

91 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Owing  to  the  unsatisfactory  condition  of  natural  history  nomencla- 
ture and  the  frequent  mistakes  made  by  early  writers  and  observers 
many  ancient  records  are  of  more  than  doubtful  value,  and  where  any 
such  have  been  used  the  authorities  for  them  have  been  given,  but  as  a 
rule  they  have  been  ignored. 

All  reasonable  efforts  have  been  made  to  ensure  accuracy  and 
completeness,  and  insufficient  and  unsatisfactory  as  some  of  the  lists  are, 
it  is  yet  hoped  that  on  the  whole  they  will  compare  not  unfavourably 
with  those  of  other  counties,  and  that  they  very  fairly  represent  the 
extent  of  our  knowledge  at  the  present  day. 

ORTHOPTERA 

Our  list  of  British  Orthoptera  is  a  very  short  one,  and  of  the  few 
recorded  as  having  been  met  with  a  large  proportion  must  be  regarded 
as  casual  immigrants  or  naturalized  foreigners.  In  Essex  little  attention 
seems  hitherto  to  have  been  paid  to  these  insects,  but  those  named  below 
have  been  identified  in  the  Colchester  district,  and  doubtless  several  more 
will  be  found  there  and  elsewhere  in  the  county  when  they  are 
sytematically  sought  for. 

FORFICULARIA 

Earwigs 

The  Lesser  Earwig  (Labia  minor]  may  occasionally  be  found  in 
some  numbers  in  manure  heaps,  but  does  not  generally  obtrude  itself 
upon  our  notice  after  the  manner  of  its  larger  relative. 

The  Common  Earwig  (Forficula  auricularia)  is  much  too  common, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  troublesome  insect  pests  we  have,  as  scarcely  any- 
thing comes  amiss  to  it  in  the  way  of  food,  and  no  place  seems  to  be 
secure  from  its  invasion.  It  varies  considerably,  especially  in  the  length 
of  the  forceps,  and  formerly  some  of  its  varieties  were  described  as 
distinct  species. 

Forficula  /esnei,  Finot.,  has  only  recently  been  identified  as  British, 
though  it  probably  existed  previously  as  an  old  inhabitant  under  another 
name.  It  is  far  from  common,  but  seems  to  be  well  distributed  and  may 
be  beaten  from  trees  and  bushes  and  shaken  out  of  rubbish  in  damp 
places. 

BLATTODEA 

Cockroaches 

FjCtobiida.  Ectobia  panzeri,  Steph.,  is  not  uncommon  in  several 
places  on  our  coast  sands.  The  variety  nigripes,  Steph.,  is  of  much  less 
frequent  occurrence. 

Pbyllodromiidez.  Phyllodromia  germanica,  L.,  was  formerly  excessively 
abundant  in  one  of  the  principal  hotels  in  Colchester,  where  it  was  said 
to  have  been  introduced  in  officers'  luggage.  Mr.  G.  F.  Mathew 
reports  it  as  common  at  Dovercourt. 

92 


INSECTS 

Periplanetidee.  The  Common  Cockroach  (Blatta  orientalis)  is  such  a 
well-known  and  widely  distributed  household  pest  that  few  can  have 
failed  to  make  its  acquaintance. 

ACRIDIODEA 

Grasshoppers 

Truxalidce.  Stenobothrus  rufipes,  Zett.,  seems  to  be  fairly  well  distri- 
buted, but  has  not  hitherto  been  noticed  in  any  great  numbers. 

S.  bicolor^  Charp.,  is  very  abundant  in  all  directions  and  appears  to 
be  the  commonest  member  of  the  family. 

5.  elegans,  Charp.,  is  considered  scarce  and  local,  but  may  sometimes 
be  met  with  rather  freely  on  our  coast  sands  in  August. 

S.  parallelus,  Zett.,  has  been  found  and  is  probably  common,  but  as 
it  has  only  partially  developed  wings  and  elytra,  it  is  likely  to  be  passed 
over  by  the  inexperienced  collector  as  an  immature  form. 

Gomphocerus  macu/afus,  Thunb.  A  pretty  little  species  with  clubbed 
antenna?,  much  smaller  than  any  of  the  above,  is  common  in  dry  places. 

QLdipodidee.  Pachytylus  danicus,  L.  This  conspicuous  locust  is  not  a 
native  of  Britain  but  only  a  casual  straggler  to  our  shores.  'Locusts'  have 
been  reported  from  Colchester,  Epping  and  Southend,  under  the  names 
of  Gryllus  or  Pachytylus  migratorius  and  P.  cinerascens,  but  apparently 
they  were  all  referable  to  one  species,  which  in  accordance  with  the  law 
of  priority  is  now  known  as  P.  danicus. 

Tettigidce.  Tettix  bipunctatus,  L.,  frequently  turns  up  unexpectedly, 
especially  in  open  spaces  in  woods,  and  would  probably  prove  a  common 
insect  if  systematically  sought  for. 

LOCUSTODEA 

Locusts 

Pbaneropteridce.  Leptopbyes  punctatissima,  Bosc.,  has  been  found  near 
Colchester,  and  is  probably  as  generally  common  throughout  the  county 
as  it  is  in  other  parts  of  England. 

Meconemidce.  Meconema  varium,  Fabr.  This  pretty  green  insect  is 
generally  common,  especially  about  oak  trees,  from  the  boughs  of  which 
it  may  be  freely  beaten  in  the  autumn.  It  is  also  frequently  found  in  a 
semi-torpid  state  on  the  boles  of  the  trees  as  soon  as  the  nights  become 
colder. 

Conocephalida.  Xiphidium  dorsale,  Latr.,  is  considered  rare  in  this 
country,  but  may  frequently  be  found  in  grassy  places,  especially  on 
certain  of  our  sea  walls.  As  a  rule  it  is  a  micropterous  insect,  that  is, 
its  elytra  and  wings  are  only  partially  developed,  and  it  is  therefore  quite 
incapable  of  flight ;  but  in  August,  1899,  two  examples  of  a  form  with 
fully  developed  wings  and  elytra  were  met  with  near  Clacton-on-Sea, 
and  one  of  them  was  disporting  itself  in  the  air  somewhat  after  the 
manner  of  a  dragonfly.  No  previous  record  of  such  a  form  is  known, 
and  these  may  have  been  examples  of  a  rare  local  variety  or  of  a  new 

93 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

species.  Others  were  searched  for  in  1 900  but  only  ordinary  specimens 
were  found. 

Locustidce.  Locusta  viridissima,  L.,  is  the  largest  of  our  indigenous 
Orthoptera,  and  it  may  appear  strange  to  some  that  the  creatures  we 
have  so  long  known  as  locusts  should  be  placed  with  the  grasshoppers, 
while  this  giant  grasshopper  is  classed  with  the  locusts  ;  but  it  must  be 
remembered  that  those  who  are  responsible  for  the  present  classification 
of  the  Orthoptera  are  not  responsible  for  their  popular  English  names. 
This  conspicuous  insect  is  sometimes  brought  to  the  entomologist  as  a 
great  curiosity,  but  to  him  it  is  generally  a  very  familiar  object,  for  it  is 
often  common  in  his  hunting  grounds,  though  the  ordinary  passer-by 
may  fail  to  see  it. 

Decticidce.  Tbamnotrizon  dnereum,  L.  This  large  brown  species  is 
frequently  found  in  nettles  and  other  herbage  in  the  autumn  and  in  the 
larva  stage  earlier  in  the  year  ;  it  is  very  plentiful  in  some  of  the  lanes 
about  Colchester. 

Platycleis  grisea,  Fabr.,  is  very  much  more  local  and  has  so  far  only 
been  found  on  the  sea  coast  among  rest  harrow. 

GRYLLODEA 

Crickets 

Gryllldce.  The  House  Cricket  (Gryllus  domesticus]  is  very  common 
in  bakehouses,  where  it  excavates  extensive  burrows  between  the  brick- 
work near  the  oven  and  increases  and  multiplies  prodigiously.  Its  shrill 
chirp  is  also  a  familiar  sound  in  many  an  English  house  that  has  been  a 
home  for  several  generations,  though  it  appears  to  be  incompatible  with 
new  houses  and  the  methods  of  the  modern  builder. 

Gryllotalpidrt.  The  Mole  Cricket  (Gryllotalpa  gryllotalpai)  is  very 
rare  in  the  county.  Two  specimens  have  been  found  near  Colchester, 
Mr.  Fitch  has  secured  two  or  three  near  Maldon,  and  it  has  also  been 
reported  from  Dovercourt  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Mathew,  and  from  the  Southend 
district.  As  it  makes  an  effective  illustration  it  is  often  figured  in 
books  on  injurious  insects,  whereby  an  erroneous  impression  is  apt 
to  be  conveyed,  for  though  on  the  continent  it  really  seems  harmful 
sometimes,  the  British  collector  always  considers  it  a  good  find. 

NEUROPTERA 

ODONATA 

Dragonflies 

There  are  some  who  affect  to  despise  popular  science,  and  who 
especially  object  to  the  employment  of  trivial  names  for  our  native 
animals  and  plants.  But  happily  for  our  literature — and  especially  for 
our  poetry — the  popular  names  of  many  of  our  wild  flowers,  birds  and 
insects,  were  definitely  fixed  long  before  the  scientific  pedant  appeared 
upon  the  scene.  And  any  one  who  has  watched  the  larger  Odonata 
hawking  for  their  prey  and  has  marked  their  rapid  evolutions  among 

94 


INSECTS 

their  helpless  victims,  must  admit  that  the  term  '  dragonflies '  came  as  a 
happy  inspiration  to  the  person  who  first  employed  it  ;  since  in  their 
relation  to  their  fellow  insects  these  powerful  and  voracious  creatures  are 
well  calculated  to  produce  a  vivid  conception  of  '  the  dragons  of  the 
prime.'  They  are  so  well  known  that  no  description  of  them  and  their 
methods  can  be  needed  here.  We  have  some  forty  British  species,  of 
which  about  three-fourths  have  been  found  in  the  county. 

Leucorrhinia  dubia,  Lind.,  is  generally  accounted  a  northern  species, 
but  has  been  reported  by  the  late  Mr.  Henry  Doubleday  as  occurring, 
though  rarely,  on  Coopersale  Common  near  Epping. 

Sympetrum  strio/afum,  Charp.,  is  abundant  in  many  places  about 
Colchester.  It  has  also  been  reported  from  Wanstead  and  Epping  and 
probably  occurs  freely  throughout  the  county. 

S.  Jtaveolum,  L.,  is  as  a  rule  rare,  but  has  occurred  recently  at 
Colchester  and  St.  Osyth,  and  according  to  Mr.  Doubleday  was  formerly 
periodically  common  about  Epping. 

S.  sanguineum,  Miill.,  seems  to  have  a  much  more  restricted  range 
than  its  commoner  relative  S.  strio/atum,  with  which  it  may  frequently  be 
found  on  the  coast  at  St.  Osyth  and  elsewhere.  It  has  also  occurred  at 
Epping. 

S.  scotium,  Don.     'Epping,  about  old  gravel  pits  '  (H.  Doubleday). 

Libellula  depressa^  L.  This  handsome  insect  is  one  of  the  earliest 
to  appear,  and  is  generally  distributed  and  usually  common,  but  also  very 
wary  and  more  frequently  seen  than  captured.  The  variety  hageni  is 
much  scarcer. 

L.  quadrimaculata,  L.,  appears  to  occur  pretty  regularly  in  many 
places  in  Britain,  but  is  a  migratory  species  of  which  large  swarms 
are  occasionally  reported.  Such  a  swarm  was  observed  off  the 
Essex  coast  in  June,  1888.  In  June,  1900,  for  one  day  only,  many 
specimens  were  seen  at  Wivenhoe,  but  most  contrived  to  elude  capture. 
Colchester  and  Epping  are  other  localities  for  it,  and  the  var.  prcenubila 
has  been  met  with  near  Clacton-on-Sea. 

L.fuha,  Miill.  Very  rare,  but  Doubleday  reports  it  from  Ongar 
Park  woods  and  a  single  specimen  has  occurred  at  Colchester. 

Cordulia  cenea,  L.,  is  extremely  local,  the  only  records  being  Cooper- 
sale  Common  (Doubleday)  and  Woodford  (Harcourt  Bath). 

Gomphus  vu/gatissimus,  L.,  is  also  very  local  and  is  only  reported  by 
Mr.  Doubleday  from  High  Beech  and  elsewhere  near  Epping. 

Anax  imperator,  Leach,  the  largest  European  dragonfly,  is  now  a 
rarity  in  the  county,  though  like  several  others  it  seems  to  have  been 
less  uncommon  in  the  Epping  district  formerly.  A  single  specimen 
was  captured  in  the  High  Woods  at  Colchester  several  years  ago,  but  no 
others  have  since  been  seen. 

Erachytron  pratense,  Miill.,  is  widely  distributed  but  seldom  met 
with  ;  it  has  occurred  at  Colchester,  Epping  and  St.  Osyth. 

Mschna  mixfa,  Latr.,  is  considered  a  rare  and  local  insect,  but  during 
the  past  two  years  has  extended  its  range  and  appeared  in  larger 

95 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

numbers  ;  owing  however  to  its  cautious  habits,  lofty  flight  and  extreme 
rapidity  of  movement,  its  capture  is  attended  with  some  difficulty.  It 
is  now  well  distributed  in  the  Colchester  district,  and  as  all  the  inland 
examples  seem  to  be  mature,  while  the  majority  of  those  found  on  the 
coast  are  immature,  this  may  afford  a  clue  to  a  fuller  knowledge  of  its 
earlier  stages  than  we  at  present  possess. 

flL.  cyanea,  Miill.,  is  by  far  the  commonest  as  well  as  one  of  the 
handsomest  and  most  widely  distributed  of  its  family. 

SE.  grandis,  L.,  though  recorded  only  from  Colchester,  Epping, 
Wanstead,  and  St.  Osyth,  is  so  powerful  on  the  wing  that  he  would  be 
rash  who  ventured  to  set  bounds  to  its  local  distribution,  and  probably  it 
is  acquainted  with  every  parish  in  the  county. 

The  Demoiselle  Dragonflies  (Calopteryx  virgo  and  C.  splendent)  both 
occur  ;  the  former  appears  in  the  Epping  list  and  is  not  uncommon 
near  Birch  Park.  The  latter  abounds  beside  ditches  and  streams  in  all 
directions. 

Lestes  dryas,  Kirby,  is  one  of  our  rarest  species.  A  single  specimen 
was  taken  by  Mr.  C.  R.  Briggs  near  Leigh  in  1891. 

L.  sponsa,  Hansem,  occurs  at  Epping  (Doubleday)  and  Wanstead 
(F.  A.  Walker),  and  has  recently  been  found  at  St.  Osyth. 

[i/.  virens,  Charp.]  is  doubtfully  British,  and  its  only  claim  to 
appear  in  our  list  is  that  Mr.  Doubleday  believed  several  specimens  had 
been  taken  by  himself  at  Epping. 

Platycnemis  pennipes,  Pall.,  is  also  recorded  from  Epping  by  Double- 
day,  and  there  is  a  later  record  by  Mr.  C.  R.  Briggs. 

Erythromma  naias,  Hansem.  Epping  (H.  Doubleday),  Wanstead 
(F.  A.  Walker). 

Pyrrhosoma  nymphula,  Sulz.  (minium,  Charp.),  is  common  at  Colchester, 
Birch,  Epping,  and  in  many  other  localities. 

P.  tenellum,  Vill.,  formerly  occurred  at  Epping,  but  there  is  no 
evidence  of  any  recent  captures. 

Ischnura  pumi/io,  Charp.,  was  stated  by  Doubleday  in  1871  to  be 
'  rare  about  the  red  gravel  pits  in  the  Epping  district.' 

L  e/egans,  Lind.,  is  very  common  in  the  county,  especially  beside 
marsh  ditches  near  the  coast. 

Agrion pulchellum,  Lind.     'Epping,  not  common  '  (Doubleday). 

A.  puella^  L.,  is  very  common  everywhere. 

Enallagma  cyathigerum,  Charp.,  has  probably  been  generally  over- 
looked by  Essex  naturalists,  as  it  is  widely  distributed  elsewhere,  and 
should  occur  in  many  places  besides  Epping. 

The  other  sections  of  the  Neuroptera  occurring  in  this  country 
include  the  diminutive  Psocidte,  which  are  among  the  smallest  British 
insects,  the  Perlidte  or  Stoneflies,  and  the  Ephemeridae  or  Mayflies.  These 
are  known  as  Pseudo-Neuroptera.  The  curiously  constructed  Snake  and 
Scorpion  flies  and  the  beautiful  golden-eyed  Lacewings  are  classed  as 
Neuroptera  Planipennia,  and  the  Caddisflies  as  Trichoptera. 

All  the  species  included  in  the  following  list  have  been  found  in  the 

96 


INSECTS 

Colchester  district,  except  a  few  recorded  by  Mr.  J.  J.  King  from 
Epping  Forest.  Hitherto  these  insects  have  received  little  attention 
from  Essex  entomologists,  or  many  others  would  have  been  identified. 


PSEUDO-NEUROPTERA 


Psocus,  Latr. 

—  longicornis,  Fabr.     Colchester,  Epping 

—  nebulosus,  Steph.     Colchester 

—  variegatus,  Fabr.     Epping 

—  fasciatus,  Fabr.     Colchester 
Stenopsocus,  Hag. 

—  immaculutus,  Steph.     Epping 

—  cruciatus,  L.     Colchester,  Epping 
Czcilius,  Curt. 

-  vittatus,  Dalm.     Epping 
Peripsocus,  Hag. 

—  phaeopterus,  Steph.     Epping 
Elipsocus,  Hag. 

—  unipunctatus,  Mull.     Colchester,  Epping 

—  hyalinus,  Steph.     Epping 
PERLIDJE 

Leuctra,  Steph. 

—  geniculata,  Steph.     Colchester 
Nemoura,  Latr. 

—  variegata,  Oliv.     Colchester 
EPHEMERIDA: 

Ephemera,  L. 


,,  .  , 
Ctkh"ter 


Epping 


OSMYLID.* 

Osmylus,  Latr. 

—  chrysops,  L. 
Sisyra,  Burin. 

—  fuscata,  Fabr.     Colchester,  Loughton 
HEMEROBIID^E 

Micromus,  Ram. 

—  variegatus,  Fabr.  " 
-pagarTus,!, 

Hemerobius,  L. 

—  elegans,  Steph. 

—  micans,  Oliv.  ) 

-  humuli,  L.      } 

—  subnebulosus,  Steph. 

—  stigma,  Steph. 

—  concinnus,  Steph. 
CHRYSOPID.* 

Chrysopa,  Leach 

—  flava,  Scop.        )    _,  .  , 

-  vittata,Wesm.}C'/<r*''''r 

-  alba,  L.     Colchester,  Epping 

-  tenella,  Schn.  \ 

-  vulgaris,  Schn.  j-  Colchester 

-  septempunctata,Wesm.  J 


eph.  1 

I 

.      J 


Calchtster 


Colcheste 


—  vulgata,  L.      \ 
1J 


Colchester 


—  danica,  Moll. 
Leptophlebia,  Westw. 

—  submarginata,  Steph.     Colchester 
Cloeon,  Leach 

—  dipterum,  L.     Colchester,  Epping 

NEUROPTERA-PLANIPENNIA 


-  aspersa,  Wesm. 

-  ventralis,  Curt 


.  1 
.} 


_     . 
Epp.ng 


CMater 


Sialis,  Latr. 

—  lutaria,  L.     Colchester 
RAPHIDIID^ 

Raphidia,  L. 

—  notata,  Fabr.  1 

'    .  o  ,          } 

—  xanthostigma,  Schum.J 


/-.  /  1 

Colchester 


Nothochrysa,  McLach. 

—  capitata,  Fabr.     Colchester 
CONIOPTERYGID.S 

Coniopteryx,  Curt. 

—  tineiformis,  Curt.       \ 
-  aleyrodiformis,  Steph./ 

PANORPID^: 
Panorpa,  L. 

—  communis,  L. 

—  germanica, 


>  Colchester,  Epping 


TRICHOPTERA 


PHRYOANEID^ 
Phryganea,  L. 

—  grand  is,  L.     1 

—  striata,  L.        I  Colchester 

—  minor,  Curt.  J 

LlMNOPHILIDJE 

Colpotaulius,  Kol. 

-  incisus,  Curt.     Colchester 
Grammotaulius,  Kol. 

-  atomarius,  Fabr.     Colchester,  Epping 
Glyphotaslius,  Steph. 

—  pellucidus,  Retz.      Colchester 


LIMNOPHILID^  (continued) 
Limnophilus,  Leach 

—  rhombicus,  L. 

—  marmoratus,  Curt. 

—  lunatus,  Curt.         \  Colchester 

—  politus,  McLach. 

—  griscus,  L. 

—  affinis,  Curt.     Colchester,  Epping 

—  auricula,  Curt.  1    ,,  . , 

_  vittatus,  Fab.      »  CMester 


—  centralis,  Curt.  1  /-,  ,  i          „,.  . 

>,  }  Colchester,  Epptnr 

—  sparsus,  Curt.    J 


97 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Colchester 


LIMNOPHILID^  (continued) 

Limnophilus    fuscicornis,     Ramb.       Ded- 

ham 
Anabolia,  Steph. 

—  nervosa  (Leach)  Curt.     Colchester 
Stenophylax,  Kol. 

—  stellatus,  Curt.         \ 

—  concentricus,  Zett.  J 
Micropterna,  Stein. 

—  sequax,  McLach.      Colchester 
Halesus,  Steph. 

—  digitatus,  Schrank.      Colchester 
Chsetopteryx,  Steph. 

—  villosa,  Fab.     Colchester 
SERICOSTOMATID.S: 

Sericostoma,  Latr. 

—  personatum,  Spence.     Colchester 
Notidobia,  Steph. 

—  ciliaris,  L.     Colchester 
LEPTOCERID^ 

Molanna,  Curt. 


LEPTOCERID^;  (continued) 

Molanna  angustata,  Curt.      Colchester 
Leptocerus,  Leach 

—  senilis,  Burm.    "1 

—  cinereus,  Curt.  J 
Mystacides,  Latr. 

-  l°ng'cornis,  L.  }  ^^ 

—  azurea,  L.          J 
HYDROPSYCHID^ 

Hydropsyche,  Pict. 

—  instabilis,  Curt.          \ 

—  angustipennis,  Curt.  J 
Polycentropus,  Curt. 

—  flavo-maculatus,  Pict.      Colchester 
Cyrnus,  Steph. 

—  trimaculatus,  Curt. 
Tinodes,  Leach. 

—  waeneri,  L. 

R.HYACOPHIUD.ffi 

Agapetus,  Curt. 

—  fuscipes,  Curt. 


Colchester 


Colchester 


HYMENOPTERA 
ACULEATA 

The  order  Hymenoptera  is  an  extensive  one,  consisting  of  insects 
which  as  a  rule  have  four  membranous  wings,  though  certain  among 
them  are  wingless.  In  the  Aculeate  section,  which  comprises  ants,  sand 
wasps,  wasps  and  bees,  the  female  is  provided  with  a  sting,  which,  being 
connected  with  a  poison  bag,  constitutes  a  formidable  weapon  of  offence 
or  defence.  The  solitary  species  consist  of  fully  developed  males  and 
females  only,  but  in  the  social  species — ants,  hive  bees  and  humble  bees 
— there  are  also  undeveloped  females,  known,  and  very  fittingly  known, 
as  workers,  on  whose  labour  depends  the  welfare  of  the  community. 

In  recent  years,  owing  principally  to  the  admirable  work  which  has 
been  done  in  them  by  Mr.  Edward  Saunders,  these  insects  have  received 
more  attention  than  was  accorded  to  them  formerly,  and  as  a  conse- 
quence their  local  distribution  is  much  more  fully  understood  and  addi- 
tional species  are  being  frequently  added  to  our  list. 

The  late  Mr.  Frederick  Smith,  author  of  A  Catalogue  of  British  Bees 
in  the  British  Museum,  occasionally  collected  at  Southend,  and  more  re- 
cently the  Colchester  district  has  been  pretty  well  worked,  though  it  is 
probable  that  additional  species  will  for  a  long  time  result  from  further 
investigation,  for  while  some  are  excessively  local  or  very  erratic  in  their 
appearances,  others  more  given  to  wandering  are  constantly  on  the  look 
out  for  suitable  places  in  which  to  found  fresh  colonies  ;  and  seeing  that 
their  habitations  are  constantly  liable  to  adverse  influences  either  by  the 
dense  growth  of  vegetation,  the  ravages  of  mankind,  or  other  causes,  the 
Aculeate  fauna  of  a  particular  district  may  be  materially  modified  in  the 
course  of  a  few  years. 

Where  no  locality  is  given  in  the  list  that  follows  the  Colchester 
district  is  to  be  understood,  and  this  includes  not  only  the  neighbourhood 

98 


INSECTS 

of  the  town  but  also  the  sea  coast  between  the  mouth  of  the  Colne  and 
Walton-on-the-Naze.  Among  the  more  interesting  species  the  Great 
Wood  Ant  (Formica  rttfa)  may  be  mentioned,  for  though  excessively 
abundant  in  some  of  our  larger  woods,  it  is  worthy  of  notice  for  the 
important  part  it  plays  in  the  destruction  of  other  insects.  Sometimes 
about  the  end  of  May  the  caterpillars  of  certain  moths  occur  in  such 
prodigious  numbers  that  they  completely  strip  the  oaks  and  other  large 
trees,  and  then  descending  upon  the  underwood  speedily  effect  a  similar 
clearance  there.  Not  long  ago  the  High  Woods  at  Colchester  were  for 
a  time  so  denuded  of  their  leaves  at  the  beginning  of  June  that  they 
appeared  almost  as  bare  as  they  had  been  during  the  previous  winter, 
but  there  was  one  corner,  which  at  a  distance  seemed  to  be  marked  off 
from  the  rest  by  a  sharp  boundary  line,  within  which  the  foliage  had 
not  suffered.  Closer  investigation  revealed  the  fact  that  the  ground 
under  the  trees  was  covered  with  ants,  multitudes  of  which  were  busily 
engaged  descending  the  boles  with  caterpillars  in  their  mouths  or  ascend- 
ing them  for  fresh  burdens. 

The  House  Ant  (Monomorium  pbaraonis),  a  very  minute  species,  is 
exceedingly  troublesome  in  those  houses  in  which  it  effects  a  settlement, 
as  some  Colchester  householders  can  testify.  Mr.  Gervase  F.  Mathew 
also  reports  it  as  a  pest  in  houses  at  Dovercourt.  The  rare  Ponera  punc- 
tatissima  has  been  found  in  a  bakehouse  at  Colchester  ;  and  another  ant 
worthy  of  mention  is  Solenopsis  fugax,  which  lives  in  galleries  in  the  walls 
of  other  ants'  nests.  Mr.  F.  Smith  took  this  at  Southend.  Mutilla  euro- 
peea  is  a  very  handsome  insect,  which  is  parasitic  in  the  nests  of  humble 
bees  ;  it  is  always  scarce,  but  the  apterous  female  may  sometimes  be 
found  on  our  coast  sands,  while  the  winged  male  is  occasionally  captured 
on  umbelliferous  flowers.  Methoca  ichneumonides  and  the  scarce  Pompilus 
unicolor  are  also  reported  from  Southend  by  Mr.  F.  Smith,  while  P. 
bicolor^  P.  comobrinus,  P.  minutulus  and  P.  ivesmae/i,  which,  according  to 
Mr.  Saunders,  '  are  among  the  desiderata  of  most  of  us,'  are  found  in 
the  Colchester  district,  where  also  Pseudagenia  carbonaria  (punctum)  and 
Agenia  hircana  may  be  occasionally  met  with.  Tachytes  unicolor  has  only 
been  found  on  the  coast,  where  hitherto  it  has  apparently  been  confined 
to  a  patch  of  sand  a  few  yards  square.  Ceratophorus  morio  is  extremely 
rare,  only  three  specimens  having  so  far  been  met  with  ;  and  Mimesa 
equestris  and  M.  dahlbomi  have  hitherto  proved  as  scarce  here  as  in  other 
parts  of  the  country.  Gorytes  campestris  is  an  uncertain  insect,  and  some 
years  may  be  sought  for  to  little  purpose,  but  in  1900  it  was  found  in 
larger  numbers  than  usual  on  umbelliferous  flowers.  Hoplisus  bicinctus,  a 
very  beautiful  and  elegant  species,  is  apparently  also  local  and  rare,  few 
collectors  having  ever  met  with  it,  but  it  may  sometimes  be  found  run- 
ning over  leaves  in  August  ;  while  Nysson  frimacu/afus,  another  scarce 
species  with  a  similar  habit,  may  occasionally  turn  up  if  Hoplisus  is 
looked  for  in  vain.  Didineis  lunicornis  has  twice  been  captured  at  Col- 
chester, and  the  very  rare  Philanthus  trlangulum  is  recorded  from  Snares- 
brook  by  Mr.  F.  Smith.  Cerceris  ornata  in  recent  years  seems  to  have 

99 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

been  having  a  very  good  time,  for  while  its  old  settlements  have  been 
considerably  extended  many  new  ones  have  been  formed  ;  it  provisions 
its  nest  with  bees  of  the  genus  Ha/ictus,  and  may  often  be  seen  dragging 
its  victims  down  its  burrows  in  trodden  paths  in  the  late  summer.  It  is 
a  handsome  insect  with  bright  yellow  markings,  but  in  1899  an  example 
was  captured  near  Donyland  Heath  in  which  the  yellow  was  replaced  by 
white.  This  is  apparently  a  very  rare  if  not  an  altogether  unique  form. 
Cerceris  quadricincta  has  only  been  reported  from  Kent  and  Essex.  At 
Colchester  it  seems  to  be  mainly  an  urban  insect,  for  it  forms  its 
burrows  in  the  public  streets,  where,  owing  to  alterations,  two  colonies 
have  been  destroyed  recently  ;  it  is  very  partial  to  mignonette  flowers. 
Oxybelus  mucronatus  has  occurred  at  Alresford,  where  a  single  specimen 
was  found  in  1900. 

In  the  extensive  genus  Crabro,  C.  tibialis,  C.  clampes  and  C.  capitosus 
are  occasionally  noticed  ;  and  the  very  rare  C.  signatus  has  been  taken  at 
Colchester  and  St.  Osyth,  where  C.  lituratus  is  also  to  be  found  in  favour- 
able seasons,  for  it  does  not  occur  regularly.  This  seems  to  be  a  very 
local  species,  as  it  has  rarely  been  recorded  from  other  parts  of  the 
country. 

The  Hornet  (Ye spa  crabrd)  cannot  be  called  a  rarity,  but  is  neither 
common  or  generally  distributed.  Probably  it  was  much  commoner 
formerly  than  it  is  now,  as  the  violent  antipathy  which  exists  against  it 
in  the  rustic  mind  leads  to  its  speedy  extirpation  when  it  can  be  attacked 
with  impunity.  It  may  not  be  generally  known  that  this  powerful  insect 
sometimes  carries  on  its  operations  by  night  as  well  as  by  day,  and  occa- 
sionally comes  freely  to  '  sugar  '  placed  on  the  trees  to  attract  moths. 
V.  norvegica  is  a  much  scarcer  insect  in  this  part  of  the  country,  but  has 
been  found  at  St.  Osyth,  and  in  1893  a  nest  was  discovered  in  a  thick 
hedge  at  Lexden. 

In  the  genus  Odynerus  several  good  species  occur,  including  O. 
crassicornis,  of  which  only  two  recent  British  examples  are  known,  and 
O.  reniformis,  which  has  only  been  reported  from  two  other  localities  in 
Surrey.  O.  fictus,  O.  melanocephalus  and  O.  gracilis  are  also  far  from 
common  species. 

Among  the  bees  Colletes  succincta  is  worthy  of  notice.  In  other 
parts  of  the  country  it  seems  to  frequent  heath  flowers,  but  with  us  it  is 
exclusively  a  coast  species,  and  confines  itself  to  the  flowers  of  maritime 
plants,  the  sea  holly  and  starwort  being  especial  favourites.  Extensive 
colonies  exist  at  several  places  between  the  Colne  and  Stour,  and  the 
males  have  a  curious  habit  of  congregating  together  late  in  the  afternoon 
on  flower  heads  of  the  marram  grass,  ragwort  and  other  plants,  where 
they  form  dense  masses  that  are  often  conspicuous  at  a  distance.  Occa- 
sionally a  female  may  be  found  among  them,  but  this  is  exceptional. 

Prosopis  pictipes,  though*  usually  regarded  as  scarce  and  local,  has 
been  found  rather  freely  on  several  occasions  in  a  garden  at  Colchester  in 
flowers  of  geranium  and  campanula.  The  red  bodied  genus  Sphecodes 
is  well  represented,  S.  rubicundus,  S.  spinulosus,  S.  puncticeps  and  the  rare 

100 


INSECTS 

S.  ferruginatus  being  the  most  noteworthy  species.  At  sallow  flowers  in 
the  spring  Andrena  bimaculata,  A.  rosa  var.  spinigera,  A.  dorsata  and 
many  others  are  found.  The  scarce  and  local  A.  fasciata  has  occurred 
at  Dovercourt,  but  only  one  example  was  seen.  'Its  near  relative,  A.ful- 
-uicrus,  was  for  many  years  scarce  near  Colchester,  but  recently  extensive 
colonies  have  been  found,  and  it  is  now  quite  a  common  insect.  A. 
pilipes  also,  which  was  for  long  represented  by  a  single  specimen,  has 
during  the  past  two  years  been  turning  up  in  all  directions. 

The  beautiful  A.  cineraria,  one  of  the  early  spring  bees,  is  found 
near  Walthamstow.  A.  hattorfiana,  the  finest  species  of  the  genus,  has 
been  met  with  at  Alresford,  Donyland  and  Lexden.  As  a  rule  only  the 
black  form  is  found,  but  one  year  nearly  all  the  specimens  seen  were 
highly  coloured  red  ones.  A.  cetii  is  another  very  local  and  extremely 
variable  insect,  though  in  this  the  red  forms  predominate.  It  is  occa- 
sionally found  at  Aldham  and  Alresford,  but  more  frequently  at  Colches- 
ter. It  seems  to  be  somewhat  uncertain  in  its  appearances,  and  may 
often  be  looked  for  to  little  purpose.  A.  rosce  is  also  generally  scarce  in 
its  summer  form,  but  during  the  past  year  or  two  has  occurred  pretty 
freely  at  bramble  flowers,  while  A.  nigriceps  has  been  far  from  scarce  on 
ragwort.  Of  the  rare  A.  tridentata  only  a  single  specimen  has  so  far 
been  found,  but  A.  fucata  and  A.  fufaago  seem  to  occur  regularly.  A. 
fafwfiirwM  seen  in  prodigious  numbers  in  1898,  especially  on  the  sea 
walls  at  St.  Osyth,  where  its  males  were  observed  congregating  together 
after  the  manner  of  Colletes  succincta,  their  bright  yellow  faces  rendering 
the  masses  they  formed  very  noticeable  and  curious  objects.  The  genus 
Nomada,  which  is  largely  parasitic  on  Andrena,  is  naturally  also  well 
represented,  N.  armata  and  N.  obtusifrons  being  its  most  noteworthy 
species  as  regards  rarity;  but  N.  sexfasciata  seems  also  to  be  strangely 
rare  in  north  Essex,  seeing  that  the  Long-horned  Bee  (Eucera  longicornis) 
to  which  it  is  attached  is  abundant.  Only  a  single  specimen  of  the 
parasite  has  been  discovered,  at  Walton-on-the-Naze.  Mr.  Smith  how- 
ever formerly  found  it  in  some  numbers  near  Southend.  The  little  Blue 
Bee  (Ceratina  cyanea)  seems  to  be  seldom  met  with  in  other  parts  of  the 
country  ;  it  is  not  infrequent  on  daisies  in  the  spring  and  on  composite 
flowers  later  in  the  year.  The  Rose-cutter  Bees  are  well  in  evidence 
throughout  the  summer.  Megachile  maritima  is  principally  a  coast 
species,  while  M.  circumcincta  and  M.  ligniseca  are  found  inland.  The 
scarcer  M.  versicolor,  which  has  only  recently  been  reinstated  in  our  list, 
was  also  met  with  in  August,  1900. 

Osmia  pilicornis  is  a  rare  species  ;  two  females  were  captured  in 
1883,  but  others  have  since  been  sought  for  in  vain.  O.  bicolor,  which 
forms  its  cells  in  empty  snail-shells,  is  occasionally  met  with  at  Lexden 
but  more  frequently  at  Aldham,  where  there  is  a  fairly  strong  colony. 
The  genus  Stelis,  which  is  parasitic  on  Osmia,  is  represented  by  5.  ater- 
rima  and  S.  phceoptera,  the  latter  being  much  the  rarer.  Melecta  luctuosa, 
which  is  the  '  cuckoo'  of  Anthophora  retusa,  is  very  rarely  met  with, 
though  its  'host'  from  being  a  rarity  has  recently  become  quite 

101 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


common. 


A.  furcata,  which  forms  its  cells  in  decaying  posts,  though 
far  from  common,  may  often  be  heard  even  before  it  is  seen  busily 
engaged  among  the  flowers  of  Stacbys  syhatica  and  other  labiates.  The 
velvet  coated  humble  bees  and  their  parasites  of  the  genus  Psitbyrus, 
which  so  closely  resemble  them,  may  be  met  with  in  all  parts  of  the 
county  during  the  warmer  portion  of  the  year  ;  but  two  species  are 
very  rare.  Of  Bombus  lapponicus  only  a  single  specimen,  which  was  cap- 
tured on  a  sea  holly  flower  at  St.  Osyth,  has  been  found  ;  it  is  a  moun- 
tain species,  and  as  far  as  can  be  ascertained  no  other  specimen  has  been 
recorded  from  the  south  of  England.  B.  cullumanus  has  only  been  found 
at  Southend,  where  the  late  Mr.  Frederick  Smith  took  six  examples 
many  years  ago. 


A  LIST  OF  THE  ACULEATE  HYMENOPTERA  OCCURRING  IN  THE 

COUNTY 


HETEROGYNA 

FORMICIDJE 

Formica,  L. 

—  rufa,  L. 

—  fiisca,  Latr. 

—  race  i.  cunicularia,  Latr. 
Lasius,  Fabr. 

—  fiiliginosus,  Latr. 

—  niger,  L. 

—  race  i.  alienus,  Forst 

—  flavus,  De  Geer 
PONERID.* 

Ponera,  Latr. 

—  punctatissima,  Rog. 
MYRMICID.S: 

Leptothorax,  Mayr. 

—  tuberum,  Fabr.  race  Nylanderi,  Ffirst 
Myrmica,  Latr. 

—  rubra,  L. 

—  race  laevinodis,  Nyl. 

—  ,,     ruginodis,  Nyl. 

—  „     scabrinodis,  Nyl. 

—  „     lobicornis,  Nyl. 
Solenopsis,  Westw. 

—  fugax,  Latr. 
Monomorium  pharaonis,  L. 

FOSSORES 
MUTILLID.S 
Mutilla,  L. 

—  europaea,  L. 

—  rufipes,  Latr. 
Myrmosa,  Latr. 

—  melanocephala,  Fabr. 
Methoca,  Latr. 

—  ichneumon  ides,  Fabr.  Southend (F.  Smith) 

TlPHIID-ffi 

Tiphia,  Fabr. 

—  femorata,  Fabr.      Colchester,  Southend 


SAPYGID.*: 
Sapyga,  Latr. 

—  quinque  punctata,  Fabr. 
POMPILID^ 

Pompilus,  Fabr. 

—  unicolor,  Spin. 

—  bicolor,  Lep. 

—  rufipes,  L. 

—  cinctellus,  Spin. 

—  plumbeus,  Fabr. 

—  consobrinus,  Dahlb. 

—  minutulus,  Dahlb. 

—  spissus,  Schiodte 

—  chalybeatus,  SchiSdte 

—  gibbus,  Fabr. 

—  unguicularis,  Thorns. 

—  wesmaeli,  Thorns. 

—  pectinipes,  V.  de  Lind. 
Salius,  Fabr. 

—  fuscus,  L. 

—  afBnis,    V.    de    Lind.       Soutbend    (F. 

Smith) 

—  exaltatus,  Fabr. 

—  pusillus,  Schiodte. 

—  parvulus,  Dahlb. 
Calicurgus,  Lep. 

—  hyalinatus,  Fabr. 
Pseudagenia,  Kohl. 

—  carbonaria,  Scop. 
Agenia,  Schiodte. 

—  hircana,  Fabr. 
Ceropales,  Latr. 

—  maculata,  Fabr. 
SPHEGID^E 

Astatus,  Latr. 

—  boops,  Schr. 
Tachytes,  Pz. 

—  unicolor,  Pz. 

—  pectinipes,  L. 


102 


INSECTS 


SPHEGID^C  (continued) 
Trypoxylon,  Latr. 

—  figulus,  L. 

—  claviccrum,  Lep. 

—  attenuatum,  Smith 
Ammophila,  Kirb. 

—  sabulosa,  L. 

-  lutaria,  Fabr.     St.  Osyth  and  Southmd 
Stigmus,  Jur. 

—  solskyi,  Moraw. 
Pcmphredon,  Latr. 

—  lugubris,  Latr. 

—  shuckardi,  Moraw. 

—  wesmaeli,  Moraw. 

—  lethifcr,  Shuck. 

—  morio,  V.  dc  Lind. 
Diodontus,  Curt. 

—  minutus,  Fabr. 

—  tristis,  V.  dc  Lind. 
Passakecus,  Shuck. 

—  corniger,  Shuck. 

—  insignis,  V.  de  Lind. 

—  monilicornis,  Dhlb. 
Mimesa,  Shuck. 

—  equestris,  Fabr. 

—  bicolor,  Fabr. 

—  dahlbomi,  Wesm. 
Psen,  Latr. 

—  pallipes,  Pz. 
Gorytes,  Latr. 

—  tumidus,  Pz. 

—  mystaceus,  L. 

—  campestris,  L. 
Hoplisus,  Lcp. 

—  quadrifasciatus,  Fabr. 

—  bicinctus,  Rossi 
Nysson,  Latr. 

—  spinosus,  Fabr. 

—  trimaculatus,  Rossi 

-  dimidiatus,  Jur. 
Didineis,  Wesm. 

—  lunicornis,  Fabr. 
Mellinus,  Fabr. 

—  arvensis,  L. 
Philanthus,  Fabr. 

—  triangulum,     Fabr. 

Smith) 
Cerceris,  Latr. 

-  ornata,  Schaeff. 

—  quadricincta,  Pz. 

—  arenaria,  L. 

—  interrupta,  Pz. 

—  labiata,  Fabr. 
Oxybelus,  Latr. 

—  uniglumis,  L. 

—  mucronatus,  Fabr. 
Crabro,  Fabr. 

—  tibialis,  Fab. 

—  clavipes,  L. 

—  leucostomus,  L. 


SPHEGID.C  (continued') 

Crabro  pubescens,  Shuck. 

—  capitosus,  Shuck. 

—  podagricus,  V.  de  Lind. 

—  palmarius,  Schreb.     Southmd 

—  palmipes,  L. 

—  varius,  Lep. 

—  wesmaeli,  V.  de  Lind. 

—  elongatulus,  V.  de  Lind. 

—  quadrimaculatus,  Dhlb. 

—  signatus,  Pz. 

—  vagabundus,  Pz. 

—  cephalotes,  Pz. 

—  chrysostomus,  Lep. 

—  vagus,  L. 

—  cribrarius,  L. 

—  interruptus,  De  G. 

—  lituratus,  Pz. 

-  albilabris,  Fabr. 
Entomognathus,  Dahlb. 

—  brevis,  V.  de  Lind. 

DIPLOPTERA 

VESPIDJE 
Vespa,  L. 

-  crabro,  L. 

—  vulgaris,  L. 

—  germanica,  Fabr. 

—  rufa,  L. 

—  sylvestris,  Scop. 
norvegica,  Fabr. 


Snaresbrook     (F. 


Odynerus,  Latr. 

—  spinipes,  L. 

-  melanocephalus,  Gmel. 

-  reniformis,  Gmel. 

-  callosus,  Thorns. 

-  parietum,  L. 

-  pictus,  Curt. 

-  trimarginatus,  Zett. 

-  trifasciatus,  Oliv. 

—  prietinus,  L. 

-  antilope,  Pz. 

-  crassicornis,  Pz. 

-  gracilis,  Hrulld- 
sinuatus,  Fabr. 


ANTHOPHILA 


OBTUSILINGUES 
COLLETID.* 
Colletes,  Latr. 

-  succincta,  L. 

-  fodiens,  Kirb. 

-  picistigma,  Thorns. 

—  marginata,  Smith 

—  daviesana,  Smith 
Prosopis,  Fab. 

—  communis,  Nyl. 


—  signata,  Pz. 

—  hyalinata,  Smith 


103 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


COLLETIDX  (continued) 
Prosopis  confusa,  Nyl. 

—  brevicornis,  Nyl. 

—  pictipes,  Nyl. 
ACUTILINGUES 
ANDRENIDJE 

Sphecodes,  Latr. 

—  gibbus,  L. 

—  subquadratus,  Smith 

—  spinulosus,  v.  Hag. 

—  puncticeps,  Thorns. 

—  pilifrons,  Thorns. 

-  similis,  Wesm. 

-  rubicundus,  v.  Hag. 

-  ferruginatus,  Schenck. 
-—  hyalinatus,  Schenck. 

—  variegatus,  v.  Hag. 

—  dimidiatus,  v.  Hag. 

—  affinis,  v.  Hag. 
Hal  ictus,  Latr. 

—  rubicundus,  Christ. 

—  xanthopus,  Kirb. 

—  leucozonius,  Schrank. 

—  quadrinotatus,  Kirb. 

-  sexnotatus,  Kirb. 

-  cylindricus,  Fabr. 

-  albipes,  Kirb. 

-  subfasciatus,  Nyl. 

-  villosulus,  Kirb. 

—  breviceps,  Saund. 

—  punctatissimus,  Schenck. 

—  nitidiusculus,  Kirb. 

—  minutissimus,  Kirb. 

—  tumulorum,  L. 

-  smeathmanellus,  Kirb. 

-  morio,  Fabr. 

-  leucopus,  Kirb. 
Andrena,  Fabr. 

—  albicans,  Kirb. 

—  pilipes,  Fabr. 

—  bimaculata,  Kirb. 

-  rosse,  Pz. 

-  v.  trimmerana,  Kirb. 

-  v.  spinigera,  Kirb. 

-  nitida,  Fourc. 

—  cineraria,  L. 

—  fulva,  Schr. 

-  clarkella,  Kirb. 

—  nigroaenea,  Kirb. 

—  gwynana,  Kirb. 

—  v.  bicolor,  Fabr. 

—  angustior,  Kirb. 

—  praecox,  Scop. 

—  varians,  Rossi 

—  ambigua,  Perk. 

-  helvola,  L. 

-  fucata,  Smith 

-  nigriceps,  Kirb. 

—  tridentata,  Kirb. 

—  denticulata,  Kirb. 


ANDRENID.S:  (continued) 
Andrena  fulvicrus,  Kirb. 

—  fasciata,  Nyl. 

—  hattorfiana,  Fabr. 

—  cetii,  Schr. 

—  cingulata,  Fabr. 

—  albicrus,  Kirb. 

—  chrysoceles,  Kirb. 

-  coitana,  Kirb. 

-  fulvago,  Christ. 

-  humilis,  Imhoff. 

—  labialis,  Kirb. 

—  minutula,  Kirb. 

—  nana,  Kirb. 

—  dorsata,  Kirb. 

—  similis,  Smith 

-  wilkella,  Kirb. 

—  afzeliella,  Kirb. 
Cilissa,  Leach 

—  haemorrhoidalis,  Fabr. 

—  leporina,  Pz. 
Dasypoda,  Latr. 

—  hirtipes,  Latr. 
Nomada,  Fabr. 

—  obtusifrons,  Nyl. 

—  solidaginis,  Pz. 

—  sexfasciata,  Pz. 

—  succincta,  Pz. 

—  lineola,  Pz. 

—  alternata,  Kirb. 

—  jacobaeze,  Pz. 

—  ruficornis,  L. 

—  bifida,  Thorns. 

—  borealis,  Zett. 

—  ochrostoma,  Kirb. 

—  armata,  H.  SchfF. 

—  ferruginata,  Kirb. 

—  fabriciana,  L. 

—  flavoguttata,  Kirb. 

—  furva,  Pz. 
APID.S 

Epeolus,  Latr. 

—  productus,  Thorns. 

—  rufipes,  Thorns. 
Ceratina,  Latr. 

—  cyanea,  Kirb. 
Chelostoma,  Latr. 

—  florisomne,  L. 

—  campanularum,  Kirb. 
Ccelioxys,  Latr. 

—  rufescens,  Lep. 

—  elongata,  Lep. 

—  acuminata,  Nyl. 
Megachile,  Latr. 

—  maritima,  Kirb.     St.  Osyth,  Soutbend 

—  willoughbiella,  Kirb. 

—  circumcincta,  Lep. 

-  ligniseca,  Kirb. 

-  centuncularis,  L. 

—  versicolor,  Smith 


104 


INSECTS 

APID/E  (continued}  APID.AE  (continued] 

Megachile    argentata,    Fabr.      St.     Osyth,  Psithyrus,  Lep. 

Southcnd  —  rupestris,  Fabr. 

Osmia,  Pz.  —  vestalis,  Fourc. 

—  rufa,  L.  —  barbutellus,  Kirb. 

—  pilicornis,  Smith  —  campestris,  Pz. 

—  cacrulcscens,  L.  —  quadricolor,  Lcp. 

—  fulvivcntris,  Pz.  Bombus,  Latr. 

—  bicolor,  Schr.  —  venustus,  Smith 

—  spinulosa,  Kirb.  —  agrorum,  Fabr. 
Stelis,  Pz.  —  hortorum,  L. 

—  aterrima,  Pz.  —  v.  harrisellus,  Kirb. 

—  phoeoptera,  Kirb.  —  latreillellus,  Kirb. 
Anthidium,  Fabr.  —  sylvarum,  L. 

—  manicatum,  L.  —  derhamellus,  Kirb. 
Eucera,  Scop.  —  lapidarius,  L. 

—  longicornis,  L.  —  lapponicus,  Fabr. 
Mclecta,  Latr.  —  pratorum,  L. 

—  luctuosa,  Scop.  —  cullumanus,  Kirb.     Seuthend  (F.  Smith) 

—  armata,  Pz.  —  tcrrestris,  L. 
Anthophora,  Latr.  —  v.  lucorum,  Smith 

—  retusa,  L.  Apis,  L. 

—  pilipes,  Fabr.  —  mellifica,  L. 

—  furcata,  Pz. 

PHYTOPHAGA 

The  Phytophagous  Hymenoptera  comprise  the  Sawflies  (Tenthre- 
dinida]  and  their  allies,  and  the  great  majority  of  the  Gallflies  (Cynipidce). 

The  females  of  these  insects  have  the  ovipositor  modified  into  a  saw 
or  borer,  and  in  some  cases  into  an  instrument  which  combines  the 
properties  of  saw,  lance  and  file  all  in  one  ;  for  they  vary  considerably  in 
their  structure  according  to  the  work  which  they  have  to  do,  such 
species  as  deposit  their  ova  in  hard  woody  substances  requiring  stronger 
implements  than  those  which  simply  make  incisions  between  upper  and 
lower  leaf  surfaces.  As  the  name  implies  they  are  as  a  rule  plant  feeders 
in  the  larval  state,  and  the  majority  feed  up  during  the  summer  and 
autumn  and  appear  in  the  perfect  state  during  the  following  spring,  but 
some  are  to  be  met  with  much  later  in  the  season,  and  Emphytus  serotinus 
is  often  abundant  on  herbage  under  oak  trees  during  fine  weather  in 
October.  The  early  species  may  be  found  on  leaves  and  at  the  flowers 
of  various  plants,  the  Umbelliferce  being  especially  attractive  to  them. 
Angelica  sy/vestris  is  also  a  great  favourite  with  those  which  appear  in  the 
late  summer  and  autumn.  So  far  as  our  present  knowledge  goes,  we 
have  about  400  Sawflies  in  Britain,  but  many  of  them  are  extremely  local 
or  excessively  rare,  and  as  the  great  majority  of  the  individuals  are 
females  they  are  not  nearly  so  much  in  evidence  as  many  other  insects, 
and  consequently  they  rarely  do  much  damage  to  vegetation  in  ordinary 
seasons.  Occasionally  however  certain  among  them  appear  in  immense 
numbers  and  prove  harmful  to  particular  crops.  Prominent  among  these 
is  the  Turnip  Sawfly,  Athalia  spinarum,  of  which  vast  migratory  swarms 
sometimes  invade  our  shores,  and  dispersing  themselves  over  considerable 
tracts  of  country  proceed  to  lay  their  eggs  on  the  turnip  leaves,  and  the 
i  105  14 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

resulting  larvas,  which  are  speedily  developed,  are  so  numerous  and 
voracious  that  they  soon  make  extensive  clearances  in  all  directions.  In 
1782—3  many  thousands  of  acres  were  destroyed  by  them,  and  in  1835—6 
our  own  county  suffered  very  severely  from  their  ravages.  At  a  later 
period  they  devastated  the  fields  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Tollesbury,  but 
happily  their  visits  are  few  and  far  between,  and  during  many  recent 
years  entomologists  who  have  been  desirous  of  obtaining  specimens  for 
their  cabinets  have  sought  for  them  in  vain,  though  a  few  were  obtained 
in  Essex,  Suffolk  and  elsewhere  in  1900.  It  is  said  to  feed  also  on 
charlock  and  to  prefer  that  plant  to  turnip  when  there  is  a  sufficient 
supply. 

The  Gooseberry  Sawfly  (Pteronus  ribesii)  is  also  occasionally  very 
destructive  to  the  currant  and  gooseberry  crop.  A  few  years  ago  it 
entirely  denuded  all  the  bushes  about  Colchester  of  their  leaves,  but  the 
disease  speedily  produced  its  own  remedy,  for  so  numerous  were  the 
larvae  that  they  consumed  all  the  available  food  long  before  they  reached 
maturity,  and  apparently  the  whole  brood  perished  from  starvation. 
After  leaving  the  naked  bushes  they  wandered  about  seeking  vainly  for 
food  elsewhere,  and  at  this  time  the  pathways  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
market  gardens  were  black  with  their  dead  bodies,  which  for  several  days 
emitted  a  sickly  odour  that  compelled  attention. 

Another  species  (Hoplocampa  testudinea)  deposits  its  eggs  in  the 
apple  blossom,  and  the  larvas  feed  in  the  young  fruit,  causing  it  to  fall 
when  about  half-grown.  Probably  the  damage  thus  done  is  generally 
set  down  to  the  Codling  Moth  (Carpocapsa  pomonella)  for  both  feed  after 
a  similar  fashion  ;  the  Sawfly  however  does  not  seem  to  be  very 
abundant,  at  least  in  north  Essex,  and  has  only  been  found  there  in  the 
early  summer  fruit.  As  soon  as  the  fruit  falls  to  the  ground  the  larvae 
proceed  to  make  themselves  scarce,  so  that  many  apples  may  be  opened 
and  few  larvas  found,  and  as  these  are  by  no  means  easy  to  rear,  the  insect 
is  very  scarce  in  collections  and  probably  few  entomologists  have  ever 
seen  it. 

The  Corn  Sawfly  (Cephus  pygmceus)  is  another  insect  with  an  evil 
reputation  on  the  continent,  its  larvas  feed  in  the  interior  of  corn  stems, 
but  any  damage  they  may  do  in  this  country  is  seldom  if  ever  brought 
home  to  them,  though  seeing  how  very  abundant  the  perfect  insect  is  in 
our  own  fields  in  the  early  summer,  one  would  think  it  must  be  to  some 
extent  injurious.  The  two  species  of  Sirex  (S.  gigas  and  S.  juvencus)  are 
large  handsome  insects  with  powerful  ovipositors  adapted  for  boring  into 
the  solid  wood  of  fir  trees,  to  which  they  are  accused  of  being  very 
destructive.  In  this  country  they  are  far  from  common,  and  though 
they  are  sometimes  met  with  about  Colchester  they  never  there  attack 
healthy  standing  trees,  but  only  such  as  are  dying  or  have  been  felled. 
No  doubt  they  do  attack  larch  and  spruce  posts  and  take  possession  of 
any  trees  that  have  been  left  unduly  long  on  the  ground  after  they  have 
been  felled,  and  speedily  render  these  good  for  nothing  but  firewood. 
Many  of  the  Sawflies  are  very  beautiful,  and  the  problems  connected 

1 06 


INSECTS 

with  their  life  history  are  so  intensely  interesting  that  they  are  well 
worthy  of  far  greater  attention  than  they  have  hitherto  received.  It  has 
been  already  stated  that  the  females  greatly  outnumber  the  males,  but  in 
many  cases  the  males  are  quite  unknown  and  in  some  species  only  females 
are  believed  to  be  produced.  Parthenogenesis  is  extremely  common 
among  them,  and  though  in  some  instances  ova  deposited  by  virgin  females 
have  produced  males,  as  a  rule  such  ova  produce  only  females,  and  it  has 
been  abundantly  proved  that  these  possess  the  faculty  of  reproducing  their 
like  without  any  male  assistance  for  an  indefinite  number  of  generations. 

Among  the  more  noteworthy  species  found  in  the  county,  attention 
may  be  drawn  to  those  of  the  very  handsome  genera  Lyda,  Abia  and  Arge , 
which  are  well  represented.  Three  species  of  Do/erus  (D.  rugu/osus, 
D.  fumosus  and  D.  gibbosus)  are  as  yet  only  known  as  British  from 
examples  captured  near  Colchester,  where  Loderus  palmatus  is  occasionally 
found.  The  rare  Macrophya  rufipes  is  also  worthy  of  mention,  and 
Allantus  jlavipes  is  from  a  collector's  point  of  view  a  good  insect,  as  it  is 
not  often  obtained  in  Britain  and  is  scarce  elsewhere.  Several  specimens 
were  found  on  charlock  flowers  near  Langham  Lodge  Wood  many  years 
ago,  but  none  have  occurred  recently.  The  male  of  Strongylogaster  cingu- 
latus  is  accounted  a  rarity  though  the  female  is  abundant,  but  one  day  in 
the  spring  of  1899,  in  Donyland  Wood,  several  males  were  captured 
before  any  females  had  been  seen,  which  is  contrary  to  Mr.  Cameron's 
experience,  as  he  states  that  though  he  has  bred  hundreds  of  females  he 
only  succeeded  in  getting  one  male,  which  curiously  enough  appeared 
some  days  after  all  the  females  of  the  same  batch  had  emerged.  As  two 
of  his  virgin  females  produced  fertile  eggs  he  concludes  that  partheno- 
genesis plays  a  constant  r61e  with  this  species.  Allantus  zona  is  another 
scarce  species  which  has  occurred  at  St.  Osyth. 

The  Gallflies  (Cynipida)  form  those  abnormal  growths  upon  trees 
and  plants  of  which  the  oakapple,  the  marble  and  woody  galls  of  the  oak, 
and  the  moss-like  Bedeguar  gall  of  the  rose  are  familiar  and  conspicuous 
examples,  but  all  gall-producing  insects  are  not  Hymenopterous,  as  many 
of  them  belong  to  other  orders,  such  as  the  Gall-gnats  (Cecidomyida) 
among  the  Diptera  and  certain  of  the  Aphides  and  beetles. 

The  facts  and  problems  connected  with  the  reproduction  of  the 
Cynipidce  are  even  more  interesting  and  complicated  than  in  the  case  of 
the  Tenthredinida,  and  though  it  is  impossible  to  go  fully  into  them  here, 
it  may  be  briefly  stated  that  some  insects  which  were  formerly  believed 
to  be  distinct  are  now  known  to  be  different  forms  of  the  same  species, 
which  inhabit  totally  dissimilar  galls  and  appear  at  different  times  of  the 
year,  the  earlier  brood  consisting  of  both  males  and  females  and  the  later 
brood  of  females  only,  which  lay  fertile  eggs  and  produce  the  bisexual 
brood  of  the  following  season. 

But  besides  this  alternation  of  generations,  there  are  other  species 
which  are  well  known  to  be  single  brooded  and  which  consist  of  females 
only,  for  though  they  have  been  bred  by  hundreds  of  thousands  by 
different  investigators,  all  endeavours  to  discover  the  males  have  been 

107 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

unavailing,  and  among  other  theories  it  has  been  suggested  that  in  their 
case  males  formerly  existed,  but  owing  to  the  increase  in  the  faculty  of 
virgin  reproduction  they  have  ceased  to  be  produced,  being  no  longer 

necessary. 

There  is  a  very  able  and  valuable  paper  on  the  '  Galls  of  Essex  '  by 
Mr.  Fitch  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Essex  Field  Club  (ii.  98-156), 
which  deals  with  all  the  gall-feeding  insects,  and  to  which  the  reader 
who  desires  further  information  can  be  confidently  referred. 

In  the  following  list  of  T'enthredinidce  some  names  will  be  found 
which  do  not  appear  in  Cameron's  Phytophagous  Hymenoptera.  Certain  of 
these  belong  to  species  which  were  not  known  as  British  when  that  work 
was  written,  and  in  other  cases  it  has  been  deemed  advisable  to  follow 
the  more  recent  classification  and  nomenclature  of  Konow,  which  is 
partially  adopted  in  Cameron's  fourth  volume.  Some  of  the  Sawflies  are 
extremely  difficult  to  determine  correctly,  and  all  such  have  been  sub- 
mitted either  to  the  Rev.  F.  D.  Morice  or  Pastor  Konow,  to  whom  we 
are  indebted  for  much  of  the  most  recent  work  done  in  the  group  here 
and  on  the  continent.  All  the  Tenthredinidte  named  below  have  been 
found  in  the  Colchester  district  with  one  exception,  for  which  the 
locality  is  given.  The  list  of  Cynipidee  is  taken  from  Mr.  Fitch's  '  Galls 
of  Essex.' 

A    LIST    OF    THE    PHYTOPHAGOUS    HYMENOPTERA    OCCURRING    IN 

THE   COUNTY 


TENTHREDINID^E 
LYDIT/E 

Lyda,  Fabr. 

—  flaviventris,  Retz. 

—  inanita,  Vill. 

—  sylvatica,  L. 

—  hortorum,  Klug. 

—  cingulata,  Latr. 

—  pallipes,  Zett. 

—  albopicta,  Thorns. 

—  depressa,  Schr. 
Cephus,  Latr. 

—  phthisicus,  Fabr. 

—  pygmaeus,  L. 

—  tabidus,  Fabr. 

—  pusillus,  Steph. 
Macrocephus,  Schlecht. 

—  satyrus,  Pz. 
SIRICET.*: 

Xiphydria,  Latr. 

—  dromedarius,  Fabr. 
Sirex,  L. 

—  juvencus,  L. 
-  gigas,  L. 

TENTHREDINET.S 
Cimbex,  Ol. 

—  lutea,  L. 

—  femorata,  L. 
Trichiosoma,  Leach 

—  vitellinae,  L. 


TENTHREDINETVE  (continued) 
Trichiosoma  betuleti,  Klug. 
Ahia,  Leach 

—  fasciata,  L. 

—  sericea,  L. 
Arge,  Schr. 

—  enodis,  L. 

—  gracilicornis,  Klug. 

—  fuscipes,  Fall. 

—  ustulata,  L. 

—  pagana,  Pz. 

—  cyanocrocea,  FOrst. 
-  rosae,  De  Geer 

Lophyrus,  Latr. 

—  sertiferus,  Fourc. 
Cladius,  111. 

—  pectinicornis,  Fourc. 
Trichiocampus,  Htg. 

—  viminalis,  Fall. 

—  rufipes,  Lep. 

—  eradiatus,  Htg. 
Priophorus,  Latr. 

—  padi,  L. 
Leptopus,  Htg. 

—  luridiventris,  Fall. 
Hemichroa,  Steph. 

—  alni,  L. 

—  rufa,  Pz. 
Dineura,  Dhlb. 

—  stilata,  Klug. 


1 08 


INSECTS 


TENTHREDINETVE  (continued) 
Cryptocampus,  Htg. 

—  amerinse,  L. 
Pontania,  Costa 

—  leucosticta,  Htg. 

—  vallisnicrii,  Htg. 

—  xanthogastra,  FOrst. 
Pteronus,  Jur. 

—  pa  v  id  us,  Lcp. 

-  miliaris,  Pz. 

—  salicivorus,  Cam. 

—  curtispinus,  Thorns. 

—  vircscens,  Htg. 

—  melanaspis,  Htg. 

—  nigricornis,  Lep. 

—  hortcnsis,  Htg. 

—  myosotidis,  Fabr. 

—  leucotrochus,  Htg. 

—  ribcsii,  Scop. 

—  melanocephalus,  Htg. 

—  salicis,  L. 
Amauronematus,  Knw. 

—  histrio,  Lep. 

—  leucolenus,  '/add. 

-  viduatus,  Zett. 
Croesus,  Leach 

—  septentrionalis,  L. 

-  latipes,  Vill. 

—  varus,  Vill. 
Holcocneme,  Knw. 

—  crassa,  Fall. 

—  corruleocarpa,  Htg. 

-  lucida,  Pz. 
Nematus,  Jur. 

—  abdominalis,  Pz. 
luteus,  Pz. 

-  acuminatus,  Thorns. 
Pachynematus,  Knw. 

—  capreae,  Pz. 

—  einersbergensis,  Htg. 

—  xanthocarpus,  Htg. 
Pristiphora,  Latr. 

—  betulae,  Retz. 

—  quercus,  Htg. 

—  appendiculata,  Htg. 

-  ruficornis,  Ol. 
Eriocampoides,  Knw. 

—  cinxius,  Klug. 

—  varipes,  Klug. 

—  annulipes,  Klug. 

—  limacinus,  Rctz. 
Hoplocampa,  Htg. 

—  cratzgi,  Klug. 

—  pectoralis,  Thorns. 

-  testudinea,  Klug. 
Mcsoneura,  Htg. 

—  verna,  Klug. 
Periclista,  Knw. 

—  melanocephala,  Fabr. 
Pareophora,  Knw. 


TENTHREDINET.*  (continued) 
Pareophora  nigripes,  Klug. 
Tomostethus,  Knw. 

—  nigritus,  Fabr. 

-  fuliginosus,  Schr. 

—  dubius,  Gmel. 

—  luteiventris,  Klug. 
Blennocampa,  Htg. 

—  assimilis,  Fall. 

-  pusilla,  Klug. 

—  subcana,  Zadd. 

—  tenuicornis,  Klug. 
Monophadnus,  Htg. 

—  geniculatus,  Htg. 

—  ruficruris,  Brull6 

—  albipes,  Gmel. 
Kaliosysphinga,  Tischb. 

—  ulmi,  Sundev.     Stratford  (Healy) 
Athalia,  Leach 

-  ancilla,  Cam. 

—  spin  arum,  Fabr. 

—  rosae,  L. 

-  lugens,  Klug. 

-  annulata,  Fabr. 
Selandria,  Klug. 

—  serva,  Fabr. 

-  sixii,  Voll. 

-  stramineipes,  Klug. 

-  aperta,  Htg. 
Thrinax,  Knw. 

—  macula,  Klug. 
Strongylogaster,  Dhlb. 

—  cingulatus,  Fabr. 
Eriocampa,  Htg. 

-  ovata,  L. 
Pcecilosoma,  Thorns. 

—  pulverata,  Retz. 

—  carbonaria,  Knw. 

-  immersa,  Klug. 

-  submutica,  Thorns. 

-  excisa,  Thorns. 

-  tridens,  Knw. 
Emphytus,  Klug. 

-  succinctus,  Klug. 

-  cinctus,  L. 

-  togatus,  Fabr. 

—  rufocinctus,  Retz. 

—  calceatus,  Klug. 

—  tibialis,  Pz. 

—  serotinus,  Klug. 

—  grossulariz,  Klug. 
Taxonus,  Htg. 

—  glabratus,  Fall. 

—  equiseti,  Fall. 

—  agrorum,  Fall. 
Dolerus,  Jur. 

—  fulviventris,  Klug. 

—  madidus,  Klug. 

—  puncticollis,  Thorns. 

—  gonager,  Fabr. 


109 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


TENTHREDINETVE  (continued) 
Dolerus  picipes,  Klug. 

—  nigritus,  Mttll. 

—  fumosus,  Zadd. 

—  coruscans,  Knw. 

—  gibbosus,  Htg. 

—  niger,  Klug. 

—  haematodes,  Schr. 

—  rugulosus,  v.  D.  Torre. 

—  asneus,  Htg. 
Loderus,  Knw. 

—  palmatus,  Klug. 

—  vestigialis,  Klug. 
Rhogogastera,  Knw. 

—  picta,  Klug. 

—  viridis,  L. 

—  punctulata,  Klug. 

—  lateralis,  Fabr. 

—  aucupariae,  Klug. 
Tenthredopsis,  Costa 

—  coqueberti,  Klug. 

var.  cordata,  Fourc. 
var.  microcephala,  Lep. 
var.  femoralis,  Steph. 
var.  caliginosa,  Steph. 
var.  nigricollis,  Cam. 

—  nassata,  L. 

—  raddatzi,  Knw. 

—  dorsalis,  Lep. 

—  excisa,  Thorns. 

—  litterata,  Geoff. 

—  campestris,  L. 

—  dorsivittata,  Cam. 
Pachyprotasis,  Htg. 

—  variegata,  Klug. 

—  antennata,  Klug. 

—  rapae,  L. 
Macrophya,  Dhlb. 

—  rustica,  L. 

—  rufipes,  L. 

—  punctum-album,  L. 

—  ribis,  Schr. 

—  albicincta,  Schr. 

—  12-punctata,  L. 

—  blanda,  Fabr. 

—  neglecta,  Klug. 
Allantus,  Jur. 

—  maculatus,  Fourc. 

—  bicinctus,  L. 

—  vespa,  Retz. 

—  scrophulariae,  L. 

—  zona,  Klug. 

—  cingulum,  Klug. 

—  arcuatus,  Forst 

—  flavipes,  Fourc. 
Tenthredo,  L. 

—  rufiventris,  Pz. 

—  atra,  L. 

var.  dispar,  Klug. 

—  livitla,  L. 


TENTHREDINET.S:  (continued) 
Tenthredo  solitaria,  Scop. 

—  mesomela,  L. 

CYNIPID^ 

Rhodites,  Htg. 

—  eglanterise,  Htg. 

—  rosae,  L. 
fnervosa,  Curt. 

~  \rosarum,  Gir. 
Aulax,  Htg. 

—  glechomae,  Htg. 
frhosadis,  Htg. 
\papaveris,  Perris. 

—  hieracii,  Bouch6. 
Xestophanes,  F5rst 

—  potentillae,  Vill. 
Diastrophus,  Htg. 

—  rubi,  Htg. 
Andricus,  Htg. 

—  ostreus,  Gir. 

_  ffecundatrix,  Htg. 

\gemmae,  L. 
_/globuli,  Htg. 

\inflator,  Htg. 
_fradicis,  Fabr. 
~\noduli,  Htg. 

—  sieboldi,  Htg. 

—  corticis,  L. 
fcollaris,  Htg. 
\curvator,  Htg. 
framuli,  L. 
\autumnalis,  L. 

—  quadrilineatus,  Htg. 
_  fcirratus,  Adler. 

\callidoma,  Gir. 

—  solitarius,  Fonsc. 

—  albopunctatus,  Schlecht. 
Cynips,  Htg. 

—  kollari,  Htg. 
Trigonaspis,  Htg. 

_fmegaptera,  Pz. 

\renum,  Gir. 
Biorhiza,  Westw. 
fterminalis,  Fabr. 
\aptera,  Fabr. 
Dryophanta,  Ffirst 

—  folii,  L. 

—  divisa,  Htg. 

—  agama,  Htg. 
Neuroterus,  Htg. 

Jlenticularis,  Oliv. 

\baccarum,  L. 
_  ffumipennis,  Htg. 

\tricolor,  Htg. 
_  flaeviusculus,  Schr. 

\albipes,  Schr. 
_  fnumismatis,  Oliv. 

\vesicatrix,  Schlecht. 


no 


INSECTS 

ENTOMOPHAGA 

Ichneumons  and  their  Allies 

This  group  comprises  several  thousands  of  species,  of  which, 
though  some  are  of  moderate  size,  the  great  majority  are  very  small 
.and  obscure,  and  in  the  present  imperfect  state  of  our  knowledge  the 
study  of  most  of  them  is  attended  with  considerable  difficulty  ;  for  while 
many  are  excessively  variable,  others  though  abundantly  distinct  are 
superficially  so  much  alike,  and  their  specific  distinctions  are  so  minute 
and  so  easily  overlooked,  that  only  a  very  few  experts  are  able  to  deter- 
mine them  with  certainty. 

They  are  divided  into  several  sections,  which  include  the  Cbrysididte, 
the  Icbneumonidcf,  the  Braconida,  the  E-vaniidee,  the  Chalcidida  and  the 
Proctotrupida.  As  a  rule  they  are  parasitic  upon  other  insects,  a  large 
proportion  of  them  passing  their  earlier  stages  in  the  larva?  of  the  Lepi- 
doptera.  The  Chrysididce  or  Ruby-tailed  flies  are  not  very  numerous  in 
Britain,  and  their  proper  place  is  perhaps  rather  with  the  Aculeata  than 
the  Entomophaga.  They  prey  upon  certain  of  the  bees  and  wasps,  laying 
their  eggs  in  the  burrows  of  their  victims  after  the  manner  of  the  cuckoo 
bees.  They  are  extremely  beautiful  insects,  being  resplendent  with 
brilliant  blue,  green,  crimson,  burnished  copper  and  other  gorgeous 
colours.  The  Ichneumonidce,  Eraconidce  and  E-vaniida  deposit  their  eggs 
principally  upon  or  in  the  larva?  and  ova  of  the  Lepidoptera,  but  they 
attack  other  insects  and  also  spiders  ;  and  upon  the  efficient  discharge 
of  their  important  functions  the  welfare  of  the  world  depends  to  a  far 
greater  extent  than  the  world  generally  is  at  present  aware  of.  For  if 
all  insects  were  allowed  to  increase  without  let  or  hindrance,  they  would 
multiply  at  such  a  prodigious  rate  that  every  green  leaf  would  speedily 
be  devoured  by  them.  It  is  quite  true  that  other  agencies,  such  as 
insectivorous  birds,  are  also  at  work  in  keeping  them  in  check,  but  it  is 
probably  not  going  too  far  to  say  that  the  birds  are  but  the  Sauls  who 
slay  their  thousands  while  the  ichneumons  are  the  Davids  who  slay  their 
tens  of  thousands.  Nay,  it  is  highly  probable  that  by  far  the  larger 
portion  of  those  larva?  which  are  consumed  by  birds  would  perish  in  any 
case  from  the  attacks  of  ichneumons,  and  more  than  possible  that  in 
many  instances  the  attacks  of  birds,  though  immediately  fatal  to  multi- 
tudes of  individual  larvae,  may  be  ultimately  beneficial  to  the  species  to 
which  they  belong  by  the  wholesale  destruction  of  its  far  more  inveterate 
and  insidious  foes. 

But  while  of  the  innumerable  larva?  that  emerge  from  the  egg  very 
few  escape  from  the  attacks  of  the  ichneumon,  Nature  is  also  careful  of 
her  children  in  more  ways  than  one ;  for  when  a  parasite  becomes  so 
numerous  as  to  threaten  the  extinction  of  a  race,  it  is  very  frequently 
itself  preyed  upon  by  a  hyper-parasite,  which  attacks  it  after  a  similar 
fashion. 

The  Chalcididee  are  for  the  most  part  extremely  minute  brilliantly 
coloured  insects,  with  habits  similar  to  those  of  the  Ichneumonidcc.  The 

in 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Proctotrupidce  are  still  smaller  and  of  soberer  hues.  They  also  appear  to 
be  largely  parasitic,  but  with  regard  to  the  transformations  of  many  of 
them  more  seems  to  be  at  present  conjectured  than  is  actually  known. 

Of  course  it  is  quite  impossible  to  deal  adequately  with  this  impor- 
tant class  of  insects  in  a  few  brief  paragraphs,  and  unfortunately  we  have 
at  present  no  reliable  monograph  on  any  of  its  component  sections. 
Much  was  done  among  the  Ghalcidida,  etc.,  by  the  late  Mr.  Francis 
Walker  at  Wanstead,  who  left  behind  him  voluminous  notes,  which  are 
now  in  Mr.  Fitch's  possession  ;  but  they  require  very  careful  revision 
before  publication.  Many  pages  could  have  been  filled  with  Walker's 
names,  but  a  mere  list  of  names  where  no  intelligible  and  reliable  pub- 
lished accounts  and  descriptions  exist  would  be  .worse  than  useless. 
Mr.  Fitch,  in  conjunction  with  the  late  Mr.  Bridgman,  commenced  a 
series  of  valuable  outline  descriptions  of  the  Ichneumonida  in  the  Entom- 
ologist for  February,  1880,  and  continued  them  at  intervals  for  several 
years,  but  unfortunately  circumstances  for  a  time  prevented  their  com- 
pletion. It  is  to  be  hoped  that  Mr.  Fitch,  who  is  still  our  leading 
British  authority  on  the  Entomophaga,  and  who  is  abundantly  supplied 
with  material  and  well  equipped  for  the  task  in  every  way,  will  at  no 
distant  date  be  able  to  resume  his  labours,  and  obtain  for  this  branch  of 
British  Entomology  the  high  position  which  a  few  years  ago  it  seemed 
so  likely  to  take,  and  which  of  late  it  has  appeared  in  such  imminent 
danger  of  losing. 

In  the  following  list  of  Ichneumonidce  the  species  marked  M.  have 
only  been  identified  from  the  Maldon  district  by  Mr.  Fitch.  The  others 
have  all  been  obtained  near  Colchester,  many  being  common  to  both 
districts.  For  the  incompleted  list  of  Braconidee  Mr.  Fitch  is  solely 
responsible. 

A  LIST   OF  THE   ENTOMOPHAGOUS   HYMENOPTERA   OCCURRING   IN 

THE  COUNTY 


CHRYSIDIDJE 
Cleptes,  Latr. 

—  semiauratus,  L. 

—  nitidulus,  Fabr.     Btnfleet  (Billups) 
Homalus,  Pz. 

—  auratus,  L. 

—  caeruleus,  Dahlb. 
Hedychrum,  Latr. 

—  lucidulum,  Fabr. 

—  ardens,  Curtis 
Chrysis,  L. 

—  ignita,  L. 

—  viridula,  L. 

—  cyanea,  L. 

PUPIVORA.     ICHNEUMONID^: 

ICHNEUMONIDES 

Chasmodes,  Wesm. 

—  motatorius,  Fabr. 
Ichneumon,  L. 


ICHNEUMONIDES  (continued) 
Ichneumon  bilineatus,  Gmel. 

—  sinister,  Wesm. 

—  leucocerus,  Gr. 

—  lineator,  Fabr. 

—  impressor,  Zett. 

—  derasus,  Wesm. 

—  castaneiventris,  Gr. 

—  fuscipes,  Gmel.    M. 

—  periscelis,  Wesm. 

—  pistorius,  Gr. 

—  trilineatus,  Gmel. 

—  multiannulatus,  Gr. 

—  molitorius,  L. 

—  tempestivus,  Holmgr.     M. 

—  vaginatorius,  L. 

—  xanthorius,  Ffirst 

—  confusorius,  Gr. 

—  suspiciosus,  Holmgr. 

—  gracilentus,  Wesm.     M. 


112 


INSECTS 


ICHNEUMONIDES  (continued) 
Ichneumon  luctatorius,  L. 

—  latrator,  Fabr. 

—  multipictus,  Gr. 

—  primatorius,  FOrst.     M. 

—  gracilicornis,  Gr. 

-  caloscelus,  Wesm. 

-  variegatorius,  Pz. 

—  qu;tsitorius,  L.      M. 

—  analis,  Gr. 

-  saturatorius,  L.      M. 

-  faunus,  Gr. 

—  nigritarius,  Gr. 

—  fabricator,  Fabr. 

—  curvinervis,  Holmgr. 

—  pallidifrons,  Gr. 

—  varipes,  Gr. 

—  Ian  i  us,  Gr. 

—  leucomelas,  Gmel.     M. 

—  vestigator,  Wesm. 

—  lepidus,  Gr. 

—  octoguttatus,  Gr. 

—  anator,  Fabr.     M. 

—  ruficeps,  Gr. 

—  albifrons,  Stc. 

—  obator,  Desv. 
Hoplismenus,  Gr. 

—  perniciosus,  Gr. 
Limerodes,  Wesm. 

—  arctiventris,  Boie. 
Amblyteles,  Wesm. 

—  palliatorius,  Gr.      M. 

—  armatorius,  FOrst 

—  oratorius,  Fabr. 

—  flavocinctus,  Desv. 

—  notatorius,  Fabr. 

—  subsericans,  Gr. 

—  crispatorius,  L. 

—  glaucatorius,  Fabr. 

—  occisorius,  Fabr. 

—  negatorius,  Fabr. 

—  uniguttatus,  Gr. 

—  castanopygus,  Ste. 

—  castigator,  Fabr. 

—  fbssorius,  Gr. 

—  divisorius,  Gr. 

—  messorius,  Gr. 

—  funereus,  Fourc. 

—  proteus,  Christ.      M. 

—  fusorius,  L. 

—  alticola,  Gr. 
Trogus,  Pz. 

—  lutorius,  Fabr.     M. 

—  exaltatorius,  Pz.     M. 
Eurylabus,  Wesm. 

—  torvus,  Wesm. 

—  dims,  Wesm.    M. 

—  tristis,  Gr. 
Platylabus,  Wesm. 

—  rufus,  Wesm. 


ICHNEUMONIDES  (continued) 
Platylabus  orbitalis,  Gr. 

—  tricingulatus,  Gr. 

—  dimidiatus,  Gr. 

—  nigricollis,  Wesm.     M. 
Herpestomus,  Wesm. 

—  brunnicornis,  Gr. 
Colpognathus,  Wesm. 

—  celerator,  Gr. 
Diccelotus,  Wesm. 

—  pumilus,  Gr. 
Phseogenes,  Wesm. 

—  melanogonus,  Gmel.     M. 

—  scutellaris,  Wesm. 

—  calopus,  Wesm.     M. 

—  fulvitarsis,  Wesm.     M. 

—  ischiomelinus,  Gr. 
Alomyia,  Pz. 

—  debellator,  Fabr. 
CRYPTIDES 

Stilpnus,  Gr. 

—  gagates,  Gr.     M. 

—  pavoniae,  Scop.     M. 
Phygadeuon,  Gr. 

—  variabilis,  Gr.     M. 

—  fumator,  Gr.     M. 

—  troglodytes,  Gr.     M. 

—  jejunator,  Gr.     M. 

-  vagans,  Gr.     M. 

-  erythrogaster,  Gr.     M. 

—  hopei,  Marshall 

—  vagabundus,  Gr. 

—  cinctorius,  Fabr. 

—  quadrispinus,  Gr. 

-  abdominator,  Gr.     M. 

-  jucundus,  Gr.     M. 

—  procerus,  Gr. 
Cryptus,  Fabr. 

—  viduatorius,  Fabr. 

-  tarsoleucus,  Schr. 

-  moschator,  Fabr. 

—  cyanator,  Gr. 

—  parvulus,  Gr. 

-  anatorius,  Gr.     M. 

-  attentorius,  Schaef. 

-  titillator,  Gr. 

—  albatorius,  Vill. 

—  dianae,  Gr. 

—  obscurus,  Gr. 

-  analis,  Gr.     M. 

—  leucotarsus,  Gr. 

-  peregrinator,  L.     M. 

—  migrator,  Fabr. 

—  cimbicis,  Tschck. 

—  pygoleucus,  Gr.     M. 

—  signatories,  Fabr.     M. 
Mesostenus,  Gr. 

—  obnoxius,  Gr.     M. 

—  ligator,  Gr. 
Hemiteles,  Gr. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


CRYPTIDES  (continued) 

Hemiteles  furcatus,  Tasch.     M. 

—  tenebricosus,  Gr.     M. 

—  micator,  Gr.     M. 

—  oxyphimus,  Gr.     M. 

—  crassicornis,  Gr.     M. 

—  similis,  Gr.     M. 

—  fiilvipes,  Gr.     M. 

—  formosus,  Desv. 

—  bicolorinus,  Gr.     M. 

—  sstivalis,  Gr.    M. 

—  areator,  Pz. 

—  inimicus,  Gr.     M. 

—  floricolator,  Gr.     M. 

—  fragilis,  Gr. 

—  cingulator,  Gr.     M. 
Cecidonomus,  Bridg. 

—  westoni,  Bridg.     M. 

—  gallicola,  Bridg.     M. 
Orthopelma,  Tasch. 

—  luteolator,  Gr.     M. 
Agrothereutes,  Ffirst 

—  hopei,  Gr. 
Aptesis,  Ffirst 

—  nigrocincta,  Gr. 
Hemimachus,  Ratz. 

—  rufocinctus,  Gr.     M. 

—  fasciatus,  Fabr. 
Pezomachus,  Gr. 

—  tener,  Ffirst.     M. 

—  ochraceus,  FSrst.     M. 

—  corruptor,  FOrst.     M. 

—  viduus,  Forst 

—  transfuga,  Ffirst 

—  insolens,  Ffirst.     M. 

—  xylocophilus,  Ffirst 

—  analis,  Ffirst.     M. 

—  nigricornis,  Ffirst 

—  intermedius,  Ffirst 
OPHIONIDES 

Henicospilus,  Ste. 

—  merdarius,  Gr.     M. 

—  ramidulus,  L. 

—  combustus,  Gr. 

—  repentinus,  Holmgr. 
Ophion,  Fabr. 

—  obscurum,  Fabr. 

—  luteum,  L. 

—  minutum,  Kriechb.     M. 

—  ventricosum,  Gr. 
Schizoloma,  Wesm. 

—  amicta,  Fabr. 
Heteropelma,  Wesm. 

—  calcator,  Wesm. 
Anomalon,  Jurine 

—  xanthopus,  Schr.     M. 

—  mirabile,  Desv. 

—  bellicosum,  Wesm.     M. 

—  cerinops,  Gr. 

—  fibulator,  Gr. 


OPHIONIDES  (continued) 

Anomalon  tenuitarsum,  Gr. 

—  clandestinum,  Gr.     M. 

—  anomelas,  Grav. 

—  cylindricum,  Bridg.     M. 

—  melanobatum,  Gr.     M. 
Agrypon,  FOrst 

—  flaveolatum,  Gr. 

—  tenuicorne,  Gr. 

—  canaliculatum,  Ratz. 
Trichomma,  Wesm. 

—  enecator,  Rossi 
Paniscus,  Schr. 

—  cephalotes,  Holmgr.    M. 

—  virgatus,  Fourc. 

—  testaceus,  Gr. 

—  tarsatus,  Brischke. 

—  fuscicornis,  Holmgr.     M. 
Absyrtus,  Holmgr. 

—  luteus,  Holmgr. 
Campoplex,  Gr. 

—  mixtus,  Gr. 

—  bucculentus,  Holmgr.     M. 

—  erythrogaster,  Ffirst.     M. 

—  carinifrons,  Holmgr. 

—  falcator,  Thunb.     M. 

—  ebeninus,  Gr. 

—  oxyacanthae,  Boie.     M. 

—  tenuis,  Ffirst.     M. 

—  eurynotus,  Ffirst.     M. 

—  punctatus,  Bridg.    M. 

—  costulatus,  Bridg.     M. 
Sagaritis,  Holmgr. 

—  zonata,  Gr. 

—  postica,  Bridg.     M. 
Casinaria,  Holmgr. 

—  orbitalis,  Gr.    M. 

—  vidua,  Gr.     M. 
Limneria,  Holmgr. 

—  crassicornis,  Gr. 

—  elishae,  Bridg.     M. 

—  ensator,  Gr. 

—  erucator,  Zett.     M. 

—  exareolata,  Ratz.     M. 

—  faunus,  Gr.     M. 

—  geniculata,  Gr. 

—  interrupta,  Holmgr.     M. 

—  longipes,  Milll. 

—  majalis,  Gr. 

—  mutabilis,  Holmgr. 

—  rapax,  Gr. 

—  rufipes,  Gr.     M. 

—  ruficincta,  Gr. 

—  tibialis,  Gr.     M. 

—  vestigialis,  Ratz.     M. 

—  vulgaris,  Tschck.     M. 

—  virginalis,  Gr.     M. 
Atractodes,  Gr. 

—  bicolor,  Gr. 
Exolytus,  Holmgr. 


114 


INSECTS 


OPHIONIDES  (continued) 
Exolytus  laevigatus,  Gr. 
Mesochorus,  Gr. 

—  sylvarum,  Hal. 

—  (?)  pic  til  is,  Holmgr. 
Collyria,  SchiOdte 

—  calcitrator,  Gr. 
Exetastes,  Gr. 

—  osculatorius,  Fabr. 

—  guttatorius,  Gr. 

—  alhitarsus,  Gr. 
Banchus,  Fabr. 

—  variegator,  Fabr. 

—  falcator,  Fabr. 

—  moniliatus,  Gr. 
TRYPHONIDES 

Mesoleptus,  Gr. 

—  insolens,  Gr. 

—  sternoleucus,  Gr. 
Catoglyptus,  Holmgr. 

—  fuscicornis,  Gmcl. 
Euryproctus,  Holmgr. 

—  atomator,  Gr. 
Perilissus,  Holmgr. 

—  przrogator,  Gr. 
Mcsoleius,  Holmgr. 

—  aulicus,  Gr. 

—  caligatus,  Gr. 

—  alacer,  Gr. 

—  niger,  Gr. 

—  insolens,  Gr. 
Trematopygus,  Holmgr. 

—  procurator,  Gr. 
Tryphon,  Fallen. 

—  elongator,  Fabr. 

—  rutilator,  L. 

—  trochanteratus,  Holmgr. 
Eumesius,  Westw. 

—  albitarsus,  Cur. 
Polyblastus,  Hart. 

—  vari  tarsus,  Gr. 
Acrotomus,  Holmgr. 

—  lucidulus,  Gr. 
Cteniscus,  Hal. 

—  mesoleptoides,  Stc. 

—  apiarius,  Gr. 
Colpotrochia,  Holmgr. 

—  elegantula,  Schr. 
Exochus,  Gr. 

—  alpinus,  Zctt. 
Bassus,  Fabr. 

—  lartatorius,  Fabr. 

—  nigritarsus,  Gr. 
Metopius,  Pz. 

—  dissectorius,  Pz. 

PlMPLIDES 

Rhyssa,  Gr. 

—  persuasoria,  L. 
Ephialtes,  Gr. 

—  imperator,  Kriechb. 


PlMPLIDES  (continued) 
Ephialtes  rex,  Kriechb. 
Perithous,  Holmgr. 

—  mediator,  Fabr. 

—  varius,  Gr. 
Pimpla,  Fabr. 

—  instigator,  Fabr. 

—  examinator,  Fabr. 

—  turionellse,  L. 

—  rufata,  Gmel. 

—  flavonotata,  Holmgr. 

—  roborator,  Fabr. 

—  scanica,  Vill. 

—  oculatoria,  Fabr. 

—  arctica,  Zett. 

—  graminellas,  Schr. 

—  stercorator,  Fabr. 

—  brevicornis,  Gr. 
Glypta,  Gr. 

—  monoceros,  Gr. 

—  ceratites,  Gr. 

—  lugubrina,  Holmgr. 

—  incisa,  Gr. 

—  bifoveolata,  Gr. 

—  rubicunda,  Bridg. 
Lampronota,  Hal. 

—  caligata,  Gr. 
Lissonota,  Gr. 

—  parallela,  Gr. 

—  decimator,  Gr. 

—  bellator,  Gr. 

—  cylindrator,  Vill. 

—  sulphurifera,  Gr. 

—  semirufa,  Desv. 
Meniscus,  Schifidte 

—  setosus,  Fourc. 

—  impressor,  Gr. 

—  hi  li  neat  us,  Gr. 

—  murinus,  Gr. 
Phytodiaetus,  Gr. 

—  plantarius,  Gr. 

—  segmentator,  Gr. 

BRACONID^E 

Bracon,  Fabr. 

—  pectoralis,  Wesm. 

—  erythrostictus,  Marshall 

—  minutator,  Fabr. 

—  fiilvipes,  Nees 

—  longicollis,  Wesm. 

—  variegator,  Nees 

—  stahilis,  Wesm. 

—  brevicornis,  Wesm. 

—  erraticus,  Wesm. 

—  Isevigatus,  Ratz. 

—  mediator,  Nees 

—  fuscicoxis,  Wesm. 

—  tornator,  Marshall 

—  satanas,  Wesm. 

—  epitriptus,  Marshall 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


HUACONID./K  (continued) 

Hi:io>n  pi'.rtri  missus,  Marshall 

-  colpophorus,  Wcsm. 

—  discoidcus,  Wcsm. 

-  rcgularis,  Wcsm. 

Icn-l.rlhi,  VVcsm. 

-  otiosus,  Marshall 

-  variator,  Nees 

-  obscurator,  Nccs  • 

-  anthracinus,  Nees 
bisignatus,  Wcsm. 

Phanomcris,  FOrst 

-  fragilis,  Hal. 
Bathystomus,  Forst 

-  f'uncstus,  Hal. 
Rhysipolis,  Forst 

-  mediator,  Hal. 
Rhyssalus,  Hal. 

—  indagator,  Hal. 
Colastes,  Hal. 

-  braconius,  Hal. 
Oncophanes,  Fflr&t 

-  lanccolator,  Nees 
Spathius,  Nccs 

-  cxarator,  L. 
Hecabolus,  Curt. 

-  sulcatus,  Curt. 
i  'i rloi.lf.,  Wcsm. 

-  melanotus,  Wcsm. 
Chrcmylus,  Hal. 

-  rubiginosus,  Nees 
Hormius,  Nccs 

-  moniliatus,  Nees 
Clinoccntrus,  Hal. 

-  cxsertor,  Necs 
Pelecystoma,  Wcsm. 

-  lutea,  Nccs 
Rhogas,  Necs 

-  irrcgularis,  Wcsm. 

—  tristis,  Wesm. 

-  bicolor,  Spin. 

-  nigricornis,  Wcsm. 

—  circumscriptus,  Nccs 

-  armatus,  Wcsm. 

-  tcstaccus,  Spin. 
Sigalphus,  Latr. 

—  floricola,  Wcsm. 

-  obscurcllus,  Nccs 

-  lutcipcs,  Thorns. 
Chclonus,  Jurine 

-     lll.lllllus,    L. 

-  submuticus,  Wcsm. 

-  wcsmaclii,  Curt. 

—  carbonator,  Marshall 

-  oculator,  Fabr. 

-  cancsccns,  Wcsm. 

—  parcicornis,  Sch.lrT. 

—  sulcatus,  Nccs 

—  latrunculus,  Marshall 
Ascogastcr,  Wcsm. 


HRACONID.*  (continued) 

Ascogastcr  instabilis,  Wesm. 

-  annularis,  Necs 

-  rufipcs,  Latr. 

-  rufideus,  Wcsm. 

-  varipes,  Wesm. 

-  armatus,  Wcsm. 

-  quadridcntatus,  Wesm. 
Mirax,  Hal. 

-  spartii,  Hal. 
Accelius,  Hal. 

-  sulii.iM  i.itus,  Hal. 
A  pan  teles,  Forst 

—  ruficrus,  Hal. 

—  ordinarius,  Ratz. 

—  congcstus,  Nccs 

-  anal  is,  Nccs 

-  rubripes,  Hal. 

—  glomeratus,  L. 

-  scriccus,  Nccs 

-  spurius,  Wcsm. 

-  jucundus,  Marshall 

—  caise,  Bouchd 

—  junipcratac,  Bouch6 

-  difficilis,  Nccs 

-  l.-rtus,  Marshall 

-  falcatus,  Nccs 

-  cultrator,  Marshall 

-  ultor,  Rcinh. 

-  xanthostigmus,  Hal. 

-  cmarginatus,  Nees 

-  albipcnnis,  Necs 

-  impurus,  Necs 

-  conifcrae,  Hal.  ? 

-  longicaudis,  Wcsm. 

-  abjcctus,  Marshall 

-  pallidipcs,  Rcinh. 

-  bicolor,  Nees 

-  latcralis,  Hal. 

-  fulvipes,  Hal. 
Microplitis,  Forst 

-  spinolae,  Necs 

-  lit  rll.ll.l-.    Unlit  llr 

-  tristis,  Nccs 

-  dolens,  Marshall 

-  spcctabilis,  Hal. 

—  mediator,  Hal. 

-  tubcrculifera,  Wesm. 
Microgastcr,  Latr. 

-  alvcarius,  Fabr. 

-  conncxus,  Necs 

-  tiro,  Rcinh. 

-  russatus,  Hal. 

—  rugulosus,  Necs 

—  subcompletus,  Nccs 

—  globatus,  Necs 

—  tibialis,  Nccs 
Earinus,  Wcsm. 

—  gloriatorius,  Pz. 
Microdus,  Necs 


i  K. 


INSECTS 


BRACONIDA  (continutd) 
Microdus  cingulipes,  Nces 

—  mediator,  Nces 
Orgilus,  Hal. 

—  obscurator,  Nccs 
Euphorus,  Nces 

—  pallidipes,  Curt. 

—  similis,  Curt. 

-  intactus,  Hal. 

-  apicalis,  Curt. 
Microctonus,  Wcsm. 

-  cultus,  Marshall 
Meteorus,  Hal. 

—  albiditarsus,  Curt. 

—  chrysophthalmus,  Nces 

—  caligatus,  Hal. 

—  ictericus,  Nees 

—  obfuscatus,  Nccs 

-  jaculator,  Hal. 


BRACONIDX  (c»ntinut<i) 
Mcteorus  atrator,  Curt. 

—  albicornis,  Ruthe 

—  abdominator,  Necs 

—  micropterus,  Hal. 

—  pulchricornis,  Wcsm. 

—  scutellator,  Nees 

—  unicolor,  Wcsm. 

—  censors,  Ruthe 

—  ictericus,  Nces 
Protcrops,  Wcsm. 

-  nigripennis,  Wcsm. 
Zele,  Curt. 

—  testaceator,  Curt. 

M  .u  i ...  rut  i  us.  Curt. 

—  thoracicus,  Nee§ 
KVANIIIK*: 

Foenus,  Fabr. 

—  Msectator,  L. 


Colthttttr 


COLEOPTERA 

Beetles 

Though  the  Colcoptcra  of  Essex  have  not  received  anything  like  so 
large  a  share  of  attention  from  entomologists  as  the  Lepidoptera,  owing 
to  its  proximity  to  London,  the  county,  and  especially  its  southern  por- 
tion, has  at  various  times  attracted  many  of  our  best  workers,  who  have 
found  within  it  a  considerable  number  of  the  rarer  and  more  interesting 
British  species  ;  and  more  recently  the  north-eastern  portion  has  been 
extensively  investigated  with  some  notable  results. 

As  the  order  is  such  a  very  large  one,  and  as  very  many  of  the 
species  included  in  it  are  exceedingly  minute,  it  is  impossible  at  present 
to  supply  a  complete  county  list ;  but  from  that  which  follows  anybody 
competent  to  form  an  opinion  will  sec  that  much  good  work  has  been 
done,  and  that  the  workers  have  not  been  without  their  substantial 
reward. 

Unfortunately,  owing  to  the  curtailment  of  the  ancient  forests  of 
Epping  and  Hainault,  the  total  disappearance  of  extensive  woods  and 
heaths  elsewhere,  and  the  sweeping  changes  that  have  been  going  on  in 
all  directions,  many  good  insects  which  probably  occurred  in  the  county 
formerly  have  not  been  found  in  recent  years  ;  and  seeing  that  the 
accounts  which  have  come  down  to  us  concerning  them  arc  now  con- 
sidered to  belong  rather  to  the  domain  of  tradition  than  of  history,  they 
cannot  be  suitably  dealt  with  here.  But  among  the  more  noteworthy 
species  which  ought  to  be  mentioned  arc  Dyscbirius  txttnsus,  which  has 
recently  been  found  on  the  coast  near  Clacton-on-Sea.  The  two  hand- 
some species  of  Panageeui^  crux-major  and  quadripuitulatm,  are  also  occa- 
sionally met  with,  the  former  at  Colchester  and  the  latter  on  coast  sands. 
The  rare  Stenolophus  elegans^  Harpalus  melancholicus  and  H.  servus  have 
occurred  at  Southend,  and  the  last  has  also  several  times  been  taken  at 

117 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

St.  Osyth.  The  scarce  Sphodrus  leucophthalmus  is  occasionally  found  in 
cellars  and  outhouses  at  Colchester,  and  the  extremely  local  Avtophorus 
imperialis  frequents  marshy  places  near  the  mouth  of  the  Colne,  and  has 
also  been  obtained  at  Ilford  and  Dagenham.  Bracbinus  sclopeta  has  now 
been  relegated  to  the  list  of  doubtful  British  species,  as  it  has  not  been 
captured  for  many  years  ;  but  it  is  stated  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Hope 
to  have  been  taken  at  Southend,  and  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  why 
it  should  not  turn  up  again.  Hydropbilus  piceus,  one  of  the  very  largest 
of  our  British  beetles,  is  found  in  the  Epping  district.  Spercheus  emar- 
ginatus  was  taken  in  some  numbers  by  Mr.  Billups  near  West  Ham  in 
1878,  only  two  or  three  British  examples  being  previously  known.  Un- 
fortunately the  locality  has  since  been  destroyed.  Aleochara  ruficornis 
and  Microglossa  gentilis  have  been  taken  in  and  near  nests  of  Lasius  fuli- 
ginosus  at  Colchester,  and  the  extremely  rare  Myrmedonia  bawortbi  has 
once  been  obtained  in  the  same  locality  and  also  at  Southend.  In  the 
extensive  family  Homalota  a  reference  to  the  list  will  show  that  many  of 
the  better  species  are  found  in  various  parts  of  the  county.  Sticboglossa 
semirufa  is  at  present  unique  as  British,  a  single  specimen  having  been 
beaten  from  oak  at  Colchester  in  1898.  Tachinus  elongates  and  Mega- 
cronus  inclinans  are  also  found  at  Colchester.  Velleius  dilatatus^  one  of 
the  rarest  of  our  native  Stapbylinidez,  was  captured  at  Wanstead  by  Mr. 
Willoughby,  and  exhibited  at  a  meeting  of  the  Entomological  Society 
on  February  5,  1849. 

A  single  specimen  of  Emus  fa'rfus,  captured  at  Southend,  was  shown 
at  the  Entomological  Society's  meeting  on  October  3,  1859.  The 
extremely  rare  and  handsome  Ocypus  cyaneus  has  several  times  been 
captured  at  Colchester,  and  O.  pedator  has  been  obtained  at  Southend. 
Phllonthus  addendus  and  P.  ebeninus^  var.  corruscus,  are  occasionally  found 
near  Colchester.  Mr.  Waterhouse  captured  P.  fuscus  at  Southend  in 
September,  1858,  and  P.  punctus  has  been  taken  in  ditch  rubbish  at 
St.  Osyth  and  Southend. 

The  scarce  Hister  marglnatus  has  occurred  in  ants'  nests  at  Colches- 
ter. Anisotoma  cinnamomea  was  recorded  by  Curtis  from  Saffron  Walden, 
and  A.  grandis  has  been  taken  at  Colchester.  Trichopteryx  brevicornis  has 
only  been  found  in  Essex,  Mr.  Billups  having  taken  several  specimens  in 
the  West  Ham  marshes  on  November  29,  1883.  T.  guerinii  has  also 
been  found  in  the  same  locality,  and  T.  ambigua  at  Loughton.  Single 
specimens  of  Gnorimus  nobilis  were  obtained  at  Colchester  in  1899  and 
1900,  and  Mr.  West  has  also  taken  this  fine  insect  in  south  Essex. 
Agriotes  sordidus  was  first  discovered  as  British  by  Mr.  T.  V.  Wollaston, 
who  took  it  at  Southend. 

Prionus  coriarius  is  frequently  met  with  on  the  wing  or  at  rest  on 
trees  near  Colchester.  Hylotrupes  bajulus  is  stated  in  Fowler's  British 
Coleoptera  to  have  occurred  at  Epping.  Clytus  arcuatus  was  obtained  at 
Loughton  by  Dr.  Power,  and  has  also  been  reported  from  Epping  and 
Hainault.  Callidium  sanguineum,  which  is  now  considered  doubtfully 
British,  was  recorded  by  Mr.  S.  Stevens  as  having  been  captured  in  an 

118 


INSECTS 

outhouse  at  Plaistow  by  Mr.  Hindley.  Obrium  cantharinum  was  bred  in 
some  numbers  by  Dr.  Power  from  aspen  bark  obtained  at  Wanstead  ;  it 
has  also  been  taken  at  Epping  and  Leytonstone.  Molorchus  minor  is  occa- 
sionally found  in  the  Colchester  district,  but  is  decidedly  rare  ;  and 
Strangalia  quadrifasciata  is  frequently  met  with  in  certain  woods  in  the 
Tendring  Hundred.  5.  revesfita  has  been  beaten  from  oak  in  Hainault 
Forest  (Zoologist,  ii.  414).  Mesosa  nubila  has  severalt  imes  been  taken  in 
the  woods  at  St.  Osyth.  Saperda  carcbarias  occurs  very  sparingly  at  Col- 
chester, and  Phytcecia  cylindrica  at  Aldham. 

Orsodacna  lineola  and  0.  cerasi  occur  pretty  regularly  in  one  restricted 
locality  at  Colchester,  where  the  very  rare  Zeugopbora  flavicollis  was 
obtained  in  1896—7.  The  handsome  Cryptocephalus  sex-punctatus  and 
Crepidodera  nitidula  have  also  been  found  on  two  or  three  occasions  in 
fair  numbers  in  the  Colchester  and  St.  Osyth  woods,  but  are  always  very 
local  and  generally  extremely  scarce.  Helops  caruleus  is  not  often  met 
with,  but  a  single  decaying  tree  occasionally  yields  a  large  number  of 
specimens,  as  was  the  case  with  a  mulberry  tree  in  a  Colchester  garden, 
and  an  elm  tree  embedded  in  the  sand  on  the  Clacton  coast.  Cistela 
ceramboides  was  obtained  at  Colchester  in  1900.  Tetratoma  desmaresti  was 
found  by  Mr.  E.  W.  Janson  in  Hainault  Forest  in  1845—7.  Meloe 
rugosus  was  taken  in  some  numbers  by  Mr.  Frederick  Smith  and  the 
Rev.  H.  S.  Gorham  at  Southend,  and  also  by  Dr.  Power  at  Prittle- 
well. 

Lytta  vesicatoria,  familiarly  known  as  the  Spanish  Fly  or  Blister 
Beetle,  is  very  rarely  met  with,  but  in  1837  appeared  in  immense  num- 
bers in  the  Colchester  district,  when  it  is  said  that  every  ash  tree  was 
swarming  with  specimens.  In  much  more  recent  years  the  species  was 
again  taken  rather  freely  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Grapes  at  Donyland,  but  other 
entomologists  have  assiduously  searched  for  it  to  no  purpose.1  Platyr- 
rhinus  latirostris  was  captured  in  Hainault  Forest  in  1843,  and  Choragus 
sheppardi  has  been  taken  at  Southend.  Three  or  four  specimens  of  the 
very  rare  Cleonus  albidus  have  been  captured  on  the  coast  sands,  but  none 
have  been  seen  recently.  The  family  Bagous  contains  a  number  of  rare 
species,  and  of  these  B.  fefro,  B.  cylindrus^  B.  argillaceus,  B.  litnosus  and 
B.  subcarinatus  are  all  found  in  the  county.  Balaninus  cerasorum  may 
occasionally  be  obtained  on  birch  and  alder  in  the  Colchester  district. 
And  lastly  Larinus  sco/ymt,  a  large  and  conspicuous  south  European 
insect,  was  captured  at  Colchester  in  1900,  and  is  recorded  here  as 
in  case  of  its  re-occurrence  in  Britain  the  date  of  its  first  appearance 
will  be  interesting. 

It  would  be  possible  to  extend  these  notes  indefinitely,  but  the  sub- 
ject is  much  too  extensive  to  be  treated  exhaustively  in  what  purposes  to 
be  simply  a  local  list. 

1  This  fine  insect  again  occurred  in  considerable  numbers  near  Colchester  in  1901. 


119 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

A   LIST   OF  THE   COLEOPTERA    OCCURRING   IN   THE   COUNTY 


ClCINDELIDJE 


Colchester 


Colchester 


Loughton     (W. 


Colchester 


Cicindela  campestris,  L. 
CARABID.S 

Cychrus  rostratus,  L. 
Carabus  catenulatus,  Scop. 

—  nemoralis,  Mull. 

—  violaceus,  L. 

—  granulatus,  L. 

—  monilis,  Fabr. 
Calosoma    inquisitor,    L. 

West) 
Notiophilus  biguttatus,  Fabr.' 

—  substriatus,  Wat. 

—  4-punctatus,  Dej. 

—  aquaticus,  L. 

—  palustris,  Duft. 

—  rufipes,  Curt. 
Leistus  spinibarbis,  Fabr. 

—  fulvibarbis,  Dej. 

—  ferrugineus,  L. 

—  rufescens,  Fabr. 
Nebria  brevicollis,  Fabr. 
Blethisa  multipunctata,  L. 

Brit.  Col.) 
Elaphrus  cupreus,  Duft.  \ 

—  riparius,  L. 
Loricera  pilicornis,  Fabr.  [ 
Clivina  fossor,  L.  / 
Dyschirius  thoracicus,  Rossi. 

—  nitidus,  Dej. 

—  extensus,  Putz. 

—  aeneus,  Dej. 

—  globosus,  Herbst.     Colchester 
Broscus  cephalotes,  L.     Essex  coast 
Panagaeus  crux-major,  L.     Colchester 

—  quadripustulatus,  Stm. 
Badister  bipustulatus,  Fabr. 

—  sodalis,  Duft.     Boxted 
Chlaenius  vestitus,  Payk.l 

—  nigricornis,  Fabr. 
Oodes  helopioides,  Fabr.  J 

Stenolophus    skrimshiranus,    Steph.      Essex 
coast 

—  elegans,  Dej.     Tilbury  (Janson) 

—  vespertinus,  Pz.     Essex  coast 
Acupalpus  exiguus,  Dej.  ~\ 

var.  luridus,  Dej.    V  Colchester 

—  meridianus,  L. 

—  consputus,  Duft.     Essex  coast 
Bradycellus  distinctus,  Dej.     West  Bergholt 

—  verbasci,  Duft.    \  n  , ,    . 

u        i-          r-»  •    r  Colchester 

—  harpahnus,  Dej.  J 

—  similis,  Dej.      Great  Horkesley 
Harpalus  sabulicola,  Pz.     Colchester 

—  rotundicollis,  Fairm.     Essex  coast 

—  punctatulus,  Duft.     Colchester 

—  rupicola,  Sturm.     Walton  (Champion) 

—  puncticollis,  Payk.     Essex  coast 


Essex  (Fowler, 


Colchester 


Clacton- 
on-Sea 


CARABID.S:  (continued) 

Harpalus  rufibarbis,  Fabr."l 

—  ruficornis,  Fabr.  j-  Colchester 

—  aeneus,  Fabr. 

—  consentaneus,  Dej.     Essex  coast 

—  rubripes,   Duft.       Colchester    and    Essex 

coast 

—  latus,  L.     Colchester 

—  melancholicus,     Dej.      Banks    of    the 

Thames  (W.  West) 

—  tardus,  Pz.      Colchester 

—  servus,  Duft.      St.  Osyth  and  Southend 

—  anxius,  Duft.     Essex  coast 

—  serripes, 

—  ignavus, 

—  picipennis,  Duft.    Essex  (Dawson,  Geod. 

Brit.) 

Dichirotrichus  obsoletus,  Dei.  1    ~ 

,  D     ,  J    \  Lssex  coast 

—  pubescens,  rayk. 

Anisodactylus  pceciloides,  Steph.     Walton- 

on-Naze  (Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 
Zabrus  gibbus,  Fabr.    Colchester  and  Boxted 
Stomis  pumicatus,  Pz.  \ 

Platyderus  ruficollis,  Marsh. 
Pterostichus  cupreus,  L. 

—  versicolor,  Sturm 


\  St.  Osyth 


Essex  coast 
Colchester 


Colchester 


s,  Sch.    \ 
is,  Duft.  J 


Colchester 


madidus,  Fabr. 
vulgaris,  L. 
nigrita,  Fabr. 
minor,  Gyll. 


Colchester 


—  strenuus,  Pz. 

—  picimanus,  Duft. 

—  inaequalis,  Marsh. 

—  vernalis,  Gyll. 

—  striola,  Fabr. 
Amara  apricaria,  Sturm 

—  spinipes,  Auct.  / 

—  convexiuscula,  Marsh.     Essex  coast 

—  bifrons,  Gyll.  ] 

—  ovata,  Fabr.    J-  Colchester 

—  similata,  Gyll.J 

—  tibialis,  Payk.     Essex  coast 

—  lunicollis,  Schiod 

—  iamiliaris,  Duft. 

—  lucida,  Duft. 

—  trivialis,  Gyll. 

—  communis,  Pz.          >•  Colchester 

—  continua,  Thorns. 

—  plebeia,  Gyll. 
Calathus  cisteloides,  Pz. 

—  fuscus,  Fabr. 

—  mollis,  Marsh. 

—  melanocephalus,  L. 

—  piceus,  Marsh.  ^ 
Taphria  nivalis,  Pz. 

Pristonychus  terricola,  Herbst       \  Colchester 
Sphodrus  leucophthalmus,  L. 
Anchomenus  angusticollis,  Fabr 


Essex  coast 


120 


INSECTS 


Colchester 


Colchester 


CARABID^  (continued) 

Anchomenus  dorsalis,  Mall. 

—  albipes,  Fabr. 

—  oblongus,   Sturm 

—  marginatus,  L. 

—  sexpunctatus,  L.  Epping  (E.  Doubleday) 

—  parumpunctatus,  Fabr. 

—  atratus,  Duft. 

—  viduus,  Pz. 

var.  moestus,  Duft. 

—  micans,  Nic. 

—  fuliginosus,  Pz. 
-  gracilis,  Gyll. 

—  thoreyi,  Dej. 

—  puellus,  Dej. 
Olisthopus  rotundatus,  Payk. 
Lymnaeum  nigropiceum,  Marsh.     Southend 

(Janson) 
Bembidium  rufescens,  Gu6r.' 

—  obtusum,  Sturm 

—  guttula,  Fabr. 

—  mannerheimi,  Sahl. 

—  biguttatum,  Fabr. 

—  riparium,  Ol. 

—  zneum,  Germ. 

—  fumigatum,  Duft.     Dagenham  (Hudson- 

Beare) 

—  clarki,  Daws.     Essex  coast 
articulatum,  Pz.     Loughton  (Lewcock) 


Colchester 


Colchester 


CARABID.*  (continued) 
Demetrias  atricapillus,  L. 
Dromius  linearis,  Ol. 

—  agilis,  Fabr. 

—  meridionals,  Dej. 

—  quadrimaculatus,  L. 

—  quadrinotatus,  Pz. 

—  melanocephalus,  Dej. 

—  nigriventris,  Thorns. 
Blechms  maurus,  Sturm 
Metabletus  foveola,  Gyll. 

—  truncatellus,  L. 

—  obscuro-guttatus,  Duft.J 
Lionychus  quadrillum, 

Dutt. 
Polystichus  vittatus, 

Brull. 
Brachinus  crepitans,  L.  Colchester 

—  sclopeta,  Fabr.     Southend  (Hope) 
HALIPLIDJE 

Brychius  elevatus,  Pz.     Colchester 
Haliplus  fulvus,  Fabr.     Donyland 

—  variegatus,  Sturm.     Rainham  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  ruficollis,  DeG.      Colchester 
fluviatilis,     Aube.       North     Woolwich 

(West) 
Cnemidotus  impressus,  Fabr.     Donyland 


Colcheste 


Essex  coast 


Colchester 


Southend  (Fowler, 
Brit.  Col.) 


—  mnmum,  Fabr.     Essex  coast 

—  normannum,  Dej. 

—  gilvipes,  Sturm 

—  lampros,  Herbst. 

—  nitidulum,  Marsh 

—  quadriguttatum,  Fabr. 

—  quadrimaculatum,  Gyll.- 

—  lunatum,  Duft.     Rainham  (Lewcock) 

—  concinnum,  Steph.  \ 

—  femoratum,  Sturm  V  Colchester 

—  littorale,  Ol. 

—  pallidipenne,  111.     Essex  coast  (Dawson, 

Geod.  Brit.) 

—  ephippium,  Marsh.     St.  Osyth 

—  flam  mu  la  turn,  Clairv.      Colchester 

—  varium,  Ol.     Essex  coast 

—  paludosum,  Pz.   North  Woolwich  (West) 
Tachypus  flavipes,  L.     Colchester 
Trechus  discus,  Fabr.     Boxted 

—  lapidosus,    Daws.       Southend    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  minutus,  Fabr.  \ 
Patrobus  excavatus,  Payk.J 
Pogonus  littoralis,  Duft. 

—  chalceus,  Marsh. 
Masoreus  wetterhalii,  Gyll.  J 
Odacantha  melanura,  Payk.    I/ford  (Cham- 
pion) 

Lebia  chloroccphala,  Hoff.      Colchester 
ACtophorus  imperialis,  Germ.    1     Colne 
Demetrias  unipunctatus,  Germ./  marshes 


Colchester 


Colchester 


Colchester 


Essex  coast  — 


Pelobius  tardus,  Herbst.     Donyland 
DYTISCID^B 

Noterus  clavicornis,  DeG.     Boxted 

—  sparsus,  Marsh.     Colne  marshes 
Laccophilus  interruptus,  Pz.     Boxted 
Bidessus  geminus,  Fabr.     North  Woolwich 

(West) 

Hyphydrus  ovatus,  L.          \ 
Coelambus  inaequalis,  Fabr.  f 

—  decoratus,     Gyll.        North     Woolwich 

(West) 

-  confluens,  Fabr. 

—  parallelogrammus,  Ahr. 

—  impressopunctatus,  Sch. 
Deronectes  depressus,  Fabr. 

—  1  2-pustulatus,  Fabr. 
Hydroporus  pictus,  Fabr. 

—  granularis,  L. 

-  rivalis,   Gyll.      Hainault   (J.   S.  Nor- 

man) 

-  halensis,  Fabr.  \ 

—  dorsalis,  Fabr.   / 

—  umbrosus,  Gyll.     Hainault  (J.  S.  Nor- 

man) 

angustatus,  Sturm 
gyllenhali,  SchiOd. 
palustris,  L. 
erythrocephalus,  L. 
longulus,  Muls. 
memnonius,  Nic. 
nigrita,  Fabr. 


Colchester 


Colchester 


I 


121 


16 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Colchester 


DYTISCIDJE  (continued) 

Hydroporous  discretus,   Fairm.      Birdbrook 
(Power) 

—  pubescens,  Gyll. 

—  planus,  Fabr. 

—  lituratus,  Fabr. 
Agabus  biguttatus,  Ol. 

—  paludosus,  Fabr. 

—  nebulosus,  Forst. 

—  conspersus,  Marsh. 

—  femoralis,  Payk.      Walthamstow  (Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  abbreviates,  Fabr.  Hainault  (J.  S.  Nor- 

man) 


HYDROPHILID^:  (continued) 

Limnebius  truncatellus,  Thorns. 'I 


sturmii,  Gyll. 


Colchester 


—  chalconotus,  Pz. 

—  bipustulatus,  L. 
Ilybius  fuliginosus,  Fabr.) 

—  fenestratus,  Fabr.     Epping  (E.  Double- 

day) 

—  ater,  De  G.  1    ,-,  ,  , 

,.,      ,     J-  Colchester 

—  obscurus,  Marsh.  J 

Copelatus  agilis,  Fabr.     ]    p     . 

Rhantus  exoletus,  Forst.  V     A?  r£    ui  j     \ 
c '    ,  (E.  Doubleday) 

—  pulverosus,  Steph.      J 

—  notatus,  Berg.    North  Woolwich  (West) 

—  adspersus,  Fabr.     Epping  (E.  Double- 

day) 

Colymbetes  fuscus,  L.     Colchester 
Dytiscus  punctulatus,  Fabr.    Epping  (Lew- 
cock) 

—  marginalis,  L.          "j 

—  circumflexus,  Fabr.  J-  Colchester 
Acilius  sulcatus,  L.       J 

GYRINID.S: 

Gyrinus  elongatus,  Aub6.    Harwich  (Fow- 
ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  marinus,  Gyll.     Colchester 
HYDROPHILID.S: 

Hydrophilus  piceus,  L.  \   North  Woolwich 
Hydrous  caraboides,  L.  J       (West) 
Hydrobius  fuscipes,  L.      Colchester 

—  oblongus,  Herbst  1    „ 

T>  •  o  ,  i   r  Lssex  coast 

raracymus  nigroaeneus,  Sahl.  J 

Anacasna  limbata,  Fabr.     "| 

—  globulus,  Payk.  \  Colchester 
Philhydrus  testaceus,  Fabr.J 

—  maritimus,  Thorns.      Essex  coast 

—  nigricans,  Zett. 

—  melanocephalus,  Ol. 

—  coarctatus,  Gredl. 
Cymbiodyta  ovalis,  Thorns. 
Helochares  lividus,  Forst. 
Laccobius  sinuatus,  Mots.] 

—  alutaceus,  Thorns.        J-  Colchester 
-  bipunctatus,  Fabr.       J 

Berosus  luridus,  L.     Epping  (E.  Doubleday) 

—  affinis,     Brulle\       Rainham     (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  spinosus,  Stev.      Essex  coast 


Colchester 


Donyland 


—  papposus. 


Muls. 


-  Colchester 


West  Ham 


Colchester 


—  nitidus,  Marsh. 
Spercheus  emarginatus,  Schall. 

(Billups) 
Helophorus  rugosus,  Ol. 

—  nubilus,  Fabr. 

—  intermedius,     Muls.       Walton-on-Naze 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 
aquaticus,  L.      Colchester 
dorsalis,      Marsh.         North     Woolwich 

(West) 

—  aeneipennis,  Thorns.      Colchester 

—  affinis,  Marsh.     Northey  Isle  (Janson) 

—  brevipalpis,  Bedel. 
Hydrochus  angustatus,  Germ.  I 
Octhebius  marinus,  Payk.        \  Colchester 

—  pygmaeus,  Fabr. 

—  bicolon,  Germ. 

—  rufimarginatus,  Steph.     Birdbrook  (Ent. 

xvii.  1 60) 

—  exaratus,  Muls.      Essex  coast 

—  aeneus,  Steph.     Birdbrook  (Power) 

—  asratus,    Steph.       Southend    (Ent.    xvii. 

1 60) 

—  punctatus,  Steph.     Essex  coast 
Hydraena  testacea,  Curt.     Epping  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  riparia,  Kug.      Colchester 

—  nigrita,  Germ.      Epping 
Cyclonotum  orbiculare,  Fabr.     1 
Sphaeridium  scarabaeoides,  Fabr.  V  Colchester 

—  bipustulatum,  Fabr. 

Cercyon  littoralis,  Gyll.      Essex  coast 

—  depressus,     Steph.       North     Woolwich 

(West) 

—  haemorrhous,  Gyll. 

—  haemorrhoidalis,  Herbst 

—  obsoletus,  Gyll. 

—  flavipes,  Fabr. 

—  lateralis,  Marsh. 

—  melanocephalus,  L. 

—  unipunctatus,  L. 

—  quisquilius,  L. 

—  nigriceps,  Marsh.  >•  Colchester 

—  pygmaeus,  111. 

—  terminatus,  Marsh. 

—  analis,  Payk. 

—  lugubris,  Payk. 
Megasternum  boletophagum, 

Marsh. 
Cryptopleurum      atomarium, 

Fabr. 
STAPHYLINID.S 

Aieochara  ruficornis,  Grav.] 

—  fuscipes,  Fabr.  j-  Colchester 
-  lata,  Grav. 

—  brevipennis,   Grav.      Southend  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 


122 


INSECTS 


Colchester 


Birdbrook          — 


Colchester 


Loughton  (Fowler,  Brit. 


(Fow- 


STAPHYLINID.*  (continued) 
Aleochara  bipunctata,  Ol.  ^ 

—  cuniculorum,  Kr. 

—  lanuginosa,  Grav. 

—  succicola,  Thorns. 

—  nitida,  Grav. 

—  grisea,  Kr. 

—  algarum,  Faur. 

—  obscurella,  Er. 
Microglossa  suturalis,  Sahl. 

—  nidicola,  Fairm. 

—  gentilis,   Mark.       Colchester, 

(Power) 
Oxypoda  spectabilis,  Mark. 

—  vittata,  Mark. 

—  opaca,  Grav. 

—  alternans,  Grav. 

—  exoleta,  Er. 

—  lentula,  Er. 

—  umbrata,  Grav. 

—  nigrina,  Wat. 

—  longiuscula,  Er. 

—  recondita,  Kr. 

Col.) 

—  hzmorrhoa,  Mann.     Colchester 

—  waterhousei,  Rye.      Weit  Ham 

Icr,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  annularis,  Sahl.     Colchester 

—  brachyptera,  Steph.     Southend  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

Thiasophila  angulata,  Er.     Southend  (Gor- 
ham) 

—  inquilina,  Mark.     Birdbrook  (Power) 
Ischnoglossa  corticina,  Er.l 
Stichoglossa  semirufa,  Er.  V  Colchester 
Ocyusa  maura,  Er. 

—  picina,     Aub£.      Dagenham     (Hudson- 

Beare) 
Phlceopora  reptans,  Grav. 

—  corticalis,  Grav. 
Ocalea  badia,  Er. 
Ilyobates  nigricollis,  Payk. 
Calodera  nigrita,  Mann. 

—  riparia,  Er. 

—  zthiops,  Grav. 
Chilopora  longitarsis,  Steph. 
Atemeles  emarginatus,  Payk. 
Myrmedonia  haworthi,  Steph. 

Southend  (Gorham) 

—  collaris,  Payk. 

—  limbata,  Payk. 

—  funesta,  Grav. 

—  humeralis,  Grav. 

—  lugens,  Grav. 

—  laticollis,  Mark. 
Astilbus  canaliculatus,  Fabr. 
Callicerus  obscurus,  Grav. 

—  rigidicornis,  Er. 

Notothecta     confusa,      Mark.      Birdbrook 
(Power) 


Colchester 


>  Colchester 


Colchester 


Colchester 


Colchester 


Colchester 


Colchester, 


STAPHYLINID.*  (continued) 
Alianta  incana,  Er.        ) 
Homalota  gregaria,  Er.  / 

—  luteipes,  Er.     Dagenham  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  fallax,  Kr. 

—  luridipennis,  Mann. 

—  gyllenhali,  Xhoms. 

—  hygrotopora,  Kr. 

—  elongatula,  Grav. 
volans,  Scrib. 
vestita,  Grav. 

silvicola,  Fuss.  Loughton  (Fowler,  Brit. 
Col.) 

vicina,  Steph.     Colchester 

pagana,  Er.  Birdbrook  (Fowler,  Brit. 
Col.) 

graminicola,  Gyll.     Colchester 

halobrectha,  Sharp.  Northey  Isle  (O. 
E.  Jansen) 

puncticeps,  Thorns. ) 

occulta,  Er.  / 

fungivora,  Thorns.  Loughton  (Cham- 
pion) 

nigella,  Er. 

angustula,  Gyll. 

-  linearis,  Grav. 

-  pilicornis,  Thorns. 

—  circellaris,  Grav. 

—  asgra,  Heer 

-  immersa,  Heer 

—  cuspidata,  Er. 

—  gemina,  Er. 

-  analis,  Grav. 

—  decipiens,   Sharp.       Southend    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  soror,  Kr.     Loughton  (Champion),  Col- 

chester 

-  depressa,  Gyll. 

—  hepatica,  Er. 

-  aeneicollis,  Sharp    \-  Colchester 

-  euryptera,  Steph. 

—  trinotata,  Kr. 

—  xanthopus,  Thorns.     Southend  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

triangulum,  Kr.     "1 

fungicola,  Thorns./ 

ignobilis,  Sharp.     Loughton  (Champion) 

coriaria,  Kr.     Colchester 

sodalis,  Er.     Loughton  (Champion) 

palustris,  Kies.     Northey  Isle  (Janson) 

corvina,  Thorns.  Loughton  (Cham- 
pion) 

atomaria,  Kr.  Birdbrook  (Fowler,  Brit. 
Col.) 

autumnal  is,  Er.  "I 

sericea,  Muls.     / 

indubia.  Sharp.  Birdbrook  (Fowler,  Brit. 
Col.) 

atricolor,  Sharp.     Colchester 


Colchester 


Colchester 


123 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


STAPHYLINID^;  (continued') 

Homalota  inquinula,  Grav.  Southend 
(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  nigra,  Kr.      Colchester 

—  sordidula,  Er.    Dagenham  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  canescens,    Sharp.      Loughton    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  villosula,  Kr.     Loughton  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  cinnamoptera,  Thorns."!  Loughton 

—  cadaverina,  Bris.  J        (Champion) 

—  marcida,    Er.       Colchester 

—  intermedia,  Thorns.     Epping  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  longicornis,  Grav.l 

—  sordida,  Marsh.      J-  Colchester 

—  testudinea,  Er.      J 

—  muscorum,  Bris.    Loughton  (Champion) 

—  laticollis,  Steph.      Colchester 

—  montivagans,  Woll.     Birdbrook  (Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  fungi,  Grav.       1   n  ,  , 

/-i  I  u-i-     T?    r  Colchester 

Gnypeta  labilis,  Er.J 

Xenusa  uvida,  Er.  1    ,-, 

-  sulcata,  Kies.    }  Es"*  ""« 
Falagria  sulcata,  Payk.     Colchester 

—  sulcatula,    Grav.      Southend     (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  thoracica,  Curt.     Southend  (Gorham) 

—  obscura,  Grav. 
Autalia  impressa,  Ol. 

—  rivularis,  Grav. 
Encephalus  complicans,  Westw. 
Gyrophaena  affinis,  Mann. 

—  minima,  Er. 

—  Isevipennis,  Kr. 

—  lucidula,  Er. 

—  strictula,  Er. 
Agaricochara  laevicollis,  Kr. 

Euryusa  laticollis,  Heer.  Loughton  (Fow- 
ler, Brit.  Col.) 

Leptusa  rumida,  Er. 

Sipalia  ruficollis,  Er. 

Bolitochara  bella,  Mark.  | 

Phytosus  spinifer,  Curt. 

Diglossa  mersa,  Hal.  Southend  (Fowler, 
Brit.  Col.) 

Hygronoma  dimidiata,  Grav."| 

Oligota  pusillima,  Grav.         j-  Colchester 

—  punctulata,  Heer. 

—  flavicornis,    Lac.     Wanstead    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 
Myllaena  dubia,  Grav.     Colchester 

—  intermedia,  Er.     Essex  coast 

—  brevicornis,  Matth.     Colchester 
Gymnusa  brevicollis,  Payk.   Loughton  (Fow- 
ler, Brit.  Col.) 

Hypocyptus  discoideus,  Er.  Dagenham 
(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 


Colchester 


Colchester 


STAPHYLINID^  (continued) 
Conosoma  littoreum,  L. 

—  pubescens,  Grav. 

—  immaculatum,  Steph. 

—  pedicularium,  Grav. 

—  lividum,  Er. 
Tachyporus  obtusus,  L. 

—  pallidus,  Sharp. 

—  chrysomelinus,  L. 

—  hypnorum,  Fabr. 

—  pusillus,  Grav. 

—  brunneus,  Fabr. 
Cilea  silphoides,  L. 
Tachinus  humeralis,  Grav. 

—  rufipes,  L. 

—  subterraneus,  L. 

—  marginellus,  Fabr.  Colchester 

—  elongatus,  Gyll. 
Megacronus  analis,  Fabr. 

—  inclinans,  Grav. 
Bolitobius  lunulatus,  L. 

—  trinotatus,  Er. 

—  pygmaeus,  Fabr. 
Mycetoporus    splendens, 

Marsh. 

—  lepidus,  Grav. 

—  longulus,  Mann. 

—  angularis,  Rey. 

—  clavicornis,  Steph. 

—  splendidus,  Grav. 
Habrocerus  capillaricornis, 

Grav. 
Heterothops  binotata,  Er.     Essex  coast 

—  dissimilis,  Grav.          \ 

—  quadripunctula,  Gyll./ 

Velleius  dilatatus,  Fabr.  Wanstead  (Whit- 
tingham) 

Quedius  microps,  Grav.  Loughton  (Fow- 
ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  lateralis,  Grav.  "1 

—  mesomelinus,  Marsh.    J-  Colchester 

var.  fageti,  Thorns.  J 

—  brevicornis,  Thorns.     Birdbrook  (Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  cruentus,  Ol.      Colchester 

—  scitus,  Grav.     Birdbrook  and  Loughton 

(Power) 

—  cinctus,  Payk.         ^ 

—  brevis,  Er. 

—  fuliginosus,  Grav. 

—  tristis,  Grav. 

—  molochinus,  Grav. 

—  picipes,  Mann. 

—  nigriceps,  Kr.  Colchester 

—  fumatus,  Steph. 

—  maurorufus,  Grav. 

—  umbrinus,  Er. 

—  suturalis,  Kies. 

—  scintillans,  Grav. 

—  rufipes,  Grav.         j 


Colchester 


124 


INSECTS 


Colchester 


Colchester 


Colchester 


STAPHYLINID.*  (continued) 
Quedius  attenuatus,  Gyll.1 

—  semiaeneus,  Steph. 

—  boops,  Grav. 
Creophilus  maxillosus,  L. 

Emus  hirtus,  L.     Southend  (Haward) 
Leistotrophus  nebulosus,  Fabr. 

—  murinus,  L. 

Staphylinus  pubescens,  DeG.    North  Wool- 
wich (West) 

—  stercorarius,  Ol. 

—  cassareus,  Ceder. 
Ocypus  olens,  Mall. 

—  similis,  Fabr. 

—  cyaneus,  Payk. 

—  brunnipes,  Fabr. 

-  fu  scat  us,  Grav. 

—  cupreus,  Rossi 

—  pedator,  Grav.    Southend  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  ater,  Grav.     Essex  coast 

—  morio,  Grav. 

—  compressus,  Marsh. 
Philonthus  splendens,  Fabr. 

—  laminatus,  Creutz. 

—  seneus,  Rossi 

—  proximus,  Kr. 

—  addendus,  Sharp. 

—  carbonarius,  Gyll. 

-  decorus,  Grav. 

-  politus,  Fabr. 

—  varius,  Gyll. 

var.  bimaculatus,  Grav. 

—  marginatus,  Fabr. 

—  albipes,  Grav. 

—  umbratilis,  Grav. 

—  cephalotes,  Grav. 

—  fimetarius,  Grav. 

—  sordidus,  Grav. 

-  fuscus,  Grav.     Southend,  1858  (Water- 

house) 

—  ebeninus,  Grav. 

var.  corruscus,  Grav. 

—  debilis,  Grav. 

—  sanguinolentus,  Grav. 

—  crucntatus,  Gmel. 

—  longicornis,  Steph. 

—  varians,  Payk. 

—  agilis,  Grav. 

—  ventralis,  Grav. 

—  discoideus,  Grav. 

—  quisquiliarius,  Gyll. 

var.  dimidiatus,  Er. 

—  splendidulus,  Grav.  "1 

—  thermarum,  Aubc    J 

—  micans,  Grav.     \ 

—  nigritulus,  Grav.  I  Colchester 

—  trossulus,  Nord.  J 

—  punctus,    Grav.       North    Essex    coast, 

Southend  district  (West) 


Colchester 


Colchester 


Essex  coast 


Colchester 


I  Colchester 


Colchester 


STAPHYLINID.*  (continued) 
Cafius  xantholoma,  Grav.  \ 

—  sericeus,  Holme.  J 
Xantholinus     fulgidus,     Fabr.        Birdbrook 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  glabratus,  Grav.      ") 

—  punctulatus,  Payk.  J 

—  tricolor,  Fabr.     Essex  coast 

—  linearis,  Ol.      Colchester 
Leptacinus  parumpunctatus,   Gyll.     Bird- 
brook  (Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  batychrus,  Gyll. 

—  linearis,  Grav. 

—  formicetorum,  Mark. 
Baptolinus  alternans,  Grav. 
Othius  fulvipennis,  Fabr. 

—  melanocephalus,  Grav. 

—  myrmecophilus,  Kies. 
Lathrobium  elongatum,  L. 

—  boreale,  Hoch. 

—  fulvipenne,  Grav. 

—  brunnipes,  Fabr. 

—  longulum,  Grav. 

—  punctatum,  Zett.     llford  (Champion) 

—  terminatum,  Grav. 

—  multipunctum,  Grav. 
Achenium  depressum,  Grav. 

—  humilc,  Nic. 

Cryptobium   glaberrimum,    Herbst.     Essex 

coast 
Stilicus  mfipes,  Germ.^ 

—  orbiculatus,  Er.       >  Colchester 

—  affinis,  Er. 

Scopxus  sulcicollis,  Steph.     Southend  (Fow- 
ler, Brit.  Col.) 
Medon  fusculus,  Mann.     Essex  coast 

—  propinquus,  Bris. 

—  obsoletus,  Nord.  >  Colchester 
Lithocharis  ochracea,  Grav.J 

Sunius    filiformis,    Latr.      Southend    (Gor- 
ham) 

—  intermedius,  Er.        \ 

—  angustatus,  Payk.       >•  Colchester 
Paederus  littoralis,  Grav.J 

—  riparius,  L.     Dagenham  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 
Evzsthetus  scaber,  Thorns.^ 

—  ruficapillus,  Lac. 
Dianous  coerulescens,  Gyll. 
Stenus  bipunctatus,  Er. 

—  bimaculatus,  Gyll. 

—  juno,  Fabr. 

—  speculator,  Er.  )  Colchester 

—  providus,  Er. 

—  buphthalmus,  Grav. 

—  incrassatus,  Er. 

—  melanarius,  Steph. 

—  circularis,  Grav. 

—  declaratus,  Er. 

—  carbonarius,  Gyll.     llford  (Champion) 


125 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


STAPHYLINID^E  (continued] 
Stenus  argus,  Grav.  •) 

—  brunnipes,  Steph. 

—  subaeneus,  Er. 

—  ossium,  Steph.       >•  Colchester 

—  fuscicornis,  Er. 

—  impressus,  Germ. 

—  aerosus,  Er. 

—  erichsoni,    Rye.     Dagenham    (Hudson- 

Beare) 

—  pallipes,  Grav. 

—  flavipes,  Steph. 

—  pubescens,  Steph. 

—  binotatus,  Ljun. 

—  canescens,  Ros. 

—  bifoveolatus,  Gyll. 

—  nitidiusculus,  Steph. 

—  picipennis,  Er.  Colchester 

—  picipes,  Steph. 

—  cicindeloides,  Grav. 

—  similis,  Herbst 

—  solutus,  Er. 

—  tarsalis,  Ljun. 

—  paganus,  Er. 

—  latifrons,  Er. 

—  fornicatus,   Steph.      Loughton    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.} 

Oxyporus  rufus,  L.      Colchester 
Bledius  spectabilis,  Kr.     Essex  coast 

—  longulus,  Er.      Southend  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  opacus,  Block.     Essex  coast 

—  atricapillus,  Germ.     Southend  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 
Platystethus  arenarius,  Fourc.' 

—  cornutus,  Gyll. 

—  capito,  Heer 
Oxytelus  rugosus,  Grav. 

—  insecatus,  Grav.  \  Colchester 

—  sculptus,  Grav. 

—  laqueatus,  Marsh. 

—  inustus,  Grav. 

—  sculpturatus,  Grav. 


maritimus,  Thorns. 


Essex  coast 


—  nitidulus,  Grav. 

—  complanatus,  Er. 

—  tetracarinatus,  Block. 
Haploderus  ccelatus,  Grav. 
Trogophkeus  bilineatus,  Steph. 

—  rivularis,  Mots. 

—  elongatulus,  Er. 

—  fuliginosus,  Grav. 

—  foveolatus,  Sahl. 


Colchester 


—  corticinus.  Grav. 


Essex  coast 
Colchester 
Mull. 


Syntomium  aeneum,  Mull.  Colchester, 
Southend  (Gorham) 

Coprophilus  striatulus,  Fabr.  Col- 
chester 

Acrognathus  mandibularis,  Gyll.  Epping 
(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 


STAPHYLINIDJE  (continued) 
Deleaster  dichrous,  Grav. 
Lesteva  longelytrata,  Goeze 

—  pubescens,  Mann. 

—  sicula,  Er. 

Acidota  cruentata,  Mann.      ;•  Colchester 
Olophrum  piceum,  Gyll. 
Lathrimaeum  atrocephalum, 
Gyll. 

—  unicolor,  Steph. 

Micralymma     brevipenne,     Gyll.       Essex 

coast 

Philorhinum  sordidum,  Steph. 
Coryphium  angusticolle,  Steph. 
Omalium  rivulare,  Payk. 

—  riparium,  Thorns. 

—  exiguum,  Gyll. 

—  oxyacanthas,  Grav. 

—  excavatum,  Steph. 

—  cassum,  Grav. 

—  nigriceps,  Kies.  \  ^  ,  , 

1       r  '  )  Colchester 

—  runpes,  rourc. 

—  iopterum,  Steph. 

—  concinnum,  Marsh. 
Hapalaraea  pygmasa,  Gyll. 
Anthobium  torquatum,  Marsh. 
Proteinus  ovalis,  Steph. 
Megarthrus  affinis,  Mill. 

—  sinuatocollis,  Lac. 
Phloeobium  clypeatum,  Mtlll. 

PSELAPHID.* 

Pselaphus  heisei,  Herbst 

Tychus  niger,  Payk. 

Bythinus  puncticollis,  Denny  \  Colchester 

—  bulbifer,  Reich. 

—  curtisi,  Denny 

Batrisus  venustus,  Reich.    Loughton  (Cham- 

pion) 
Bryaxis  sanguinea,  L.      Colchester 

—  waterhousei,    Rye.     Southend  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  fossulata,  Reich.     Colchester 

—  helferi,  Schmidt.     Essex  coast 

—  haematica,  Reich.  "1    „  ,  , 

\  Colchester 

—  juncorum,  Leach  J 

—  impressa,  Pz.    Dagenham  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 
Bibloporus      bicolor,     Denny.       Loughton 

(Champion) 
Euplectus  karsteni,  Reich.    Loughton  (Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  signatus,  Reich.       "I 

—  sanguineus,  Denny  j-  Colchester 

—  piceus,  Mots. 


Colchester 


Neuraphes  elongatulus,  Mtlll.  "j 

—  angulatus,  Mall.  } 

—  sparshalli,  Denny 

Scydma?nus  godarti,  Latr.  Loughton  (Cham- 
pion) 


126 


INSECTS 


Colcheste 


SCYDM/ENID*  (continued) 

Scydmznus  scutellaris,  Moll.  \ 

—  collaris,  Moll.  J 

—  power!,    Fowler.     Birdbrook    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  exilis,  Er.  Loughton  (Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 
Eumicrus  tarsatus,  Mall. 

Eutheia  schaumi,  Kies. 

—  plicata,  Gyll. 
Cephennium  thoracicum,  Mttll.j 

SILPHIDX 

Calyptomerus  dubius,  Marsh. ' 
Agathidium  nigripenne,  Kug. 

—  atrum,  Payk. 

—  seminulum,  L. 

—  Izvigatum,  Er. 

—  marginatum,  Sturm. 

—  varians,  Beck. 

—  convexum,  Sharp. 


Colchester 


—  nigrinum,  Sturm.      Colchester,  Loughton 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 
Amphicyllis  globus,  Fabr."| 
Liodes  humeralis,  Kug.  j-  Colchester 

—  orbicularis,  Herbst 

Anisotoma  cinnamomea,  Er.    Saffron  IPal- 
den  (Curtis) 

—  oblonga,  Er.  (grandis, 

Fairm). 

—  dubia,  Kug.  Colchester 

—  punctulata,  Gyll. 

—  calcarata,  Er. 

—  curvipes,    Schmidt.     Northey    Isle   (O. 

Janson) 

Colenis  dentipes,  Gyll.     Colchester 
Hydnobius  strigosus,    Schmidt.     Birdbrook 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 
Necrophorus  humator,  Fabr.' 

—  mortuorum,  Fabr. 

—  vestigator,  Heer  Colchester 

—  ruspator,  Er. 

—  vespillo,  L. 

Silpha  tristis,  111.     Southend  (Fowler,  Brit. 
Col.) 

—  obscura,  L. 

—  quadripunctata,  L. 

—  opaca,  L. 

—  thoracica,  L. 

—  rugosa,  L. 

—  sinuata,  Fabr. 

—  dispar,  Herbst 

—  atrata,  L. 

var.  brunnea,  Herbst     Colchester 
Choleva  cisteloides,  FrOhl. 

—  agilis,  111. 

—  velox,  Spence 

—  wilkini,  Spence 

—  anisotomoides,  Spence 
-  fusca,  Pz. 

—  nigricans,  Spence 

—  morio,  Fabr. 


Colchester 


•  Colchester 

Harwich    (Fowler, 
Southend  (Fowler, 


SILPHID.AE  (continued) 

Choleva  grandicollis,  Er. 
nigrita,  Er. 
tristis,  Pz. 
kirbyi,  Spence 

—  chrysomeloides,  Pz. 

—  fumata,  Spence 

—  watsoni,  Spence 
Ptomaphagus  sericeus,  Fabr. 
Colon  serripes,  Sahl. 

- —  brunneum,    Latr.     Wrabness    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 
HISTERID.S 

Hister    quadrimaculatus,    L.       Essex 
coast 

—  merdarius,   Hoff.     Epping  Forest  (F.  B. 

Jennings) 

—  cadaverinus,  HofF. 
fpurpurascens,  Herbst 

~\     var.  niger,  Er. 

—  marginatus,  Er. 

—  neglectus,   Germ. 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  bissexstriatus,  Fabr. 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  12-striatus,  Schr.         "j 

—  bimaculatus,  L.  f  Colchester 
Carcinops  minima,  Aubi  J 

Paromalus    flavicornis,     Herbst.      Southend 

(Gorham) 
Dendrophilus  punctatus,  Herbst.    Hainault 

(Norman) 

-  pygmsus,  L.  ) 

Saprinus  nitidulus,  Payk.  J-  Colchester 

—  zeneus,  Fabr. 

—  immundus,  Gyll.     Loughton  (West) 

—  virescens,  Payk.     Colchester 

—  rugifrons,    Payk.      Southend,    Harwich 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  maritimus,  Steph.     Essex  coast 
Abraeus  globosus,  HofF.     Near  Maldon 

—  granulum,     Er.      IPalthamstow    (Jan- 

son) 
SCAPHIDIIDJE 

Scaphidium  quadrimaculatum,] 

Ol.  [  Colchester 

Scaphiosoma  agaricinum,  L.    J 
TRICHOPTERYGID.S 

Trichopteryx  brevicornis,|  ^  Ram 

Mots"  ....  (Billups) 

—  guerinn,  All. 

—  ambigua,  Matth.     Loughton  (West) 
Actidium    coarctatum,     Hal.      Walton-on- 

Naze  (Champion) 

Ptenidium  fuscicorne,  Er.  I    n  ,  , 

.„  Y  Colchester 

—  evanescens,  Marsh.      J 

CORYLOPHID^ 

Orthoperus  kluki,  Wank.     Loughton  (Fow- 
ler, Brit.  Col.) 
Sericoderus  lateralis,  Gyll.     Colchester 


127 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


COCCINELLIDJE 

Subcoccinella  24-punctata,   L.     Colchester, 

Southend 

Hippodamia  variegata,  Goeze.     Colchester 
Anisosticta  I  g-punctata,  L.     Essex  coast 
Adalia  obliterata,  L.     Birch 

—  bipunctata,  L.     Colchester 
Anatis  ocellata,  L.     Essex  coast 
Coccinella  decempunctata, 

—  n-punctata,  L. 

—  7-punctata,  L. 
Halyzia  14-guttata,  L. 

—  conglobata,  L. 

—  22-punctata,  L. 
Micraspis  i6-punctata,  L. 
Hyperaspis  reppensis,  Herbst    f  Colchester 
Scymnus  nigrinus,  Kug. 

—  pygmaeus,  Fourc. 

—  frontalis,  Fabr. 

—  suturalis,  Thunb. 

—  testaceus,  Mots. 

—  haemorrhoidalis,  Herbst 

—  capitatus,  Fabr. 

—  minimus,    Rossi.      Birdbrook    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

Chilocorus  similis,  Rossi 
Exochomus  quadripustulatus,  L.  [ 

Colchester 


Colchester 


J 


Colchester 


Colchester 


Colchester 


Rhizobius  litura,  Fabr. 
Coccidula  rufa,  Herbst 

—  scutellata,  Herbst 
ENDOMYCHID^E 

Symbiotes  latus,  Redt.     Southend  (Gorham) 
Mycetaea  hirta,  Marsh. 
Alexia  pilifera,  Mall. 
Lycoperdina  bovistae,  Fabr. 
Endomychus  coccineus,  L. 
EROTYLID.S: 

Dacne  humeralis,  Fabr. 

—  rufifrons,  Fabr. 
Triplax  russica,  L. 
Cyrtotriplax  bipustulata,  Fab: 

PHALACRIDJE 

Phalacrus  corruscus,  Payk.     Colchester 

—  brisouti,  Rye.    Rainham  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  caricis,  Sturm.     Boxted 

Olibrus  corticalis,  Pz.)    „  , , 

T-.  ,  \  Colchester 

—  aeneus,  va.br.         } 

—  bicolor,  Fabr.     Harwich  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  millefolii,     Payk.      Southend    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 
Eustilbus  testaceus,  Pz.     Colchester 

—  oblongus,  Er.     Essex  coast 

MlCR.OPEPLID.ffi 

Micropeplus  staphylinoides,"! 

Marsh.  I  Colchester 

—  margaritae,  Duv. 
NITIDULID.S: 

Brachypterus  urticae,  Fabr.      Colchester 


NITIDULID^E  (continued) 
Cercus  pedicularius,  L.   \ 

—  bipustulatus,  Payk.     (  Colchester 

—  rufilabris,  Latr.          ) 

Epurasa    decemguttata,     Fabr.      Birdbrook 
(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  asstiva,  L. 

—  melina,  Er. 

—  florea,  Er. 

—  deleta,  Er. 

—  obsoleta,  Fabr. 

—  pusilla,  Er. 

Micrurula  melanocephala,  Marsh.     Lough- 
ton  (Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 
Nitidula  bipustulata,  L. 

—  rufipes,  L. 

—  quadripustulata,  Fabr. 
Soronia  punctatissima,  111. 

—  grisea,  L. 
Amphotis  marginata,  Er. 
Omosita  colon,  L. 

—  discoidea,  Fabr. 
Thalycra  sericea,  Sturm. 
Pocadius  ferrugineus,  Fabr. 
Pria  dulcamaras,  Scop. 
Meligethes  rufipes,  Gyll. 

—  lumbaris,    Sturm.      Loughton    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  fulvipes,  Bris.     Southend  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  aeneus,  Fabr. 
viridescens,  Fabr. 
ovatus,  Sturm. 

—  picipes,  Sturm.  ,-,  ,  ,    . 

.-,  „  >  Colchester 

—  erythropus,  Gyll. 

Cychramus  luteus,  Fabr. 
Cryptarcha  strigata,  Fabr. 

—  imperialis,  Fabr. 

Ips  quadriguttata,  Fabr.)  Hainault 

—  quadripustulata,  L.  j       (Norman) 
TROGOSITID^ 

Tenebrioides  mauritanicus,  L.     Colchester 
COLYDIID.E: 

Aglenus  brunneus,  Gyll.  Birdbrook  (Fow- 
ler, Brit.  Col.) 

Orthocerus  muticus,  L.     Essex  coast 
Ditoma  crenata,  Fabr.    Hainault  (Norman) 
Cicones      variegatus,      Hellw.       Loughton 
(Champion) 

Cerylon  histeroides,  Fabr.~>   n  ,  , 
',         .  cur  Colchester 

—  ferrugmeum,  Steph.     ) 

CUCVJIDJE 

Rhizophagus  perforatus,  Er."! 

—  ferrugineus,  Payk.  j-  Colchester 

—  bipustulatus,  Fabr. 

Pediacus  dermestoides,  Fabr.  Loughton 
(Power) 

Lasmophloeus  bimaculatus,  Payk.  Lough- 
ton (Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  pusillus,  Sch6n.     Maldon  (Fitch) 


128 


INSECTS 


Colcheste 


Hainault  Forest          — 


>  Colchester 


CUCUJID.*  (continued) 

Psammcechus  bipunctatus,  "1 

Fabr.  V  Colcheiter 

Silvanus  surinamensis,  L.   J 

—  unidentatus,  Fabr.    Hainault  (Norman) 
MONOTOMID.* 

Monotoma  formicetorum,' 
Thorns. 

—  spinicollis,  Aub£ 

—  picipes,  Herbst 

—  sub-4-foveolata,  Wat. 

(E.  W.  Janson) 
LATHRIDIID.* 

Anommatus  12-striatus,  Mull."! 
Lathridius  lardarius,  DeG.        j-  Colchester 
Coninomus  nodifer,  Westw.    J 

—  carinatus,    Gyll.     Birdbrook    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

Enicmus  minutus,  L.)  /-,  , , 

.-(.      }  Colchester 

—  transvcrsus,  Ol.     j 

—  rugosus,     Herbst.      Loughton    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  testaceus,  Steph. 
Cartodere  ruficollis,  Marsh. 

—  elongata,  Curt. 
Corticaria  pubescens,  Gyll. 

—  crenulata,  Gyll. 

—  denticulata,  Gyll.  ; 

—  serrata,  Payk.     Loughton  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  elongata,  Humm.     Colchester 
Melanophthalma  transversalis,  Gyll.    South- 
end  (Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  fuscula,  Humm.l   />  , , 
,,.'.-,  }  Colchester 

—  rulvipes,  Com.    J 

CRYPTOPHAGID.* 

Telmatophilus  caricis,  Ol.     St.  Osyth 

—  typhae,  Fall.  "I 
Antherophagus  nigricornis,  j-  Colchester 

Fabr.  J 

—  pallens,  Gyll.    Birdbrook  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

Cryptophagus  lycoperdi,  ' 
Herbst 

—  setulosus,  Sturm 

—  pilosus,  Gyll. 

—  saginatus,  Sturm 

—  umbratus,  Er. 

—  scanicus,  L. 

—  bad  i  us,  Sturm 

—  den  tat  us,  Herbst 

—  distinguendus,  Sturm 
-  bicolor,  Sturm 

Micrambe  vini,  Pz. 

Caenoscelis     ferruginea,    Sahl.       Birdbrook 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 
Atomaria  fimctarii,  Herbst 

—  barani,  Bris. 

—  nigriventris,  Steph. 

—  umbrina,  Er. 


>  Colchester 


Colcheste 


Colchester 


Colchester 


CRYPTOPHAGID.*  (continued) 

Atomaria   linearis,    Steph.      Colchester   and 
Maldon 

—  fuscipes,  Gyll. 

—  peltata,  Kr. 

—  fuscata,  SchOn. 

—  atra,  Herbst 

—  atricapilla,  Steph. 

—  berolinensis,  Kr. 
mesomelas,  Herbst 
gutta,  Steph. 

—  apicalis,  Er.     Essex  coast 

—  analis,  Er.  \ 

—  ruficornis,  Marsh./ 

—  versicolor,  Er.    Birdbrook  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

Ephistemus  gyrinoides,  Marsh.      Colchester 
MYCETOPHAGID^ 

Typhsea  fumata,  L.     Colchester 
Triphyllus  suturalis,  Fabr.     West  Bergholt 

—  punctatus,  Fabr.     Boxted 

Litargus  bifasciatus,  Fabr.    Loughton  (West) 
Mycetophagus  quadripustulatus,  L.  St.  Osyth 

—  piceus,  Fabr.     Donyland 

—  atomarius,     Fabr.       Effing     (F. 

Jennings) 

—  populi,  Fabr.     Effing  (G.  Stockley) 

—  quadriguttatus,  Mall.      Colchester 

—  multipunctatus,  Hellw.     Donyland 
BYTURID^ 

Byturus  tomentosus,  Fabr.     Colchester 
DERMESTID.S 

Dermestes  vulpinus,  Fabr.")    „  ,  , 

}  Colchester 

—  munnus,  L. 

—  undulatus,   Brahm.     Southend  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  lardarius,  L.     West  Bergholt 
Attagenus  pellio,  L. 

Megatoma  undata,  Er.  i    ~  , 
T^.  °  .  T,  ,'  \  Colchester 

I  iresias  serra,  rabr. 

Anthrenus  claviger,  Er. 

BTULHIDJB 

Byrrhus  pilula,  L. 

—  fasciatus,  Fabr. 
Cytilus  varius,  Fabr. 
Simplocaria  semistriata,  Fabr. 
Limnichus     pygmaeus,    Sturm.     Harwich 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 
Aspidiphorus  orbiculatus,  Gyll.      Colchester 


B. 


Colchester 


Elmis  zeneus,  Mull.l 

—  volkmari,  Pz. 

—  cupreus,  Mull.      West  Bergholt 
Parnus  prolifericornis,  Fabr.     Essex  coast 

—  auriculatus,  Pz.     Colchester 
HETEROCERIDJE 

Heterocerus  flexuosus,  Steph.     Essex  coast 

—  laevigatus,  Pz.      Colchester 

—  sericans,  Kies.    )    „ 

f*,        \  Essex  coast 

—  obsoletus,  Curt.  J 


129 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


LUCANIDJE 


Lucanus  cervus,  L.  "1    „  ,  , 

r-.  11  i     •     j       T    }  Colchester 

Dorcus  parallelepiped  us,  LJ 


Colchester 


/o  ,  ,    . 

Colchester 


Colchester 


bten  (West) 


Onthophagus     nutans,     Fabr.       Loughton 
(West) 

—  coenobita,  Herbst.     Essex  coast 

—  vacca,  L.     Epping  (F.  B.  Jennings) 

—  nuchicornis,  L.     Donyland 
Aphodius  erraticus,  L. 

—  subterraneus,  L. 

—  fossor,  L. 

—  haemorrhoidalis,  L. 

—  foetens,  Fabr. 

—  fimetarius,  L. 

-  ater,  DeG. 

—  constans,  Duft.     Epping  Forest  (F.  B. 

Jennings) 

—  granarius,  L.      \ 

—  nitidulus,  Fabr./ 

—  sordidus,  Fabr.    Loughton  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  rufescens,  Fabr. 

—  lividus,  Ol. 

—  porcus,  Fabr. 

—  pusillus,  Herbst 

-  merdarius,  Fabr. 

—  inquinatus,  Fabr. 

—  tessulatus,  Payk.  Hainault  Forest  (Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  conspurcatus,  L.I    T      , 

•    •         T>  r  Lought 

—  sticticus,  Pz.       J 

—  punctato-sulcatus,  Stm.     Colchester 

—  contaminatus,  Herbst.      Essex  coast 

—  zenkeri,   Germ.     Epping   (F.    B.  Jen- 

nings) 

—  luridus,  Fabr.    \ 

—  rufipes,  L.          V  Colchester 

—  depressus,  Kug.J 

Heptaulacus  testudinarius,  Fabr.     Loughton 

(West) 

^gialia  arenaria,  Fabr.     Essex  coast 
Geotrupes  typhoeus, 

—  spiniger,  Marsh. 

—  stercorarius,  L.         \  Colchester 
Trox  sabulosus,  L. 

—  scaber,  L. 

Hoplia  philanthus,  Ftiss.     Donyland 

Serica  brunnea,  L.  "I 

Rhizotrogus  solstitialis,  L.  j-  Colchester 

Melolontha  vulgaris,  Fabr.J 

Phyllopertha  horticola,  L.      Donyland 

Cetonia  aurata,  L.      Colchester 

Gnorimus  nobilis,  L.      Colchester,  Black-wall 

(West) 
BUPRESTID.S: 

Agrilus  angustulus,  111.     Colchester 

Aphanisticus  pusillus,  Ol.      Southend  (Fow- 
ler, Brit.  Col.) 

Trachys  troglodytes,  Gyll.   Loughton  (West) 


Colchester 


•  Colchester 


THROSCID.S: 

Throscus  carinifrons,  Bonv.     Colchester 

—  obtusus,  Curt,     llford  (Champion) 
EUCNEMIDJE 

Melasis  buprestoides,  L.      Colchester 
ELATERID^E 

Lacon  murinus,  L.     Essex  coast 
Cryptohypnus  riparius,  Fabr.      Colchester 
Elater  praeustus,  Fabr.    Hainault  (Norman) 

—  sanguinolentus,  Schr.     Epping  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  miniatus,  Gorham.  Hainault  (Norman) 

—  balteatus,  L.      Donyland 

Ischnodes     sanguinicollis,    Pz.      Hainault 

(Norman) 
Melanotus  rufipes,  Herbst  "j 

Athous  niger,  L.  .-,  ,  , 

i        •     iv     /^i  r  Colchester 

—  longicollis,  Ol. 

—  haemorrhoidalis,  Fabr.  ' 

—  vittatus,  Fabr.     St.  Osyth 
Limonius  minutus,  L. 
Agriotes  sputator,  L. 

—  obscurus,  L. 

—  lineatus,  L. 

—  sordidus,  111.      Southend  (Wollaston) 

—  sobrinus,  Kies. 

—  pallidulus,  111. 
Dolopius  marginatus,  L. 
Corymbites  pectinicornis,  L. 

—  tessellatus,  Fabr. 
-  quercus,  Gyll. 

var.  ochropterus,  Steph. 

—  holosericeus,  Fabr. 
-—  metallicus,  Payk. 

—  bipustulatus,     L.      Wrabness    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

Campylus  linearis,  L.      Donyland 
DASCILLID.S: 

Helodes  minuta,  L.      West  Bergholt 
Microcara  livida,  Fabr. 
Cyphon  coarctatus,  Payk. 

—  variabilis,  Thunb. 

—  padi,  L. 

Scirtes  hemisphaericus,  L.. 

—  orbicularis,    Pz.      Dagenham    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 
MALACODERMIDJE 

Lampyris  noctiluca,  L.      Colchester 

Silis  ruficollis,  Fabr.    Dagenham  and  Epping 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 
Podabrus  alpinus,  Payk.^ 
Telephorus  fuscus,  L. 

—  rusticus,  Fall. 

—  lividus,  L. 

—  pellucidus,  Fabr. 

—  nigricans,  Mull. 

—  lituratus,  Fabr.     Essex  coast 

—  bicolor,  Fabr.  \ 

—  haemorrhoidalis,  Fabr./ 

—  oralis,  Germ.      Essex  coast 


Colchester 


t-  Colchester 


Colchester 


130 


INSECTS 


caast 


Essex  coast 


MALACODERMID.*  (continued) 

Telephorus  flavilabris,  Fall.     Colchester 

—  thoracicus,  Ol.     Northey  Island  (O.  E. 

Janson) 
Rhagonycha  fuscicornis,  Ol.\ 

—  fulva,  Scop. 

—  limbata,  Thorns. 

—  pallida,  Fabr. 
Malthinus  punctatus,  Fourc. 

—  fasciatus,  Ol.  )  Colchester 

—  frontalis,  Marsh. 
Malthodes  marginatus,  Latr. 

—  minimus,  L. 
Malachius  xneus,  L. 

—  bipustulatus,  L. 

—  viridis,  Fabr. 

—  marginellus,  Ol. 

Axinotarsus  pulicarius,  Fabr.     Colchester 

—  ruficollis,  Ol.     Loughton  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 
Anthocomus  rufus,  Herbst.     Colne  marshes 

—  fasciatus,  L.  \ 
Dasytes  flavipes,  Fabr.  >-  Colchester 

—  aerosus,  Kies. 
Psilothrix  nobilis,  111.  \ 
Dolichosoma  lineare,  Rossi  J 
Haplocnemus  nigricornis,  Fabr.     St.  Osyth, 

Birch 
CLERIDJE 

Tillus  elongatus,  L.     Colchester 
Opilo  mollis,  L.     Loughton  (West) 
Thanasimus     formicarius,     L.      Hainault 

(Norman) 
Necrobia  ruficollis,  Fabr. 

—  violacea,  L. 

—  rufipes,  De  G. 
Corynetes  coeruleus,  De  G. 

PTINID.S 

Ptinus  germanus,  Fabr.     Colchester 

—  lichenum,  Marsh.    Hainault  (Norman) 
-  fur,  L.  I 

Niptus  hololeucus,  Fald.  >  Colchester 
Hedobia  imperialis,  L.    J 
Dryophilus  pusillus,  Gyll.     Birch 
Priobium  castaneum,  Fabr.      \ 
Anobium  domesticum,  Fourc.  I 
Xestobium  tessellatum,  Fabr.  r  Colchester 
Ernobius  mollis,  L. 
Ochina  hederz,  Mall.  / 

Dorcatoma  chrysomelina,' 

Sturm.  Southend 

—  flavicornis,  Fabr.  (Gorham) 
Anitys  rubens,  HofF. 

LYCTIDA 

Lyctus  canaliculatus,  Fabr.     Colchester 


Colchester 


Colchester 


Cis  boleti,  Scop.  ) 

—  villosulus,  Marsh,  j 

—  micans,  Fabr.     Loughton  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 


CISSID.*  (continued) 

Cis  hispidus,   Payk.     Essex  (Fowler,  Brit. 
Col.) 

—  bidentatus,  Ol.  \ 

—  alni,  Gyll.  V  Colchester 

—  nitidus,  Herbst  J 

—  festivus,     Pz.       Ulting    near     Maldon 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  fuscatus,  Mell.     Colchester 
Ennearthron  affine,  Gyll.     Loughton  (Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  cornutum,  Gyll.  )    /-,  ;  ,    , 
n                      I  L  •     i       /-•  ii    f   Colchester 
Ottotemnus  glabnculus,  Ciyll.  ) 

CERAMBVCID/E 

Prionus  coriarius,  L.     Colchester 
Aromia  moschata,  L.     Near  Chelmsford 
Hylotrupes  bajulus,   L.     Epping   (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 
Callidium  violaceum,L.  Hainault  (Norman) 

—  variabile,  L.     Colchester 

—  alni,  L.     Hainault  (Norman) 

—  sanguineum,     L.      Plaistow    (Hindley, 

recorded  by  S.  Stevens) 
Clytus  arcuatus,  L.     Loughton  (Power) 

—  arietis,  L.     Colchester 

—  mysticus,   L.     Loughton  and  Chingford 

(West) 

Gracilia  minuta,  Fabr.     Essex  coast 
Obrium  cantharinum,  L.  ff^anstead  (Power), 

Epping  and  Leytonstone  (Stephens) 

Molorchus  minor,  L.          ) 

•  •         T?  u      f 
Rhagium  inquisitor,  rabr.  ) 

—  bifasciatum,  Fabr.    Great  Horkesley 
Toxotus  meridianus,  Pz.     West  Bergholt 
Leptura     scutellata,     Fabr.      Epping    and 

Hainault  (Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  livida,  Fabr.     Colchester 

Strangalia     quadrifasciata,     L.       Colchester 
district 

—  revestita,  L.     Hainault  (Norman) 

—  armata,  Herbst.     Colchester 

—  attenuata,  L.    Southend  (Stephens,  Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  nigra,  L.     Hainault  (Norman) 

—  melanura,  L. 
Grammoptera  tabacicolor, 

De  G. 

—  ruficornis,  Fabr. 
Leiopus  nebulosus,  L. 
Pogonochaerus  bidentatus,  Thorns. 

-  dentatus,  Fourc.     Colchester 
Mesosa  nubila,  Ol.     Colchester  district 
Saperda  carcharias,  L.  j  Ctlthatn. 

—  populnea,  L. 

Tetrops  przusta,  L.     Colchester 
Phytoecia  cylindrica,  L.     Aldham 
BRUCHIDA 

Bruchus  rufimanus,  Roh.     Colchester 

—  luteicornis,  111.     Southend  and  Maldon 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 


er 


t  Colchester 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


r  ,  ,    .„ 

Colchester 


Colchester 


BRUCHID.S:  (continued) 
Bruchus  loti,  Payk.  j 

—  villosulus,  Fabr.  / 
CHRYSOMELIDJE 

Orsodacna  cerasi,  L.       1 

—  lineola,  Pz. 

var.  humeralis,  Latr.J 
Donacia  dentata,  Hoppe.     Effing  (Keeley) 

—  versicolorea,     Brahm.        Loughton 

(West) 

—  dentipes,  Fabr.     Effing  (Keeley) 

-  limbata,    Pz.      Northey    Isle    (O.    E. 

Janson) 

—  bicolora,  Zsch.      "j 

—  thalassina,  Germ.  J-  Effing  (Keeley) 

—  impressa,  Payk.    J 

—  simplex,  Fabr.      Colchester 

—  vulgaris,  Zsch.     Effing  (Keeley) 

—  clavipes,  Fabr.    ) 

—  semicuprea,  Pz. ) 

-  cinerea,  Herbst.     Effing  (Keeley) 

—  sericea,  L.      Colchester 

—  braccata,  Scop.     Essex  coast 

—  affinis,  Kunze.     Effing  (F.   B.  Jenn- 

ings) 

Haemonia  curtisi,  Lac.     Essex  coast 
Zeugophora  subspinosa,  Fabr.  ^ 

—  flavicollis,  Marsh. 
Lema  cyanella,  L. 

—  lichenis,  Vcet. 

—  melanopa,  L. 
Crioceris  asparagi,  L. 
Clythra  quadripunctata,  L. 
Cryptocephalus  sexpunctatus, 

L. 

—  bipunctatus,  L.  var.  line- 

ola, Fabr.  j 

—  aureolus,  Suffr.    "> 

—  parvulus,  Mall.  / 

—  moraei,  L.     Colchester 

—  bilineatus,  L.     Essex  coast 

—  fulvus,  Goeze  > 

-  pusillus,  Fabr. 

—  labiatus,  L. 
Timarcha  tenebricosa,  Fabr. 

—  violaceonigra,  De  G. 
Chrysomela  marginalis,  Duft.  > 

—  marginata,  L.     Southend  (Champion) 

—  banksi,  Fabr. 

—  staphylea,  L. 

—  polita,  L. 

-  orichalcia,  Mall. 

—  haemoptera,  L. 

—  varians,  Schall. 

—  menthastri,  SufFr. 

-  hyperici,  Forst. 

Melasoma  longicolle,  SufFr.  \  c     n     , 
Phytodecta  rufipes,  De  G.  J  c 

—  olivacea,  Forst.      Colchester 
Gastroidea  viridula,  De  G.      Dedham 


>•  Colchester 


Colchester 


•  Colchester 


Colchester 


>-  Colchester  — 


CHRYSOMELID^  (continued) 
Gastroidea  polygon!,  L. 
Plagiodera  versicolora,  Laich. 
Phaedon  tumidulus,  Germ. 

—  armoraciae,  L. 

-  cochleariae,  Fabr. 
Phyllodecta  cavifrons,  Thorns. 

—  vitellinae,  L. 
Hydrothassa  aucta,  Fabr. 

—  marginella,  L. 
Prasocuris  junci,  Brahm. 

—  phellandrii,  L. 
Luperus  nigrofasciatus,  Goeze 

—  rufipes,  Scop.      Dedham 
Lochmasa  capreas,  L.          A 

—  suturalis,  Thorns. 

—  crataegi,  Forst.  J-  Colchester 
Gallerucella  viburni,  Payk. 

—  sagittariae,  Gyll.  J 

—  calmariensis,  L.     Boxted 

—  tenella,  L.      Effing  (Lewcock) 
Adimonia    tanaceti,    L.     Effing   (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

Sermyla  halensis,  L.     Colchester 
Longitarsus  absinthii,  Kuts.     Essex  coast 

—  dorsalis,  Fabr.      Southend  (Power) 

—  castaneus,  Duft. 

—  luridus,  Scop. 

—  suturellus,  Duft,  var.  fusci- 

collis,  Steph. 
atricillus,  L. 
melanocephalus,  All. 

-  suturalis,   Marsh.      Birdbrook  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

-  nasturtii,  Fabr.     Colchester 

—  ballotae,  Marsh.   Walton-on-Naze  (Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  femoralis,  Marsh.  "1   n  ,  , 

...       U  „          f  Colchester 

—  pusillus,  (jyll.        J 

—  jacobasas,  Wat.      Essex  coast 

—  gracilis,  Kuts.      Colchester 

—  laevis,  Duft.     Essex  coast 

—  pellucidus,  Foudr.     Birdbrook  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

Haltica  lythri,   Aube".     Southend   (Fowler, 
Brit.  Col.) 

—  coryli,  Brit.  Col. 

—  pusilla,  Duft. 
Hermaeophaga    mercurialis, 

Bergholt 
Phyllotreta  consobrina,  Curt/ 

—  punctulata,  Marsh. 

—  atra,  Payk. 

—  cruciferae,  Goeze 

—  undulata,  Kuts. 

—  nemorum,  L. 

—  ochripes,  Curt. 

—  exclamation  is,  Thunb. 
Aphthona  nonstriata,  Goeze.      Wivenhoe 

—  venustula,  Kuts.      Colchester 


\  Colchester 

Fabr. 


Wat 


Colchester 


132 


INSECTS 


•  Colchester 


Colchester 


Gyll.       Loughton 


Colchester 


CHRYSOMELID.*  (continued) 

Aphthona  atrocoerulea,  Steph.     Colchester 

—  virescens,   Foudr.     Birdbrook  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

Batophila  rubi,  Payk.     West  Bergholt 
Sphaeroderma  testaceum,  Fabr. 

—  cardui,  Gyll. 
Apteropeda  orbiculata,  Marsh. 
Podagrica  fuscicornis,  L. 
Mantura  rustica,  L. 

—  obtusata,  Gyll. 
Crepidodera  transversa,  Marsh. 

—  fcrruginea,  Scop. 

—  rufipes,  L. 

—  ventralis,  111.     Birdbrook  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  nitidula,  L. 

—  helxines,  L. 

—  chloris,  Foudr. 

—  aurata,  Marsh. 

—  smaragdina,  Foudr. 
Hippuriphila  modeeri,  L.  ( 
Chaetocnema     aridula, 

(Champion) 

-  hortensis,  Fourc.  \ 

Plectroscelis  concinna,  Marsh.  / 
Psylliodes  chrysocephala,  L.     Essex  coast 

—  napi,  Koch.     Colchester 

—  cuprea,  Koch.     West  Bergholt 

—  affinis,  Payk.     Colchester 

—  marcida,  111.    Harwich,  Southend  (Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  picina,  Marsh.     Colchester 

Cassida    murraea,     L.       Plaistow    marshes 
(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  nebulosa,  L.     Colchester 

—  vibex,  Fabr.     Essex  coast 

—  sanguinolenta,  Fabr.     Southend^ 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  vittata,  Vill. 

—  nobilis,  L. 

—  flaveola,  Thunb. 

—  viridis,  Fabr. 

—  hemisphaerica, 

(West) 
TENEBRIONID.* 

Blaps  mucronata,  Latr.     Colchester 
Crypticus  quisquilius,  L. 
Heliopathes  gibbus,  Fabr. 
Opatrum  sabulosum,  Gyll. 
Microzoum  tibiale,  Fabr. 
Phaleria  cadaverina,  Fabr. 

Heledona  agaricola,  Fabr.          1   /-.  f  i 

c       . -.  r  .       t  Co/chester 

Scaphidema  metallicum,  Fabr.  J 

Alphitophagus      quadripustulatus,      Steph. 

Maldon  (Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 
Tenebrio  molitor,  L. 

—  obscurus,  Fabr. 
Gnathocerus  cornutus,  Fabr. 
Tribolium  confusum,  Duv.    . 


Epping 


•  Colchester 


Herbst.  Loughton 


Essex  coast 


Colchester 


TENEBRIONID.S  (continued) 

Palorus  melinus,  Herbst.      Birdbrook  (Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 

Hypophkeus  bicolor,  Ol.     West  Bergholt 
Helops  cceruleus,  L.      Colchester 

—  pallidus,  Curt.     Essex  coast 

—  striatus,  Fourc.     Colchester 
CISTELID.S 

Cistela  luperus,  Herbst.      Wrabness  (Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 
-  ceramboides,  L.  |         ^ 

—  murma,  L.          J 
Eryx  ater,  Fabr.      Wivenhoe 
Mycetochares     bipustulata,     111.       Epping 

(F.  B.  Jennings) 
LAGRIID.K 

Lagria  hirta,  L.     Colchester 
MELANDRYID.K 

Tetratoma  fungorum,  Fabr.     Boxted 

—  desmaresti,    Latr.     Hainault    (Edward 

Janson) 

—  ancora,  Fabr.     Loughton  (West) 
Orchesia  micans,  Pz.     Colchester 
Clinocara    tetratoma,    Thorns.      Birdbrook 

(Power) 

Hallomenus  humeralis,  Pz.  "j 
Conopalpus  testaceus,  Ol.    >•  Colchester 
Melandrya  caraboides,  L.    J 
Abdera  quadrifasciata,  Steph.     Hainault 


Salpingus  castaneus,  Pz.     Colchester 
Lissodema  quadripustulata,  Marsh.     South- 
end  (Gorham) 
Rhinosimus  ruficollis,  L.  "j 

-  viridipennis,  Steph.      j-  Colchester 

—  planirostris,  Fabr. 
OEDEMERID^: 

Oedemera  nobilis,  Scop.      West  Bergholt 

Nascerdes  melanura,  Schmidt  )   ^  » . 
T    ,  \  Colchester 

Ischnomera  ccerulea,  L. 

PYROCHROIDJE 

Pyrochroa  coccinea,   L.     Epping  (Fowler, 
Brit.  Col.) 

—  serraticornis,  Scop.     Colchester 
MORDELLID.S 

Mordellistena  abdominalis,   Fabr.     Wrab- 
ness  (Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

-  humeralis,  L.    \ 

-  brunnea,  Fabr.  J-  Colchester 

—  pumila,  Gyll.    J 

—  brevicauda,  Boh.     Essex  coast 
Anaspis  frontalis,  L.     ' 

—  pulicaria,  Costa. 

—  geoffroyi,  Mall. 

—  ruficollis,  Fabr. 

—  flava,  L. 

—  subtestacea,  Steph. 

—  maculata,  Fourc.    , 
RHIPIDOPHORID^ 

Metoecus  paradoxus,  L.     Colchester 


f  Colchester 


133 


A    HISTORY    OF   ESSEX 


ANTHICIDJE 

Notoxus  monoceros,  L.     1    c 
...  ...     .i,          *  hssex  coast 

Anthicus  humihs,  Germ.  J 

—  floralis,  L.      Colchester 

—  instabilis,  Schmidt.     Essex  coast 

—  angustatus,   Curt.      Wrabness,   Southend 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  antherinus,  L.     Colchester 
XYLOPHILIDJE 

Xylophilus  populneus,  Fabr.     Colchester 

M.ELO1DJE 

Meloe  proscarabaeus,  L.\ 
var.  cyaneus,  Muls.  J 

—  cicatricosus,  Leach. 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  rugosus,  Marsh.     Southend  (Smith 

Gorham),  Prittlewell  (Power) 
Lytta  vesicatoria,  L.     Colchester 
ANTHRIBID.S: 

Brachytarsus  varius,  Fabr.     Colchester 
Platyrrhinus    latirostris,     Fabr.     Hainault 

(Norman) 
Choragus  sheppardi,  Kirby. 

CURCULIONIDJE 

Apoderus  coryli,  L.  "j 

Attelabus  curculionoides,  L. 
Byctiscus  betuleti,  Fabr.       J 

—  populi,  L.     St.  Osyth 
Rhynchites  cupreus,  L. 


Southend  (Fowler, 


and 


Southend 


Colchester 


—  aequatus,  L. 


Colchester 


aeneovirens,  Marsh. 

—  cceruleus,  De  G.     West  Bergholt 

—  minutus,  Herbst.     Colchester 

—  interpunctatus,  Steph.  \  Loughton 

—  pauxillus,  Germ.  J       (Lewcock) 

—  nanus,  Payk.       \ 

—  sericeus,  Herbst    ]•  Colchester 

—  pubescens,  Fabr.  J 

DeporaUs  megacephalus,  Germ.     Wrabness 
(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  betulae,  L.  1   /-.  / ; 

.    .  r<  L      r  Colchester 

Apion  pomonae,  Fabr.  J 

—  craccas,  L.  Dagenham  (Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  subulatum,  Kirby.     Birdbrook  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  ulicis,  Forst.     Colchester 

—  genistae,  Kirby.     Epping  (Lewcock) 

—  fuscirostre,  Fabr. 

—  malvae,  Fabr. 

—  urticarium,  Herbst 

—  miniatum,  Germ. 

—  haematodes,  Kirby 

—  rubens,  Steph. 

—  pallipes,  Kirby.  Birdbrook  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  rufirostre,  Fabr.  1 

—  diffbrme,  Germ.  V  Colchester 

—  varipes,  Germ.    J 

—  laevicolle,     Kirby.     Southend    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 


Colchester 


Colchester 


CURCULIONID^E  (continued) 

Apion  schfinherri,  Boh.    Southend  (Rye  and 
Gorham) 

—  apricans,  Herbst.      Colchester 

—  bohemani,  Thorns.     Essex  coast 

—  trifolii,  L. 

—  dichroum,  Bedel 

—  nigritarse,  Kirby 

—  stolidum,  Germ. 

—  hookeri,  Kirby 

—  asneum,  Fabr. 

—  radiolus,  Kirby 

—  onopordi,  Kirby 

—  carduorum,  Kirby 

—  virens,  Herbst 

—  pisi,  Fabr. 

—  aethiops,  Herbst 

—  ebeninum,  Kirby 

—  striatum,  Kirby 

—  immune,  Kirby 

—  ervi,  Kirby 

—  vorax,  Herbst 

—  unicolor,  Kirby 

—  livescerum,    Gyll.     Southend    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  loti,  Kirby 

—  seniculum,  Kirby 

—  simile,  Kirby  }•  Colchester 

—  pubescens,  Kirby 

—  curtisi,  Walt. 

—  limonii,  Kirby.     Essex  coast 

—  sedi,  Germ.      Southend,  Harwich  (Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  marchicum,  Herbst 

—  affine,  Kirby 

—  violaceum,  Kirby 

—  hydrolapathi,  Kirby 

—  humile,  Germ. 
Otiorrhynchus  raucus,  Fabr. 

—  scabrosus,  Marsh. 

—  ligneus,  Ol.     Essex  coast 

—  picipes,  Fabr. 

—  sulcatus,  Fabr. 

—  ovatus,  L. 
Trachyphloeus  aristatus,  Gyll. 

—  scaber,  L. 

—  scabriculus,  L.         ~\  Southend 

—  spinimanus,  Germ.  J       (Gorham) 

—  alternans,     Gyll.       Southend    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

Caenopsis  waltoni,  Schon.     Great  Horkesley 
Strophosomus  coryli,  Fabr. 

—  capitatus,  De  G. 

—  retusus,  Marsh. 

—  faber,  Herbst 
Exomias  araneiformis,  Schr. 

Omias  mollinus,  Boh.     Southend  (Gorham) 
Sciaphilus  muricatus,  Fabr.     Colchester 
Tropiphorus  carinatus,  Mull.\  West 

—  tomentosus,  Marsh.  J       Bergholt 


•  Colchester 


Colchester 


•  Colchester 


134 


INSECTS 


coast 


Colchester 


CURCULIONID.S  (continued) 
LiophUeus  nubilus,  Fabr. ' 
Polydrusus  micans,  Fabr. 

—  tereticollis,  De  G. 

—  pterygomalis,  Boh. 

—  flavipes,  De  G.    Loughton  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

—  cervinus,  L.     Colchester 

—  chrysomela,  Ol.   1    r. 

"J      ,     \  Essex 

—  connuens,  Steph.  ) 

Phyllobius  oblongus,  L. 

—  calcaratus,  Fabr. 

—  urticas,  De  G. 

-  PF',  L. 

—  argentatus,  L. 

—  maculicornis,  Germ. 

—  pomonae,  Ol. 

—  viridiaeris,  Laich. 

Tanymecus      palliatus,      Fabr.          Marts 

Tey 

Philopedon  geminatus,  Fabr.     Essex  coast 
Barynotus  obscurus,  Fabr.     Colchester 

—  elevatus,  Marsh.  \    res  *  n      LI* 

-  ,     V  West  Bergholt 
Alophus  tnguttatus,  fabr.J 

Sitones  cambricus,  Steph. 

—  regensteinensis,  Herbst 

—  tibialis,  Herbst 

—  hispidulus,  Fabr. 

—  humeralis,  Steph. 

—  flavescens,  Marsh. 

—  puncticollis,  Steph. 

—  lineatus,  L. 

Hypera  punctata,  Fabr.          f  Colchester 

—  rumicis,  L. 

—  pollux,  Fabr. 

—  polygon!,  L. 

—  variabilis,  Herbst 

—  murina,  Fabr. 

—  plantaginis,  De  G. 

—  trilineata,  Marsh. 

—  nigrirostris,  Fabr. 
Cleonus  sulcirostris,  L.  \  p 

-  albidus,  Fabr.  I  1 
Liosoma  ovatulum,  Clairv. )  West 

var.  collaris,  Rye.  J       Bergholt 

—  oblongulum,    Boh.      Wrabneu    (J.    J. 

Walker) 

Liparus  coronatus,  Goeze 
Orchestes  quercus,  L. 

—  alni,  L. 

—  ilicis,  Fabr. 

—  avellana?,  Don.  1    ,,...      ,r  .. 

—  fagi,  L.  J  Eppmg  (Lewcock) 

—  rusci,  Herbst 

—  stigma,  Germ. 

—  salicis,  L. 

Rhamphus  flavicornis,  Clairv.  \  Colchester 
Orthocaetes  setiger,  Beck. 
Grypidius  equiseti,  Fabr. 
Erirrhinus  scirpi,  Fabr. 


coast 


Colchester 


Colcheste 


Colchester 


(J-     J- 


Colchester 


CURCULIONIDJE  (continued) 

Erirrhinus   bimaculatus,   Fabr.     Dagenham 
(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  acridulus,  L. 
Thryogenes  festucae,  Herbst 

—  nereis,  Payk. 
Dorytomus  vorax,  Fabr. 

—  tortrix,  L. 

—  hirtipennis,  Bedel.     Birdbrook  (Power) 

—  validirostris,  Gyll.  ' 

—  maculatus,  Marsh. 

—  pectoralis,  Gyll. 
Tanysphyrus  lemnas,  Fabr. 
Bagous  alismatis,  Marsh. 

—  petro,      Herbst.         Harwich 

Walker) 

—  cylindrus,  Payk.     Essex  coast 

—  argillaceus,    Gyll.     Southend    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  limosus,  Gyll. 

—  tempestivus,  Herbst         !•  Essex  coast 

—  subcarinatus,  Brit.  Coll.  J 
Anoplus  plantaris,  Naez.  • 

—  roboris,  Suffr. 
Tychius  venustus,  Fabr. 

—  meliloti,  Steph. 

—  tibialis,  Boh.     Southend  (Fowler,  Brit. 

Col.) 

Miccotrogus  picirostris,  Fabr.     Colchester 
Sibinia  arenarias,  Steph.    Harwich  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 
Miarus  companulae,  L.     Colchester 

—  plantarum,  Germ.     Birdbrook  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 
Gymnetron  beccabungae,  L.     Colchester 

—  rostellum,  Herbst 

—  pascuorum,  Gyll. 

-  antirrhini,  Payk.  \  Colchester 

Mecinus  pyraster,  Herbst  ) 

—  collaris,  Germ.     Essex  coast 
Anthonomus    ulmi,   De    G.     West   Berg- 
holt 

—  pedicularius,  L.     Colchester 

—  rubi,  Herbst.     West  Bergholt 
Cionus  scrophulariae,  L. 

—  hortulanus,  Marsh. 

—  blattariae,  Fabr. 

—  pulchellus,  Herbst 
Orobitis  cyaneus,  L. 
Cryptorrhynchus  lapathi,  L. 
Acalles  ptinoides,  Marsh. 

—  turbatus,  Boh. 
Cxeliodes  rubicundus,  Herbst 

—  quercus,  Fabr. 

—  ruber,  Marsh. 

—  erythroleucus,  Gmel. 

—  cardui,  Herbst 

—  quadrimaculatus,  L. 

—  exiguus,  Ol.     IPalton-en-Naze,   South- 

end  (Gorham) 


Colchester 


135 


A    HISTORY   OF    ESSEX 


Colchester 


CURCULIONIDJE  (continued') 
Poophagus  sisymbrii,  Fabr. 

—  nasturtii,  Germ. 
Ceuthorrhynchus  assimilis, 

Payk.  \  Colchester 

—  cochleariae,  Gyll. 

—  erysimi,  Fabr. 

—  contractus,  Marsh. 

—  cyanipennis,  Germ.  )   Southend 

—  chalybaeus,  Germ.    )       (Gorham) 

—  quadridens,  Pz.      Colchester 

—  geographicus,  Goeze.     Purfleet  (Fow- 

ler, Brit.  Col.) 

—  pollinarius,  Forst.     Colchester 

—  viduatus,  Gyll.     Ilford  (Champion) 

—  pleurostigma,  Marsh.     Colchester 

—  verrucatus,    Gyll.     Southend    (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

—  rugulosus,  Herbst 

—  melanostictus,  Marsh. 

—  asperifoliarum,  Gyll. 

—  chrysanthemi,  Germ. 

—  triangulum,    Boh.      Wrabness    (J.    J. 

Walker) 

—  litura,  Fabr.  j 
Ceuthorrhynchideus  floralis,  \  Colchester 

Payk.  j 

—  pyrrorhynchus,  Marsh.    Southend  (Gor- 

ham) 

—  melanarius,  Steph. 

—  troglodytes,  Fabr. 
Amalus  haemorrhous,  Herbst 
Rhinoncus  pericarpius,  L.        Y  Colchester 

—  gramineus,  Herbst 

—  perpendicularis,  Reich. 

—  castor,  Fabr. 

—  bruchoides,  Herbst.  Northey  Isle  (O.  E. 

Janson) 

Litodactylus  leucogaster,  Marsh.    Colchester 
Phytobius     comari,     Herbst.       Dagenham 

(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.) 

—  waltoni,  Boh.     Loughton  (Lewcock) 

—  quadrituberculatus,  Fabr.     Colchester 

—  canaliculatus,  Fabr.    Loughton  (Fowler, 

Brit.  Col.) 

Limnobaris  t-album,  L.  ")    „  , , 

„    .      .  .         .     ,,  '         >  Colchester 

Bans  picicorms,  Marsh.  J 


CURCULIONID^E  (continued) 
Baris    lepidii,    Germ. 

ham) 
Balaninus  venosus,  Grav. 

—  nucum,  L. 

—  turbatus,  Gyll. 

—  betulae,  Steph. 

—  villosus,  Fabr. 

—  salicivorus,  Payk. 

—  pyrrhoceras,  Marsh. 
Magdalis  armigera,  Fourc. 


Southend     (Gor- 


cerasi,  L. 


—  pruni,  L. 
Calandra  granaria,  L. 


—  oryzae, 


L. 


Colchester 


Rhyncolus  lignarius,  Marsh. 

—  ater,    L.      Walton-on-Naze     (W.     G. 

Blatch) 
Stereocorynes   truncorum,   Germ.     Epping 

(W.G.  Blatch),  Leytonstone(Gorhzm), 

Wanstead  (Power) 
Caulotrypis     aeneopiceus,    Boh.      Loughton 

(West) 

Codiosoma  spadix,  Herbst.     Essex  coast 
SCOLYTIDJE 

Scolytus  destructor,  Ol. 

—  pruni,  Ratz.  •  Colchester 

—  rugulosus,  Ratz. 

Hylastes  cunicularius,  Er.  Birdbrook 
(Fowler,  Brit.  Col.\  Southend  (Gor- 
ham) 

—  angustatus,  Herbst.    Epping  (G.  Stock- 

ley) 

—  palliatus,     Gyll.      Birdbrook 

Brit.  Col.) 

Hylastinus  obscurus,  Marsh. 
Hylesinus  crenatus,  Fabr. 

—  fraxini,  Pz. 
Phloeophthorus  rhododactylus, 

Marsh. 

Xylocleptes  bispinus,  Duft. 
Dryocaetes  villosus,  Fabr. 
Tomicus  nigritus,  Gyll. 
Xyleborus  saxeseni,  Ratz. 

ler,  Brit.  Col.) 
STYLOPID^ 

Stylops  melittae,  Kirby.     Colchester 


(Fowler, 


Colchester 


West  Bergholt 
Colchester 
Loughton  (Fow- 


LEPIDOPTERA 

RHOPALOCERA 

i 

Butterflies 

The  Swallow-tail  (Papilio  machaon)  is  met  with  occasionally,  espe- 
cially on  the  coast — Southend,  Shoebury,  Tillingham,  Walton-on-the- 
Naze  and  Maldon  are  recorded  localities ;  but  whatever  may  have  been 
the  case  formerly  it  cannot  now  be  considered  a  native  of  the  county, 

136 


INSECTS 

the  few  examples  noticed  being  doubtless  immigrants  from  the  continent, 
stragglers  from  the  fens,  or  released  captives. 

The  Large,  Small  and  Green-veined  Whites  (Pieris  brassica,  P. 
rapee  and  P.  napi)  abound  in  every  direction.  About  twelve  years  ago 
more  than  a  dozen  larva?  of  the  Large  White  were  seen  busily  engaged 
feeding  on  savoys  near  Colchester  on  Christmas  Day. 

The  Chequered  or  Bath  White  (P.  daplidice]  is  a  very  rare  immi- 
grant, but  has  been  taken  at  Berechurch  by  the  late  Dr.  Maclean,  at 
Colchester  by  Mr.  Norman  Halls,  at  Epping  by  Mr.  Walter  Nash  and 
at  Southend  by  Mr.  V.  E.  L.  Young. 

The  Orange  Tip  (Eucblo?  cardamines)  occurs  freely  throughout  the 
county,  and  occasionally  very  beautiful  and  striking  varieties  are  bred  or 
captured.  In  1899  a  form  with  lemon  instead  of  orange  tips  was  bred 
at  Colchester,  where  during  the  previous  summer  many  larva?  were 
found  in  company  with  those  of  the  Large  and  Small  Whites,  feeding 
on  the  seed  vessels  of  the  charlock  in  cornfields. 

The  Wood  White  (Leucophasia  sinapis),  according  to  Dr.  Maclean, 
was  common  in  several  woods  near  Colchester  in  the  early  years  of  the 
past  century  ;  it  also  occurred  freely  near  Epping  in  1839  (J.  English), 
but  has  rarely  been  seen  in  recent  years,  one  at  Donyland,  one  at 
Coggeshall  and  one  in  Ongar  Park  Woods  being  the  only  trustworthy 
records. 

The  Clouded  Yellow  (Co/ias  edusa)  is  generally  scarce,  but  occa- 
sionally occurs  in  the  greatest  profusion.  In  1877  it  appeared  to  be  the 
commonest  butterfly  throughout  the  county,  and  was  fairly  common  in 
1892  and  1900.  The  pale  variety  of  the  female  (be  lice)  and  interme- 
diate forms  occur  sparingly  with  the  type  in  favourable  seasons. 

The  Pale  Clouded  Yellow  (C.  hyale]  is  usually  much  scarcer  than 
its  deeper  coloured  relative,  but  in  1900  the  reverse  was  the  case.  Both 
are  very  uncertain  in  their  appearances,  but  as  a  rule  hyale  is  absent  for 
much  longer  periods  than  edusa.  It  was  plentiful  in  1857,  1868  and 
1875,  and  was  then  scarcely  seen  till  1892,  after  which  it  quite  dis- 
appeared as  an  Essex  species  till  1 900,  when  it  probably  occurred  in 
larger  or  smaller  numbers  in  every  clover  and  lucerne  field  in  the 
county.  In  1901  it  again  appeared  sparingly  in  the  northern  and  more 
commonly  in  the  southern  districts. 

The  Brimstone  (Gonopteryx  rhamni)  is  common  and  generally  dis- 
tributed. Hibernated  specimens  sometimes  appear  very  early  in  the 
year  if  the  weather  be  mild,  and  one  was  once  observed  on  the  wing  in 
the  High  Woods  at  Colchester  on  Christmas  Day. 

The  Small  Pearl-bordered  Fritillary  (Argynnis  selene)  is  fairly  com- 
mon and  sometimes  abundant  in  flowery  places  in  woods.  The  first 
brood  appears  at  the  end  of  May,  but  is  more  numerous  in  June  ;  and 
in  some  localities  there  is  frequently  a  second  brood  in  August,  the 
examples  of  which  are  far  fewer  in  number  and  smaller  in  size. 

The  Pearl-bordered  Fritillary  (A.  euphrosyne)  frequents  similar 
places,  but  is  more  often  found,  and  as  a  rule  in  larger  numbers  ;  but 
i  137  18 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

both  species  have  their  good  and  bad  seasons,  and  a  year  of  unusual 
abundance  is  frequently  followed  by  a  period  of  comparative  scarcity. 

The  Queen  of  Spain  Fritillary  (A.  latona)  is  a  migratory  species 
which  is  seldom  met  with.  According  to  Haworth  only  six  British 
specimens  were  known  previous  to  1818,  when  it  occurred  in  some 
numbers  and  was  taken  in  many  places,  including  Colchester  (probably 
by  the  late  Dr.  Maclean  and  Mr.  L.  Brock,  who  obtained  specimens  at 
Berechurch).  Several  others  were  taken  at  Colchester  from  1857  to 
1868.  It  has  also  been  reported  from  Braintree  by  Mr.  B.  Holland; 
from  Southend,  where  three  were  captured,  by  Mr.  J.  Russell  ;  and 
from  Rainham  by  Mr.  F.  Venables.  A  single  specimen  which  occurred 
at  St.  Osyth  on  September  14,  1881,  appears  to  have  been  the  last 
found  in  the  county. 

The  Dark  Green  Fritillary  (A.  aglaia]  is  recorded  by  old  authors 
as  occurring  near  Colchester,  at  Lexden  Heath,  Dedham  Birch  Wood, 
Bromley  Thicks,  and  woods  at  West  Bergholt  ;  but  all  these  localities 
have  undergone  extensive  changes,  and  if  aglaia  ever  was  a  north  Essex 
species  it  must  have  long  ago  disappeared  ;  and  there  are  no  trustworthy 
records  from  any  other  quarter,  for  though  examples  are  occasionally 
reported  they  always  prove  to  be  the  next  species. 

The  High-brown  Fritillary  (A.  adippe]  is  common  at  Colchester 
and  in  several  of  the  larger  woods  in  the  north-east  of  the  county,  but 
seems  scarce  in  the  south,  though  the  Rev.  G.  H.  Raynor  says  it  is  not 
uncommon  at  Brentwood  and  occurs  sparingly  at  Hazeleigh  and  Wood- 
ham  Mortimer.  It  is  also  reported  from  the  Southend  district,  and 
appears  formerly  to  have  been  frequently  taken  at  Epping  and  Hainault. 

The  Silver-washed  Fritillary  (A.  papbia)  is  much  more  restricted 
in  its  range  about  Colchester  than  adippe^  but  is  common  in  several 
woods,  including  those  at  Donyland  and  St.  Osyth.  Mr.  G.  F.  Mathew 
reports  it  from  the  Harwich  district,  Mr.  Raynor  from  Hazeleigh  and 
Warley,  and  Professor  Meldola  from  Leyton.  It  has  practically  dis- 
appeared from  Epping  Forest,  where  it  formerly  abounded. 

The  Greasy  Fritillary  (Melitcea  aurinia)  was  formerly  found  in 
several  localities  near  Epping,  but  since  June,  1872,  'when  three  speci- 
mens were  taken  near  the  Robin  Hood,'  no  others  have  been  seen.  In 
Newman's  British  Butterflies  Colchester  is  quite  erroneously  given  as  a 
locality  for  the  species,  and  in  the  same  work  Mr.  W.  R.  Jeffrey  is 
made  responsible  for  its  occurrence  at  Saffron  Walden. 

The  Heath  Fritillary  (M.  athalid]  according  to  tradition  was 
formerly  found  in  several  woods  in  north  Essex,  but  in  the  latter  half  of 
the  past  century  it  was  practically  confined  to  those  '  woods  bordering 
the  road  from  Colchester  to  Ipswich,'  where  Mr.  Edward  Doubleday 
found  it  many  years  previously.  In  his  day  they  were  700  acres  in 
extent  and  constituted  one  of  the  very  best  localities  for  insects  in  the 
country,  but  now  they  are  reduced  to  about  120  acres,  which  are  strictly 
preserved.  In  one  of  the  woods  athalia  abounded  till  about  1890, 
when,  as  more  cover  was  required  for  game,  the  underwood  was  allowed 

138 


INSECTS 

to  grow  over  its  whole  extent,  and  no  fresh  clearance  was  made  for 
several  years.  The  glades  were  also  kept  closely  clipped  and  mown, 
which  resulted  in  the  total  disappearance  of  all  the  sun-loving  plants, 
including  the  Melampyrum  and  Digitalis  on  which  the  larva?  of  athalia 
feed,  nor  were  any  bramble  or  other  flowers  left  for  the  perfect  insects. 
Consequently  the  species  was  literally  starved  out  and  completely  exter- 
minated ;  for  though  at  the  commencement  of  its  evil  days  stragglers 
might  be  met  with  miles  away  from  their  native  home,  it  is  to  be  feared 
that  none  of  them  succeeded  in  establishing  a  new  colony  elsewhere, 
which  is  greatly  to  be  regretted,  as  the  Essex  form  of  this  beautiful 
insect  was  larger  and  more  richly  coloured  than  any  occurring  else- 
where. 

The  Comma  (Vanessa  C-album)  seems  to  have  abounded  at  Epping 
in  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century,  but  only  occasional  stragglers 
have  been  met  with  in  the  county  in  more  recent  times.  About  1850 
several  specimens  were  captured  near  Colchester  by  the  late  W.  Tillaney. 
Mr.  Jeffrey  records  it  from  Saffron  Walden,  and  Mr.  R.  E.  Stuart  cap- 
tured an  example  at  Mundon,  near  Maldon,  in  1871. 

The  Large  Tortoiseshell  (V.  polycbloros)  is  very  widely  distributed 
and  frequently  common,  though  it  seems  to  have  its  adverse  periods. 
The  larvae  most  frequently  feed  on  elm,  but  may  also  be  found  on  sallow, 
osier,  cherry,  pear,  etc.,  and  Mr.  J.  A.  Tawell  once  found  a  brood  at 
Earles  Colne  feeding  on  nettle. 

The  Small  Tortoiseshell  (V.  urticce)  abounds  everywhere  from  early 
spring  till  late  autumn,  and  has  been  seen  flying  briskly  along  the  streets 
in  Colchester  on  an  exceptionally  warm  day  in  January. 

The  Peacock  (V,  id)  is  very  common  in  some  seasons.  In  1900 
the  nettles  about  Colchester  were  black  with  the  larvae  in  the  early  part 
of  July,  and  in  August  the  perfect  insects  visited  the  clover  fields  in 
enormous  numbers. 

The  Camberwell  Beauty  (V.  antiopa)  is  usually  very  rare  and  cannot 
be  considered  a  native  of  Britain,  but  from  the  numerous  records  it  seems 
to  have  been  at  some  time  noticed  in  all  parts  of  the  county.  In  1872 
it  was  comparatively  common,  but  has  been  extremely  rare  since.  A 
single  specimen  was  taken  at  Middlewick,  Colchester,  in  1880.  Single 
specimens  were  also  taken  at  Hornchurch,  near  Dunmow,  and  at 
Chelmsford  in  1900,  and  one  was  seen  near  Chelmsford  on  September 
7,  1901. 

The  Red  Admiral  (V.  atalanta]  is  common  and  generally  distributed, 
and  has  been  exceptionally  abundant  in  recent  years. 

The  Painted  Lady  (V.  cardui)  is  an  erratic  insect,  as  uncertain  in 
its  appearances  as  are  the  'Clouded  Yellows.'  After  being  extremely 
rare  or  entirely  absent  for  long  periods  it  will  suddenly  turn  up  in  great 
abundance  everywhere.  Whether  it  often  hibernates  in  the  perfect 
state  in  this  country  is  doubtful,  but  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  most  of 
the  specimens  found  here  in  the  autumn  are  the  progeny  of  immigrants 
which  reach  our  shores  earlier  in  the  year. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

The  White  Admiral  (Limenitis  sibylla)  is  found  in  most  of  the  larger 
woods  in  north  Essex,  and  in  the  closing  year  of  the  past  century  was 
very  abundant  in  some  of  them.  It  seems  however  to  be  scarce  in  the 
other  districts.  Mr.  Fitch  reports  a  single  specimen  from  Hazeleigh 
in  1899,  Mr.  Jeffrey  gives  Saffron  Walden  as  a  locality,  and  formerly  it 
occurred  in  Epping  Forest.  As  the  larvas  feed  on  the  honeysuckle  that 
grows  among  the  tallest  underwood,  it  follows  that  large  numbers  of 
them  must  perish  every  winter  when  the  annual  clearances  are  made, 
and  where  these  are  unusually  extensive  and  continued  for  three  or  four 
years  the  species  may  be  reduced  to  the  verge  of  extinction  ;  and  this  is 
probably  the  main  cause  of  the  fluctuation  in  its  numbers  in  restricted 
localities. 

The  Purple  Emperor  (Apatura  iris)  doubtless  suffers  from  the  same 
cause.  The  larvae  hibernate  upon  the  sallow,  and  in  some  of  its  most 
favoured  haunts  there  are  only  a  few  scattered  bushes,  and  when  these 
are  cut  the  larva?  necessarily  perish.  In  many  woods  sallows  abound, 
and  there  the  struggle  for  existence  is  carried  on  under  more  favourable 
conditions  ;  but  in  these  days  the  species  must  always  be  much  scarcer 
than  it  was  formerly  when  thousands  of  acres  of  grand  old  trees  stood 
where  only  a  few  miserable  sticks  stand  to-day.  For  the  green  woods  of 
England  have  disappeared  in  all  directions,  and  their  beautiful  wild 
flowers,  birds  and  insects  have  to  a  very  considerable  extent  gone  with 
them.  But  even  under  the  most  favourable  circumstances  this  butterfly 
was  always  more  or  less  sporadic.  In  1855-6  it  was  common  in  the 
Colchester  district,  and  again  for  two  or  three  years  in  the  early  eighties 
was  comparatively  common  ;  but  since  then  it  has  become  exceedingly 
rare,  not  only  in  Essex  but  also  in  Kent,  where  it  occurred  freely  about 
the  same  time.  There  its  disappearance  has  been  attributed  to  the 
rapacity  of  collectors,  but  here  it  cannot  have  been  due  to  this  cause, 
for  certainly  not  more  than  five  per  cent,  of  the  specimens  seen  were 
captured,  as  far  as  can  be  ascertained.  It  seems  to  have  occurred  in  all 
the  larger  Essex  woods  in  past  years,  and  doubtless  still  exists  in  some  of 
them,  and  may  again  recover  its  lost  ground  for  a  time  in  the  near 
future. 

The  Marbled  White  (Melanargia  galated]  was  formerly  abundant 
near  the  wood  on  Mersea  Island,  but  disappeared  with  the  wood  many 
years  ago.  Hartley  Wood,  St.  Osyth,  also  produced  it  in  great  plenty  ; 
but  only  a  small  remnant  of  that  wood  is  still  standing,  and  to  the  few 
entomologists  of  this  generation  who  have  visited  it  galatea  is  only  a 
tradition  not  a  memory.  It  still  occurs  pretty  freely  in  south  Essex, 
where  it  is  found  at  Laindon,  on  Canvey  Island,  on  the  slopes  near  Had- 
leigh  Castle  and  elsewhere,  but  has  disappeared  from  several  other 
districts.  In  1858-9  specimens  were  found  on  the  railway  embank- 
ment at  Lexden,  and  much  more  recently  a  single  example  was  captured 
on  the  railway  near  Wivenhoe  ;  but  whether  these  were  stragglers  from 
the  south  or  from  an  undiscovered  colony  which  may  possibly  still  exist 
in  the  north  is  a  moot  point. 

140 


INSECTS 

The  Speckled  Wood  (Pararge  egeria)  was  common  in  the  eastern 
counties  in  the  middle  of  the  past  century,  but  ere  its  close  had  vanished 
completely  from  nearly  all  its  former  haunts,  though  Mr.  B.  G.  Cole 
found  it  still  common  in  Epping  Forest  about  1890.  Why  it  dis- 
appeared is  a  mystery,  for  it  was  common  in  nearly  every  copse  and 
shady  place,  and  abounded  in  some  woods  where  it  was  quite  unmolested 
by  collectors. 

The  Wall  (P.  megcera)  is  common  everywhere  in  grassy  places, 
though  the  spring  brood  is  usually  much  less  numerous  than  that  which 
appears  at  the  close  of  the  summer. 

The  Grayling  (Satyrus  seme/e)  is  with  us  very  rare  and  local. 
Stragglers  turn  up  occasionally,  and  have  occurred  at  Dedham  and 
Colchester,  where  after  an  interval  of  many  years  a  single  specimen  was 
found  on  September  9,  1900.  Probably  it  abounded  on  some  of  the 
extensive  heaths  and  moors  that  surrounded  Colchester  in  past  times. 

The  Large  and  Small  Meadow  Browns  (Epinephele  janira  and  £. 
fit&onus),  the  Wood  Ringlet  (E.  byperanthus]  and  the  Small  Heath 
(Ccenonympha  pamphilus)  are  all  abundant  and  widely  distributed. 

The  Brown  Hair-streak  (Thecla  betula)  is  common  some  seasons  in 
Epping  Forest,  but  scarce  elsewhere.  It  is  recorded  from  Hazeleigh  by 
Mr.  Raynor  and  from  Mundon  Furze  by  Messrs.  Raynor,  Fitch  and 
others.  Previous  to  1860  it  was  found  sparingly  on  blackthorn  hedges 
to  the  north  of  Colchester  and  at  Langham,  but  has  not  been  seen  there 
in  recent  years. 

The  White  Hair-streak  (T.  iv-album)  appears  to  be  found  wherever 
the  wych-elm  grows,  and  is  so  very  generally  distributed  that  it  is  need- 
less to  mention  any  special  localities.  In  favourable  seasons  it  is  fairly 
common,  and  sometimes  abounds. 

The  Purple  Hair-streak  and  the  Green  Hair-streak  (T.  quercus  and 
T.  rubt)  are  common  and  generally  distributed,  the  former  in  oak  woods 
and  the  latter  in  rough  places  where  broom  and  furze  grow  freely. 

The  Small  Copper  (Polyommatus  phloeas)  is  generally  common  during 
the  summer,  especially  on  the  coast.  Silvery  white,  pale  golden,  nearly 
black,  black-banded  and  other  varieties  have  at  various  times  been  found. 

The  Silver  Studded  Blue  (Lycana  agon)  occurs  freely  in  one  or  two 
places  in  the  Epping  district,  to  which  it  seems  to  be  entirely  restricted. 

The  Brown  Argus  (L.  astrarche)  has  recently  become  one  of  our 
commonest  butterflies.  Previous  to  1896  it  was  quite  a  rarity  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Colchester,  but  in  that  year  many  thousands  of  speci- 
mens might  have  been  taken  ;  for  they  abounded  in  all  directions,  and 
the  species  has  continued  to  hold  its  ground  since,  though  in  lesser 
numbers.  Mr.  Fitch  had  previously  taken  it  commonly  at  Purleigh 
and  on  Osey  Island,  and  Mr.  Raynor  at  Warley,  and  it  is  probably  at  the 
present  time  generally  common  in  the  county. 

The  Common  Blue  (L.  icarus]  is  abundant  everywhere,  especially 
on  the  coast,  where  vast  numbers  may  be  seen  at  rest  on  grass  stems 
towards  the  close  of  the  day. 

141 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

The  Clifden  or  Dartford  Blue  (L.  bellargus)  is  stated  by  Mr.  Joseph 
Clarke  to  have  certainly  been  taken  once  or  twice  near  Saffron  Walden, 
where  there  are  old  specimens  in  the  museum  presumably  of  local 
origin. 

The  Chalk-hill  Blue  (L.  corydori)  is  rare  in  Essex  though  common 
elsewhere.  Previous  to  1860  it  occasionally  occurred  on  the  railway 
embankments  near  Colchester,  while  several  specimens  were  once  met 
with  in  the  High  Woods,  though  none  had  been  found  there  previously 
or  have  been  seen  since.  It  seems  to  have  been  common  near  Epping 
about  1859,  and  single  specimens  were  taken  in  1885  and  1892.  The 
latest  records  are  one  example  at  Havering-atte-Bower  by  Miss  Ger- 
trude Pemberton-Barnes  in  1899,  and  one  at  Great  Horkesley  in  1901. 

The  Azure  Blue  (L.  argiolus)  is  widely  distributed,  but  often  scarce 
in  some  districts;  but  in  1900—1  it  appeared  in  far  greater  numbers 
than  had  ever  been  observed  before,  and  seems  to  have  abounded  every- 
where. 

The  Mazarine  Blue  (L.  semiargus)  appears  to  be  almost  extinct  in 
England,  but  is  reported  by  Mr.  Joseph  Clarke  to  have  been  formerly 
taken  near  Saffron  Walden. 

The  Small  Blue  (L.  minima)  is  reported  from  the  Epping  district  by 
Messrs.  J.  A.  Clarke  and  W.  Machin,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Clarke  records  a 
single  specimen  captured  by  himself '  a  mile  south  of  Walden.' 

The  Duke  of  Burgundy  (Nemeobius  lucina)  is  uncommon  and  local. 
It  is  however  sometimes  met  with  in  several  woods  in  the  Tendring 
Hundred.  Mr.  Raynor  finds  it  sparingly  at  Woodham  Ferris,  and 
Mr.  Howard  Vaughan  found  it  at  Eastwood  near  Southend. 

The  Grizzled  Skipper  (Syrichtbus  mafoce)  is  widely  distributed  and 
common  in  many  places. 

The  Dingy  Skipper  (Nisoniactes  tages)  seems  to  have  always  been 
considered  a  common  insect  in  Epping  Forest,  where  Professor  Meldola 
and  Mr.  W.  Cole  found  it  in  abundance  in  1889—90  ;  but  previous  to 
1893  only  a  single  example  had  occurred  in  the  Colchester  district.  In 
that  year  several  were  found  in  the  High  Woods,  and  since  then  it  has 
been  quite  common.  Mr.  G.  F.  Mathew  states  that  it  also  occurs  near 
Harwich. 

The  Small  Skipper  (Hesperia  thaumas]  is  abundant  everywhere  in 
rough  grassy  places. 

The  Essex  Skipper  (H.  lineola)  is  common  all  along  the  coast,  but 
does  not  seem  to  be  found  far  inland.  Before  1890  it  was  mixed  up  in 
our  collections  with  the  previous  species,  of  which  it  was  considered  to 
be  a  variety,  till  Mr.  Hawes  when  looking  over  the  plates  of  Lang's 
Rhopalocera  Europte  found  it  to  be  distinct. 

The  Large  Skipper  (H.  syhanus)  is  the  most  generally  distributed 
species  of  the  family,  and  is  common  everywhere  from  the  end  of  May 
till  August. 

The  Silver-spotted  Skipper  (H.  comma)  is  reported  from  Danbury 
by  Mr.  Fitch,  who  states  that  three  examples  were  taken  there  on 

142 


INSECTS 

August  2,  1884,  and  there  are  specimens  in  the  Saffron  Walden  Museum 
which  Mr.  Joseph  Clarke  says  were  caught  in  that  neighbourhood.  It 
does  not  seem  to  have  occurred  elsewhere  in  the  county. 

HETEROCERA 

Moths 
SPHINGES   AND   BOMBYCES 

The  Death's  Head  Hawk  Moth  (Acherontia  atropos)  is  usually 
scarce,  but  occasionally  the  larvae  and  pupae  are  found  in  some  numbers. 
In  1900  it  was  exceptionally  common  throughout  the  county.  The 
Convolvulus  Hawk  (Sphinx  convo/vu/i)  seems  to  be  found  in  larger  or 
smaller  numbers  every  season  ;  from  its  powerful  flight  no  limit  can 
be  set  to  its  range,  and  if  looked  for  at  dusk  on  a  warm  September 
evening  it  would  probably  be  found  everywhere.  The  Privet  Hawk 
(S.  /igustri)  is  also  of  general  occurrence,  and  in  the  larva  state  frequently 
common  on  privet,  lilac,  ash  and  other  trees.  The  Bedstraw  Hawk 
(Deilephila  galii)  is  nearly  always  rare,  but  occasionally  occurs  in  some 
numbers.  In  1888  its  larvas  abounded  on  various  species  of  Galium  all 
along  the  coast  in  August  and  September,  and  many  Were  found  dead 
on  the  sands  when  the  nights  became  cold.  In  previous  seasons  it  has 
been  found  on  Glarkia  and  (Enothra  at  Colchester,  and  has  been  recorded 
from  several  other  localities.  The  last  occurred  in  1895  when  five 
larvae  were  found  between  Brightlingsea  and  Clacton-on-Sea.  The 
Striped  Hawk  (D.  Iruornica)  is  an  occasional  migrant  like  the  last,  but 
is  always  very  rare.  Colchester,  Mistley,  Upton  Park,  Walton-on-the- 
Naze  and  Walthamstow  are  recorded  localities.  The  Silver  Striped 
Hawk  (Chcerocampa  ce/erio),  another  rare  migrant,  has  repeatedly  occurred, 
larvae  having  been  found  feeding  on  vine  at  Colchester,  Coggeshall  and 
Chelmsford,  and  perfect  insects  at  Great  Baddow,  Chelmsford,  Harwich, 
Walton-on-the-Naze  and  other  places.  The  Small  Elephant  Hawk 
(C.  porcellus)  is  very  widely  distributed,  especially  near  the  coast. 
The  Large  Elephant  Hawk  (C.  elpenor)  is  occasionally  found  rather 
freely  in  the  larva  state  on  willow-herb  and  bedstraw  in  damp  meadows 
at  Colchester  and  sometimes  in  gardens  on  Clarkia  and  fuchsia,  and 
doubtless  occurs  under  similar  conditions  throughout  the  county.  The 
Eyed,  Poplar  and  Lime  Hawk  Moths  (Smerinthus  oce//atus,  S.  populi 
and  S.  tilice)  are  generally  common  among  the  trees  and  shrubs  upon 
which  their  larvae  respectively  feed.  The  Humming  Bird  Hawk 
(Macroglossa  stellatarum)  occurs  everywhere,  and  though  usually  scarce 
and  sometimes  absent  from  some  districts  for  long  periods  is  occa- 
sionally quite  common,  as  was  the  case  in  1899  and  1900.  The 
Broad-bordered  Bee  Hawk  (M.  fuciformis)  seems  to  be  found  in  all 
woods  where  bugle  and  campion  flowers  abound  ;  its  larva  feeds  on 
the  honeysuckle  and  may  sometimes  be  found  in  hedges.  The  Narrow- 
bordered  Bee  Hawk  (M.  bombyliformis),  the  larva  of  which  feeds  on 
Scabiosa  succisa,  is  extremely  rare  and  local.  A  single  specimen  was 

M3 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

captured  at  Colchester  in  June,  1896.  Mr.  H.  C.  Cole  has  found  it 
at  High  Beech,  and  Mr.  Doubleday  formerly  took  it  at  Epping. 
Little  dependence  can  be  placed  in  other  records,  as  the  specific  name 
of  each  of  these  two  species  is  often  erroneously  applied  to  the  other. 

The  Poplar  Hornet  Clearwing  (Trochilium  apiformis]  was  commoner 
some  years  ago  than  it  is  now.  Its  larva  feeds  on  the  solid  wood  of  the 
black  and  balsam  poplar  and  aspen,  preferring  trees  that  are  in  the  full 
vigour  of  their  growth  ;  but  so  many  poplars  have  been  felled  and  so 
few  planted  in  recent  years  that  it  is  no  longer  an  easy  species  to  obtain. 
The  Sallow  Hornet  Clearwing  (T.  crabroniformis)  occurs  everywhere 
where  sallows  and  osiers  abound,  but  though  the  holes  in  the  stems  from 
which  it  has  emerged  are  very  much  in  evidence,  the  perfect  insect  is 
generally  much  more  difficult  to  discover.  The  Dusky  Clearwing  (Sesia 
tabaniformis]  can  scarcely  be  considered  a  British  insect  in  these  days,  and 
its  only  claim  to  a  place  in  our  list  rests  on  its  capture  at  Epping  by 
Mr.  H.  Doubleday  in  1839.  The  White-barred  Clearwing  (S.  sphegi- 
formis)  is  also  extremely  rare  and  local,  but  has  been  taken  in  south 
Essex  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Cooper  in  1890  and  by  Mr.  Thurnall  in  1888. 
The  Currant  Clearwing  (S.  tlpuliformis]  is  common  in  gardens,  where 
its  larvae  are  said  to  be  very  injurious  ;  but  however  this  may  be 
elsewhere,  certain  old  currant  bushes  at  Colchester  which  have  been 
affected  for  more  than  forty  years  were  producing  their  usual  prolific 
crop  of  fruit  quite  recently.  The  Yellow-belted  Clearwing  (S.  asilifor- 
mis)  is  found  in  the  larva  state  nearly  everywhere  in  oak  stumps  where 
the  trees  have  been  felled  the  previous  year.  The  Red-belted  Clear- 
wing  (S.  myopiformis)  is  often  common  in  gardens  and  orchards,  and 
is  probably  the  greatest  enemy  of  the  apple  grower  that  exists  ;  for 
though  the  Codling  Moth  takes  heavy  toll  of  the  fruit  this  insect 
often  slowly  but  surely  destroys  the  trees  themselves.  The  Large  Red- 
belted  Clearwing  (S.  culiciformis)  affects  freshly  cut  birch  stumps,  and 
would  be  very  common  but  for  the  woodpeckers  ;  it  seems  to  occur  in 
all  woods  where  birch  grows  freely.  A  white-belted  variety  has  been 
captured  at  Colchester.  The  Red-tipped  Clearwing  (S.  formiciformis)  is 
local  and  less  frequently  found  now  than  when  osiers — on  the  pith  of 
which  the  larvas  feed — were  more  extensively  cultivated.  It  occurs  at 
Colchester,  Mark's  Tey  and  Coggeshall,  and  probably  elsewhere  where 
old  osier  grounds  still  exist.  The  Six-belted  Clearwing  (S.  ichneumoni- 
formis]  occurs  sparingly  at  Southend,  where  Mr.  Whittle  met  with  it 
in  1900.  The  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows  also  finds  it  at  Benfleet,  and  it 
has  been  seen  on  Northey  Island.  The  Fiery  Clearwing  (S.  cbrysidiformis) 
formerly  occurred  near  Southend,  but  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
found  since  1860,  which  was  probably  the  most  disastrous  year  experi- 
enced by  Lepidoptera  in  recent  times.  The  Green  Forester  (Ino  statices) 
is  found  in  the  Epping  district,  and  has  been  taken  at  Warley  by 
Mr.  Willament. 

The  Broad-bordered  Five-spotted  Burnet  (Zygcena  trlfolii)  is  reported 
from  Epping  and  Hainault  by  Mr.  Machin  and  from  Warley  Gap  by 

144 


INSECTS 

Mr.  Willament.  The  Narrow-bordered  Five-spotted  Burnet  (Z.  loniceree) 
is  also  recorded  from  Hainault  by  Mr.  Machin.  The  Six-spotted  Burnet 
(Z.  JUipendulce)  occurs  in  many  places,  including  Southend,  Warley  Gap, 
Maldon,  Clacton  and  Walton-on-the-Naze.  The  pale  yellow  form  has 
been  captured  at  Leigh,  and  quite  recently  there  was  a  large  colony 
near  Colchester  which  produced  very  beautiful  pink,  orange  and  terra 
cotta  forms.  Owing  to  changes  effected  since  1896  it  is  to  be  feared 
that  this  colony  is  now  practically  extinct. 

Sarothripus  undulanus  is  scarce  and  local.  A  few  were  taken  at 
Mucking  by  Mr.  Burrows  in  1900,  and  examples  have  been  captured  at 
Colchester  and  St.  Osyth. 

Earias  chlorana  is  sometimes  common  among  osiers. 

The  Green  Silver-lines  (Hylophila  prasinana)  is  of  general  occurrence 
among  oak,  birch  and  beech,  and  the  Scarce  Silver-lines  (H.  bicolorana) 
though  far  from  common  is  widely  distributed  in  parks  and  oak  woods. 

The  Short-cloaked  (No/a  cucullatella)  is  common  among  white- 
thorn and  blackthorn  and  also  about  fruit  trees. 

The  Small  Black  Arches  (N.  strigula}  is  scarce  and  local,  but  has 
been  found  at  Brentwood  and  Hazeleigh  by  Mr.  Raynor,  at  Southend  by 
Mr.  Howard  Vaughan,  near  Harwich  by  Mr.  Mathew,  and  also  at 
Colchester  and  St.  Osyth.  The  Least  Black  Arches  (N.  confusalis)  is 
found  sparingly  in  the  same  localities  and  seems  to  be  more  generally 
distributed. 

Nudaria  senex  is  found  at  Dovercourt  by  Mr.  Mathew,  at  Mucking 
by  Mr.  Burrows,  and  at  Halstead  by  Mr.  Percy  Adams,  and  is  also 
recorded  from  Epping  and  Leigh.  N.  mundana  has  occurred  sparingly 
at  Colchester,  Mucking  and  St.  Osyth. 

The  Dew  Moth  (Setina  irrorella}  was  reported  by  Mr.  Edward 
Doubleday  to  have  been  found  commonly  in  the  larva  state  on  Lichen 
caninus  at  Mersea  and  St.  Osyth  many  years  ago.  There  are  no  other 
records  for  the  county,  and  this  may  have  been  a  mistake  ;  for  though 
the  larva  of  an  allied  species  (Lithosia  complana)  has  been  frequently 
obtained  since  on  Lichen  caninus  at  St.  Osyth  no  irrorella  have  been 
found. 

The  Rosy  Footman  (Calligenia  miniata)  is  fairly  common  in  woods. 
A  yellow  form  has  been  twice  met  with  at  Colchester.  The  Four-dotted 
Footman  (Lithosia  mesomella)  is  widely  distributed,  but  not  generally 
common.  The  Orange  Footman  (L.  sororcula)  was  common  for  a 
period  some  twenty-five  years  ago,  but  afterwards  became  very  scarce  ; 
it  has  again  occurred  rather  more  frequently  during  the  past  three  or 
four  years,  and  in  1899  Mr.  Raynor  met  with  it  in  some  numbers  at 
Hazeleigh.  The  Dingy  Footman  (L.  griseola)  is  of  frequent  occurrence 
in  many  places,  and  its  variety,  L.  Jiava  (stramineola,  Dbl.),  is  recorded 
from  the  Epping  and  Harwich  districts.  The  Common  Footman  (L. 
lurideola)  is  of  general  distribution,  but  is  seldom  so  common  as  to  be 
abundant.  The  Scarce  Footman  (L.  complana)  is  more  local,  but  not 
really  scarcer  where  it  occurs  than  the  last  species  ;  it  seems  to  be  more 
i  145  19 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

frequently  met  with  on  or  near  the  coast  than  inland.  The  Large  Foot- 
man (L.  quadra}  has  been  taken  among  other  places  at  Colchester, 
Harwich  and  Hazeleigh,  but  was  always  rare,  and  has  not  been  found 
recently.  The  Red-necked  Footman  (L.  rubricollis),  like  most  members 
of  its  family,  is  a  somewhat  uncertain  species.  It  was  at  one  time 
very  abundant  at  Langham  and  Little  Bentley,  but  is  not  of  frequent 
occurrence  now,  though  it  may  still  be  occasionally  found  in  some 
woods  in  the  Tendring  Hundred.  The  Crimson-speckled  Footman 
(Deiopeia  pulchella)  is  a  rare  migrant  which  was  captured  at  Epping 
in  1846,  at  Southend  in  1882,  and  at  St.  Osyth,  where  Mr.  Fitch 
found  two  specimens  on  June  6,  1892. 

The  Cinnabar  (Euchelia  jacobcece]  occurs  sparingly  in  many  places, 
but  seems  only  to  be  well  established  and  common  in  two  or  three 
localities  in  the  Epping  and  Southend  districts. 

The  Clouded  Buff  (Nemeophila  russuld)  is  scarce  and  local,  but  has 
been  taken  in  Epping  Forest  by  Professor  Meldola,  at  Eastwood  by 
Mr.  Whittle,  and  near  Brentwood  by  Messrs.  Burrows  and  Raynor.  It 
formerly  occurred  sparingly  near  Colchester,  but  has  not  been  seen  since 
1867.  ' 

The  Wood  Tiger  (N.  plantaginls]  was  not  uncommon  twenty  years 
ago  in  one  of  the  St.  Osyth  woods,  but  has  died  out  or  gone  elsewhere. 

The  Common  Tiger  (Arctia  cajd)  was  until  recently  extremely 
common  everywhere,  but  for  several  years  has  been  very  uncommon  in 
the  northern  part  of  the  county.  The  last  time  the  larvas  abounded  they 
were  largely  infested  with  ichneumons,  and  it  may  very  probably  be  to 
this  cause  that  their  present  scarcity  is  due.  The  Cream-spot  Tiger  (A. 
•villica]  is  now  much  commoner  than  it  was  formerly,  especially  on  the 
coast,  where  the  larvae  in  some  seasons  abound.  Several  specimens  of  a 
very  beautiful  and  striking  variety  have  been  obtained  by  Mr.  Mathew  at 
Dovercourt,  and  other  fine  forms  have  been  bred  from  larva?  found  else- 
where. The  Ruby  Tiger  (Spilosoma  fuliginosa)  appears  to  be  scarce  and 
local,  for  it  is  only  reported  for  the  Colchester  district  in  recent  years, 
though  there  are  old  records  of  its  occurrence  at  Epping  and  Witham. 
The  Muslin  Moth  (S.  mendicd)  is  found  sparingly  all  over  the  county. 
The  Buff  Ermine  (S.  lubricipedd]  and  the  White  Ermine  (S.  menthastri) 
are  generally  common,  but  the  Water  Ermine  (S.  urticce)  is  scarce  and 
local.  It  has  occurred  at  Colchester  and  Frinton.  The  Ghost  (Hepialus 
humult)  is  common  in  grassy  places  everywhere.  The  Wood  Swift  (H. 
sylvanus)  may  sometimes  be  found  on  the  coast,  but  more  frequently 
among  bracken  in  woods.  The  Common  Swift  (H.  lupulinus)  abounds  in 
all  directions,  and  the  Golden  Swift  (H.  hectus)  is  common  for  a  few 
minutes  about  sunset  in  damp  places  in  woods.  The  Goat  Moth 
(Cossus  ligniperda],  though  still  common,  is  less  abundant  than  formerly, 
as  large  numbers  of  infested  trees  have  been  removed  and  the  wood- 
peckers have  been  unremitting  in  their  attentions  to  those  that  still  re- 
main. The  Wood  Leopard  (Zeuzera pyrina]  is  far  from  common  generally, 
but  occurs  sparingly  in  many  places,  including  Colchester,  Ilford,  Maldon 

146 


INSECTS 

and  St.  Osyth.  Heferogenea  limacodes  (testudo)  is  fairly  common  in  many  oak 
woods,  but  does  not  seem  to  frequent  those  near  Harwich  and  St.  Osyth. 
H.  asella  is  very  local,  but  is  widely  distributed  in  the  Epping  Forest 
district,  and  single  examples  have  occurred  at  Colchester  and  Little  Bent- 
ley.  The  Brown-tail  (Porthesia  cbrysorrbaea)  is  a  very  uncertain  insect. 
It  suddenly  became  extremely  abundant  for  a  short  period  about  twenty- 
five  years  ago,  after  which  it  entirely  disappeared  and  was  supposed  to 
be  extinct  ;  but  during  the  past  three  years  it  has  again  been  found  com- 
monly near  Colchester,  and  Mr.  Mathew  has  also  found  it  plentifully 
near  Harwich.  The  Yellow-tail  (P.  similis)  abounds  everywhere.  The 
White  Satin  (Leucoma  salicis)  is  widely  distributed  and  frequently  com- 
mon about  poplars  and  willows,  but  of  somewhat  irregular  occurrence. 
It  is  probably  to  a  large  extent  a  migratory  species,  as  Mr.  Kerry  reports 
it  coming  in  from  the  sea  in  thousands  at  Harwich  on  June  27,  1878. 
The  Black  Arches  (Psilura  monacha)  occurs  freely  in  oak  woods.  The 
Dark  Tussock  (Dasychira  fascelina)  was  formerly  common  on  the  railway 
embankments  between  Colchester  and  Mark's  Tey,  where  the  larvae  fed 
on  broom  and  sallow,  but  since  the  system  of  firing  the  herbage  has  been 
regularly  practised  it  has  disappeared  with  many  other  species,  though 
possibly  stragglers  may  still  linger  somewhere  in  the  district.  It  has  also 
occurred  sparingly  at  Great  Bentley  and  Southend.  The  Light  Tussock 
(D.  pudibunda)  is  common  throughout  the  county.  The  Scarce  Vapourer 
(Orgyia  gonostigma)  is  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Brentwood,  where 
Mr.  Raynor  says  it  is  very  local.  It  has  also  occurred  at  Danbury.  The 
Common  Vapourer  (O.  antiqua)  abounds  everywhere,  and  may  sometimes 
be  seen  flying  even  in  the  main  streets  of  the  more  populous  towns. 
The  Pale  Eggar  (Tricbiura  crateegi)  is  very  generally  distributed,  but 
seems  to  be  nowhere  common.  The  December  Moth  (Pcecilocampa 
populi)  must  have  received  its  English  name  from  a  belated  specimen, 
as  it  usually  appears  in  November,  when  the  male  comes  rather  freely 
to  light.  It  is  of  general  occurrence,  but  both  this  and  the  last  species 
have  been  scarce  of  late.  The  Small  Eggar  (Eriogaster  lanestris]  some- 
times occurs  in  extreme  abundance,  and  the  webs  of  its  gregarious 
larva?  may  be  seen  in  all  directions.  A  few  may  be  found  almost  any 
year,  but  occasionally  they  are  scarce  for  indefinite  periods.  The  Lackey 
(Eombyx  neustria)  is  of  similar  habits  to  the  last,  and  the  same  account 
will  serve  equally  well  for  it.  The  Coast  Lackey  (B.  castrensis]  inhabits 
the  salt  marshes,  from  which  its  ova  are  frequently  borne  by  the  tides  to 
the  higher  levels  of  the  sea  walls  and  coast  sands.  Though  sometimes 
difficult  to  find,  they  are  extremely  abundant  in  favourable  seasons — such 
as  1899  and  1900 — and  occur  in  suitable  places  all  along  the  coast  from 
Southend  to  Harwich.  The  Fox  Moth  (B.  rubi)  is  often  abundant  on 
the  coast  and  elsewhere  in  the  larva  state  in  the  late  autumn,  and  the 
perfect  insect  may  sometimes  be  seen  flying  over  rough  uncultivated 
places  in  June.  The  Oak  Eggar  (B.  quercus)  is  generally  common,  but 
there  are  often  periods  of  scarcity  during  which  its  larvae  may  be  looked 
for  to  very  little  purpose.  The  Drinker  (Odonestis  potatoria)  was  ex- 

147 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

tremely  common  before  the  great  drought  of  1893,  but  smce  then  has 
been  very  scarce,  at  least  in  the  Colchester  district.  As  it  has  been 
found  in  immense  numbers  in  the  Fens  of  late,  it  may  perhaps  have 
forsaken  its  former  sunburnt  haunts  for  a  time  for  more  congenial  sur- 
roundings. The  Lappet  (Lasiocampa  quercifolia),  though  far  from  common, 
is  widely  distributed,  and  may  be  sought  for  with  a  good  chance  of  suc- 
cess in  any  district  where  sloe  abounds.  The  Emperor  Moth  (Saturnia 
pavonia)  is  frequently  met  with  in  the  larva  state,  and  being  gregarious 
and  polyphagous  it  is  easy  to  obtain  a  good  supply  of  the  perfect  insect. 
The  Scalloped  Hook  Tip  (Drepana  lacertinarid)  has  of  late  been  absent 
from  Dedham  and  St.  Osyth,  where  it  was  at  one  time  not  uncommon. 
It  has  also  been  found  at  Warley  and  Epping,  and  probably  occurs 
periodically  in  most  birch  districts.  The  Pebble  Hook  Tip  (D.  falca- 
taria)  is  common,  and  speedily  avails  itself  of  fresh  opportunities  for 
extending  its  boundaries.  The  Oak  Hook  Tip  (D.  binaria)  is  generally 
distributed  among  oaks,  and  seems  to  have  been  commoner  recently  than 
it  was  formerly.  The  Beech  Hook  Tip  (D.  cultrarid]  is  found  in  some 
numbers  in  Epping  Forest  and  also  more  sparingly  at  Brentwood,  but 
has  been  assiduously  sought  for  in  vain  in  north  Essex.  The  Chinese 
Character  (Cilix  glaucata)  abounds  everywhere.  The  Sallow  Kitten 
(Dicranura  furcula)  and  the  Poplar  Kitten  (D.  bifidd]  are  of  general 
occurrence  but  cannot  be  called  common,  the  latter  being  much  the 
scarcer  of  the  two.  The  Puss  (D.  vinuld)  is  common  everywhere.  The 
Lobster  (Stauropus  fagi)  is  scarce,  but  seems  to  be  found  in  all  parts  of 
the  county,  especially  where  beech  grows  freely,  as  at  Epping  and  Brent- 
wood,  but  it  also  occurs  in  most  of  the  larger  woods.  The  Dusky 
Marbled  Brown  (Glyphisia  crenata)  is  extremely  rare  in  Britain,  but  two 
specimens  were  captured  by  Mr.  H.  Doubleday  in  Ongar  Park  Woods  in 
1839  and  1841.  The  Pale  Prominent  (Pterostoma  palpina)  is  found 
sparingly  among  poplars  and  willows.  The  Coxcomb  Prominent 
(Lophopteryx  cametina)  is  common  everywhere.  The  Maple  Prominent 
(L.  cuculla)  is  scarce  and  local,  but  occurs  pretty  regularly  on  the  boulder 
clay  to  the  north-west  of  Colchester.  The  Birch  Prominent  (L.  car- 
melita)  has  only  been  recorded  from  the  Epping  district,  where  Mr. 
Doubleday  occasionally  met  with  it  many  years  ago.  The  Swallow 
Prominent  (Notodonta  dictcea)  is  fairly  common  among  poplars,  and  the 
Lesser  Swallow  Prominent  (N.  dictczoides),  though  scarce,  is  sometimes 
found  at  Epping,  Colchester,  St.  Osyth  and  elsewhere.  The  Iron 
Prominent  (N.  dromedaritts)  will  frequently  be  found  if  well  looked  for  on 
birch  and  alder,  from  which  its  larva  may  be  beaten  in  the  autumn. 
The  Three  Humped  Prominent  (N.  trilopbus)  is  one  of  our  greatest 
rarities.  The  only  known  Essex  specimen  was  bred  by  Mr.  J.  W. 
Douglas  on  August  10,  1842,  from  a  larva  found  on  aspen  at  St.  Osyth. 
The  Pebble  Prominent  (N.  ziczac)  is  common  in  the  larva  state  on 
aspen,  poplar  and  sallow.  The  Great  Prominent  (N.  trepida],  the  Lunar 
Marbled  Brown  (N.  chaonid]  and  the  Marbled  Brown  (N.  trimacula)  are 
found  in  parks  and  oak  woods  ;  they  are  widely  distributed  but  always 

148 


INSECTS 

scarce.  The  Buff  Tip  (Pbaleria  bucephala)  is  found  everywhere  and  often 
in  superabundance.  The  Chocolate  Tip  (Pygcera  curtula)  occurs  freely  in 
the  larva  state  on  aspen,  and  the  Small  Chocolate  Tip  (P.  pigra]  abounds 
on  aspen  and  sallow.  The  Buff  Arches  (Thyatira  derasa)  and  the  Peach 
Blossom  (T.  batis)  occur  generally  among  brambles,  but  are  not  usually 
found  in  large  numbers.  The  Figure  of  Eighty  (Cymatophora  octogesima) 
is  scarce  but  cannot  be  considered  local,  as  nobody  acquainted  with  its 
habits  need  despair  of  finding  it  in  any  part  of  the  county  where  poplars 
abound.  The  Poplar  Lutestring  (C.  or)  is  of  general  occurrence  among 
aspens,  especially  in  woods.  The  Lesser  Satin  Lutestring  (C.  duplaris) 
may  be  found  flying  among  birches  at  dusk  in  June.  The  Lesser  Lute- 
string (Asphalia  diluta)  comes  freely  to  '  sugar '  in  the  autumn.  The 
Yellow  Horned  (A.  Jia-vicornis)  is  to  be  looked  for  on  birch  twigs  and 
stems  on  mild  days  in  March,  but  though  very  widely  distributed,  it 
seems  to  be  less  common  in  Essex  than  in  some  other  counties.  The 
Frosted  Green  (A.  ridens),  being  attached  to  the  oak,  occurs  in  all  the 
well  wooded  districts,  but  is  not  nearly  so  common  in  our  county  as  in 
the  New  Forest. 

NOCTUM 
BRYOPHILID^ 
Bryophila  perla  is  generally  common  on  old  walls. 

BOMBYCOID^: 

Moma  orion  is  widely  distributed  in  oak  woods,  especially  near 
Colchester  and  in  the  Tendring  Hundred.  Demas  coryll  is  fairly  com- 
mon among  birch  and  beech.  Acronycta  tridens  and  A.  psi  are  generally 
distributed,  the  former  being  the  scarcer,  but  both  have  been  much  less 
common  since  1893  than  they  were  previously.  A.  leporina  is  far  from 
common.  It  was  formerly  found  occasionally  near  Colchester,  and  has 
more  recently  occurred  at  Brentwood  and  Epping.  A.  aceris  was  a 
common  Colchester  insect  some  years  ago,  but  gradually  decreased  in 
numbers  and  at  last  entirely  disappeared.  Larva?  were  always  to  be 
found  on  two  old  sycamores  that  formerly  stood  in  the  Abbey  Field,  and 
it  was  after  their  removal  that  the  period  of  scarcity  set  in.  It  still 
occurs  in  several  localities  in  south  Essex.  A.  megacephala  is  generally 
common  about  poplars.  A.  alni  is  very  rare,  but  has  occurred  at 
Colchester  and  Wormingford.  A.  ligustri  is  scarce  at  Alresford  and 
Colchester,  but  doubtless  has  a  wide  distribution  among  ash  and  privet. 
A.  rumicis  and  Diloba  cceruleocephala  abound  everywhere. 

LEUCANIIDjE 

Leucania  conigera  during  the  recent  period  of  extreme  agricultural 
depression  swarmed  at  thistle  flowers,  which  then  abounded  in  some  of 
the  forsaken  fields,  but  since  these  have  again  come  under  the  plough 
the  insect  has  been  much  less  numerous.  L.  vitellina  is  unique  for 
the  county,  and  has  only  recently  obtained  a  place  in  our  list,  a  single 
specimen  having  been  taken  by  the  Rev.  W.  Claxton  at  Navestock  in 

149 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

September,  1900.  L.  turca  does  not  seem  to  occur  in  north  Essex,  but  is 
found  in  the  Epping  district,  and  Mr.  Raynor  says  it  is  periodically 
common  at  Brentwood.  L.  lithargyria  occurs  freely  everywhere.  L. 
obsoleta  is  scarce  and  local,  but  has  been  taken  in  the  Southend  district  by 
Mr.  Whittle  and  others,  and  at  Rainham  and  Mucking  by  Mr.  Burrows. 
L,.  littoralis  is  found  by  Mr.  Mathew  at  Dovercourt,  and  occurs  sparingly 
at  Clacton-on-Sea.  L.  impudens  (pudorina,  Hb.)  has  been  taken  by  Mr. 
Whittle  near  Southend.  L.  comma  sometimes  comes  pretty  freely  to 
'  sugar.'  L.  straminea  is  not  common,  but  occurs  generally  on  the  coast 
and  probably  elsewhere  among  reeds.  Mr.  Cansdale  used  to  find  it  at 
Witham.  L.  impura  and  L.  pallens  are  generally  common.  L.  favico/or, 
a  comparatively  recent  addition  to  the  British  list,  was  discovered  by 
Mr.  Mathew  at  Dovercourt,  and  a  single  specimen  has  been  taken  by 
Mr.  Whittle  at  Great  Wakering.  These  are  the  only  captures  at  present 
recorded.  Calamia  phragmitidis  is  of  general  occurrence  among  reeds,  in 
the  stems  of  which  its  larvae  feed.  Senta  maritima  (u/v<z,  Hb.)  is  scarce 
and  local,  but  is  included  in  Mr.  Howard  Vaughan's  Leigh  list,  has 
been  taken  near  Alresford,  and  Mr.  Burrows  reports  it  from  Mucking, 
where  it  seems  to  occur  more  freely  than  elsewhere  in  the  county. 
Ccenobia  rufa  (despecta,  Tr.)  occurs  in  the  Harwich  district,  and  is  also 
found  at  Epping  and  Hainault.  Taplnostola  fufoa  occurs  in  swampy 
meadows  among  rushes  in  the  Colchester  and  Southend  districts,  and 
probably  has  an  extensive  range.  Nonagria  arundinis  (typhce,  Hb.)  is  of 
general  occurrence  among  Typba  latifolia  and  T.  angustifolia,  N.  gemini- 
puncta  is  found  among  reeds  at  Alresford,  Harwich,  Mucking  and 
Witham,  and  doubtless  at  many  other  places.  N.  neurica  is  generally 
scarce  and  local,  but  has  been  found  at  Benfleet  by  Mr.  Whittle,  near 
Harwich  by  Mr.  Mathew,  and  at  Rainham  and  Mucking  by  Mr. 
Burrows.  Calamia  lutosa  has  a  wide  distribution  among  reeds  and  is  not 
uncommon  in  some  coast  localities. 

APAMEID^: 

Gortyna  ochracea  (Jtavago,  Esp.)  is  found  in  all  directions,  its  larvae 
feeding  in  the  stems  of  thistles  and  many  other  plants.  A  very  fine  form, 
differing  materially  from  all  other  British  specimens,  has  been  found  on 
the  coast  between  Harwich  and  Walton-on-the-Naze.  Hydraecia  nictitans 
is  of  general  occurrence  and  is  extremely  variable,  especially  the  coast 
forms,  which  are  generally  larger  and  paler  than  those  found  inland.  H. 
micacea  may  often  be  seen  at  suburban  gas  lamps,  and  its  larvae  and  pupa? 
may  sometimes  be  found  by  '  raking '  at  the  roots  of  maritime  plants. 
Axylia  putris,  Xylophasia  rurea,  X.  lithoxylea  and  X.  monoglypba  (polyodon, 
L.)  are  of  general  occurrence  and  as  a  rule  common.  X.  hepatica  is 
somewhat  scarcer  and  more  local.  X.  scolopacina  has  been  found  in  the 
Harwich  district  and  occasionally  occurs  at  Colchester,  but  is  decidedly 
scarce.  Dipterygia  scabriuscula  (pinastri,  L.)  is  generally  distributed  and 
comes  rather  freely  to  'sugar.'  Aporophyla  australis  was  once  bred  from  a 
larva  found  on  the  St.  Osyth  coast.  Neuria  reticulata  (saponaria,  Esp.) 

150 


INSECTS 

occurs  sparingly  in  many  places,  and  has  been  met  with  in  some  numbers 
by  Mr.  Burrows  at  Mucking.  Neuroma  popularis  comes  freely  to  'light,' 
and  often  knocks  for  admittance  at  the  windows  of  country  houses  late  in 
the  evening.  Cbareeas  graminis  has  the  reputation  of  being  extremely 
injurious  in  the  larva  state  to  pastures,  but  though  common  in  many 
parts  of  the  county,  the  Essex  farmers  do  not  appear  so  far  to  have  traced 
any  extensive  ravages  home  to  it.  Cerigo  matura  (cytherea,  Fb.)  is  also  a 
grass  feeder,  which  occasionally  comes  to  '  sugar '  in  some  numbers,  but 
seems  to  be  commoner  in  the  Maldon  and  Stanford-le-Hope  districts 
than  further  north.  Luperina  testacea  and  L.  cespitis  are  attracted  by 
'light,'  and  both  may  be  found  at  rest  on  grass  culms  after  dark,  the  latter 
being  very  much  scarcer  than  the  former.  Mamestra  abjecta  is  a  coast 
species  which  is  found  in  suitable  localities  along  all  the  coast  line  from 
Southend  to  the  mouth  of  the  Stour,  where  Mr.  Mathew  has  met  with 
it  in  some  numbers  and  in  great  variety.  Mr.  Burrows  has  also  taken  it 
freely  at  Mucking  and  Rainham  and  Mr.  Laver  at  Tollesbury.  M. 
sordida  (ancefs,  Hb.)  is  occasionally  common  at  *  sugar.'  M.  albicolon  is 
sometimes  found  at  Dovercourt  and  elsewhere  on  coast  sands.  One  year 
the  larvse  were  by  no  means  uncommon  at  St.  Osyth,  but  none  have 
occurred  there  recently.  (M.furva  was  recorded  by  the  late  Mr.  Edward 
Doubleday  to  have  been  exceedingly  common  at  Epping  in  1832,  fre- 
quenting the  flowers  of  the  raspberry,  but  probably  this  was  an  error  of 
determination,  as  the  northern  species  we  now  know  as  furva  would  not 
be  likely  to  occur  so  far  south.)  M.  brassicee  and  M.  persicarice  are 
common  garden  insects,  the  former — the  well  known  Cabbage  Moth — 
being  really  an  'injurious  insect,'  which  is  more  than  can  be  said  for 
some  other  species  that  are  frequently  so  designated.  Apamea  basilinea  is 
also  common,  and  is  said  to  be  very  destructive  in  corn  fields.  A. 
gemina  is  sometimes  plentiful  at  'sugar'  and  flowers,  especially  those  of 
the  common  rush.  A.  unanimis  is  frequently  found  in  the  larva  state 
beside  rivers  and  ditches.  A.  ophiogramma  seems  to  occur  rather  freely 
some  seasons  in  south  Essex,  but  not  north  of  the  Maldon  district  ;  it 
has  been  found  at  Brentwood,  Rainham,  Mucking  and  Woodford.  A. 
leucostigma  (var.forosa,  Hb.)  has  been  taken  in  some  numbers  and  in  great 
variety  at  rush  flowers  at  Colchester.  A.  didyma  occurs  everywhere, 
often  in  very  great  abundance.  Miana  strigilis,  M.  fasciunc ula  and  M. 
bicoloria  (furuncu/a,  Tr.)  are  common  generally.  M.  literosa  is  scarcer 
and  more  local,  especially  in  the  north,  but  has  been  found  in  greater 
numbers  on  the  south  coast.  M.  arcuosa  is  common  at  Colchester,  and 
probably  occurs  in  most  places  among  Aira  caspitosa. 

CARADRINID^E 

Grammesia  trigrammica  (tri/inea,  Bork.)  frequently  swarms  at  '  sugar,' 
and  fine  varieties  may  be  met  with.  Caradrina  morpheus,  C.  a/sines, 
C.  taraxici  (blanda,  Tr.),  C.  quadripunctata  (cubicularis,  Bork.)  and  Rusina 
tenebrosa  are  all  more  or  less  common  generally,  but  like  other  common 
species  they  sometimes  have  their  adverse  periods. 

151 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

NOCTUID^: 

Agrotis  vestigialis  (valligera,  Hb.)  is  found  on  the  coast  sands,  but 
not  commonly.  A.puta  and  A.  suffusa  sometimes  occur  freely  at  '  sugar.' 
A.  saucia  is  usually  scarce  but  occasionally  somewhat  common.  A. 
segetum  and  A.  exclamationis  are  too  abundant  in  fields  and  gardens, 
where  they  are  among  our  most  destructive  insects.  A.  corticea  is  often 
found  at  lime  blossom  at  Colchester  and  Maldon,  and  Mr.  Burrows 
has  taken  it  freely  at  Mucking.  A.  ripcz  occurs  at  Harwich,  Walton, 
Clacton  and  St.  Osyth,  where  A.  cursoria  is  also  to  be  met  with 
occasionally.  A.  nigricans  is  more  of  a  field  and  garden  insect,  and  is 
frequently  found  on  flowers  at  dusk.  A .  tritici  is  somewhat  common  on 
the  coast  sands.  A.  aquilina,  which  is  held  by  many  authors  to  be  a 
form  of  tritici,  is  found  sparingly  at  Colchester  at  'sugar'  and  lime  blossom. 
A.  strigula  (porphyrea,  Hb.)  was  formerly  common  at  Dedham,  and  is 
found  at  Brentwood,  Epping,  and  probably  in  most  places  where  any 
extent  of  heather  still  exists.  A.  prcecox  has  once  been  found  at  rest  on 
a  house  at  Colchester,  and  once  in  the  larva  state  near  Clacton-on-Sea. 
A.  obscura  (ravida,  Hb.)  occurs  sparingly  at  Colchester,  Maldon,  Brent- 
wood,  Stanford-le-Hope  and  Southend.  It  has  been  reported  '  abundant 
in  Essex,'  but  such  is  not  the  experience  of  resident  entomologists.  Noctua 
glareosa  is  far  from  common,  but  has  been  found  at  Epping  and  Brent- 
wood.  Professor  Meldola  has  met  with  it  at  Woodford,  and  it  is  occa- 
sionally taken  at  Colchester.  N.  augur,  N.  plecta  and  N.  c-nigrum  are 
generally  distributed.  N.  ditrapezium  is  very  local  and  is  only  recorded 
from  Brentwood,  where  Mr.  Raynor  formerly  obtained  it  occasionally. 
N.  triangulum  is  common  and  of  general  occurrence.  N.  stigmatica 
(rhomboidea,  Tr.)  has  a  wide  distribution  but  is  decidedly  scarce.  N. 
brunnea  and  N.jestrva  are  common  in  woods.  N.  dahlil  has  been  recorded 
as  occurring  in  the  county  by  Mr.  J.  W.  Tutt.  N.  rubi  comes  freely  to 
'sugar.'  N.  umbrosa  and  N.  baja  are  widely  distributed  but  not  very 
common.  N.  castanea  (neglecta,  Hb.)  has  been  taken  at  Wanstead  by 
Mr.  Machin.  N.  xanthographa  is  extremely  abundant  everywhere. 
Triphcena  ianthina  is  moderately  common  and  generally  distributed.  T. 
fimbria  is  found  rather  freely  in  the  larva  state  in  most  woods  in  the 
spring,  and  the  perfect  insect  comes  to  '  sugar '  later  in  the  year. 
f.  interjecta  is  widely  distributed,  and  may  sometimes  be  seen  flying 
wildly  about  hedges  after  4  p.m.,  but  has  been  scarcer  of  late,  and  is  now 
more  poorly  represented  in  collections  than  the  other  species.  T.  comes 
(orbona,  Fb.)  and  T.  pronuba  are  common  everywhere. 

AMPHIPYRID^E 

Amphipyra  pyramided,  A.  tragopogonis,  Mania  typica  and  M.  maura  are 
all  so  generally  common  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  give  localities  for  them. 

OR.THOSIID.fl; 

Panolis  piniperda  is  somewhat  scarce,  but  occurs  at  Birch,  Colchester 
and    Brentwood,   and  is    probably  well    distributed    among    Scotch  fir. 

152 


INSECTS 

Pachnobla  rubricosa  is  sometimes  found  at  sallow  and  sloe  blossoms,  but  is 
far  from  common.  Tceniocampa  gothica  and  T.  incerta  (instabilis,  Esp.)  are 
abundant.  T.  opima  is  rare,  but  has  been  found  at  Wanstead  by  Mr. 
Machin  and  at  Southend  by  Mr.  Whittle,  and  was  bred  from  a  Colchester 
larva  in  April,  1901.  T.  populeti  is  widely  distributed  among  aspen.  T. 
stabilis  is  abundant.  T.  gracilis  is  of  general  occurrence.  T.  mimosa  is 
usually  scarce  but  is  found  in  many  oak  woods,  where  its  gregarious  larvae 
are  occasionally  common.  7*.  munda  is  more  frequent  among  elm  ;  it  is 
widely  distributed  but  scarce.  T.  pufoerulenta  (cruda^  Tr.)  abounds  every- 
where. Orthosia  suspecta  is  very  local.  It  is  reported  from  Brentwood  by 
Mr.  Raynor  and  from  Rainham  by  Mr.  Burrows.  O.  upsilon,  O.  /ota,  O. 
maci/enta,  Anchocelis  rufina  and  A.  pistacina  are  all  generally  common. 
A.  lunosa  is  found  pretty  freely  at  ivy  blossom  and  suburban  gas  lamps. 
A.  litura  and  Cerastis  vaccinii  are  found  everywhere.  C.  ligula  (spadicea 
Hb.)  is  much  scarcer,  at  least  in  the  Colchester  and  Southend  districts. 
Scopelosoma  satellitia  is  common  throughout  the  county.  Oporina  croceago 
is  scarce  and  local,  but  has  occurred  at  Danbury,  and  has  been  taken  at 
Epping  by  Mr.  Oldham,  at  Brentwood  by  Mr.  Raynor,  and  at  Wor- 
mingford  by  Mrs.  Bull.  Xanthia  citrago  is  well  distributed  among  lime 
trees.  X.fuhago  (cerago,  Fb.)  and  X.jlavago  (si/ago,  Hb.)  are  common, 
especially  the  former  ;  the  larva?  may  be  beaten  from  sallow  catkins  in 
the  spring  and  the  perfect  insects  from  yellow  leaves  in  the  autumn.  X. 
aurago  is  very  scarce  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county,  but  is  more 
frequently  met  with  in  the  south.  It  has  occurred  at  Colchester  and 
also  in  the  Epping,  Brentwood,  Maldon  and  Stanford-le-Hope  districts. 
X.  gi/vago  may  be  beaten  freely  some  seasons  from  the  seeds  of  the  wych 
elm.  X.  ocellaris  is  extremely  rare,  single  specimens  only  having  been 
captured  by  Mr.  Percy  Reid  at  Peering  Bury  near  Kelvedon,  and  by 
Mr.  Whittle  at  Southend.  X.  circellaris  (ferruginea,  Esp.)  is  common 
everywhere.  Cirrhcedia  xerampelina  is  apparently  local  and  scarce,  but  has 
been  taken  at  Colchester,  Epping,  Maldon  and  Southend. 

COSMIID^E 

Tetbea  subtusa  is  frequently  found  among  black  poplar  and  aspen, 
but  has  been  less  common  recently  than  it  was  formerly.  T.  retusa  is 
much  scarcer  and  more  local,  but  has  been  taken  at  Epping,  Harwich, 
Layer  Marney  and  Rainham.  Cosmia  paleacea  (fu/vago,  Hb.)  was  once 
captured  at  Hazeleigh  by  the  Rev.  G.  H.  Raynor,  which  seems  to  be 
the  only  record.  Dicycla  oo  has  sometimes  been  found  freely  in  many 
places  in  south  Essex,  but  is  of  very  rare  occurrence  in  the  northern 
districts.  Epping,  Hainault,  Brentwood,  and  Rainham  seem  to  have 
been  the  most  favoured  localities,  but  it  has  been  taken  at  Coggeshall,  and 
by  Mr.  Percy  Adams  at  Halstead.  Calymnia  trapezina  is  very  common 
throughout  the  county.  C.  pyralina  is  rare  and  local.  Mr.  Raynor  has 
met  with  it  at  Brentwood  and  Hazeleigh,  Mr.  Garrow  at  Leytonstone, 
and  it  has  also  been  found  by  Mr.  Burrows  and  Mr.  Whittle.  C.  diffinis 
and  C.  affinis  have  a  wide  distribution  and  are  not  uncommon  in  some 
elm  districts. 

I  153  20 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

HADENID^ 

Eremobia  ochroleuca  was  common  and  generally  distributed  in  the 
county  some  twenty  years  ago,  and  after  remaining  more  or  less  common 
for  several  seasons  completely  disappeared.  During  the  past  two  years  it 
has  reappeared  in  the  Southend  and  Maldon  districts,  and  will  very  pos- 
sibly soon  be  common  again  for  a  period.  It  is  probably  a  migratory 
species  which  has  so  far  failed  in  its  endeavours  to  become  a  permanent 
resident.  Diantbcecia  nana  (conspera,  Esp.)  was  taken  at  Epping  by  Mr. 
H.  Doubleday.  D.  capsincola  is  common  everywhere  among  Lychnis. 
D.  cucubali  and  D.  carpophaga  are  not  uncommon.  The  larvae  may  some- 
times be  found  on  Silene  inflata  and  S.  maritima^  but  the  former  has  not 
been  seen  for  several  years.  Hecatera  chrysozona  (dysodea,  Hb.)  was  for- 
merly very  common  about  Coggeshall,  where  its  larvae  fed  on  lettuce 
flowers  and  seed,  but  the  particular  species  of  lettuce  it  mostly  favoured 
is  little  cultivated  there  now  and  the  moth  is  proportionately  scarce.  It 
has  also  occurred  at  Colchester,  and  larvae  have  been  found  on  wild  lettuce 
(Lactuca  virosa)  at  Walton-on-the-Naze.  H.  serena  is  generally  common, 
especially  in  the  larva  state  on  flowers  of  Crepis  wrens.  Polia  Jiavicincta 
is  often  found  at  rest  on  walls  and  palings  in  the  autumn.  Epunda 
lutulenta  is  scarce  and  local,  but  in  1898  was  taken  in  some  numbers  by 
Mr.  Burrows  at  Mucking.  Cleoceris  viminalis  may  often  be  taken  freely 
in  the  larva  state  on  sallow.  Miselia  oxyacanthce^  Agriopis  aprilina, 
Euplexia  lucipara  and  Phlogophora  meticulosa  are  common  and  occur 
throughout  the  county.  Aplecta  prasina  (herbiday  Hb.)  seems  to  be  scarce. 
Mr.  Raynor  took  it  at  Warley,  and  it  has  several  times  been  found  at 
Colchester.  A  specimen  bred  there  in  a  warm  room  on  January  10, 
1 90 1,  was  perhaps  the  first  British  Noctua  to  appear  in  the  new  century. 
A.  occulta  is  a  very  uncertain  and  local  species,  but  has  been  taken  by 
Professor  Meldola  near  Woodford,  by  Mr.  Doubleday  at  Epping,  and  also 
at  Colchester  and  Hazeleigh.  A.  nebulosa  is  frequently  found  on  the  boles 
of  trees  in  woods  and  comes  freely  to  '  sugar.'  A.  tincta  is  rare.  Mr. 
Doubleday  records  it  for  Epping,  and  it  has  also  been  taken  at  Hazeleigh 
and  Woodford.  A.  advena,  though  not  common,  is  often  taken  at '  sugar,' 
and  is  very  partial  to  dogwood  flowers.  Hadena  adusta,  H.  frotea,  H. 
dentina  and  H.  trifolii  occur  generally.  (H.  atriplicis  is  given  as  an  Essex 
species  in  Newman's  British  Moths.}  H.  dissimilis  (suasa,  Bork.)  is  found 
in  many  places  on  the  coast,  including  Benfleet,  Dovercourt,  Northey 
Island  and  St.  Osyth.  H.  o/eracea,  H.  pisi  and  H.  thalassina  are  generally 
distributed  and  common.  Some  of  the  Essex  forms  of  H.  pisi  are  very 
beautiful.  H.  contigua  is  extremely  local  ;  it  was  frequently  found  at 
Dedham  up  to  1890.  H.genistce  is  generally  distributed  though  far  from 
common. 

XYLINID^E 

Xylocampa  areola  (lithoriza,  Bork.)  is  generally  to  be  found  on  posts 
and  tree  trunks  in  April.  Xylomiges  conspicillaris  is  a  rarity  in  Britain,  and 
only  two  specimens  have  been  met  with  in  Essex,  one  at  Danbury  and 
the  other  at  Brentwood,  both  by  Mr.  Raynor.  Calocampa  vetusta  is  not 


INSECTS 

of  frequent  occurrence,  but  has  been  found  at  Colchester,  Epping  and 
Southend.  C.  exoleta  is  commoner  and  more  widely  distributed,  and 
comes  to  'sugar'  late  in  the  autumn.  Xylina  ornithopus  (rbizolitba,  Fb.)  is 
occasionally  found  near  Colchester  and  probably  throughout  the  county. 
X.  semibrunnea  and  X.  soda  (petrificata,  Fb.)  are  scarce  and  local.  Both 
were  taken  at  Temple  Mills  by  Mr.  Machin,  and  Mr.  Raynor  has  met 
with  the  former  at  Hazeleigh.  Asteroscopus  sphinx  (cassinea,  Hb.)  is  very 
generally  distributed  but  not  common  ;  it  comes  to  'light'  in  November. 
Cucullia  verbasci  is  common  in  the  larva  state  on  mullein  and  figwort, 
but  the  perfect  insect  is  seldom  found.  The  larvae  of  C.  asteris  have  been 
taken  in  some  numbers  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Hanbury  at  Benfleet,  by  Mr.  Whittle 
at  Southend,  and  by  Mr.  Mathew  at  Dovercourt.  C.  chamomillce  is 
common  some  seasons  in  the  larva  state  in  many  parts  of  the  county,  but 
is  very  irregular  in  its  appearances.  C.  umbratica  may  often  be  found  at 
rest  on  posts,  rails  and  park  palings,  and  hovering  over  honeysuckle 
flowers  at  dusk. 

GONOPTERID.E 

Gonoptera  libatrix  occurs  everywhere  among  willows  and  poplars. 


Habrostola  tripartita  (urtica,  Hb.)  is  generally  distributed  but  not 
common  among  nettles.  H.  triplasia  is  recorded  from  Brentwood, 
Epping,  Harwich,  and  Maldon,  but  has  not  so  far  been  found  at  Col- 
chester. Plusia  monefa,  which  has  in  recent  years  invaded  England  and 
established  itself  in  several  counties,  has  only  once  been  found  in  Essex, 
a  single  specimen  having  been  captured  by  Mr.  C.  Oldham  at  Woodford. 
P.  chrysitis  is  found  everywhere  among  nettles.  P.festucce  is  scarce,  but 
has  occurred  at  Benfleet,  Colchester,  Maldon  and  St.  Osyth.  P.  iota, 
though  widely  distributed,  is  generally  scarce.  It  was  however  common 
at  honeysuckle  flowers  at  Chingford  in  1892.  P.  pulchrina  is  found 
sparingly  at  West  Bergholt  and  St.  Osyth,  and  Mr.  R.  Miller  Christy 
has  taken  it  at  Chignal  St.  James.  Probably  it  has  a  wide  range  else- 
where in  the  county.  P.  gamma  is  ubiquitous  and  often  occurs  in 
myriads.  On  August  n,  1900,  the  coast  near  Clacton-on-Sea  swarmed 
with  specimens,  which  rose  in  clouds  at  nearly  every  step  for  several 
miles.  They  were  especially  abundant  on  sea  lavender  flowers.  A  very 
fine  melanic  example  much  larger  than  the  type  was  met  with. 

HELIOTHID.& 

Anarta  myrtilll  probably  occurred  on  most  of  the  extensive  heaths 
and  moors  in  the  county  previous  to  their  enclosure.  It  was  still  to  be 
found  sparingly  on  Tiptree  Heath  a  few  years  ago.  Heliaca  tenebrata 
(arbuti,  Fb.)  may  frequently  be  seen  in  flowery  places  in  May,  especially 
among  buttercups.  Heliothis  dipsacea  was  not  uncommon  on  the  northern 
part  of  the  coast  sands  up  to  the  great  drought  of  1893,  since  which  it 
has  been  very  rare.  A  single  specimen  has  been  taken  in  the  High 
Woods  at  Colchester.  H.  peltigera  is  rare,  but  was  formerly  found 

155 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

occasionally  with  dipsacea.  H.  armigera  is  a  scarce  migrant,  worn  speci- 
mens of  which  once  appeared  in  some  numbers  in  a  clover  field  at 
Colchester.  Ghariclea  umbra  (marginata,  Fb.)  is  found  on  the  coast,  and 
also  in  inland  woods,  where  its  larva?  feed  on  the  young  shoots  of  hazel 
and  birch. 

ACONTIID.E; 

Agrophila  trabealis  (sulphuralis^  Lin.)  cannot  be  considered  a  native  of 
the  county,  but  was  once  found  at  Temple  Mills  by  Mr.  Machin. 
Acontia  luctuosa  has  been  taken  at  Grays  and  Benfleet,  and  occurred  some- 
what freely  in  1900  at  Maldon  and  Mucking.  It  has  not  been  met  with 
in  north  Essex. 

ERASTRIID/E 

Erastria  venusfu/a  is  a  very  local  species,  but  has  occurred  rather 
freely  in  several  parts  of  Epping  Forest  and  also  at  Warley.  E.fasciana 
(Juscula,  Bork.)  is  a  widely  distributed  woodland  species,  sometimes  occur- 
ring in  fair  numbers,  but  often  scarce  for  long  periods. 

POAPHILID.E 

Phytometra  viridaria  (cenea,  Hb.)  is  found  commonly  at  Epping.  It 
frequents  open  spaces  in  woods  and  was  plentiful  at  Dedham  previous  to 
1890. 

EUCLIDIID^: 

Euclidia  mi  is  common  on  the  coast,  but  had  not  been  seen  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Colchester  till  much  of  the  land  for  a  time  became 
derelict,  during  which  period  it  established  itself  in  several  fresh  locali- 
ties where  it  still  continues  common.  E.  glyphica  is  of  frequent  occur- 
rence at  Epping  and  Southend,  but  is  not  found  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  county. 

CATEPHIIDjE 

Catephla  alchymlsta  is  one  of  the  rarest  of  the  British  Lepidoptera, 
and  is  unique  as  regards  the  county.  A  single  example  was  found  at  rest 
on  an  oak  tree  near  Colchester  by  W.  Tillaney  on  June  9,  1875. 

CATOCALID^ 

Catocala  fraxlnl  is  also  a  rarity.  Two  specimens  were  captured  at 
Southend  by  Mr.  Hope  in  1846,  and  one  was  taken  at  Colchester  in 
September,  1869.  C.  nupta  is  common  and  generally  distributed.  An 
example  of  the  rare  variety  ccerulescens  was  once  taken  by  Mr.  Laver  at 
Colchester.  C.  promissa  and  C,  sponsa  are  both  rare.  A  larva  of  the 
former  was  once  beaten  from  oak  in  Langham  Lodge  Wood,  and  the 
latter  was  taken  at  Hainault  by  Mr.  Machin. 

AVENTIID^E 

Aventia  flexula  is  scarce,  but  has  been  found  at  Colchester,  Halstead, 

Hazeleigh  and  Langham. 

156 


INSECTS 

TOXOCAMPIDjE 

T'oxocampa  pastinum  is  local,  and  is  only  recorded  from  Leigh,  where 
a  few  specimens  were  taken  by  Mr.  Howard  Vaughan. 

BOLETOBIID^E 

Boletobia  fuliginaria,  the  latest  addition  to  our  list,  was  captured  at 
Hale  End,  Walthamstow,  by  Mr.  R.  W.  Robbins  on  July  29,  1901. 

HERMINIID^E 

Rivula  sericealis  is  found  in  the  Colchester,  Maldon,  Rainham  and 
Southend  districts.  Zanclognatha  grisealis  and  Z.  tarsipennalis  are  of 
general  occurrence.  Z.  emortualis  is  excessively  rare,  and  has  only  been 
found  at  High  Beech  and  Loughton.  Herminia  cribralis  has  been  taken 
at  Leigh  and  also  in  some  numbers  at  Mucking,  and  a  single  specimen 
has  occurred  at  Walton-on-the-Naze.  H.  derrvalu  is  sometimes  found 
in  fair  numbers,  but  is  extremely  local  in  the  Colchester  district  ;  and 
two  specimens  were  captured  by  Mr.  Pryor  at  Leigh  in  1870.  Pechy- 
pogon  barbalis  is  generally  distributed  and  common  in  woods. 

HYPENID^E 

Hypena  rostralis  abounds  among  hops,  and  H.  proboscidalis  is 
common  everywhere  among  nettles.  Hypenodes  albistrigalis  and  H. 
costeestrigalis  are  found  at  Epping,  and  Mr.  Raynor  has  met  with  the 
former  at  Brentwood  and  the  latter  at  Hazeleigh. 

BREPHIDES 

Brephos  parthenias  is  found  at  Colchester,  Epping,  St.  Osyth,  Messing, 
Wrabness  and  probably  in  most  large  woods  among  birch.  In  1846  it 
was  captured  at  Epping  as  early  as  February  28.  B.  notha  is  usually 
scarcer  and  more  local,  but  occurs  in  many  woods,  including  those  at 
Epping,  Ongar,  Messing,  Wrabness  and  St.  Osyth. 

GEOMETRY 
UROPTERYGIDJE 
Uropteryx  sambucaria  is  of  general  occurrence. 

ENNOMID^: 

Epione  apiciaria  is  widely  distributed  but  not  common.  E.  advenaria 
was  recorded  as  rare  at  Eastwood  near  Southend  by  Mr.  Howard 
Vaughan.  Rumia  luteolata  (cratagata,  L.)  and  Venilia  maculata  are  gener- 
ally common.  Angerona  prunaria  is  found  frequently  in  many  woods, 
but  has  not  recently  been  seen  in  the  Colchester  district,  where  it  was 
formerly  common,  for  several  years.  Metrocampa  margaritaria  is  found  in 
woods  and  lanes  everywhere.  Ellopia  prosapiaria  (fasciaria,  Schiff)  occurs 
sparingly  at  Birch,  Colchester  and  near  Harwich,  and  probably  among 
Scotch  fir  generally.  Eurymene  dolabraria  and  Pericallia  syringaria  are 
widely  distributed  but  are  not  common.  Selenia  bilunaria  (illunaria,  Hb.) 
abounds  everywhere.  S.  lunaria  though  found  in  many  places  is  nowhere 
common.  S.  tetralunaria  (ittustraria,  Hb.)  is  extremely  local.  It  occurs 

157 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

at  Epping  and  Hainault,  and  Mr.  Mathew  reports  it  for  the  Harwich 
district,  but  it  does  not  seem  to  have  occurred  elsewhere  in  north  Essex. 
Odontopera  bidentata  and  Crocallis  elinguaria  occur  in  all  parts  of  the  county, 
the  latter  being  much  the  commoner.  Eugonia  autumnaria  has  once  been 
taken  at  Shoeburyness  by  Mr.  Whittle.  Another  example  was  captured 
by  Mr.  Mathew  at  Dovercourt  on  Oct.  4, 1901.  E.alniaria  (fi/iariayEork.) 
comes  freely  to  'light.'  E.  fuscantaria  is  scarce,  but  is  found  at  Colchester, 
Harwich,  and  probably  generally  in  the  ash  districts.  E.  erosaria  and  E. 
quercinaria  (angu/aria,  Bork.)  are  found  in  many  oak  woods,  the  former 
being  much  the  scarcer.  Himera  pennaria  may  be  found  everywhere,  and 
comes  freely  to  suburban  gas  lamps  in  the  late  autumn. 

AMPHIDASYD^: 

Phigalia  pedaria  (pi/osaria,  Hb.)  is  frequently  found  on  the  trunks  of 
trees  in  January  if  the  weather  be  mild,  and  is  of  general  occurrence. 
Nyssia  hispidaria  occurs  similarly  in  February  and  March,  but  is  much 
scarcer  and  more  local.  Biston  birtaria  is  generally  common,  especially 
about  elms  and  at  gas  lamps.  Amphidasys  strataria  (prodromaria,  Schiff.) 
is  frequently  found  on  the  boles  of  oak  during  mild  weather  in  the  spring. 
A.  betularia  is  generally  distributed  and  common  ;  the  black  variety 
doubledayaria  and  intermediate  forms  are  occasionally  captured  or  bred. 

BOARMIIDjE 

Hemeropbila  abruptaria  is  of  frequent  occurrence  at  rest  on  walls  and 
palings.  Cleora  lichenaria  was  formerly  common  in  the  Colchester  dis- 
trict— especially  at  Birch  and  Layer-de-la-Haye — but  has  disappeared  in 
recent  years.  Boarmia  repandata  and  B.  gemmaria  (rhomboidaria,  Hb.)  are 
found  everywhere.  B.  abietaria  and  B.  cinctaria  occur  about  Epping  and 
Ongar.  B.  roboraria  was  formerly  frequently  obtained  on  the  oak  trees 
at  Langham  Lodge  Wood,  but  has  since  been  vainly  sought  for  in  the 
few  acres  that  remain  of  that  once  grand  hunting  ground.  A  single 
specimen  was  obtained  at  Colchester  in  1897,  and  it  also  occurs  at 
Hainault,  St.  Osyth  and  Warley.  B.  comortaria  is  also  recorded  from 
Hainault  by  Mr.  Machin,  and  was  at  one  time  common  at  St.  Osyth. 
Tepbrosia  consonaria,  T.  crepuscularia  and  T.  biundularia  are  Epping  insects 
— crepuscularia  being  also  recorded  from  the  Harwich  district  by  Mr. 
Mathew,  and  a  single  specimen  of  T.  biundularia  was  found  at  Colchester 
in  May,  1901.  T.  luridata  (extersaria,  Hb.)  though  very  far  from  com- 
mon has  an  extensive  range,  and  probably  occurs  in  all  large  woods. 
T.  punctulata  is  moderately  common  among  alder  and  birch  at  Colchester 
and  doubtless  elsewhere. 

GEOMETRID^E 

Pseudoterpna  pruinata  (cytisaria,  Schiff.)  is  of  general  occurrence 
among  broom  and  furze.  Geometra  papilionaria  is  scarce,  but  is  found  in 
many  places  among  alder,  birch  and  hazel.  G.  vernaria  is  somewhat 
local  but  not  uncommon  among  Clematis  vitalba.  Pborodesma  pustulata 
(bajularia,  Schiff.)  is  to  be  found  in  nearly  all  oak  woods,  and  in  recent 

158 


INSECTS 

seasons  has  occurred  in  larger  numbers  than  usual.  P.  smaragdaria — the 
Essex  Emerald — was  for  many  years  a  great  rarity,  Southend,  South- 
minster  and  St.  Osyth  being  its  only  recorded  British  localities  ;  but  since 
the  discovery  of  its  food  plant  it  has  been  found  freely  all  along  the  coast 
from  Southend  to  St.  Osyth,  which  is  the  present  known  limit  of  its 
northern  range.  It  is  to  be  feared  that  this  beautiful  insect  has  been 
much  too  keenly  '  worked  for '  of  late  by  the  London  and  other 
collectors,  who.  should  remember  that  though  common  at  present  its 
range  in  Britain  is  very  restricted,  and  that  altogether  apart  from  direct 
human  agency  its  struggle  for  existence  must  sometimes  be  severe. 
During  a  recent  dry  season  at  St.  Osyth  nearly  all  the  food  plants  had 
been  bitten  or  trodden  down  by  cattle,  and  most  of  the  larvas  must 
necessarily  have  perished.  lodis  lactearia  and  Hemitbea  strigata  (t&ymiaria, 
Gn.)  are  common  in  woods  and  lanes  everywhere. 

EPHYRID^E 

Zonosoma  porata  and  Z.  punctaria  occur  freely  among  scrub  oak  and 
are  widely  distributed.  After  a  long  period  of  scarcity  they  are  again 
common  at  Colchester.  Z.  linearia  (fri/inearia,  Bork.)  is  plentiful  among 
beech  at  Epping.  Z.  annulata  (omicronaria,  Hb.)  occurs  freely  in  many 
places — especially  on  the  boulder  clay — among  maple.  Z.  pendularia  is 
local  and  not  common  now,  though  it  was  formerly  plentiful  at  Dedham 
and  St.  Osyth. 

ACIDALIID^ 

Asthena  luteata  is  common  among  maple  and  is  frequently  found 
among  alder.  A.  candidata  abounds  everywhere.  A.  blomeri  was  once 
captured  by  the  Rev.  C.  R.  N.  Burrows  at  Wanstead — this  must  have 
been  a  straggler  from  some  other  county.  Eupisteria  obliterate  (beparata, 
Haw.)  is  rather  common  in  the  Colchester  district  and  doubtless  occurs 
generally  among  alder.  Acidalia  ochrata  is  extremely  local,  being  only 
found  at  Southend  and  St.  Osyth.  A.  dimidiata  (scufu/afa,  Bork.)  and 
A.  bisetata  are  common.  A.  trigeminata  is  scarcer,  but  may  be  disturbed 
from  underwood  and  hedges,  and  captured  on  the  wing  at  dusk  in  many 
localities.  A.  rusticata  is  a  recent  addition  to  the  county  list,  and  has 
only  been  found  by  Mr.  Burrows  and  Mr.  Whittle,  who  took  it  in  the 
Southend  district.  A.  dilutaria  (inter jectaria,  Bdv.)  and  A.  virgu/aria 
(incanaria,  Hb.)  are  generally  common.  A.  ornata  was  once  captured 
at  Leigh  by  Mr.  Walker,  who  took  a  single  specimen  in  1893.  A.mar- 
ginepunctata  (promutata,  Gn.)  is  widely  distributed  and  often  common. 
A.  subsericeata  is  somewhat  scarce,  but  has  been  found  more  freely  in  the 
southern  than  in  the  northern  portion  of  the  county.  A.  immutata  occurs 
at  Southend  and  Leigh.  A.  remutaria  and  A.  imitaria  are  generally  com- 
mon. A.  emutaria  occurs  sparingly  in  many  coast  localities.  A.  aversafa 
abounds  everywhere.  A.  inornata  is  found  frequently  in  woods.  A.  emar- 
ginata  is  very  common,  and  Timandra  amataria  may  be  met  with  every- 
where, especially  in  damp  places  in  woods. 

159 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

CABERID.E 

Cabera  pusaria  is  found  commonly  in  all  parts  of  the  county  ;  its 
variety  rotundaria  is  extremely  scarce.  C.  exanthemata  abounds  among 
sallows.  Bapta  temerata  is  far  from  common,  though  it  is  very  widely 
distributed.  B.  bimaculata  (taminata,  Hb.)  has  been  taken  in  Epping 
Forest  by  Messrs.  Clark,  Machin  and  Prout.  Aleucis  pictaria  was 
originally  discovered  at  Colchester  in  1 842,  and  was  for  many  years 
supposed  to  be  a  great  rarity,  but  is  now  known  to  occur  freely  among 
blackthorn  in  several  English  counties. 

MACARIID^E 

Macaria  notata  is  scarce  and  local,  but  has  occurred  at  Dedham,  Lang- 
ham,  St.  Osyth,  Brent  wood  and  South  end.  M.  liturata  was  somewhat 
common  at  Langham  and  Colchester  before  the  larches  on  which  it  fed 
were  cut  down.  Halia  vauaria  is  moderately  common  in  gardens  among 
currant. 

FIDONIID-ffi 

Strenia  clathrata  and  Panagra  petraria  are  generally  common.  Nu- 
meria  pufoeraria  is  frequently  found  among  hazel  in  woods.  Fidonia  lim- 
baria  (conspicuafa,  Schiff.)  was  formerly  fairly  common  among  broom  on 
the  railway  embankments  and  in  the  cuttings  at  Lexden  and  Stanway, 
but  owing  to  the  practice  which  has  prevailed  in  recent  years  of  firing 
the  herbage  this  excessively  local  insect  has  been  exterminated  there  and 
now  seems  in  imminent  danger  of  disappearing  from  Britain.  Dr.  Batters- 
hall  Gill  records  it  from  Grays  in  1869.  Emafurga  atomaria  may  probably 
still  occur  where  any  extent  of  heather  is  left.  It  was  found  in  some 
numbers  at  Layer-de-la-Haye  a  few  years  ago,  and  Mr.  Burrows  reports 
it  as  occurring  in  the  Stanford-le-Hope  district.  Bupalus  piniaria  is  found 
among  Scotch  fir  at  Alresford,  Birch  and  Brentwood,  and  is  probably  of 
general  occurrence.  Minoa  murinata  (euphorbiata,  Fb.)  is  scarce  and  local, 
but  has  been  found  in  the  Southend  and  St.  Osyth  woods.  Scoria  lineata 
(dealbata^  Lin.)  was  found  freely  on  the  slopes  at  Leigh  by  Mr.  Bouchard 
and  Drs.  Boswell  Syme  and  Battershall  Gill  previous  to  1860,  but  is 
now  extinct  there.  A  single  specimen  was  captured  by  Captain  B. 
Blaydes  Thompson  at  Burnham-on-Crouch  on  July  25,  1900.  Sterrha 
sacraria  is  a  rare  migrant  which  was  once  captured  near  Reed  Hall, 
Colchester.  Aspilates  ochrearia  (citraria,  Hb.)  is  common  on  the  sea 
walls  and  coast  sands  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county.  A.  giharia 
occurs  at  Southend. 

ZERENID^E 

Abraxas  grossulariata  sometimes  abounds  among  currant  and  goose- 
berry bushes  in  gardens  and  also  on  blackthorn  hedges.  Very  beautiful 
yellow  and  other  forms  are  sometimes  met  with.  A.  syhata  (u/mafa,  Fb.) 
is  found  rather  freely  at  Laindon,  and  Messrs.  B.  G.  Cole  and  C.  Oldham 
have  taken  it  in  Epping  Forest.  Ligdia  adustata  and  Lomaspilis  marginata 
are  common  everywhere. 

1 60 


INSECTS 

LIGUDJE 
Pacbycnemia  bippocastanaria,  '  Rochford,  Essex '  (Stephens,  ////.  iii 

269). 

HYBERNIID^E 

Hybernia  rupicapraria,  H.  leucophearia  and  H.  marginaria  (firogemmaria, 
Hb.)  are  common  in  the  early  months  of  the  year,  and  H.  aurantiaria  and 
H.  defoliaria  come  freely  to  '  light '  in  mild  November  weather,  especially 
when  it  is  somewhat  foggy.  Anisopteryx  eescularia  is  fairly  numerous, 
especially  among  elm. 

LARENTIIDiE 

Cbeimatobia  brumata  abounds  everywhere.  C.  boreata  is  much  scarcer 
and  more  local,  but  is  found  at  Epping,  Harwich  and  St.  Osyth.  Oporabia 
dilutata  and  Larentia  didymata  are  generally  common.  L.  multistrigaria  is 
recorded  for  Epping,  Wanstead  and  Hazeleigh.  L.  viridaria  (pectinitaria, 
Fues.),  Emme/esia  affinitata  and  E.  alchemillata  are  of  frequent  occurrence 
in  woods  and  lanes.  E.  albulata  has  been  taken  at  Brent  wood  and  Dod- 
dinghurst  by  Mr.  Raynor  and  at  Maldon  by  Mr.  Fitch  ;  it  also  occurs 
at  Epping.  E.  decolorata  is  generally  distributed  among  Lychnis  vesper- 
tina.  E.  unifasciata  is  sometimes  common  in  the  larva  state  in  north 
Essex  on  Barfsia  odontites.  Eupitbecia  venosata  occurs  near  Braintree, 
Colchester,  Danbury,  and  probably  in  most  places  where  Silene  injiata 
grows.  E.  consignata  is  very  rare,  but  Mr.  Machin  has  found  it  at 
Epping  and  Loughton.  E.  linariata  is  common  some  seasons  among 
Linaria  vu/garis,  but  in  other  years  may  be  looked  for  in  vain.  E. 
pulcbellata  occurs  freely  in  the  Colchester  district,  and  probably  every- 
where where  Digitalis  grows.  E.  oblongata  (centaureata^  Fb.)  is  to  be  met 
with  everywhere.  £.  succenturiata  is  found  in  the  Colchester,  Maldon 
and  Harwich  districts.  E.  subfuhata  is  sometimes  common  among 
yarrow,  but  has  been  scarce  during  the  dry  seasons  we  have  experienced 
recently.  E.  scabiosata  (subumbrata^  Gn.)  is  found  on  the  coast  at  South- 
end,  Shoeburyness  and  St.  Osyth.  E.  plumbeolata  occurs  in  many  woods 
in  June  among  Melampyrum.  E.  isogrammaria  is  abundant  among  Clematis. 
E.  egenaria^  a  very  rare  insect  about  which  little  seems  to  be  known, 
has  been  taken  at  Loughton.  E.  satyrata  is  reported  from  the  Harwich 
district  by  Mr.  Mathew.  E.  castigata  is  generally  common.  E.  trisig- 
naria  seems  only  to  have  been  noticed  at  Colchester,  where  it  is  a  great 
rarity.  E.  virgaureata  has  been  recorded  from  Epping  by  Messrs. 
Doubleday,  Machin  and  A.  H.  Waters.  E.fraxinata  occurs  sparingly 
at  Colchester.  E.  pimpinellata  is  sometimes  common,  especially  on  the 
boulder  clay  among  Pimpinella  saxifraga.  E.  irriguata  was  formerly  found 
at  Epping  by  Mr.  Doubleday.  E.  innotata  has  been  bred  by  Mr.  W. 
Warren  from  larva?  found  at  Shoeburyness.  E.  nanata  was  common 
among  heather  at  '  Crockleford  Hangings  '  near  Colchester  a  few  years 
ago.  This  locality  is  now  strictly  preserved  and  is  inaccessible  to 
naturalists,  but  the  species  is  probably  widely  distributed  in  the  county. 
E.  subnotata  is  common  among  Chenopodium.  E.  "uulgata  is  generally  com- 
mon. E.  albipunctata  was  common  a  few  years  ago  on  the  flowers  and 

I  I6l  21 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

seeds  of  Angelica,  but  has  been  scarce  recently.  E.  absinthiata  is  common. 
E.  minutata  has  occurred  at  Epping  and  Dedham,  and  probably  is  generally 
distributed  on  heath.  E,  assimilata  is  sometimes  common  among  currant 
and  hop.  E.  tenuiata  has  occurred  at  Epping,  Harwich,  Southend  and 
St.  Osyth.  E.  subciliata  is  recorded  from  Leigh  as  '  rare  '  by  Mr.  Howard 
Vaughan.  E.  lariciata  is  not  uncommon  among  larch  in  the  Colchester 
district.  E.  abbreviata  is  found  generally  on  oak  boles  and  boughs  and 
also  at  sallow  flowers.  E.  dodoneata  has  been  taken  at  Epping  by  Dr. 
Gill,  at  Loughton  by  Mr.  Machin,  and  near  Harwich  by  Mr.  Mathew, 
but  is  a  scarce  insect  in  the  county  and  far  from  common  elsewhere. 
E.  exiguata  is  generally  distributed.  E.  sobrinata  is  not  uncommon  at 
Donyland,  and  has  been  captured  at  Woodford  by  Mr.  E.  B.  Bishop. 
E.  togata  is  rare  ;  Mr.  Mathew  records  it  from  Harwich,  and  Mr.  Prout 
captured  a  specimen  at  Higham  Park  in  1892.  E.  pumilata  is  common. 
E.  corona  fa  sometimes  occurs  freely  about  Colchester,  especially  on  the 
boulder  clay.  E.  rectangulata  is  common  in  gardens  and  orchards.  Lobo- 
phora  sexalisata  (sexa/ata,  Vill.)  occurs  among  sallow  at  Colchester,  Haze- 
leigh  and  St.  Osyth.  L.  halterata  (hexapterata^  Schiff.)  may  frequently 
be  found  at  rest  on  boles  of  aspens  and  poplars,  and  is  widely  distributed. 
L.  viretata  is  rare,  but  has  been  taken  at  Epping  and  Walthamstow,  and 
Mr.  Laver  once  found  a  specimen  at  Colchester.  L.  carpinata  (lobulata, 
Hb.)  has  been  found  several  times  at  Donyland  and  St.  Osyth.  L.  poly- 
commata  is  in  a  list  of  Epping  insects  by  Mr.  Edward  Doubleday,  pub- 
lished in  the  Entomological  Magazine^  vol.  iii.  (1836).  Thera  juniperata 
is  to  be  found  at  Donyland,  where  it  does  not  appear  to  be  very  common. 
T.  variata  and  T.firmata  both  occur  among  larch  and  Scotch  fir.  The 
former  is  common  and  generally  distributed,  the  latter  scarcer  and  more 
local  ;  but  Mr.  Burrows  has  taken  it  rather  freely,  and  it  has  also  been 
found  at  Birch  and  Berechurch.  Hypsipetes  ruberata  seems  to  be  scarce 
in  the  county  judging  by  the  paucity  of  records.  It  occurs  sparingly  at 
Colchester,  where  the  specimens  are  more  richly  coloured  and  of  a  larger 
size  than  most  of  those  from  other  parts  of  Britain.  H.  trifasciata  (im- 
plu-viata,  Hb.)  is  not  very  common,  but  may  be  usually  found  among 
alder.  H.  sordidata  (e/utata,  Hb.)  abounds  among  sallow  everywhere. 
Melanthia  bicolorata  (rubiginata,  Fb.)  was  common  among  alder  at  Col- 
chester and  Langham  a  few  years  ago,  but  is  now  extremely  scarce.  M. 
ocellata  is  common  everywhere  among  Galium  molluga  and  G.  verum. 
M.  albicillata,  though  far  from  common,  appears  to  have  a  wide  range. 
Melanippe  hastata  is  local,  but  has  been  taken  at  Southend,  Brentwood, 
Messing  and  St.  Osyth.  M.  procellata  is  not  scarce  on  the  boulder  clay 
near  Colchester  ;  Professor  Meldola  has  found  it  at  Southend,  and  Mr. 
Mathew  has  taken  it  at  Harwich.  M.  unangulata  and  M.  rivata  are  some- 
what common  locally.  M.  sociata,  M,  montanata  and  M.  fluctuata  abound 
everywhere.  Anticlea  cucullata  (sinuata,  Hb.)  is  extremely  rare,  and  the 
only  recorded  capture  was  made  in  Epping  Forest  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Waters 
in  May,  1896.  A.  rubidata  has  a  wide  distribution,  and  has  for  three  or 
four  years  been  comparatively  common  after  a  long  period  of  scarcity. 

162 


INSECTS 

A,  badiata  and  A.  nigrofasciaria  (derivata,  Bork.)  occur  among  wild  rose 
in  many  parts  of  the  county  ;  the  former  is  abundant  and  the  latter,  as 
a  rule,  decidedly  scarce.  A.  berberata  is  extremely  local  ;  it  was  formerly 
found  at  Epping,  and  is  still  plentiful  in  the  Saffron  Walden  district. 
Coremia  designata  (propugnata,  Fb.)  has  been  found  at  West  Bergholt, 
Great  Tey,  Langham  and  near  Harwich,  but  does  not  seem  to  be  com- 
mon generally.  C.ferrugata  and  C.  unidentaria  are  to  be  found  every- 
where and  often  in  abundance.  C.  quadrifasciaria  is  scarce  but  is  well 
distributed,  the  known  localities  being  too  numerous  to  mention.  Camp- 
togramma  bilineata  is  very  common,  but  C.Jluviata  is  rare,  single  specimens 
only  having  been  recorded  from  Colchester,  Pitsea,  Leigh,  Woodford, 
Hainault  and  Rainham.  Pbibalapteryx  tersata  and  P.  vitalbata  are  gener- 
ally to  be  found  among  Clematis.  P.  vittata  (lignata,  Hb.)  is  scarce,  but 
was  once  taken  at  West  Bergholt  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Grapes,  and  others  have 
been  captured  by  Mr.  Burrows  at  Rainham.  T'riphosa  dubitata  and 
Eucosmia  certata  are  found  in  Epping  Forest  and  at  Saffron  Walden. 
The  latter  also  occurs  occasionally  at  Colchester.  E.  undulata  inhabits 
most  woods,  but  is  not  common.  Scotosia  vetu/afa  and  S.  rhamnata  are 
also  Epping  and  Saffron  Walden  insects.  Cidaria  miata  is  of  general 
occurrence,  especially  at  gas  lamps.  C.  picata  has  a  wide  distribution, 
and  was  no  rarity  previous  to  the  great  drought  of  1893,  but  has 
been  very  difficult  to  find  since.  C.  corylata  and  C.  truncata  (russata, 
Bork.)  are  common  everywhere.  C.  immanata,  which  is  by  some  authors 
considered  a  form  of  truncata,  is  much  less  common.  C.  suffumata  seems 
to  occur  freely  at  Epping  and  Maldon,  and  Mr.  Mathew  finds  it  in  the 
Harwich  district,  but  it  is  rarely  taken  at  Colchester.  C.  silaceata  is 
rare,  but  has  been  found  at  Colchester  and  Epping.  C.  prunata  was 
formerly  common  at  Epping,  where  Mr.  Doubleday  says  '  it  sometimes 
strips  the  currant  bushes  of  their  leaves '  ;  Mr.  Fitch  says  it  is  also  found 
at  Maldon.  C.  testata  is  of  frequent  occurrence  among  sallow  and  birch. 
C.  fufoata  is  common  among  wild  rose.  C.  dotata  (pyraliata,  Fb.)  is 
widely  distributed,  but  by  no  means  abundant.  C.  associata  (dotata,  Gn.) 
occurs  freely  in  gardens  among  currant.  Pelurga  comitata  is  sometimes 
plentiful  among  Chenopodium. 

EUBOLIID^E 

Eubolia  ceruinata  is  common  among  mallow  and  hollyhock.  E.  limi- 
tata  (mensuraria,  Schiff.)  abounds  among  vetches.  E.  plumbaria  (palum- 
baria,  Bork.)  is  sometimes  common  in  heathy  places  among  furze.  E. 
bipunctaria  is  local,  but  occurs  at  Epping,  Southend  and  Harwich.  It 
was  once  seen  in  some  numbers  at  Walton-on-the-Naze,  but  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  sea  seem  to  have  been  fatal  to  it.  Anaitis  plagiata  is  of 
general  occurrence  among  Hypericum.  Cbesias  spartiata  abounds  among 
broom.  C.  rufata  (pbliquaria,  Bork.),  though  very  much  scarcer,  is  pro- 
bably also  found  in  most  places  where  broom  grows  freely. 

SIONID-ffi 

Tanagra  atrata  (cbaeropbyllata,  L.)  is  recorded  from  Epping  and 
Hainault.  , 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

PYRALWES 
PYRALIDID^E 

Cledeobia  angustalis  is  found  in  many  coast  localities.  Aglossa  pin- 
guinalis  occurs  in  houses,  and  though  reputed  generally  common  seems 
to  be  scarce  in  many  places.  A.  cuprealis  occurs  sparingly  at  Colchester, 
Harwich,  Hazeleigh  and  Southend.  Pyralis  costalis  and  P.  glaucinalis  are 
somewhat  plentiful  at  Colchester,  and  the  former  is  common  in  the  Mai- 
don  district.  P.farinalis  is  generally  common.  Scoparia  ambigualis  abounds 
on  tree  trunks  in  woods.  S.  basistrigalis  occurs  at  Dovercourt  and  Haze- 
leigh. S.  cembrce  is  scarce,  but  has  a  wide  range.  S.  dubitalis  is  common 
everywhere.  S.  conspicualis  is  reported  for  the  Harwich  district  by  Mr. 
Mathew.  S.  mercurella  is  generally  abundant.  S.  ulmella  has  been  found 
at  Woodham  Ferris  by  Mr.  Raynor.  S.  cratcegella  has  been  captured  at 
Colchester  and  Epping.  S.  truncicolella  occurs  at  Epping  and  Hazeleigh. 
S.  angustea  is  found  on  several  old  walls  at  Colchester.  S.  pallida  is  a  marsh 
insect  that  has  been  occasionally  taken  at  Leigh  and  St.  Osyth.  Nomo- 
phila  noctuella  (hybridalis,  Schiff.)  is  a  frequent  migrant ;  it  is  generally 
distributed,  and  is  sometimes  very  abundant,  especially  on  the  coast. 
Pyrausta  aurata  (punicea/is,  Schiff.)  was  very  common  in  the  Colchester 
district  a  few  years  ago,  but  has  quite  disappeared.  P.  purpuralis,  which 
was  formerly  scarce  there,  has  become  very  common.  P.  ostrinalis  has 
been  found  at  Brentwood  by  Mr.  Raynor.  Herbula  cespitalis  is  generally 
distributed,  and  is  occasionally  very  common  at  Donyland  and  St.  Osyth. 
Ennychia  nlgrata  (anguinalis,  Hb.)  was  taken  at  Epping  by  Mr.  Double- 
day.  E.  octomaculata  is  reported  by  Mr.  Whittle  to  be  rare  near  South- 
end.  Endotricba  jlammealis  is  common  at  Colchester,  and  probably  far 
from  rare  generally. 

BOTYD^E 

Eurrbypara  urticata  abounds  among  nettle.  Scapula  lutealis  is  rare, 
but  has  been  found  at  Epping  by  Mr.  Doubleday  and  at  Pitsea  by  Mr. 
Whittle.  S.  olivalis  and  S.  prunalis  are  common.  S.ferrugalis  has  a  wide 
distribution,  but  is  far  from  common  ;  it  has  been  found  at  Colchester, 
Maldon,  and  in  the  Southend  and  St.  Osyth  districts.  Botys  pandalis  has 
also  been  taken  at  Southend.  B.  ruralis  (verticalis,  Schiff.)  abounds  among 
nettles.  B.fuscalis  is  common  among  Melampyrum.  Ebulea  crocealis  occurs 
freely  among  Inula.  E.  verbascalis  is  sometimes  common  among  Teucrium. 
S.  sambucalis  abounds  among  elder.  E.  stachydalis  is  not  rare  on  the  boulder 
clay  near  Colchester.  Spilodes  sticticalis  can  scarcely  be  considered  a  native, 
and  only  two  specimens  are  recorded  :  one  at  Colchester  in  1868  and  one 
at  Hazeleigh  in  1 900.  S.  palealis  became  generally  common  in  north 
Essex — where  it  had  not  previously  been  seen — about  1875—6,  but  totally 
disappeared  after  a  brief  period.  In  1898  Mr.  Laver  noticed  some  larva? 
on  the  southern  coast  of  the  county,  and  the  following  year  Mr.  Whittle 
obtained  some  near  Southend.  In  1900  the  species  again  made  its 
appearance  in  the  north,  a  single  moth  and  a  number  of  larvas  being 
found  near  Clacton-on-Sea,  and  in  1901  Mr.  Fitch  took  it  at  Burn- 
ham.  S.  verticalis  (cinctalis,  Tr.),  though  not  very  common,  is  widely 

164 


INSECTS 

distributed  in  corn  and  clover  fields.  Pionea  forficalis  is  a  common 
garden  insect.  Qrobena  straminalis  (sframenfa/is,  Hb.)  is  extremely  local, 
but  is  found  in  small  numbers  at  West  Bergholt.  Perinephele  lancealis 
was  formerly  far  from  scarce  at  Langham  Lodge  Wood,  and  has 
occurred  at  Southend  and  St.  Osyth. 

HYDROCAMPIDiE 

Cataclysta  lemnata  abounds  everywhere  on  duckweed.  Paraponyx 
stratiotata  is  local  and  seems  scarce  ;  Mr.  Howard  Vaughan  records  it 
from  Leigh,  and  it  is  occasionally  found  at  Colchester.  Hydrocampa 
nymphctata  and  H.  stagnata  are  widely  distributed  and  frequently  common. 

ACENTROPODID^E 
Acentropus  niveus  has  occurred  at  Colchester,  but  is  not  often  seen. 

PTEROPHORI  (Plumt  Moths) 

CHRYSOCORIDID^E 

Chrysocoris  festa liella  is  recorded  from  the  slopes  near  Hadleigh  Castle 
by  Mr.  Howard  Vaughan,  and  from  Brentwood  by  Mr.  Raynor. 

PTEROPHORIDiE 

Agdistis  bennetii  is  found  on  all  the  salt  marshes  of  the  county  among 
sea  lavender.  Cneemidophorus  rbododactylus  was  formerly  taken  at  Lough- 
ton  by  Mr.  Machin.  Platyptilia  ochrodactyla  is  found  at  Colchester  among 
tansy,  and  Mr.  Burrows  has  taken  it  rather  freely  at  Mucking.  P. 
bertrami  also  occurs  among  yarrow  in  the  same  localities.  P.  gonodactyla 
(trigonodactyla,  Haw.  ?)  is  generally  common  among  coltsfoot.  Amblyptilia 
acantbodactyla  is  recorded  from  Leigh  by  Mr.  Howard  Vaughan,  and  is 
occasionally  found  at  Colchester  among  Ononis,  Stacbys,  Galeopsis  and 
other  plants.  Mimaseoptilus  pheeodactylus  has  been  found  at  Witham  by 
Mr.  Cansdale.  M.  bipunctidactyla  is  generally  common.  M.  zophodactylus 
(/oweii,  Zell.)  has  been  found  at  Leigh  and  Shoeburyness  by  Messrs.  Howard 
Vaughan  and  Whittle.  M.  pterodactylus  (fuscus,  Retz.)  is  common  in  many 
places.  (Edematophorus  litbodactylus  was  formerly  found  freely  in  the  north 
of  the  county  among  Inu/a,  but  has  been  absent  in  recent  years.  Ptero- 
phorus  monodactylus  (pterodactyla^  Hb.)  is  very  common.  Leioptilus  lieni- 
gianus  is  found  at  Colchester  and  in  south  Essex.  L.  tephradactylus  has 
been  taken  near  Southend.  Aciptilia  galactodactyla  is  frequently  found 
among  burdock.  A.  pen tada c tyla — often  called  by  the  Colchester  children 
'  the  angel ' — is  common  everywhere. 

ALUCITIDjE 

Alucita  hexadactyla  (polydactyla,  Hb.)  is  common,  and  is  frequently 
found  on  windows  in  the  spring. 

CRAMBl 
CUILIDJE 

Chilo  pbragmitellus  is  common  at  Southend  and  Pitsea.  Scbaenobius 
forficellus  is  common  at  Wanstead,  and  has  been  captured  near  Braintree 

165 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

and  Colchester.     S.  gigantellus  is  included  in  Mr.  Vaughan's  list  of  the 

Lepidoptera  of  Leigh. 

CRAMBID^E 

Platytes  cerussellus  is  very  abundant  on  the  coast.  Crambus  falsellus 
is  scarce  at  Colchester,  and  has  been  found  at  Hazeleigh  and  Leigh.  C. 
pratellus  and  C.  pascuellus  are  generally  common.  C.  pinellus  is  usually 
scarce,  but  was  common  for  a  couple  of  years  on  a  derelict  farm  at 
Colchester  ;  it  is  also  found  at  Danbury  and  Hazeleigh.  C.  latistrius 
was  once  taken  by  Dr.  Wallace  at  St.  Osyth.  C.  perlellus  is  common 
generally ;  its  variety  warringtonellus  occurs  near  Brightlingsea.  C.  selasellus 
is  found  sparingly  in  several  coast  localities.  C.  tristellus  is  abundant. 
C.fascelinellusvfas  once  taken  at  Dovercourt  (W.  H.  H.).  C.  inquinatellus 
is  common.  C.  contaminellus  (salinellus,  Tutt.)  has  been  found  in  marshes 
near  Southend  by  Dr.  Chapman,  Mr.  Whittle  and  others.  C.  geniculeus 
and  C.  culmellus  are  common.  C.  chrysonucbellus  occurs  at  Epping  and 
Loughton.  C.  hortuellus  abounds  everywhere. 

PHYCID^E 

Anerastia  lotella  is  plentiful  on  the  coast  sands.  Ilithyia  semirubella 
(carnella^  Lin.)  was  once  taken  at  Nightingale  Hall  near  Halstead  by  the 
late  Mr.  S.  R.  Bentall  in  1872.  Myelophila  cribrum  is  common  on  the 
coast,  and  while  much  of  the  land  remained  out  of  cultivation,  extended 
its  range  many  miles  inland.  Nyctegretes  achatinella  is  scarce,  but  was 
once  bred  in  some  numbers  from  larvae  found  at  St.  Osyth.  Homaeosoma 
sinuella  is  widely  distributed  and  by  no  means  scarce.  H.  nimbella  is  re- 
corded by  Mr.  Vaughan  from  Leigh.  H.  nebulella  is  scarce,  but  is  some- 
times found  at  Southend  and  St.  Osyth.  H.  bincruella  occurs  in  many 
coast  localities.  H.  senecionis  is  an  erratic  species,  but  when  found  is 
occasionally  common.  Epbestia  elutella  is  local,  but  sometimes  common 
about  old  clover  stacks  ;  it  was  very  abundant  at  Stanway  in  1 900.  E. 
semirufa  has  been  taken  at  Hazeleigh  and  Leigh.  E.  kuhniella^  a  com- 
paratively recent  introduction  from  abroad,  was  found  in  great  numbers 
in  a  bakery  at  Leytonstone  by  Mr.  Cooper.  Euzopbera  pinguis  is  found 
sparingly  at  Colchester  about  old  ash  trees.  Cryptoblabes  bistriga  is  re- 
ported from  Southend,  and  is  frequently  taken  at  Colchester  and  St.  Osyth. 
Gymnancyla  canella  is  very  local  and  uncertain,  but  has  been  occasionally 
found  near  Clacton-on-Sea.  Pbycis  betulce  is  sparingly  distributed  among 
birch  at  Leigh  and  in  several  woods  about  Colchester.  P.fusca  (car- 
bonariella,  Fisch.)  has  been  found  at  Brentwood  by  Mr.  Raynor  and  at 
Southend  by  Mr.  Thurnall.  P.  adornatella  was  taken  at  Loughton  by 
Mr.  Machin.  Nephopteryx  spissicella  (roborella,  Zinck.)  is  frequently 
found  in  oak  woods.  N.  rhenella  (adelphella^  Stainton)  is  rare  and  local, 
and  has  only  been  found  in  the  Colchester  district  and  at  Hazeleigh. 
Pempelia  palumbella  occurs  at  Epping  and  Loughton.  Rbodophcea  formosa 
is  fairly  common  among  elm  near  Colchester  and  probably  elsewhere. 
R.  comociella  occurs  freely  among  oak.  R.  advenella  is  frequently  found 
among  hawthorn.  R.  marmorea  is  found  sparingly  at  Leigh.  R.  suavei/a 

1 66 


INSECTS 

has  a  wide  range  in  north  Essex,  and  Mr.  Vaughan  records  it  as  '  uncom- 
mon '  at  Leigh.  R.  tumidella  is  found  among  oak,  occasionally  in  some 
numbers.  R.  rubrotibiella  (tumidana,  Schiff.)  is  rare,  and  has  only  been 
taken  by  Mr.  Raynor  at  Hazeleigh. 

GALLERIDjE 

Galleria  mellonella  (cereana,  Lin.)  is  found  in  the  Colchester  and 
Maldon  districts  ;  it  feeds  on  the  comb  in  beehives.  Aphomla  sociella 
is  generally  common.  Achrcea  grisella  (a/vearie//a,  Gn.)  occurs  at  Col- 
chester and  Hazeleigh,  and  is  probably  only  too  well  known  to  bee- 
keepers throughout  the  county. 

TORT  RICES 
TORTRICID/E 

Tortrix  podana  is  common.  T.  piceana  is  scarce,  and  has  only  been 
found  at  Brentwood  by  Mr.  Raynor.  T.  cratagana  is  far  from  common 
at  Colchester  and  St.  Osyth.  T.  xylosteana  is  abundant  everywhere.  T. 
sorbiana  is  of  general  occurrence,  but  is  not  very  common.  T.  rosana  is 
extremely  common.  T.  druersana  is  found  among  elm  at  Colchester.  T. 
cinnamomeana  was  taken  at  Loughton  by  Mr.  Machin,  and  does  not  seem 
to  be  found  in  other  districts.  T.  heparana  and  T.  ribeana  are  common. 
T.  corylana  occurs  at  Southend,  Colchester  and  St.  Osyth,  but  is  not  an 
abundant  species.  T.  unifasciana  is  common  everywhere.  CT.  semialbana 
is  local  and  scarce.  T.  costana  and  its  variety  latiorana  and  T.  viburnana 
are  found  on  the  salt  marshes  at  Southend  and  St.  Osyth.  T.  viridana 
and  T.  ministrana  are  common  everywhere.  T.  forsterana  is  somewhat 
scarce  and  local,  but  is  found  at  Colchester,  Hazeleigh  and  Leigh. 
Dicbelia  grotiana  is  found  in  the  same  localities  as  the  last,  and  also  at 
Brentwood.  Leptogramma  literana  and  L.  scabrana  occur  sparingly  at 
Colchester,  and  the  latter  was  taken  at  Stratford  by  Mr.  Machin.  Peronea 
sponsana  is  widely  distributed  but  not  very  common.  P.  rufana  has  been 
captured  at  Leigh  by  Mr.  Whittle.  P.  mixtana  was  found  at  Hainault 
by  Mr.  Machin.  P.  scballeriana  and  P.  comparand  have  occurred  sparingly 
at  Colchester.  P.  variegana  is  very  common.  P.  cristana  seems  to  be 
confined  to  Epping  and  Hainault.  P.  bastiana  is  found  everywhere 
among  sallow  and  osier.  P.  umbrana  is  also  recorded  from  Epping  and 
Hainault.  P.  ferrugana  is  not  scarce  among  birch.  P.  aspersana  is 
frequently  common  in  strawberry  beds  at  Colchester.  Rhacodia  caudana, 
Teras  contaminana^  Dictyopteryx  Iceflingiana,  D.  holmiana,  D.  bergmanniana, 
D.  forskaleana^  Argyrotoxa  conivayana  and  Ptycholoma  lecheana  are  gene- 
rally common. 

PENTHINID.E 

Ditula  hartmanniana  is  rare  at  Colchester  and  is  recorded  by  Mr. 
Machin  from  Temple  Mills.  D.  semifasciana  has  been  found  at  Haze- 
leigh, Saffron  Walden  and  St.  Osyth.  Pentbina  corticana  (picana,  Fr5l.) 
and  P.  betulatana  are  widely  distributed  among  birch.  P.  capraana 
occurs  at  Colchester  and  St.  Osyth.  P.  sororculana  (pralongana,  Gn.)  is 

167 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

found  at  rest  on  birch  trunks,  but  is  not  common.  P.  pruniana  is 
extremely  abundant.  P.  ochroleucana  is  said  to  be  common  at  Leigh,  but 
is  not  often  taken  at  Colchester.  P.  vanegana  (cynosbatella,  Wilk.)  is 
plentiful  in  hedges.  P.  dimidiana  is  an  Epping  species.  P.  gentiana  is 
of  general  occurrence  among  teazle.  P.  sellana  occurs  in  the  Leigh 
district.  P.  marginana  is  found  at  Saffron  Walden  and  Southend.  P. 
fuligana  has  been  captured  by  Mr.  Raynor  at  Brentwood.  Antithesia 
salicella  has  been  taken  at  Colchester,  where  it  is  very  rare. 

SPILONOTID^E 

Hedya  ocellana  abounds  everywhere.  H.  pauperana  has  only  been 
taken  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Jeffrey  and  Mr.  W.  Warren  at  Saffron  Walden. 
H.  aceriana  and  H.  dealbana  are  common.  H.  neglectana  has  been  taken 
at  Wanstead  Flats,  Temple  Mills  and  near  Southend.  H.  seruillana  is 
found  at  Colchester,  Loughton  and  St.  Osyth  among  sallow.  H.  simplana 
is  rare  among  aspen,  but  has  been  found  at  Colchester.  Spilonota  incar- 
natana  occurs  at  Epping.  S.  trimaculana  (suffusana,  Zell.),  S.  roscecolana^ 
S.  roborana  and  Pardia  tripunctana  are  generally  common. 

SERICORID^E 

Aspis  udmanniana  occurs  everywhere  among  bramble.  Sideria  acha- 
tana  is  found  sparingly  among  whitethorn  at  Colchester.  5.  littoralis  is 
common  in  the  salt  marshes  among  thrift.  S.  cespitana  is  found  at 
Loughton,  S.  rivulana  (concbana,  Hb.)  at  Wanstead.  S.  urticaria  and 
S.  lacunana  are  common  everywhere.  Roxana  arcuana  is  local  but 
abounds  in  some  woods,  and  is  now  common  in  the  High  Woods  at 
Colchester,  where  a  few  years  ago  it  was  never  seen.  Euchromia 
purpurana  has  been  taken  at  Hazeleigh,  Leigh,  Walton-on-the-Naze  and 
St.  Osyth,  but  is  always  scarce.  Orthotcenia  striana  is  found  sparingly  at 
Colchester  and  Brightlingsea,  and  more  commonly  at  Leigh.  O.  bran- 
deriana  occurs  in  many  woods  among  aspen.  O.  ericetana  is  scarce  and 
local,  but  has  been  captured  at  Colchester,  Brentwood  and  Hazeleigh. 

SCIAPHILID/E 

Phtheochroa  rugosana  is  frequently  found  in  the  larva  state  in  briony 
berries,  but  is  difficult  to  rear  and  the  perfect  insect  is  not  common. 
Cnephasia  politana  (lepidana^  Curt.)  is  rare  in  the  county.  Mr.  Whittle 
once  took  it  at  Benfleet.  C.  musculana  and  Sciapbila  nubilana  are  common. 
S.  conspersana  (perterana,  Gn.)  is  recorded  from  Leigh  by  Mr.  Vaughan. 
S.  subjectana  and  S.  virgaureana  are  common.  S.  pascuana  has  been  taken 
at  Brentwood  by  Mr.  Raynor.  S.  chrysantheana  occurs  sparingly  at  Col- 
chester. S.  hybrldana  is  not  uncommon  near  Colchester  and  at  Southend. 
Sphaleroptera  ictericana  abounds  on  the  coast  and  Capua  favillaceana  is 
common  in  woods. 

GRAPHOLITHID.E 

Bactra  lanceolana  is  often  abundant  in  damp  places  among  rushes. 
B.  furfurana  was  taken  at  Temple  Mills  by  Mr.  Machin.  Phoxopteryx 

1 68 


INSECTS 

siculana  is  found  in  woods  in  the  Colchester  district.  P.  uncana  has  been 
taken  at  Brentwood  by  Mr.  Raynor  and  at  Epping  and  Loughton  by  Mr. 
Machin.  P.  biarcuana  has  also  been  found  at  Loughton  by  Mr.  Thur- 
nall.  P.  lundana  is  found  everywhere.  P.  diminutana  is  very  local  and 
uncommon  at  St.  Osyth.  P.  mitterpacheriana  is  widely  distributed  and 
fairly  common  among  birch.  P.  upupana  is  scarce  and  local  ;  it  is  found 
at  Colchester  and  St.  Osyth.  P.  lactana  occurs  rather  freely  among 
aspen.  Grapbolitba  ramella  is  generally  distributed  among  birch.  G. 
nisella  has  been  found  at  St.  Osyth,  Wanstead  Flats  and  Pitsea  among 
sallow,  but  does  not  seem  to  be  as  common  in  the  county  as  elsewhere. 
G.  cineraria  is  very  common  on  the  boles  of  large  aspens  in  the  Tendring 
Hundred.  G.  nigromaculana  occurs  sparingly  at  Leigh  and  St.  Osyth. 
G.  subocellana  is  very  common  among  sallow.  G.  minutana  is  found 
among  poplars  at  Colchester.  G.  trimaculana  and  G.  penkleriana  are 
common.  G.  obtusana  is  found  in  small  numbers  at  Colchester,  Southend 
and  St.  Osyth.  G.  nce'vana  is  abundant  among  holly  everywhere.  Pblceodes 
tetraquetrana  is  very  common.  P.  immundana  and  P.  demarniana  are 
found  sparingly  at  Brentwood  and  St.  Osyth,  and  the  latter  has  also  been 
taken  at  Leigh.  Hypermecia  cruciana  and  Batodes  angustiorana  are  gene- 
rally common.  Pcedisca  bilunana  is  frequently  met  with  among  birch. 
P.  oppressana  is  found  on  black  poplar  at  Colchester  and  Hazeleigh.  P. 
rufimitrana  has  once  been  taken  at  Dovercourt  (W.  H.  H.).  P.  corticana 
abounds  on  tree  trunks  in  woods.  P.  profundana  is  widely  distributed 
and  has  been  reported  common  at  Leigh,  but  seems  to  be  scarce  else- 
where. P.  ophthalmicana  may  be  found  at  rest  on  aspens  at  St.  Osyth, 
but  is  not  common.  P.  solandriana,  P.  semifuscana  and  P.  sordidana  have 
all  been  taken  somewhat  freely  at  Colchester.  Ephippiphora  similana 
(bimaculana,  Don.)  is  found  sparingly  at  Colchester,  Brentwood  and 
Wanstead.  E.  cirsiana  and  E.  pjiugiana  occur  among  thistles,  the  former 
being  by  far  the  commoner  and  more  widely  distributed.  E.  brunnichiana 
is  very  common  among  coltsfoot.  E.  inopiana  occurs  at  Colchester,  and 
is  reported  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Southend  by  Mr.  Vaughan  and 
Mr.  Machin.  E.  fcenella  seems  always  to  be  found  among  mugwort. 
E.  nigricostana  has  occurred  at  Colchester,  Brentwood  and  Epping.  E. 
signatana  has  been  recorded  for  Epping.  E.  trigeminana,  though  rather 
local,  is  frequently  found  among  ragwort.  E.  tetragonana  is  scarce,  but 
has  been  taken  at  Epping,  Leigh  and  St.  Osyth.  E.  populana  occurs 
sparingly  at  Colchester  and  Hazeleigh.  E.  obscurana  was  reported  as 
scarce  at  Leigh  by  Mr.  Vaughan,  and  has  also  been  captured  at  Epping. 
Semasia  spiniana  and  S.  ianthinana  are  found  at  Epping,  and  the  latter  has 
also  occurred  at  Southend.  S.  rufillana  is  common  among  wild  carrot 
everywhere.  5.  ivaeberiana  is  too  frequently  met  with  among  fruit  trees, 
to  which  its  larva?,  which  feed  on  the  inner  bark,  do  a  great  deal  of 
damage.  Coccyx  splendidulana  is  found  sparingly  at  Colchester  and 
Southend.  C.  argyrana  is  very  common  everywhere  on  oak  trees,  and 
C.  tadella  (hyrciniana,  Uslar)  on  spruce.  Heusimene  jimbriana  is  occa- 
sionally taken  at  Colchester,  where  it  is  scarce.  Retinia  buoliana,  R. 

\  169  22 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

pinicolana  and  R.  pinivorana  are  found  in  the  Colchester  district  and 
probably  throughout  the  county  on  Scotch  fir.  Carpocapsa  splendidana 
occurs  among  oak  everywhere.  C.  grossana  is  found  among  beech  at 
Brentwood.  C.  pomonella,  the  well  known  '  Codling  Moth,'  is  much  too 
common  in  the  larva  state  in  *  maggot-eaten '  apples  and  pears.  Opadia 
funebrana  takes  a  heavy  toll  of  the  plum  crop  most  seasons.  Endopisa 
nigricana  is  another  injurious  species  which  in  the  larva  state  is  found  in 
the  pods  of  peas.  Stigmonota  leguminana,  which  is  extremely  rare,  S. 
perlepidana  and  S.  internana  are  found  at  Epping  and  the  last  named  at 
Stanway.  S.  compositella  is  frequently  very  common  in  clover  fields.  S. 
nitidana  and  S.  fexana  (iveirana,  Doug.)  occur  sparingly  at  Colchester 
and  also  at  Epping.  S.  regiana  is  of  general  occurrence  among  sycamore, 
and  S.  roseticolana  among  wild  rose.  S.  germarana  has  been  taken  at 
Epping.  Dicrorampba  politana  and  D.  alpinana  are  found  at  Colchester, 
Brentwood  and  Loughton.  D.  sequana  is  common  at  Colchester  and 
Leigh.  D.  petiverella  abounds  everywhere.  D.  plumbana  occurs  at 
Brentwood  and  Southend.  D.  saturnana  is  also  taken  at  Southend.  D. 
plumbagana  is  very  common  among  vetches.  D.  acuminatana  has  been 
captured  at  Leigh  and  Colchester.  D.  simpliciana  is  found  somewhat 
freely  about  Artemesia  vu/garis.  D.  tanaceti  is  common  at  Colchester 
among  tansy.  D.  consortana  was  obtained  on  the  '  Essex  salt  marshes ' 
by  Mr.  Machin.  Pyrodes  rheedlella  is  generally  common.  Catoptria 
albersana  is  found  at  Dedham,  Danbury  and  Southend.  C.  ulicetana 
abounds  everywhere  among  furze.  C.  Juliana  is  scarce  at  Dedham  and 
Southend.  C.  nimbana  has  occurred  in  Epping  Forest,  where  Mr.  Thur- 
nall  has  taken  it  sparingly.  C.  microgrammana  is  rare,  and  has  only  been 
recorded  from  Leigh  by  Mr.  Vaughan.  C.  hypericana  is  found  commonly 
among  Hypericum  and  C.  cana  on  thistles.  C.  candidulana  (ivimmerana, 
Wilk.)  occurs  among  Artemesia  maritima  on  the  coast  at  Southend  and 
St.  Osyth.  C.  scopoliana  (bobenwarthiana,  Gn.)  is  abundant  among 
Centaurea  nigra.  C.  cacimaculana  has  been  taken  at  Leigh  and  St.  Osyth. 
C.  conterminana  is  occasionally  found  among  lettuce  at  Colchester  and 
Leigh.  C.  cemulana  was  captured  at  Eastwood  near  Southend  among 
golden  rod  by  Mr.  Whittle.  C.  tripoliana  (Bar.)  is  periodically  common 
among  Aster  tripolium^  but  has  not  been  found  in  north  Essex  recently. 
C.  expallidana  has  been  captured  at  Leigh  by  Mr.  Vaughan  and  at  Ben- 
fleet  by  Mr.  Whittle.  C,  citrana  occurs  at  Southend  and  on  Canvey 
Island.  C.  pupillana  is  recorded  from  Essex  in  Stanton's  Manual.  Try- 
cheris  aurana  is  frequently  found  on  Angelica  flowers. 

PYRALOIDID^E 

Choreutes  myllerana  has  been  taken  at  Temple  Mills  by  Mr.  Machin, 
who  has  also  taken  Symcethis  pariana  at  Loughton.  S.  oxyacanthella 
(fabriciana,  St.)  abounds  everywhere  among  nettle. 

CONCHYLIDJE 

Eupaecilia  nana  has  a  wide  range  among  birch.  E.  dubitana  occurs 
near  Southend  and  at  Temple  Mills.  E.  atricapitana  is  also  found  at 

170 


INSECTS 

Southend.  E.  maculosana  abounds  among  wild  hyacinth.  E.  bybridella 
has  been  captured  at  Colchester,  Leigh  and  Witham.  E.  ambiguella 
finds  a  place  here  on  the  authority  of  Meyrick's  Handbook.  E.  angustana 
is  not  uncommon  in  many  districts.  E.  affinitana  and  E.  vecfisana  are 
generally  distributed  in  the  salt  marshes.  E.  udana  has  been  taken  at 
Temple  Mills  and  St.  Osyth.  E.  notulana  was  once  met  with  at  Leigh, 
where  E.  roseana  is  common.  The  latter  species  is  also  found  at  Haze- 
leigh.  E.  ciliella  is  plentiful  among  cowslip  at  Aldham.  Xanthosetia 
zoegana  occurs  sparingly  in  many  places.  X.  bamana  abounds  everywhere 
among  thistles.  Cbrosis  alcella  (tesserana,  Tr.)  is  of  common  occurrence 
on  the  coast,  and  has  been  taken  freely  at  Colchester  and  Witham.  C. 
bifasciana  (audouinana,  Dup.)  is  rare  and  local,  and  has  only  been  recorded 
from  Epping  and  Wanstead.  Lobesia  re/iguana  is  probably  in  all  wooded 
districts.  Argyrolepia  hartmanniana  (baumanniana,  Schiff.),  a  very  local 
species,  has  occurred  at  Eastwood,  Epping  and  Layer-de-la-Haye.  A. 
zephyrana  is  rather  common  among  wild  carrot.  A.  maritimana  is  scarce 
and  local  on  the  coast  sands,  where  much  of  its  food  plant — the  beautiful 
sea  holly — has  disappeared  with  the  growth  of  the  seaside  watering 
places.  A.  badiana  is  found  among  burdock  and  A.  cnicana  among 
thistles  at  Colchester  and  St.  Osyth.  A.  eeneana  occurs  sparingly  in  the 
Southend  district,  where  also  Concbylis  dipoltella  and  C.  francillana  arc 
found.  C.  smeathmaniana  and  C.  straminea  occur  at  Colchester.  C. 
alternana  is  said  to  be  an  Essex  species  in  Meyrick's  Handbook. 

APHELIID^ 

Tortricodes  hyemana  is  very  abundant  in  all  oak  woods  in  the  early 
months  of  the  year. 

TINE^E 

The  insects  belonging  to  this  group  have  so  far  received  consider- 
ably less  attention  than  those  already  dealt  with,  and  doubtless  many 
additions  will  be  made  to  the  following  list  when  the  entire  county  has 
been  thoroughly  and  systematically  explored. 

EPIGRAPHIIDJE 

Lemnatophila  pbryganella  is  somewhat  common  in  oak  woods  in 
November,  and  is  widely  distributed.  Dasystoma  salicella  is  very  local, 
but  is  found  at  Brentwood  and  Dedham.  Exapate  congelatella  occurs  at 
Loughton.  Diurnea  fagella  is  abundant  everywhere.  Semioscopus  avel- 
lanella  is  scarce  at  Hazeleigh,  Southend  and  St.  Osyth.  Epigraphia 
steinkellneriana  is  generally  distributed  but  is  not  very  common. 

PSYCHID./E 

Talteporia  pseudo-bombycella  is  fairly  common  in  woods.  Epicb- 
nopteryx  pulla  is  often  plentiful  on  the  coast,  and  is  found  in  many  inland 
localities.  E.  reticella  is  very  local,  but  is  obtained  by  Mr.  Whittle  in 
the  Southend  marshes.  Fumea  crassiorella  has  been  taken  by  Mr. 
Burrows  at  Rainham.  F.  betulina  is  stated  in  Meyrick's  Handbook  to 
occur  in  the  county.  F.  intermediella  is  common  everywhere,  and 
Solenobia  inconspicuella  is  reported  from  Brentwood  by  Mr.  Raynor. 

171 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

TINEID^E 

Diplodoma  marginepunctella^  Xysmatodoma  melanella  and  Ochsen- 
beimeria  birdella  have  been  taken  at  Colchester,  and  the  last  has  also 
occurred  at  Shoeburyness.  O.  bisontella^  O.  vacu/e//a,  Scardia  boleti  and 
S.  corticella  have  been  found  at  Epping,  and  the  two  latter  at  Colchester. 
S.  para sitella  was  common  in  Donyland  Wood  in  1898.  S.  granella,  S. 
cloacella,  S.  arcella,  Blabophanes  ferruginella,  B.  rusticella  and  Tinea 
tapetzella  are  all  more  or  less  common.  T.  albipunctella  and  T.  capri- 
mulgella  are  local  but  have  occurred  at  Colchester.  T.  misella  has  been 
taken  at  Shenfield  by  Mr.  Raynor.  T.  pellionella  and  T.  fmcipunctella 
are  of  general  occurrence.  T.  argentimaculella  has  been  found  at  Epping 
and  Colchester,  T.  pallescentella  at  Colchester.  T.  lapella  is  generally 
common,  and  T.  semifuhella  is  found  sparingly  at  Colchester  and  Haze- 
leigh.  Tineola  biselliella,  Lampronia  quadripunctella  and  L,  luzella  have 
been  captured  at  Southend.  L.  preelatella  is  found  at  Brentwood,  L. 
rubiella  at  Colchester,  and  Incuruaria  muscalella  abounds  everywhere. 
/.  pec  tinea  and  /.  oehlmanniella  are  by  no  means  uncommon.  /.  capitella 
is  occasionally  taken  at  Colchester  among  currant.  Micropteryx  calthella^ 
M.  aruncella,  M.  sepella,  M.  thunbergella  and  M.  purpurella  are  common. 
M.  kaltenbachii  (Stt.)  is  given  as  an  Essex  species  in  Meyrick's  Handbook. 
M.  semipurpurella  and  M.  sparmannella  occur  at  Colchester,  M.  subpur- 
purella  is  found  everywhere  among  oak.  Nemopbora  sivammerdammella 
and  N.  scbwarziella  abound  in  woods. 

ADELIDJE 

Adela  jibulella  and  A.  rufimitrella  have  a  wide  range  in  the  Col- 
chester district,  where  A.  crcesella  is  scarce  and  local.  A.  degeerella  and 
A.  viridella  abound  everywhere.  Nematois  cupriacellus  is  found  at  Col- 
chester, Epping  and  St.  Osyth.  N.  fasciellus  is  by  no  means  scarce 
among  Ballota  nigra  at  Colchester. 

HYPONOMEUTIDjE 

Sivammerdammia  combine  Ha,  S.  ccesiella,  S.  lutarea,  S.  oxyacanthella 
and  S.  pyrella  are  all  more  or  less  common  and  have  a  wide  distribution. 
S.  spiniella  was  taken  at  Brentwood  by  Mr.  Raynor.  Scythropia  cratagella 
is  found  sparingly  at  Benfleet  and  Leigh,  and  more  commonly  at  Stan- 
way  and  Colchester.  Hyponomeuta  'vigintipunctatus  was  formerly  taken  in 
some  numbers  at  Colchester  and  Witham,  but  has  been  looked  for  vainly 
in  recent  years.1  H.  plumbellus  is  frequently  found  among  spindle  at  Col- 
chester, and  has  also  occurred  at  Prittlewell.  H.  padellus  and  H.  cagna- 
gellus  are  very  common.  H.  evonymellus  was  once  obtained  on  the  seashore 
at  St.  Osyth.  Prays  curtisellus  is  generally  distributed  among  ash. 

PLUTELLIDjE 

Eidopbasia  messingiella  was  captured  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Jeffrey  at  Saffron 
Walden.  Plutella  cruciferarum  abounds  throughout  the  county.  P. 
porrectella  is  common  among  Hesperis  matronalis  at  Colchester,  and  Mr. 

1  This  species  again  occurred  at  Colchester  in  1901 . 
172 


INSECTS 

Whittle  sometimes  finds  it  at  Southend.      Cerostoma  vitte//a,  C.  radiatella, 

C.  costella  and  C.  sylvella  are  very  generally  distributed.     The  scarce  and 
local  C.  alpella  has  been  captured  by  Mr.  Warren  at  Wanstead  and  by 
Mr.  Whittle  at  Southend.      C.  lucella  and   C.  horridella  are  also  scarce. 
Both  have  been  taken  at  Brentwood  by  Mr.  Raynor,  and  the  latter  hai 
also  been  found  at  Colchester,  Loughton  and  Woodham  Ferris.     Har- 
pipteryx  scabrella  occurs  in  Epping  Forest,  H.  nemorella  is  found  sparingly 
at  Colchester  and  Southend,  and  H.  xylostella  commonly  among  honey- 
suckle in  many  places.      Tberistis  mucronella^  though  far  from  common, 
is  frequently  found  at  Colchester,  Hazeleigh  and  Saffron  Walden  among 
spindle. 

GELECHIID/E 

Orthotelia  sparganella  is  not  uncommon  at  Wanstead,  and  Henicostoma 
lobelia  in  the  Colchester  and  Maldon  districts.  Phibalocera  quercana 
abounds  among  oak,  Depressaria  costosa  and  D.jtavella  are  generally  dis- 
tributed, D.  umbellana  has  been  taken  somewhat  freely  at  West  Bergholt 
and  St.  Osyth.  D.  assimilella  and  D.  scopariella  are  locally  common 
among  broom.  D.  atomella  has  been  found  at  Epping  by  Mr.  Machin. 

D.  arene/fa,  D.  propinquella  and  D.  subpropinquella  are  generally  common. 
D.  rbodochrella  has  been  reported  from  Brentwood  by  Mr.  Raynor.     D. 
alitrcemeriana   is   plentiful  among  hemlock  at   Colchester.     D.  purpurea 
has  occurred  at  Hazeleigh  and  Southend.     D.  liturella  is  found  freely 
among  Hypericum,  D.  conterminella  among  osiers,  and  D.  angelicella  has 
frequently   been   noticed   in   the  larva  state   at   St.    Osyth.     D.   cnicella 
occurs  only  on  the  coast  sands.     D.  ocellana  is  frequently  taken  among 
sallow.     D.  yeatiana   is   recorded    from   Southend   and   Hazeleigh.     D. 
applana  is  abundant.     D.  depressella  has  occurred  at  Southchurch  and 
Southend,  D.  albipunctella  at  Hazeleigh,  D,  douglasella  at  Pitsea.     These 
last  three  are  scarce.     D.  chcerophylll  abounds  at  Colchester.     D.  ultimella 
has  been  taken  at  Witham.     D.  badiella  is  found  sparingly  at  Colchester, 
and  D.  beracleana  abundantly  in  all  the  districts.     Psoricoptera  gibbosella 
is  recorded  from  Epping  and  Hainault.      Gelechia  vilella  has  been  taken 
by  Mr.  Warren  at  Shoeburyness.      G.  pinguinella  is  found  on  poplars  at 
Colchester  and  Hazeleigh,  G.  nigra  on  aspens  at  Wanstead,  and  was  once 
taken  at  St.   Osyth.      G.   lentiginosella   is   an  Epping   species   (Stainton's 
Manual}.     G.  ericetella,   G.  mulinella,   G.   sororculella  and    G.  diffinis  are 
generally  common.      G.  rhombella  occurs  at  Colchester ;  G.  scalella  is  not 
scarce  on  oak  trees  in  June.     Brachmia  mouffetella  is  to  be  found  among 
honeysuckle  at  Colchester.     Bryotropba  terre//a,  B.  affinis  and  B.  domestica 
are  very  common  and  widely  distributed.     Lita  maculea  and  L.  tricolorella 
are  somewhat  common.    L.  leucomelanella  has  only  once  been  bred — from 
a  larva  found  at  St.  Osyth.     L.  juncte lla  occurs  at  Epping  and  Hainault 
(Stainton's    Manual).     L,.    obsoletella   was   obtained   in    the   south   Essex 
marshes  by   Mr.   Machin.     L.  atriplicella    and  L.   sueedella  have    been 
taken  at  St.  Osyth.     L.  oce//ate//a,  L.  instabilella  and  L.  salicorniee  are 
also  salt-marsh  insects.      Teleia  proximella  is  generally  common  among 
birch,   T.   notatella   has    been    taken    at  Hockley   by   Mr.    Whittle,   f. 

173 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

bumeralis  at  Epping  by  Mr.  Machin,  T.  -vulgella  is  plentiful  among  haw- 
thorn, T.  luculella  and  T.  scriptella  occur  at  Colchester  and  Southend. 
T.  fugitive  I  la  is  somewhat  common  on  elm  in  various  localities,  T.  sequax 
has  been  found  at  Benfleet,  T.  dodecella  at  Colchester  and  T.  triparella  at 
Hazeleigh.  Recurvaria  leucatella  is  somewhat  common  on  apple  stems 
and  boughs,  R.  nanella  has  occurred  at  Southend  and  Woodham  Mor- 
timer, Pcecilia  nivea  at  Colchester,  P.  albiceps  and  Argyrltis  pictella  have 
been  taken  near  Southend.  Nannodia  hermannella  is  often  found  among 
Chenopodium  at  Colchester.  Apodia  bifractella^  Ptocbeuusa  inopella,  P. 
subocellea  and  Ergatis  brizella  have  all  occurred  in  the  Leigh  district ; 
E.  ericinella  was  obtained  at  Loughton  by  Mr.  Machin,  Dorypbora  lutu- 
lentella  at  Witham  by  Mr.  Cansdale,  Monochroa  tenebrella  is  an  Epping 
species.  Lamprotes  atrella  is  found  at  Saffron  Walden  and  St.  Osyth, 
Anacampsis  albipalpella  at  Loughton,  A.  ligulella  at  St.  Osyth,  A.  vorticella 
at  Colchester,  Brentwood  and  Hazeleigh,  A.  teeniolella  at  Southend  and 
A.  anthyllidella  in  the  Maldon  district.  Tachyptilia  populella  abounds 
everywhere  among  poplar  and  birch.  T.  temerella  was  taken  at  Epping 
by  Mr.  Machin.  Bracbycrossata  dnerella  and  Ceratopbora  rufescens  are 
widely  distributed.  C.  inornatella  has  occurred  among  reeds  at  Benfleet, 
and  Cladodes  gerronella  at  Colchester  and  Epping.  Parasia  lappella  is 
found  at  Benfleet,  Cleodora  cytisella  at  Epping,  Colchester  and  Witham. 
Chelaria  hilbnerella  is  sometimes  common  at  St.  Osyth.  Anarsia  spartiella 
is  frequently  found  among  broom  at  Stanway,  Haplota  palpella  is  recorded 
from  Hainault,  Sophronia  parenthesella  from  Brentwood  and  Southend, 
and  Pleurota  bicostella  from  Epping.  Harpella  geoffrella  and  Dasycera 
sulphurella  are  common  everywhere.  D.  olfaierella  is  widely  distributed 
and  not  scarce  in  the  Colchester  district,  where  also  (Ecophora  minutella^ 
(E.  fulviguttella,  (E.  tripuncta  and  (E.  angustella  are  to  be  met  with. 
The  rare  and  local  (E.  formosella  has  occurred  at  Wanstead.  (E.  lunaris 
is  reported  from  many  districts,  the  scarce  (E.  lambdella  from  Epping 
and  Colchester,  (E.  tinctella  from  Hazeleigh  ;  while  (E.  panzere//a,  (E. 
unitella  and  (E.  Jlavifrontella  have  an  extensive  range  in  the  county. 
(E.  fuscescens  has  been  taken  at  Epping  and  Hazeleigh.  (E.  pseudo- 
spretella  is  a  pest  everywhere.  (Ecogenia  quadripunctata  and  Endrosis 
fenestrella  are  generally  common.  Butalis  grandipennis  is  extremely  local, 
but  has  been  taken  in  some  plenty  at  Wanstead.  The  rare  B.  cicadella 
was  obtained  at  Southend  by  Mr.  S.  Stevens.  B.  chenopodiella  is  found 
among  Chenopodium  at  Colchester  and  Wanstead,  and  the  local  Pancalia 
latreillella  occasionally  occurs  at  St.  Osyth. 

GLYPHIPTERYGID.ffi 

Roslerstammia  erxlebenella  is  not  uncommon  among  lime  at  Col- 
chester, Glypbipteryx  fuscoviridella  abounds  everywhere,  G.  thrasonella, 
G.  equitella  and  G.  fischeriella  are  found  at  Colchester,  and  Perittia  obscure- 
punctella  and  Heliozele  sericiella  at  Epping  and  Brentwood. 

ARGYRESTHIIDjE 

Argyrestbia  epbippella  and  A.  nitidella  are  generally  common.     A. 

174 


INSECTS 

semite  stacella  occurs  at  Epping,  A.  spiniella  at  Southend,  A.  albistria, 
A.  conjuge//a,  A.  semifusca,  A.  mendica,  A.  glaucinella  and  A.  retinella  are 
all  found  in  the  county  more  or  less  commonly.  A.  andereggiella  was 
taken  at  Epping  by  Mr.  P.  C.  Wormald.  A.  curuella  is  plentiful 
among  apple,  A.  pygmcella  is  far  from  scarce  among  sallow,  A.  goedartella 
abounds  on  alder  and  A.  brochella  on  birch. 

GRACILARIID/E 

Graci/aria  alchimiella  occurs  everywhere,  G.  stigmatella  and  G.  elon- 
gella  are  found  sparingly  at  Colchester,  G.  tringipennella  is  recorded  as 
somewhat  scarce  at  Benfleet,  G.  syringella  is  very  abundant  among  privet 
and  lilac,  G.  auroguttella  has  been  captured  at  Brentwood  and  Shoebury- 
ness,  and  Coriscium  brongniartellum  at  Danbury  by  Mr.  Raynor.  Ornix 
avellanella  and  O.  anglicella  are  common,  O.  betulee  was  obtained  at 
Snaresbrook  by  Mr.  Machin.  O.  torquillella  and  O.  guttea  are  well  dis- 
tributed and  somewhat  common. 

* 

COLEOPHORIDJE 

Goniodoma  auroguttella  was  captured  by  Mr.  G.  Coverdale  at  Shoe- 
buryness.  Coleopbora  fabriciella  has  occurred  at  Colchester  and  Epping, 
C,  deauratella  at  Colchester,  Southend  and  Witham.  C.  alcyonipennella 
is  not  scarce  among  Centaurea  nigra  \  C.  wockeella  is  rare,  and  has  only 
been  found  at  St.  Osyth.  C.  potentillce  has  been  taken  near  Waltham- 
stow,  C.  conspicuella  at  Benfleet,  C.  vibicigerella  at  Fobbing,  C.  albicosta 
at  Colchester  and  C.  vu/nerarue  at  Brentwood.  C.  anatipennella  is 
common  and  generally  distributed,  C.  palliatella  has  been  captured  at 
Colchester,  Epping  and  Southend,  C.  ibipennella  at  Southend,  C.  curruci- 
pennella  and  C.  discordella  at  Epping.  C.  genista  is  recorded  from 
Wanstead,  C.  saturatella  is  somewhat  common  among  broom  at  Col- 
chester, C.  therinella  has  been  taken  at  Southend  and  Canvey,  and  C. 
maritimelta  at  Vange.  C.  lineolea  is  common  everywhere  among  Eallota 
mgra,  C.  caspititiella  abounds  among  rushes,  C.  laripennella  has  occurred 
at  Colchester,  C.  salinella  at  Benfleet,  Shoeburyness  and  Great  Wakering 
and  C.  artemisicolella  at  Vange,  Canvey  and  Leigh.  C.  argentula  is 
common  among  yarrow,  C.  tripoliella  has  been  taken  at  Southend,  C. 
virgaurea  at  Colchester,  C.  hemerobiella  is  included  on  the  authority  of 
Meyrick's  Handbook,  C.  laricella  abounds  among  larch,  C.  albitarsella^ 
C.  nigricella  and  C.fuscedinella  are  common  and  widely  distributed.  C. 
orbitella  has  been  taken  at  Brentwood  by  Mr.  Raynor  and  at  Snares- 
brook  by  Mr.  Machin,  C.  gryphipennella  at  Benfleet  by  Mr.  Whittle 
and  C.  siccifolia  in  Epping  Forest  by  Mr.  J.  Scott.  C.  viminetef/a,  C. 
so/itarie//a,  C.  lutipennella  and  C.  badiipennella  have  an  extensive  range  in 
the  county,  and  are  not  uncommon.  C.  adjunctella  was  captured  at 
Shoeburyness  by  Mr.  Coverdale,  and  C.  limosipennella  at  Ley  ton  by  Mr. 
Machin. 

ELACHISTIDJE 

Eedellia  somnulentella  has  been  found  at  Witham.  Stathmopoda 
pedella  is  scarce  among  alder,  and  Cosmopteryx  eximia  not  uncommon 

i75 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

among  hop  at  Colchester,  where  Eatrachedra  prceangusta  abounds  on 
poplar.  B.  pinicolella  and  Chauliodus  cheer ophy  lie  llus  have  been  taken  at 
Brentwood.  Laverna  lacteela  and  L.  stepbensi  are  both  found  in  the 
Epping  district.  JL.  epilobiella  is  abundant  everywhere  on  Epilobium 
hirsutum,  L.  ochraceella  has  been  obtained  at  Eastwood  near  Southend. 
L.  decorella,  according  to  Mr.  Fitch,  is  generally  distributed  but  not 
common.  L.  subbistrigella  has  been  captured  at  Hazeleigh,  L,.  atra  and 
Chrysoclysta  aurifrontella  are  common  everywhere  among  hawthorn. 
Antispila  pfeifferella  has  been  found  at  Brentwood,  Elacbista  magnificella 
at  Colchester,  E.  albifrontella  is  common,  E.  stabilella  is  reported  from 
Brentwood,  E.  nigrella  and  E.  obscurella  are  very  common.  E.  gan- 
gabella  occurs  at  Epping,  E.  cerussella  at  Colchester,  E.  triatomea  at 
Benfleet ;  JE.  pollmariella  was  taken  at  Fairmead  Bottom  by  Mr.  Machin, 
E.  rufocinerea  and  E.  argentella  are  generally  abundant.  Tischeria  com- 
planella  is  very  common  among  oak.  The  local  T.  dodoncea  has  been 
obtained  by  Mr.  Whittle  at  Eastwood  near  Southend,  T.  margined  is 
plentiful  among  brambles,  T.  gaunacella  has  occurred  at  Colchester  and 
Witham. 

LITHOCOLLETID^: 

Litbocolletis  hortella  occurs  at  Colchester,  L.  lantanella  at  Southend. 
L.  irradiella  and  L.  lautella  are  found  at  Brentwood  ;  the  latter  has  also 
been  obtained  by  Mr.  Fincham — who  has  given  much  attention  to  this 
genus  and  Neptlcula — at  Colchester.  L.  cavella  is  recorded  for  the 
county  in  Mey rick's  Handbook.  L.  pomifoliella,  L.  coryli,  L.  spinicolella, 
L.  faginella,  L.  saliclcolella  and  L..  vimineforum  are  common  at  Colchester. 
L.  carpinicolella  has  been  taken  at  Loughton,  Wanstead  and  Southend. 
L.  ulmifoliclla,  L.  spinolella,  L.  quercifoliella,  L.  messaniella,  L.  corylifoliella, 
L.  viminiella,  L.  alnifoliella,  L.  heegeriella,  L.  cramerella,  L.  tenella  and 
L.  syhella  have  all  been  found  at  Colchester,  and  with  the  exception  of 
tenella  are  common  there  ;  this  has  also  occurred  at  Wanstead.  L. 
emberizczpennella  has  been  obtained  at  Southend.  L.  nicellii,  L.  scbreberella, 
L.  tristrigella  and  L.  trifasciella  are  Colchester  species,  and  like  most  of 
this  family  have  probably  a  wide  range  in  the  county,  though  few  definite 
localities  are  at  present  known  for  them. 

LYONETIID^E 

Phyllocnistis  suffuse  I  la,  Cemiostoma  spartifoliella  and  C.  laburnella  are 
common  at  Colchester.  Opostega  salaciella  has  been  taken  at  Brentwood 
by  Mr.  Raynor,  O  spatulella  at  Witham  by  Mr.  Cansdale,  and  at 
Southend  by  Mr.  Whittle.  Eucculatrix  ulmella  occurs  at  Hazeleigh  and 
Southend,  B.  vetustella  is  recorded  from  Epping,  where  B.  cratcegi  is 
common.  B.  maritima  is  plentiful  in  the  marshes  at  Benfleet  and 
Southend,  and  B.  cristatella  is  reported  from  Benfleet  and  Witham. 

NEPTICULID^: 

Neptlcula  atricapitella  is  found  at  Epping,  N.  anomalella  and  .ZSf. 
pygmceella  are  common  at  Colchester,  N.  pomella  has  been  taken  at 

176 


INSECTS 

Wanstead,  N.  viscerella  at  Colchester  and  Wickham  Bishops,  N.  catbar- 
ticella  at  Danbury,  N.  septembrella  is  plentiful  at  Colchester,  and  N. 
intimella  has  occurred  at  Witham.  N.  subbimaculella^  N.  trimaculella, 
N.  quinquella  and  N.  Jioslactella  occur  frequently  at  Colchester.  N. 
salicis,  N.  microtheriella,  N.  plagicolella  and  N.  tityrella  are  common.  N. 
malella  has  been  found  at  Walthamstow,  N.  angulifasciella  at  Colchester, 
and  N.  rubrvora  has  been  taken  in  the  county  by  Mr.  Warren.  N. 
marginicolella,  N.  alnetella  and  N.  aurella  are  common.  N.  regiella  has 
been  obtained  at  Brentwood  and  Colchester,  N.  puherosella  has  been 
bred  from  Epping  Forest  larvae  by  Mr.  E.  R.  Bowles.  Trifurcula 
immundella  has  been  captured  at  Wanstead  by  Mr.  Warren. 

DIPTERA 

Flies 

The  Diptera  are  for  the  most  part  small  or  moderate  sized  insects 
with  two  fully  developed  membranous  wings  and  two  inconspicuous 
haltares  or  balancers  situated  where  other  insects  are  provided  with  hind 
wings. 

The  order  is  extremely  numerous  in  species,  many  of  which  are  so 
excessively  prolific  and  so  ubiquitous  that  everybody  is  of  necessity  more 
or  less  acquainted  with  some  of  them,  though  they  have  been  hitherto 
so  little  studied  in  this  country  that  few  British  entomologists  know 
much  about  them. 

In  recent  years  a  small  number  of  earnest  workers  have  been 
endeavouring  to  bring  about  a  more  satisfactory  condition  of  things, 
and  with  the  commencement  of  the  new  century  Mr.  Verrall,  who  is 
our  chief  authority,  has  brought  out  the  first  volume  of  what  promises 
to  be  a  fine  work  on  the  order ;  so  that  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  before 
long  we  may  be  able  to  give  a  better  account  of  it  than  we  are  at 
present. 

The  Diptera  have  been  painted  in  anything  but  alluring  colours 
hitherto,  and  even  Professor  Westwood,  from  whom  they  might  have 
expected  better  treatment,  condemns  them  root  and  branch  ;  for  in  his 
famous  Introduction  to  the  Modern  Classification  of  Insects  he  says  that 
'  while  their  size  entitles  them  to  small  consideration,  they  have  slender 
claims  to  our  notice  on  the  score  of  beauty,  their  forms  are  inelegant 
and  their  manners  and  customs  atrocious  and  disgusting.' 

While  some  species  of  Diptera  are  undoubtedly  harmful  to  us  or  to 
our  belongings  there  is  another  side  to  the  question,  since  among  them 
are  many  which  render  us  essential  service  as  scavengers  in  the  removal 
of  putrefying  substances,  as  checks  upon  the  undue  increase  of  other 
insects,  as  fertilizers  of  flowers  and  in  a  variety  of  other  ways. 

Nor  is  the  statement  that  they  are  devoid  of  elegance  of  form  or 

beauty  of  colouring  to  be  allowed  to  pass  without  challenge,  seeing  that 

many  among  them  are  brilliantly  coloured  and  extremely  beautiful.     On 

the  continent,  and  to  a  limited  extent   in   this  country,  it  has  been  the 

i  177"  23 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

custom  hitherto  to  impale  these  insects  on  long  pins  without  making 
any  attempt  to  arrange  and  display  their  wings,  bodies  and  legs,  and 
treated  in  this  fashion  they  are  certainly  melancholy  and  pitiable  objects ; 
but  a  collection  in  which  the  specimens  are  all  properly  set  and  arranged 
is  far  more  useful  for  all  purely  scientific  purposes,  and  is  calculated  to 
form  a  source  of  considerable  pleasure  to  those  who  are  not  wholly 
wanting  in  all  aesthetic  sensibility. 

Some  of  the  families  into  which  this  order  is  divided  require  much 
attention  and  revision  before  even  the  most  competent  British  entomo- 
logists can  speak  with  authority  about  them  ;  and  seeing  how  small  a 
portion  of  our  own  county  has  been  even  superficially  investigated,  it 
behoves  us  to  be  modest  in  displaying  our  knowledge  even  of  the  better 
understood  families,  but  a  little  should  be  said  about  some  of  them. 

The  Gall  Gnats  (Cecidomyidce  and  their  allies)  have  been  fully  dealt 
with  by  Mr.  Fitch,  and  to  his  article  on  the  '  Galls  of  Essex  '  (Trans. 
Essex  Field  Club,  ii.  98-156)  reference  should  be  made  by  any  one 
desiring  the  best  available  information  concerning  them. 

The  Bibionidce  are  represented  by  about  a  dozen  of  the  typical  genus 
Bibio.  B.  venosus,  the  scarcest  of  these,  is  occasionally  found  at  Colchester; 
B.  marci  (St.  Mark's  fly)  is  a  conspicuous  black  insect  which  suddenly 
appears  in  vast  swarms  early  in  the  spring,  and  is  one  of  several  insects 
for  the  '  bringing  over  '  of  which  the  rural  population  make  the  east  wind 
responsible. 

The  Gnats  (Culicida,  etc.)  are  well  in  evidence  in  mild  weather 
throughout  the  year.  Several  of  them  are  only  too  well  known  from 
their  blood  sucking  propensities,  and  in  certain  parts  of  the  county 
species  are  found  which  if  met  with  elsewhere  would  be  called  mosqui- 
toes, and  would  have  as  good  a  right  to  the  name  as  other  members  of 
the  same  family  to  which  it  appears  to  be  somewhat  indiscriminately 
applied. 

The  Crane-flies  (Tipulida:},  more  familiarly  known  as  'Daddy-long- 
legs,' are  numerous,  and  some  of  them,  such  as  Tipula  gigantea,  T",  lutes- 
cens,  etc.,  are  large  and  handsome  insects ;  but  their  legs  are  so  loosely 
joined  to  their  bodies  that  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  prepare  them  for 
the  cabinet  in  perfect  condition,  and  therefore  they  do  not  receive  the 
attention  from  collectors  which  they  otherwise  deserve.  Among  the 
better  species  Dictenidia  bimaculata  occurs  at  Colchester,  and  the  hand- 
some Ctenophora  flaveolata  has  been  captured  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Mathew  at 
Dovercourt. 

The  Stratiomyida  include  some  fine  insects,  notably  Stratiomys  pota- 
mida,  S.  longicornis  and  Odontomyia  ornata,  which  are  occasionally  found  at 
Colchester,  and  S.  furcata  and  O.  tigrina,  which  occur  on  the  coast.  The 
species  of  Sargus  and  Chloromyia  are  elegant  insects  with  brilliant  green 
and  purple  metallic  bodies  ;  they  are  well  distributed  and  not  un- 
common. 

The  Tabanidce  or  Breeze-flies,  also  known  as  Gadflies,  which  are  so 
troublesome  to  horses  and  cattle  and  occasionally  to  mankind,  are  natur- 

178 


INSECTS 

ally  strongly  represented  in  a  county  which  contains  so  much  grazing 
land  as  ours.  The  larger  and  more  robust  species  seem  to  be  found  more 
freely  in  the  woods  and  marshes  towards  the  coast  than  further  inland, 
but  the  pertinacious  '  clegg,'  Htematopota  pluvialis^  and  the  brilliant  eyed 
Cbryiops  ceecutiens  have  a  wider  distribution. 

Among  the  Asilidce  the  rare  Dioctria  reinbardi  has  occurred  at 
Colchester,  and  the  large  and  voracious  Asilus  crabroniformis,  which 
preys  upon  grasshoppers  and  other  insects,  is  sometimes  far  from  scarce 
in  the  autumn,  especially  in  pastures  where  horses  are  feeding.  Pbilonicus 
albiceps  is  a  local  coast  species  which  is  not  uncommon  on  the  St.  Osyth 
sands. 

The  Bombylidee  are  represented  by  Anthrax  paniscus  and  Bombylius 
discolor  and  B.  major.  The  Anthrax  is  a  coast  species  not  often  seen 
and  still  less  frequently  captured,  as  it  is  an  extremely  wary  insect.  The 
two  species  of  Bombylius  called  '  Unicorn-flies,'  because  of  the  extreme 
length  of  the  proboscis,  may  frequently  be  noticed  hovering  before 
primrose  and  other  flowers,  or  poised  in  the  air  making  a  loud  humming 
noise  with  their  wings,  which  vibrate  so  rapidly  that  their  motion  is 
hardly  perceptible.  In  the  larva  state  they  are  parasitic  on  the  larvae  of 
bees  of  the  genus  Anthophora. 

The  extensive  family  Syrphidae  comprises  many  of  our  largest  and 
most  brilliantly  coloured  native  Diptera.  Some  of  them  are  robust 
insects  bearing  a  strong  superficial  resemblance  to  Humble-bees.  The 
typical  genus  Syrphus  contains  many  common  species  ;  in  the  larva  state 
they  prey  upon  aphides,  vast  numbers  of  which  are  devoured  by  them. 
S.  umbellatarum  and  S.  tricinctus  are  scarce,  and  S.  eucbrotnus  and  S.  tri- 
angulifer  very  rare. 

Among  the  more  notable  members  of  other  genera  deserving  of 
special  mention  are  the  fine  Xantbandrus  comtus^  the  rare  Didea  alneti  and 
D.  fasciata — D.  alneti  was  added  to  the  British  list  from  a  specimen 
taken  at  Colchester  in  1893.  Volucella  inftata  and  V.  inanis,  two  fine 
and  very  local  species,  are  occasionally  met  with  in  some  of  our  woods. 

The  extremely  variable  Merodon  equestris,  at  one  time  considered  a 
great  rarity,  is  rapidly  becoming  much  too  common,  as  many  local  bulb 
growers  are  discovering  to  their  cost,  large  numbers  of  their  finest 
narcissus  and  other  bulbs  being  devoured  by  its  larvae. 

The  handsome  genus  Criorrbina  is  generally  well  represented  at 
May  blossom  and  raspberry  and  bramble  flowers  in  certain  favoured 
spots. 

The  curiously  constructed  Conopidee  or  Wasp-flies  are  generally  well 
in  evidence  in  the  late  summer  among  composite  flowers,  and  several  of 
the  species  seem  to  be  commoner  in  the  Colchester  district  than  in 
other  parts  of  England. 

The  Muscidtz — which  in  the  list  that  follows  are  placed  in  accord- 
ance with  Mr.  Austen's  arrangement  of  the  new  collection  in  the 
National  Museum — include  a  number  of  species  parasitic  on  the  larvae 
of  the  Lepidoptera,  and  as  some  of  them  are  excessively  numerous  in 

179 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

individuals  and  prey  upon  many  different  kinds  of  larvae  they  destroy 
prodigious  numbers,  in  some  cases  only  leaving  a  few  survivors  out  of 
large  broods.  The  common  House-flies  (Musca  corvina  and  M.  domestica), 
the  Flesh-fly  (Sarcophaga  carnaria),  the  blue  and  green  Bottle-flies  (Calli- 
pbora  and  Lucilia)  also  belong  to  this  group,  which  includes  many  less 
familiar  and  more  handsome  species,  such  as  the  brilliant  blue  Cynomyia 
mortuorum,  occasionally  found  in  some  numbers  on  the  coast  and  less 
frequently  inland ;  the  large  glossy  black  Mesembrina  meridiana,  the  wings 
of  which  have  the  basal  portion  conspicuously  yellow,  and  Micropalpus 
pudicus.  This,  though  by  no  means  rare  in  the  Colchester  district,  does 
not  seem  to  have  been  identified  from  any  other  locality  at  present. 

The  Horse  Bot-fly  (Gastrophilus  egui),  the  Ox  Warble-fly  (Hypoderma 
bovis)  and  the  Sheep  Nostril-fly  (CEstrus  ovis)  are  also  now  classed  with 
the  Muscidee,  but  the  literature  devoted  to  them  is  already  so  voluminous 
and  so  easily  accessible  that  it  need  not  be  added  to  here. 

The  Antbomyidce  and  the  families  which  follow  them  include  many 
insects  which  perform  an  important  part  in  the  economy  of  nature  by 
the  removal  of  putrefying  animal  and  vegetable  substances  ;  also  some 
that  are  very  destructive  to  our  crops,  such  as  Pegomyia  beta,  which 
probably  generally  feeds  on  the  wild  beet  (Beta  marltlma)  on  the  sea  coast, 
but  is  occasionally  very  destructive  to  mangel-wurzel  ;  the  Celery-fly 
(Acidia  heraclei),  the  Carrot-fly  (Psi/a  rosci),  and  a  number  of  beautiful 
little  insects  with  spotted  wings,  among  which  the  rare  Gonyglossum 
wiedemanni  and  Icterica  westermanni  are  especially  noteworthy. 

When  no  other  locality  is  mentioned  in  the  list  the  Colchester  dis- 
trict is  to  be  understood. 

A  LIST  OF  THE  DIPTERA  OCCURRING  IN  THE  COUNTY 

CECIDOMYID.S  (continued) 

Cecidomyia  trifolii,  F.  Lw.    Maldon  (Fitch) 

—  ulmariae,     Bremi.       Maldon,     Rayleigh 

(Fitch) 

—  urticae,  Ferris.      Essex  (Fitch) 

—  veronicas,  Vallot.     Loughton  (Fitch) 
Diplosis,  Lw. 

—  botularia,  Winn.       Birdbrook,   Maldon 

(Fitch) 

—  buxi,  Laboulb.     Birdbrook  (Fitch) 

—  loti,  Deg.     Epping,  Maldon  (Fitch) 
Hormomyia,  Lw. 

—  capreae,  Winn.     Maldon  (Fitch) 

—  corni,  Gir.     Heltons  Bumpstead  (Fitch) 

—  fagi,  Hartig.      South  Benfleet  (Fitch) 

—  millefolii,  Lw.      Maldon  (Fitch) 

—  piligera,       Lw.  Danbury,      Epping 


NEMATOCERA 
PULICID.S 
Pulex,  L. 

—  irritans,  L. 
CECIDOMYIDA: 

Lasioptera,  Mg. 

—  rubi,  Schrk. 
Asphondylia,  Lw. 

—  pimpinellse,  F.  Lw.     Maldon  (Fitch) 

—  sarothamni,  Lw.     Epping  (Fitch) 
Cecidomyia,  Mg. 

-  bursaria,  Bremi.     Birdbrook  (Fitch) 

-  ?  clausilia,  Meade.     Maldon  (Fitch) 

-  crataegi,  Winn.     Essex  (Fitch) 

—  galii,  Lw.     Birdbrook,  Maldon  (Fitch) 

—  persicarias,  L.     Burnham  (Fitch) 

—  plicatrix,  Lw.       "| 

-  ?  pruni,  Kltb.        I  Maldon  (Fitch) 

—  ranunculi,  Bremi. J 

—  rosaria,  Lw.     Essex  (Fitch) 

—  rosarum,  Hardy.     Maldon  (Fitch) 

—  salicis,  Schrk.     Essex  (Fitch) 

—  sisymbrii,  Schrk.     Romford  (Fitch) 

—  taxi,  Inch.      Greenstead  (Fitch) 


(Fitch) 
MYCETOPHILID^: 
Sciara,  Mg. 

—  thomas,  L. 

—  tilicola,  Lw.     Maldon  (Fitch) 
Platyura,  Mg. 

—  marginata,  Mg. 
1 80 


INSECTS 


Dilophus,  Mg. 

—  febrilis,  L. 
Bibio,  Geoff. 

-  pomonje,  Fabr. 
marci,  L. 

—  hortulanus,  L. 

—  anglicus,  Ver. 

—  venosus,  Mg. 

—  reticulatus,  Lw. 

—  nigriventris,  Hal. 

-  varipes,  Mg. 

-  laniger,  Mg. 

-  johannis,  L. 

-  Icpulus,  Lw. 
CHIRONOMID^ 

Chironomus,  Mg. 

-  plumosus,  L. 
CULICID.* 

Culex,  L. 

-  ciliaris,  L. 

—  cantans,  Mg. 

—  annulatus,  Schrk. 
PTYCHOPTERIDJE 

Ptychoptera,  Mg. 

—  contaminata,  L. 

—  albimana,  Fabr. 
LntMMBUi 

Limnobia,  Mg. 

—  nitida,  Vcr. 
Poecilostola,  Schin. 

-  punctata,  Schrk. 
Trichocera,  Mg. 

—  hiemalis,  Deg. 

—  rcgelationis,  L. 
TIPULID.S 

Pachyrrhina,  Mcq. 

—  maculosa,  Mg. 

-  quadrifaria,  Mg. 
Tipula,  L. 

—  marmorata,  Mg. 

—  varipennis,  Mg. 

—  lateralis,  Mg. 

—  gigantea,  Schrk. 

—  lutescens,  Fabr. 

—  olcracea,  L. 
Dictenidia,  Brul. 

—  bimaculata,  L. 
Ctcnophora,  Mg. 

-  flaveolata,  Fabr.     Dovercourt 


Rhyphus,  Ltr. 

—  fenestralis,  Scop. 

BRACHYCERA 

STRATIOMVIDJE 
Nemotelus,  GeoflF. 

—  notatus,  Ztt. 
Oxycera,  Mg. 

—  pulchella,  Mg. 


STRATIOMYID/E  (continued) 
Oxycera  trilineata,  Fabr. 
Stratiomys,  Geoff. 

—  potamida,  Mg. 

—  furcata,  Fabr. 

—  longicornis,  Scop. 
Odontomyia,  Mg. 

—  ornata,  Mg. 

—  tigrina,  Fabr. 

—  viridula,  Fabr. 
Sargus,  Fabr. 

—  flavipes,  Mg. 

—  cuprarius,  L. 

—  infuscatus,  Mg. 
Chloromyia,  Dune. 

—  Formosa,  Scop. 
Microchrysa,  Lw. 

—  polita,  L. 
Beris,  Ltr. 

—  clavipes,  L. 

—  vallata,  Forst. 

—  chalybeata,  Forst. 


Hzematopota,  Mg. 

-  pluvialis,  L. 

-  crassicornis,  Whlbg. 
Therioplectes,  Zlr. 

-  tropicus,  Mg. 

var.  bisignatus,  Jaen. 

-  solstitialis,  Mg. 
Atylotus,  O-Sack. 

-  fulvus,  Mg. 
Tabanus,  L. 

-  bromius,  L. 

-  autumnalis,  L. 
Chrysops,  Mg. 

-  czcutiens,  L. 

-  relictus,  Mg. 
Leptis,  Fabr. 

-  scolopacea,  L. 

-  tringaria,  L. 

-  lineola,  Fabr. 
Chrysopilus,  Mcq. 

—  auratus,  Fabr. 
ASILID.* 

Leptogaster,  Mg. 

—  cylindrica,  Deg. 
Dioctria,  Mg. 

—  o:landica,  L. 

—  reinhardi,  W. 

—  atricapilla,  Mg. 

—  rufipes,  Deg. 

—  baumhaueri,  Mg. 
Laphria,  L. 

—  marginata,  L. 
Asilus,  L. 

—  crabroniformis,  L. 
Philonicus,  Lw. 

—  albiceps,  Mg. 
Ncoitamus,  O-Sack. 


181 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


(continued) 
Neoitamus  cyanurus,  Lw. 
Machimus,  Lw. 

—  atricapillus,  Fin. 
Dysmachus,  Lw. 

—  trigonus,  Mg. 

BOMBYLIDJE 

Anthrax,  Scop. 

—  paniscus,  Rossi 
Bombylius,  L. 

—  discolor,  Mik. 

—  major,  L. 
THEREVID.S: 

Thereva,  Ltr. 

—  nobilitata,  Fabr. 

—  bipunctata,  Mg. 

-  annulata,  Fabr. 
EMPID.S 

Hybos,  Mg. 

—  grossipes,  L.     Epping  (Brunetti) 
Rhamphomyia,  Mg. 

-  sulcata,  Fin. 
Empis,  L. 

—  tessellata,  Fabr. 

—  livida,  L. 

—  trigramma,  Mg. 

—  nigritarsis,  Mg. 
Hilara,  Mg. 

-  litorea,  Fin.     Epping  (Brunetti) 
Trichina,  Mg. 

—  clavipes,  Mg.     Epping  (Brunetti) 

DOLICHOPODID^E 

Dolichopus,  Ltr. 

—  trivialis,  Hal.     Epping  (Brunetti) 
Poscilobothrus,  Mik. 

—  nobilitatus,  L. 
Argyra,  Mcq. 

—  diaphana,  Fabr. 

—  leucocephala,  Mg. 
Scellus,  Lw. 

—  notatus,  Fabr. 
Campsicnemus,  Wlk. 

—  curvipes,  Fin.     Epping  (Brunetti) 
LONCHOPTERID.S 

Lonchoptera,  Mg. 

—  lutea,  Pz.     Epping  (Brunetti) 

PROBOSCIDEA 

SYRPHID.K 

Pipizella,  Rnd. 

—  virens,  Fabr. 

—  maculipennis,  Mg. 
Pipiza,  Fin. 

—  noctiluca,  L. 

—  lugubris,  Fabr. 
Cnemodon,  Egg. 

—  vitripennis,  Mg. 
Chrysogaster,  Mg. 

—  metallina,  Fabr. 

—  liirtella,  Lw. 


SYRPHIDJE  (continued') 

Chrysogaster  virescens,  Lw. 

—  splendens,  Mg. 

—  solstitialis,  Fall. 
Chilosia,  Mg. 

—  sparsa,  Lw. 

—  soror,  Ztt. 

—  scutellata,  Fin. 

—  vernalis,  Fin. 

—  proxima,  Ztt. 

—  fraterna,  Mg.  (chloris,  Mg.) 

—  bergenstammi,  Becker. 

—  grossa,  Fin. 

—  albipila,  Mg.  (flavicornis,  Fabr.) 

—  albitarsis,  Mg.  (flavimana,  Mg.) 

—  variabilis,  Pz. 

—  honesta,  Rond. 

—  barbata,  Lw. 

—  vulpina,  Mg. 

—  intonsa,  Lw. 

—  illustrata,  Harris  (oestracea,  L.) 
Leucozona,  Schin. 

—  lucorum,  L. 
Melanostoma,  Schin. 

—  scalare,  Fabr. 
-  mellinum,  L. 

Melangyna,  Ver.  (Melanostoma  pars  Schin.) 

—  quadrimaculata,  Ver. 
Xanthandrus,Ver.  (Melanostoma  pars  Schin.) 

—  comtus,  Harris  (hyalinatum,  Fin.) 
Pyrophaena,  Schin. 

—  ocymi,  Fabr. 
Platychirus,  St.  Farg. 

—  manicatus,  Mg. 

—  albimanus,  Fabr. 

—  peltatus,  Mg. 

—  scutatus,  Mg. 

—  fulviventris,  Mcq.      Epping  (Brunetti) 

—  immarginatus,  Ztt. 

—  scambus,  Staeg. 

—  clypeatus,  Mg. 

—  angustatus,  Ztt. 
Didea,  Mcq. 

—  alneti,  Fin. 

—  fasciata,  Mcq. 
Syrphus,  Fabr. 

—  barbifrons,  Fin. 

—  umbellatarum,  Fabr. 

—  labiatarum,  Ver. 

—  euchromus,  Kow. 

—  triangulifer,  Zett. 

—  auricollis,  Mg. 

—  cinctellus,  Ztt. 

—  balteatus,  Deg. 

—  bifasciatus,  Fabr. 

—  luniger,  Mg. 

—  corollae,  Fabr. 

—  nitidicollis,  Mg. 

—  vitripennis,  Mg. 

—  ribesii,  L. 


182 


INSECTS 


(continued) 
Syrphus  grossulariae,  Mg. 

—  tricinctus,  Fin. 

—  venustus,  Mg. 

—  quadrilunulatus,  Schaum. 

—  albostriatus,  Fin. 

—  laternarius,  Mall. 
Catabomba,  O-Sack. 

—  pyrastri,  L. 
Sphzrophoria,  St.  Farg. 

—  scripta,  L. 

var.  dispar,  Lw. 

—  menthastri,  L. 
Xanthogramma,  Schin. 

-  citrofasciatum,  Deg. 

-  ornatum,  Mg. 
Baccha,  Fabr. 

—  elongata,  Fabr. 
Ascia,  Mg. 

—  floralis,  Mg. 
Rhingia,  Scop. 

—  campestris,  Mg. 
Brachyopa,  Mg. 

—  bicolor,  Fin. 
Volucella,  Geoff. 

—  bom  by  Ian  s,  L. 

—  pellucens,  L. 

—  inflata,  Fabr. 

—  inanis,  L. 
Sericomyia,  Mg. 

—  borcalis,  Fin. 
Eristalis,  Latr. 

—  sepulchralis,  L. 

—  aeneus,  Scop. 

—  tenax,  L. 

-  intricarius,  L. 

—  arbustorum,  L. 

—  pertinax,  Scop. 

—  nemorum,  L. 

—  horticola,  Deg. 
Myiatropa,  Rnd. 

—  florea,  L. 
Helophilus,  Mg. 

-  trivittatus,  Fabr. 

-  pendulus,  L. 

-  versicolor,  Fabr. 

-  transfugus,  L. 

-  lineatus,  Fabr. 

-  vittatus,  Mg. 
Merodon,  Mg. 

-  equestris,  Fabr. 
Tropidia,  Mg. 

-  scita,  Harris  (milesiformis,  Fin.) 
Criorrhina,  Mcq. 

-  berberina,  Fabr. 

-  asilica,  Fin. 

-  oxyacanthse,  Mg. 

-  floccosa,  Mg. 
Xylota,  Mg. 

—  segnis,  L. 


SYRPHID.*  (continued) 
Xylota  lenta,  Mg. 

—  nemorum,  Fabr. 

—  sylvarum,  L. 
Syritta,  St.  Farg. 

—  pipiens,  L. 
Eumerus,  Mg. 

—  ornatus,  Mg. 

—  strigatus,  Fall. 
Chrysochlamys,  Rnd. 

—  cuprea,  Scop. 
Chrysotoxum,  Mg. 

—  cautum,  Harris  (sylvarum,  Mg.) 

—  octomaculatum,  Curt. 

—  festivum,  L. 

—  bicinctum,  L. 
CONOPID./E 

Conops,  L. 

—  quadrifasciatus,  Deg. 

—  ceriiformis,  Mg. 

—  flavipes,  L. 
Physocephala,  Schin. 

—  rufipes,  Fabr. 
Sicus,  Scop. 

—  ferrugineus,  L. 
Myopa,  Fabr. 

-  buccata,  L. 

—  testacea,  L. 

-  polystigma,  Rond. 
MUSCID.* 

Ceromasia,  Rond. 

—  stabulans,  Mg. 

—  senilis,  Mg. 
Exorista,  Mg. 

—  vetula,  Mg. 
Epicampocera,  Mg. 

—  ambulans,  Mg. 
Blepharidea,  Br.  and  Berg. 

—  vulgaris,  Fin. 
Myxexorista,  Br.  and  Berg. 

—  libatrix,  Br.  and  Berg. 
Phorocera,  Dsv. 

—  cilipeda,  Rond. 

—  concinnata,  Mg. 
Chaetolyga,  Rond. 

—  quadripustulata,  Fin. 
Eutachina,  Br.  and  Berg. 

-  larvarum,  L. 

-  prsepotens,  Mg. 
Gonia,  Mg. 

—  ornata,  Mg. 
Aporomyia,  Rond. 

—  dubia,  Fin. 
Mintho,  Dsv. 

—  prseceps,  Scop. 
Melanota,  Rond. 

—  volvulus,  Fabr. 
Macquartia,  Dsv. 

—  dispar,  Fin. 
Thelaira,  Dsv. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


MUSCID^E  (continued) 

Thelaira  leucozona,  Pz. 
Myobia,  Dsv. 

—  inanis,  Fin. 
Oliviera,  Dsv. 

—  lateralis,  Fabr. 
Micropalpus,  Mcq. 

—  vulpinus,  Fin. 

—  pudicus,  Rond. 
Erigone,  Dsv. 

—  radicum,  Fabr. 

—  strenua,  Mg. 
Tachina,  Mg. 

—  fera,  L. 
Phorichaeta,  Rond. 

—  carbonaria,  Pz. 
Thryptocera,  Mcq. 

—  latifrons,  Mg. 
Alophora,  Dsv. 

—  hemiptera,  Fabr. 
Trixa,  Mg. 

—  oestroidea,  Rob. 
Sarcophaga,  Mg. 

—  carnaria,  L. 

—  vulnerata,  Sch. 
Cynomyia,  Dsv. 

—  mortuorum,  L. 
Nyctia,  Dsv. 

—  halterata,  Pz. 
Miltogramma,  Mg. 

—  punctata,  Mg. 
Dexiosoma,  Rond. 

—  caninum,  Fabr. 
Dexia,  Mg. 

—  rustica,  Fabr. 
Pollenia,  Dsv. 

—  rudis,  Fabr. 
Musca,  L. 

—  domestica,  L. 

—  corvina,  Fabr. 
Graphomyia,  Dsv. 

—  maculata,  Scop. 
Cyrtoneura,  Mcq. 

—  stabulans,  Fin. 
Mesembrina,  Mg. 

—  meridiana,  L. 
Calliphora,  Dsv. 

—  grcenlandica,  Zett. 

—  azurea,  Fin. 

—  erythrocephala,  Mg. 

—  vomitoria,  L. 
Lucilia,  Dsv. 

—  caasar,  L. 

—  sericata,  Mg. 
Gastrophilus,  Leach 


—  equi 


Fabr. 


Hypoderma,  Latr. 

—  bovis,  Deg. 
Oestrus,  L. 

—  ovis,  L. 


ANTHOMYID.S 
Polietes,  Rond. 

—  lardaria,  Fabr. 

—  albolineata,  Fin.     Epp'mg  (Brunetti) 
Hyetodesia,  Rond. 

—  lucorum,  Fin. 

—  perdita,  Mg. 

—  erratica,  Fin. 

—  basalis,  Ztt. 

—  scutellaris,  Fin. 

—  populi,  Mg. 

—  pallida,  Fabr. 

—  flaveola,  Fin. 
Mydaea,  Dsv. 

—  impuncta,  Fin. 

-  affinis,  Meade 
Spilogaster,  Mcq. 

—  communis,  Dsv. 
Hydrotaea,  Dsv. 

—  ciliata,  Fabr. 

—  dentipes,  Fabr. 
Ophyra,  Dsv. 

—  leucostoma,  W. 
Hylemyia,  Dsv. 

—  strigosa,  Fabr.     Epp'mg  (Brunetti) 

—  praepotens,  W. 
Anthomyia,  Mg. 

—  radicum,  L.     Epp'mg  (Brunetti) 
Phorbia,  Dsv. 

-  histrio,  Ztt. 
Pegomyia,  Dsv. 

—  betas,  Curt. 

—  versicolor,  Mg. 
Homalomyia,  Bouche 

—  aprica,  Hal. 

—  canicularis,  L. 

-  incisurata,  Ztt.     Epp'mg  (Brunetti) 

-  triangulifera,  Rond. 

CORDYLURIDJE 

Cordylura,  Fin. 

—  pubera,  L. 

—  pudica,  Mg. 

—  ciliata,  Mg. 
Scatophaga,  Mg. 

—  spurca,  Mg. 

—  lutaria,  Fabr. 

—  inquinata,  Mg. 

—  stercoraria,  L. 

—  squalida,  Mg. 
HELOMYZIDJE 

Tephrochlamys,  Lw. 

—  rufiventris,  Mg. 
SCIOMYZIDJE 

Dryomyza,  Fin. 

—  anilis,  Fin. 

—  flaveola,  Fabr. 
Neottiophilum,  Frfld. 

—  praeustum,  Mg. 
Tetanocera,  Fin. 

—  elata,  Fabr. 

184 


INSECTS 


SCIOMYZID.*  (continued) 

Tetanocera  ferruginea,  Fin. 

—  reticulata,  L. 

—  punctulata,  Scop. 
Li  in  nia,  Dsv. 

—  marginata,  Fabr. 
Elgiva,  Mg. 

—  dorsalis,  Fabr. 
-  rufa,  Pz. 

Sepedon,  Latr. 

—  sphegeus,  Fabr. 

—  spinipes,  Scop. 


Psila,  Mg. 

—  fimetaria,  L. 

-  rosae,  Fabr. 
Loxocera,  Mg. 

—  aristata,  Pz. 
MICROPEZID^ 

Micropeza,  Mg. 

—  corrigiolata,  L. 
ORTALID.* 

Dorycera,  Mg. 

—  graminum,  Fabr. 
Ptilonota,  Lw. 

-  guttata,  Mg. 
Ceroxys,  Mcq. 

—  pictus,  Mg. 

—  crassipennis,  Fabr. 
Anacampta,  Lw. 

—  urticae,  L. 
Platystoma,  Mg. 

-  seminationis,  Fabr. 
Seoptera,  Kirby 

—  vi  brans,  L. 
TRYPETID^ 

Acidia,  Dsv. 

—  cognata,  W. 

-  heraclei,  L. 
Gonyglossum,  Rond. 

—  wiedemanni,  Mg. 
Spilographa,  Lw. 

—  zoC,  Mg. 
Trypeta,  Mg. 

-  falcata,  Scop. 

-  onotrophes,  Lw. 
Urophora,  Dsv. 


TRYPETID.*  (continued) 
Urophora  solstitialis,  L. 

—  stylata,  Fabr. 

—  cardui,  L. 
Icterica,  Lw. 

—  westermanni,  Mg. 
Tephritis,  Latr. 

—  miliaria,  Schrk. 

—  vespertina,  Lw. 
SAPROMYZID^E 

Sapromyza,  Fin. 

—  prxusta,  Fin.     Epping  (Brunctti) 
Lauxania,  Latr. 

—  aenea,  Fin.     Epping  (Brunetti) 
OPOMYZID^ 

Opomyza,  Fin. 

—  germination  is,  L.     Epping  (Brunctti) 
SEPSID* 

Sepsis,  Fin. 

—  cynipsea,  L.     Epping  (Brunetti) 
Nemopoda,  Dsv. 

—  cylindrica,  Fabr.     Epping  (Brunetti) 

EPHTDUDA 

Hydrellia,  Dsv. 

-  griseola,  Fin. 
Parhydra,  Stnb. 

—  coarctata,  Fin. 
Ephydra,  Fin. 

—  micans,  Hal. 
CHLOROPID^ 

Chlorops,  Mg. 

—  taeniopus,  Mg. 
BORBORIDA: 

Borborus,  Mg. 

—  nitidus,  Mg. 

—  equinus,  Fin. 

—  vitripennis,  Mg. 

-  geniculatus,  Mcq. 
PHORID.* 

Phora,  Latr. 

—  rufipes,  Mg. 

EPROBOSCIDEA 

HlPPOBOSCID^ 

Ornithomyia,  Latr. 

—  avicularia,  L. 


Epping  (Brunetti) 
Epping  (Brunetti) 


?cq.J 


Epping  (Brunetti) 


HEMIPTERA 

HETEROPTERA 

Bugs 

This  order  has  thus  far  received  but  scant  attention  from  British 
entomologists,   though  some   of   the  species   comprised  in   it  are  con- 
spicuous for  their  beauty  and  many  are  extremely  interesting  from  their 
great  diversity  of  structure.     They  feed  principally  upon  plants,  from 
1  185  24 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

which  they  suck  the  juices  ;  but  some  of  them  prey  upon  other  insects, 
and  one  has  conferred  an  evil  reputation  upon  the  rest  from  its  too 
assiduous  attentions  to  mankind.  Some  are  winged,  but  are  not  so 
frequently  found  flying  as  other  insects  ;  others  have  only  rudimentary 
wings  and  elytra,  and  a  few  are  altogether  wingless.  Although  they 
are  mainly  attached  to  land  plants,  a  good  many  are  found  in  or  on  the 
surface  of  the  water. 

Among  the  more  notable  Essex  species  are  Ettrygaster  maura,  which 
has  been  swept  from  mint  at  St.  Osyth  ;  JElia  acuminata,  which  occurs 
on  the  coast,  and  has  also  been  beaten  from  birch  at  Colchester.  A 
single  specimen  of  Pentatotna  fuscispina  was  taken  at  St.  Osyth  on  August 
19,  1901.  Of  this  fine  insect  only  six  British  specimens  were  previously 
recorded,  all  from  Devonshire.  The  rare  Strachia  oleracea  has  been 
found  near  Clacton-on-Sea,  where  Beosus  luscus  may  not  unfrequently 
be  met  with.  The  very  beautiful  Zicrona  ccerulea  has  been  captured  at 
Dedham.  Henestaris  laticeps  and  Ceraleptus  Irvidus  are  coast  insects,  and 
the  curious  Chorosoma  schilling}  may  be  met  with  freely  on  the  flower 
heads  of  the  marram  and  other  seaside  grasses.  Dictyonota  fuliginosa,  for 
which  Weybridge  is  the  only  recorded  locality,  has  several  times  been 
found,  and  the  rare  Monanthia  ciliata  once  only.  A  macropterous 
example  of  Nabis  brevipenms,  which  is  usually  micropterous  in  this 
country,  and  concerning  which  Saunders  says,  '  I  have  never  seen  a  fully 
developed  British  specimen,'  has  occurred,  and  a  similar  fully  developed 
specimen  of  N.  latrventris.  Probably  the  high  temperature  of  some 
recent  summers  may  have  produced  these  unusual  forms.  N.  lineatus 
is  occasionally  to  be  found  on  the  coast  sands,  while  Lopus  jtavomargin- 
afus,  which  is  usually  considered  local  and  scarce,  seems  to  be  widely 
distributed  in  the  northern  part  of  the  county. 


HOMOPTERA 

The  Homopterous  section  of  the  Hemiptera  includes  the  frog- 
hoppers  and  cuckoo-spits.  They  are  mostly  of  small  size,  the  strange 
looking  Ledra  aurlta  being  our  largest  Essex  species.  This  is  by  no 
means  common,  but  may  sometimes  be  found  in  oak  woods  in  the 
autumn.  Issus  coleoptratus  is  another  curiously  formed  insect,  which 
occurs  somewhat  freely  near  Colchester.  Triecphora  vu/nerata,  our  most 
beautiful  native  species,  is  common  throughout  the  summer.  The 
universally  distributed  Pbilcenus  spumarius,  commonly  known  as  the 
'  spittle-bug,'  is  also  worthy  of  notice.  The  larva  of  this  species,  which 
advertises  its  presence  by  surrounding  itself  with  a  frothy  secretion,  is 
said  by  all  the  gamekeepers  about  Colchester  to  be  fatal  to  young 
pheasants  if  they  eat  it,  and  according  to  them  large  numbers  actually 
do  perish  every  year  from  this  cause.  All  species  included  in  the  list 
which  follows  have  occurred  in  the  Colchester  district  except  where 
other  localities  are  given  : — 

186 


INSECTS 

A  LIST  OF  THE  HEMIPTERA  OCCURRING  IN  THE  COUNTY 


HETEROPTERA 
GYMXOCERATA 

PENTATOMINA 
SCUTELLERID.C 

Corimelsena,  White 

—  scarabxoides,  L. 
Eurygaster,  Lap. 

—  maura,  L. 
Podops,  Lap. 

—  inuncta,  Fabr. 

Cnwiiui 

Sehirus,  Am.  S. 

—  bicolor,  L. 

—  biguttatus,  L. 
Gnathoconus,  Fieb. 

—  albomarginatus,  Fabr. 


./Elia,  Fabr. 

—  acuminata,  L. 
Ncottiglossa,  Curt. 

-  inflexa,  Wolff 
Pentatoma,  Oliv. 

—  fuscispina,  Boh. 

—  baccarum,  L. 

-  prasina,  L. 
Piczodorus,  Ficb. 

—  lituratus,  Fabr. 
Tropicoris,  Hahn 

—  rufipes,   L. 
Strachia,  Hahn 

—  oleracea,  L. 
ASOPIDJE 

Picromerus,  Am.  S. 

—  bidens,  L. 
Asopus,  Burm. 

—  punctatus,  L.     Loughton  (Billups) 
Podisus,  H.S. 

—  luridus,  Fabr. 
Zicrona,  Am.  S. 

—  coerulea,  L. 

ACANTHOSOMID.* 

Acanthosoma,  Curt. 

—  hzmorrhoidale,  L. 

—  dentatum,  DeG. 

—  interstinctum,  L. 

COREINA 
Coumji 

Syromastes,  Latr. 

—  marginatus,  L. 
Vcrlusia,  Spin. 

—  rhombea,  L. 
Ccraleptus,  Cost. 

—  lividus,  Stein. 
Coreus,  Fabr. 

—  denticulatus,  Scop. 


Alydus,  Fabr. 

—  calcaratus,  L. 
STENOCEPHALIDVE 

Stenocephalus,  Latr. 

—  agilis,  Scop. 
CORIZIDA 

Myrmus,  Hahn 

-  myriformis,  Fall. 
Chorosoma,  Curt. 

—  schilling),  Schml. 

BERYTINA 
BERYTID^ 
Neides,  Latr. 

-  tipularius,  L. 
Berytus,  Fabr. 

-  minor,  H.S. 
METACANTHIDJE 

Mctacanthus,  Cost. 

-  punctipes,  Germ. 

LYG^EINA 
LYOJIIOJI 

Nysius,  Dall. 

-  thymi,  Wolff 


Cymus,  Hahn 

—  glandicolor,  Hahn 

—  claviculus,  Fall. 
Ischnorhynchus,  Fieb. 

—  reseda:,  Panz. 
HENESTARIDJE 

Henestaris,  Spin. 

—  laticeps,  Curt. 
ARTHENEIDVE 

Chilacis,  Fieb. 

—  typhz,  Perr. 
HETEROGASTRID^ 

Heterogaster,  Schill. 

-  urticae,  Fabr. 
PACHYMERID*: 

Rhyparochromus,  Curt. 

-  praetextatus,  H.S.     St.  Otyth 

-  dilatatus,  H.S. 

-  chiragra,  Fab. 
Plinthisus,  Fieb. 

-  brevipennis,  Latr. 
Acompus,  Fieb. 

-  rufipes,  Wolff 
Stygnus,  Fieb. 

-  rusticus,  Fall.     Purflett  (R.  M.  Leake) 

-  pedestris,  Fall. 

—  arenarius,  Hahn 
Peritrechus,  Fieb. 

—  geniculatus,  Hahn 

—  nubilus,  Fall. 

—  luniger,  Schill. 


187 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


PACHYMERID/E  (continued) 
Trapezonotus,  Fieb. 

—  agrestis,  Panz. 

var.  dispar,  Stal. 
Aphanus,  Lap. 

—  lynceus,  Fabr.     Southend  (Champion) 

—  pedestris,  Panz. 

—  pini,  L.     Epplng  (F.  B.  Jennings) 
Beosus,  Am.  S. 

—  luscus,  Fabr. 
Drymus,  Fieb. 

—  sylvaticus,  Fabr. 

—  brunneus,  Sahib. 
Notochilus,  Fieb. 

—  contractus,  H.S. 
Scolopostethus,  Fieb. 

—  affinis,  Schill. 

—  decoratus,  Hahn 
Gastrodes,  Westw. 

—  ferrugineus,  L. 

TINGIDINA 

PlESMID/E 

Piesma,  Lap. 

—  quadrata,  Fieb. 

—  capitata,  Wolff 

—  maculata,  Lap. 
TINGIDID.S 

Serenthia,  Spin. 

-  Izta,  Fall. 
Orthostira,  Fieb. 

—  parvula,  Fall. 
Dictyonota,  Curt. 

—  crassicornis,  Fall. 

—  strichnocera,  Fieb. 

—  fuliginosa,  Costa 
Derephysia,  Spin. 

—  foliacea,  Fall.     Marks  Tey 
Monanthia,  Lep. 

—  ampliata,  Fieb. 

—  cardui,  L. 

—  ciliata,  Fieb. 

—  humuli,  Fabr. 

ARADINA 

Aradus,  Fabr. 

—  depressus,  Fabr. 
Aneurus,  Curt. 

—  laevis,  Fabr. 

HEBRINA 

Hebrus,  Curt. 

—  pusillus,  Fall.      Rainham  (Billups) 

—  ruficeps,  Thorns.     Loughton  (Billups) 

HYDROMETRINA 

HYDROMETRID^E 
Hydrometra,  Latr. 

—  stagnorum,  L. 


VELIID./E 
Velia,  Latr. 

—  currens,  Fabr. 
GERRID.S: 

Gerris,  Fabr. 

—  najas,  DeG. 

—  costs,  H.S. 

—  thoracica,  Schum 

—  gibbifera,  Schum 

—  lacustris,  L. 

—  odontogaster,  Zett. 

—  argentata,  Schum 

REDUVIINA 
EMESIDJE 

Ploiaria,  Scop. 

—  vagabunda,  L. 
REDUVIID^ 

Reduvius,  Fabr. 

—  personatus,  L. 
Coranus,  Curt. 

—  subapterus,  DeG. 
NABIDJE 

Nabis,  Latr. 

—  brevipennis,  Hahn 

—  lativentris,  Boh. 

—  major,  Cost. 

—  flavomarginatus,  Scholtz 

—  limbatus,  Dahlb. 

-  lineatus,  Dahlb. 

—  ferus,  L. 

-  rugosus,  L. 

SALDINA 

Salda,  Fabr. 

—  pallipes,  Fabr. 

—  littoralis,  L. 

—  lateralis,  Fall. 

—  cincta,  H.S. 

—  cocksii,  Curt. 


188 


West  Ham  (Billups) 


CIMICINA 

CIMICID.S 
Cimex,  L. 

—  lectularius,  L. 
ANTHOCORID.S: 

Lyctocoris,  Hahn 

—  campestris,  Fall. 
Piezostethus,  Fieb. 

—  galactinus,  Fieb. 

—  cursitans,  Fall.     Loughton  (Champion) 
Anthocoris,  Fall. 

—  confusus,  Reut. 

—  nemoralis,  Fabr. 

—  sylvestris,  L. 
Acompocoris,  Reut. 

-  pygmaeus.  Fall.    Purfleet  (R.  M.  Leake) 
Triphleps,  Fieb. 

—  minuta,  L. 


INSECTS 


CAPSINA 
CAPSID.* 

Pithanus,  Fieb. 

-  maerkcli,  H.S. 
Miris,  Fabr. 

—  calcaratus,  Fall. 

-  Izvigatus,  L. 
Megalocerza,  Ficb. 

—  crratica,  L. 

-  longicornis,  Fall. 

-  ruficornis,  Fourc. 
Tcratocoris,  Fieb. 

-  antennatus,  Boh. 

-  saundersi,   D.  and  S.     Purfleet  (R.  M. 

Leake) 
Leptopterna,  Fieb. 

—  ferrugata,  Fall. 

-  dolobrata,  L. 
Monalocoris,  Dahlb. 

-  filicis,  L. 
Pantilius,  Curt. 

—  tunicatus,  Fabr. 
Lopus,  Hahn 

—  flavomarginatus,  Don. 
Phytocoris,  Fall. 

-  populi,  L. 

—  tiliz,  Fabr. 

—  longipennis,    Flor.       Purfltet   (R.    M. 

Leake) 

—  reuteri,  Saund. 

-  varipes,  Boh. 

—  ulmi,  L. 
Calocoris,  Fieb. 

—  striatellus,  Fabr. 

-  bipunctatus,  Fabr. 

—  chenopodii,  Fall. 

—  roseomaculatus,  DeG. 

—  infusus,  H.S. 

—  striatus,  L. 
Oncognathus,  Fieb. 

-  binotatus,  Fabr. 
Dichrooscytus,  Fieb. 

—  rufipennis,  Fall. 
Plesiocoris,  Fieb. 

-  rugicollis,  Fall.     Purfleet  (R.  M.  Leake) 
Lygus,  Hahn 

—  pratensis,  Fabr. 

—  contaminatus,  Fall. 

—  viridis,  Fall. 

—  pabulinus,  L. 

—  pastinacx,  Fall. 

—  cervinus,  H.S. 

—  kalmii,  L. 
Zygimus,  Fieb. 

-  pinastri,  Fall. 
Poeciloscytus,  Fieb. 

-  nigritus,  Fall.     Purfleet  (R.  M.  Leake) 
Camptobrochis,  Fieb. 

—  lutescens,  Schill. 
Liocoris,  Fieb. 


. :  (continued) 

Liocoris  tripustulatus,  Fabr. 
Capsus,  Fabr. 

-  laniarius,  L. 
Rhopalotomus,  Fieb. 

-  ater,  L. 
Pilophorus,  Hahn 

—  per  plexus,  Scott 

-  clavatus,  L. 
Halticus,  Burm. 

—  luteicollis,  Pz. 

-  apterus,  L.     Purfleet  (R.  M.  Leake) 
Labops,  Burm. 

-  saltator,  Hahn 
Dicyphus,  Fieb. 

—  constrictus,Boh.  Purfleet  (R.  M.  Leake) 

—  epilobii,  Reut. 

—  errans,  Wolff 

—  pallidicornis,  Fieb. 

-  globulifer,  Fall. 
Campyloneura,  Fieb. 

-  virgula,  H.S. 
Cyllocoris,  Hahn 

-  histrionicus,  L. 

-  flavonotatus,  Boh. 
jEtorhinus,  Fieb. 

-  angulatus,  Fabr. 
Mecomma,  Fieb. 

-  ambulans,  Fall. 
Cyrtorrhinus,  Fieb. 

—  caricis,  Fall. 
Orthotylus,  Fieb. 

-  bilineatus,  Fall.    Purfleet  (R.  M.  Leake) 

-  marginalis,  Reut. 

-  tenellus,  Fall. 

—  nassatus,  Fabr.     Purfleet  (R.  M.  Leake) 

-  prasinus,  Fall. 

—  flavosparsus,  Sahib.     Harwich  (Cham- 

pion) 

—  chloropterus,  Kb. 

-  adenocarpi,  Perr. 
Loxops,  Fieb. 

—  coccinea,  Mey. 
Heterotoma,  Latr. 

—  merioptera,  Scop. 
Heterocordylus,  Fieb. 

-  tibialis,  Hahn 
Malacocoris,  Fieb. 

-  chlorizans,  Fall. 
Onychumenus,  Reut. 

-  decolor,  Fall.     Purfleet  (R.  M.  Leake) 
Oncotylus,  Fieb. 

-  viridiflavus,  Goeze 
Macrotylus,  Fieb. 

-  paykulli,  Fall. 
Conostethus,  Fieb. 

-  roseus,  Fall.     Epping  (Marshall) 
Macrocoleus,  Fieb. 

—  hortulanus,    Mey.   \    Purfltet  (R.   M. 

—  molliculus,  Fall.       /          Leake) 


189 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


CAPSID.S:  (continued) 
Harpocera,  Curt. 

—  thoracica,  Fall. 
Byrsoptera,  Spin. 

-  rufifrons,  Fall.     Purfleet  (R.  M.  Leake) 
Phylus,  Hahn 

—  palliceps,  Fieb. 

—  melanocephalus,  L. 

-  coryli,  L. 
Psallus,  Fieb. 

-  ambiguus,  Fall.    Purfleet  (R.  M.  Leake) 

—  betuleti,  Fall. 

—  variabilis,  Fall. 

—  quercus,  Kb. 

—  fallenii,  Reut. 

—  varians,  H.S. 

—  diminutus,  Kb. 

—  sanguineus,  Fabr. 

—  salicellus,  Mey.    Purfleet  (R.  M.  Leake) 
Plagiognathus,  Fieb. 

—  albipennis,  Fall. 

-  viridulus,  Fall. 

—  arbustorum,  Fabr. 

CRYPTOCERATA 
NAUCORIDINA 

Naucoris,  Geoffr. 

—  cimicoides,  L. 

NEPINA 

Nepa,  L. 

—  cinerea,  L. 
Ranatra,  Fabr. 

—  linearis,  L.     Epp'mg  (Enoch) 

NOTONECTINA 

Notonecta,  L. 

—  glauca,  L. 
Plea,  Leach 

—  minutissima,  Fabr. 

CORIXINA 

Corixa,  GeofFr. 

—  geoffroyi,  Leach 

-  lugubris,  Fieb. 

-  hieroglyphica,  Duf. 

—  sahlbergi,  Fieb. 

—  limitata,  Fieb. 

-  semistriata,  Fieb. 

—  striata,  L. 

—  fallenii,  Fieb. 

—  distincta,  Fieb. 

—  moesta,  Fieb. 

—  fabricii,  Fieb. 

—  concinna,  Fieb. 
Sigara,  Fabr. 

—  minutissima,  L. 


HOMOPTERA 
CICADINA 

MEMBRACID.S 
Centrotus,  Fabr. 

—  cornutus,  L. 
Gargara,  Am.  et  Serv. 

—  genista-,  Fabr. 
ISSIDJE 

Issus,  Fabr. 

—  coleoptratus,  Geoff. 
DELPHACIDJE 

Liburnia,  Stal. 

—  lineola,  Germ. 

—  vittipennis,  J.  Sahl. 

—  pellucida,  Fabr. 
Stiroma,  Fieb. 

—  albomarginata,  Curt. 

—  pteridis,  Boh. 
CERCOPIDJE 

Triecphora,  Am.  et  Serv. 

—  vulnerata,  Illig. 
Aphrophora,  Germ. 

—  alni,  Fall. 

—  salicis,  DeG. 
Phitenus,  Stal. 

—  spumarius,  L. 

—  campestris,  Fall. 

—  lineatus,  L. 
LEDRIDJE 

Ledra,  Fabr. 

—  aurita,  L. 
ULOPID^E 

Ulopa,  Fall. 

—  reticulata,  Fabr. 

—  trivia,  Germ. 
PAROPIIDJE 

Megophthalmus,  Curt. 

—  scanicus,  Fall. 
BYTHOSCOPID.S: 

Macropsis,  Lewis 

—  lanio,  L. 
Bythoscopus,  Germ. 

—  alni,  Schr. 

—  flavicollis,  L. 
Pediopsis,  Burm. 

—  scutellatus,  Boh. 

—  tibialis,  Scott 

—  ulmi,  Scott 
Idiocerus,  Lewis 

—  adustus,  H.S. 

—  fulgidus,  Fabr. 

—  populi,  L. 

—  confusus,  Flor. 
Agallia,  Curt. 

—  puncticeps,  Germ. 


venosa, 


Fall. 


TETTIGONID^E 

Evacanthus,  Lep.  et  Serv. 


190 


INSECTS 


TETTIGONID.*  (continued) 
Evacanthus  interruptus,  L. 
Tcttigonia,  Geoff. 

—  viridus,  L. 

ACOCEPHALIDVK 

Acocephalus,  Germ. 

—  nervosus,  Schr. 

—  albifrons,  L. 
Eupelix,  Germ. 

—  cuspidata,  Fabr. 
JASSID/E 

Allygus,  Fieb. 

—  commutatus,  Fieb. 

—  modestus,  Fieb. 
-  mixtus,  Fab. 

Thamnotettix,  Zett. 

—  dilutior,  Kbm. 

—  subfuscula,  Fall. 


(continued) 
Thamnotettix  crocea,  H.S. 
TYPHLOCYBID.W 
Alebra,  Fieb. 

-  albostriella,  Fall. 
Chlorita,  Fieb. 

—  flavescens,  Fabr. 
Eupteryx,  Curt. 

—  vittatus,  L. 

—  urticze,  Fabr. 

-  pulchellus,  Fall. 

PSYLLINA 

PSYLLID.* 

Psylla,  F.  Low 

—  alni,  L. 
Arytaena,  Scott 

—  genistz,  Latr. 


APHIDES 

Plant  Lice 


Although  dwellers  in  the  country  are  necessarily  much  too  familiar 
with  the  insects  included  in  this  section,  nobody  seems  to  have  system- 
atically studied  and  differentiated  the  Essex  species. 

Of  all  insects  they  are  the  most  numerous,  the  most  ubiquitous  and 
the  most  harmful,  and  the  loss  they  sometimes  occasion  is  incalculable. 
They  infest  alike  the  lowliest  herbage  and  the  loftiest  trees  ;  some  live 
underground  upon  roots,  out  of  which  they  suck  the  sap,  and  others 
submerged  in  water  upon  aquatic  plants.  In  former  times  it  was 
imagined  that  every  plant  had  its  own  peculiar  Aphis,  and  as  the  various 
species  were  named  after  the  plants  upon  which  they  were  found  some 
of  them  received  a  large  number  of  names,  which  are  sunk  as  synonyms 
now  that  we  know  that  the  same  Aphis  in  some  cases  affects  a  great 
many  different  plants,  and  that  some  of  these  afford  sustenance  to  several 
different  Aphides. 

When  they  first  appear  in  the  spring  they  are  not  very  numerous, 
but  they  arrive  at  maturity  so  rapidly,  and  increase  at  such  a  prodigious 
rate,  that  before  the  summer  is  far  advanced  it  is  said  a  single  individual 
may  number  its  descendants  by  hundreds  of  millions,  and  the  term 
'  Smother-flies,'  which  is  sometimes  applied  to  them,  is  then  amply 
justified.  Their  life  history  is  very  interesting  and  peculiar,  for  the 
ordinary  processes  of  nature  have  been  so  materially  modified  to  meet 
their  special  case  that  the  actual  facts  would  appear  almost  incredible  if 
they  had  not  been  abundantly  proved.  The  first  brood  of  the  year 
emerges  from  eggs  which  have  been  laid  by  the  fertilized  females  of 
the  previous  autumn,  and  consists  of  females  exclusively,  which  without 
any  male  intervention  bring  forth  other  females,  and  the  process  is  con- 
tinued as  long  as  a  suitable  food  supply  lasts  and  the  climatic  conditions 
remain  favourable  ;  but  when  these  change  a  bisexual  brood  is  produced, 
the  males  of  which  fertilize  the  females,  and  eggs  are  deposited  which 

191 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

lie  dormant  through  the  winter  and  produce  the  generations  of  the  suc- 
ceeding year.  Some  of  the  Essex  gardeners  seem  to  labour  under  strange 
delusions  about  Aphides,  for  they  will  tell  you  that  like  divers  other 
noxious  insects  they  come  over  with  the  east  wind  in  the  spring,  and 
that  they  are  especially  abundant  '  after  we  have  had  a  heavy  fall  of 
honey-dew.'  They  do  not  seem  to  know  that  the  sweet  clammy  sub- 
stance called  honeydew  is  a  secretion  from  the  Aphides  themselves,  and 
that  it  is  because  they  are  already  abundant  that  the  '  fall '  is  heavy.  The 
species  that  infest  the  beech,  birch,  cabbage,  currant,  dock,  elm,  honey- 
suckle, lime  and  rose  are  too  well  known  examples  of  the  tribe,  but  to 
name  all  its  food  plants  we  should  require  a  second  botanical  section. 

Mr.  Fitch  has  noticed  that  Aphis  asteris,  from  the  situation  it  affects 
in  the  Essex  salt  marshes,  must  be  covered  by  the  tide  eight  hours  out  of 
the  twenty-four  ;  and  though  as  a  rule  the  fully  developed  forms  dis- 
appear in  the  autumn,  some  of  them  may  in  mild  seasons  be  met  with 
much  later  in  the  year.  Siphonophora  lactucce  for  instance  was  abundant 
among  the  inner  folded  leaves  of  lettuce  at  Colchester  during  December, 
1900,  and  continued  to  flourish  till  its  food  was  destroyed  by  the  severe 
frosts  that  followed.  Some  authors  say  that  all  the  individuals  of  the 
early  broods  are  wingless,  but  this  is  certainly  not  the  case  invariably, 
for  winged  specimens  of  some  species  have  been  common  at  Colchester 
during  the  present  spring  (1901).  Existing  in  such  enormous  numbers, 
and  carrying  on  their  operations  on  such  an  extensive  scale,  Aphides  are 
generally  formidable  enemies  to  contend  against  ;  small  greenhouse  plants 
can  be  easily  freed  from  them,  but  large  trees  and  crops  that  cover  exten- 
sive areas  do  not  so  readily  lend  themselves  to  successful  treatment,  and 
most  of  the  remedies  recommended  are  costly  and  useless,  and  in  apply- 
ing them  we  are  in  danger  of  interfering  with  nature's  remedies,  which 
are  as  a  rule  much  more  efficacious  than  ours. 

No  tribe  of  insects  has  so  many  formidable  enemies  among  other 
orders  as  the  plant  lice.  They  are  preyed  upon  by  certain  of  the  fossorial 
Hymenoptera,  which  carry  them  off  to  their  burrows  as  food  for  their 
larva?,  and  as  they  sting  and  paralyze  but  do  not  kill  them  the  larvae  are 
provided  with  a  sufficient  supply  of  fresh  meat  as  long  as  they  require  it. 
Large  numbers  of  species  of  Bracomder,  Cbalcididce  and  other  parasitic 
Hymenoptera  deposit  eggs  in  their  bodies,  and  in  this  way  destroy  myriads 
of  them.  The  larvae  of  the  Lacewing  flies  among  the  Neuroptera,  the 
Syrphida  among  the  Diptera,  and  the  Coccinellidce  among  the  Coleoptera 
also  devour  enormous  multitudes,  and  when  a  systematic  attack  is  made 
upon  them  by  the  horticulturist  he  is  far  more  likely  to  destroy  his 
friends  than  his  foes,  as  they  are  much  more  easy  for  him  to  get  at,  and 
thus  he  too  often  stops  their  beneficent  operations  in  blissful  ignorance 
of  their  very  existence. 


192 


MYRIAPODA 

With  the  exception  of  a  few  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  B.  B. 
Woodward  at  Walton-on-the-Naze,  the  Myriapoda  recorded  in  the  sub- 
joined list  were  obtained  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Webb,  who  at  one  time  not 
only  paid  special  attention  to  collecting  representatives  of  this  neglected 
group,  but  in  addition  stimulated  to  that  end  the  interest  of  naturalists 
in  various  parts  of  the  county  of  Essex.  As  a  result  we  have  perhaps 
as  complete  a  knowledge  of  the  Myriapoda  of  this  county  as  of  any 
other  county  in  Great  Britain. 

Most  of  the  specimens  belong  to  species  which  have  a  wide  distri- 
bution in  the  south  of  England  and  in  the  adjacent  countries  of  the 
continent.  None  are  peculiar  to  the  county.  On  the  other  hand, 
there  are  one  or  two  noteworthy  deficiencies  in  the  fauna.  Of  these  the 
most  noteworthy  is  the  apparent  absence  of  Lithobius  variegatus,  a  rela- 
tively large  and  striking  form  and  one  not  likely  to  be  overlooked  by 
collectors,  a  species  too  which  is  the  most  prevalent  element  in  the 
myriapod  fauna  of  all  the  other  counties  of  Great  Britain  where  col- 
lecting has  been  carried  on  to  any  extent.  The  absence  of  the  species 
from  Essex  gains  in  interest  when  it  is  remembered  that  the  animal  is, 
so  far  as  we  know,  restricted  in  its  range  to  Great  Britain  and  the 
Channel  Islands.  The  apparent  absence  too  of  Stigmatogaster  subterraneus 
is  to  be  noted.  Elsewhere  in  England  this  species  is  perhaps  the  com- 
monest, as  it  is  the  largest,  representative  of  the  Geophilidz.  It  also 
occurs  in  Denmark,  Belgium,  etc.  Hence,  as  is  probably  the  case  with 
other  elsewhere  common  species,  it  may  have  been  overlooked  in  Essex. 

Finally,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  a  single  specimen  of  Scutigera 
coleoptrata,  a  species  of  Chilopod  which  is  common  in  the  south  of 
Europe  and  has  already  been  recorded  as  an  importation  in  Scotland  by 
Mr.  Gibson  Carmichael,  was  captured  in  a  house  in  Colchester.  Pre- 
sumably, since  no  other  specimens  have  come  to  hand  from  Essex,  the 
one  discovered  by  Mr.  Webb  was  artificially  introduced. 

CHILOPODA 

Centipedes 
LITHOBIIDiE 
Short-bodied,  swift-running  centipedes,  furnished  with  eyes  and  only  fifteen  pairs  of  legs. 

One  of  the  smaller  species,  with  long 
antennae  and  peculiarly  modified  anal  legs 
in  the  male.  Common  in  central  Europe 
and  abundant  throughout  the  south  of  Eng- 
land. 

3.  Lithobius  crassipes,  Koch.      Die  Myr.-Gatt. 

Lithobius,  p.  71  (1862). 
Brentwood. 

Common  in  England  and  central  Europe. 
A  small  species  with  short  antennae.  Gene- 
rally mistaken  by  collectors  for  the  young  of 
L.  forficatui. 


1.  Lithobius  forjicatus,   Linn.     Syst.  Nat.  ed. 

to,  P.  638(1758). 

Brentwood,  Stock,  Maldon,  FinchingficlJ, 
Warley,  Colchester,  West  Horndon, 
Dagenham,  Ingrave,  Rivenhall,  Shocbury- 
ness. 

Common  throughout  the  whole  of  north 
and  central  Europe,  and  abundant  every- 
where in  England  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
houses  as  well  as  in  fields  and  woods. 

2.  Lithobius  calcaratus,  Koch.     Die  Myr.-Gatt. 

Lithobius,  p.  86  (1862). 
Brentwood,  Warley. 


193 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

CRYPTOPID^E 

Eyeless  centipedes  of  medium  length  and  thickness,  with  twenty-one  pairs  of  short  legs, 
and  though  somewhat  intermediate  in  form  between  the  preceding  and  the  succeeding  families, 
resembling  the  latter  rather  than  the  former  in  their  slow  movements. 


Cryptops  hortensis,  Leach. 
Land.  xi.  384  (1815). 
Maldon,  Warley. 


Tr.  Linn.  Sac.  A  widely  distributed  species,  but  never  oc- 
curring in  any  very  great  numbers.  Abun- 
dant all  over  central  and  southern  Europe. 

GEOPHILID^: 
Long-bodied  vermiform  centipedes  without  eyes,  and  furnished  with  a  large  but  variable 


number  of  legs. 

5.  Geophilus  flavus,  De  Geer.     Mem.  Ins.  vii. 

561  (1778)  ( =  longicornis,  Leach). 
Brentwood,    Maldon,    Stock,    West    Mersea 
(under  Zostera  on  the  beach),  Finching- 
field,  Warley,  West  Horndon,  Dagenham, 
Ingrave,  Colchester. 

Common  throughout  Europe.  Distinguish- 
able from  all  the  other  British  species  by  its 
long  antennal  segments. 

6.  Geophilus  proximus,   Koch.     Syst.  d.  Myr. 

p.  1 86  (1847). 

Brentwood,  Finchingfield,  Colchester,  Riven- 
hall. 

Although  widely  distributed  on  the  conti- 
nent, this  species,  so  far  as  our  knowledge  at 
present  extends,  appears  to  be  restricted  in  its 
range  to  the  eastern  counties  of  Great  Britain. 
It  may  be  distinguished  by  the  presence  of  a 
pair  of  short  oval  impressions  on  the  sterna  of 
anterior  segments  of  body. 

7.  Geophilus  carpophagus.  Leach.      Zool.  Misc. 

iii.  43  (1817). 
Brentwood,  Warley. 

Common  everywhere  in  England  and  on 
the  continent.  Distinguishable  by  the  ball 
and  socket  method  of  articulation  of  the  an- 
terior sternal  plates. 

8.  Geophilus  truncorum,  Meinert.    Nat.  Tidskr. 

iv.  94  (1866). 
Warley,  Ingrave. 

A  small  species,  often  overlooked,  but 
ranging  throughout  the  south  of  England 
and  Wales.  Distinguishable  by  the  presence 


of  three  strong  grooves  on  the  anterior  sternal 
plates. 

9.  Linoteenia    acuminata.    Leach.      Tr.    Linn. 

Soc.  Land.  xi.  386  (1814). 
Warley. 

Widely  distributed  in  the  south  of  England 
and  on  the  continent. 

10.  Linoteenia  crassipeSy  Koch.    Deutschl.  Crust. 

etc.  3,  pi.  iii.  (1835). 
Brentwood,  Warley,  Ingrave,  Colchester. 
This  species  has  the  same  distribution  as 
the   last,  to  which  it  is  nearly  allied.      The 
two  are  the  common  British  luminous  centi- 
pedes which    frequently  attract  attention  on 
damp  evenings  in  the  autumn  by  the  emission 
of  a  phosphorescent  secretion  from  their  ster- 
nal glands. 

11.  Linoteenia   maritima,  Leach.     Zool.  Misc. 

iii.  44  (1817). 

West  Mersea  (under  Zostera  on  the  beach). 
Fairly  common  in  suitable  localities  round 
the  coasts  of  Great  Britain  and  on  those  of 
western  Europe,  living  beneath  stones  be- 
tween tide  marks  or  under  accumulated  sea- 
weed left  by  the  tide. 

12.  Schendyla     nemorensis,     Koch.       Deutschl. 

Crust,  etc.  9,  pi.  4  (1837). 
Warley. 

A  small  and  delicate  centipede  of  about  the 
same  size  and  general  appearance  as  G.  trun- 
corum.  Found  under  tree  trunks  and  stones 
in  woods,  etc.,  throughout  England  and  cen- 
tral Europe. 


DIPLOPODA 

Millipedes 
POLYDESMIDJE 

Millipedes  with  from  nineteen  to  twenty  body  segments,  most  of  which  are  furnished 
with  paired  scent-glands  supported  on  a  larger  or  smaller  lateral  crest  or  keel. 

13.  Polydesmus    complanatuSy     Linn.        Faun.  14.  Polydesmus  subinteger,  Latzel.      Bull.  Soc. 

Suecic.  ed.  2,  p.  502  (1761).  Rouen  (2),  xix.  269  (1883). 

Stock,    Warley     Epping    Forest,    Widford,  Walton-on-the-Naze. 

Walton-on-the-Naze. 

The  commonest  and  largest  British  species.  A  smaller  and  much  scarcer  species  than 

Found  all  over  Europe.  the  foregoing,  and  known  from  a  few  of  the 

194 


MYRIAPODA 


southern  counties.    Occurs  also  in  the  western 
countries  of  central  Europe. 


15.  Brachydesmus  superus,  Latzel.    Die  Myriap. 

(Ester.  Ungar.  Man.  ii.  130  (1884). 
Finchingfield,  Walton-on-the-Nazc. 


CHORDEUMIDJE 

Millipedes  with   typically    thirty    segments   furnished   dorsally  with   six    symmetrically 
disposed  bristles,  without  scent-glands  and  usually  keeled  like  those  of  the  Polydesmidse. 


16.  Atractosoma   polydesmoiJes,    Leach.       Zool. 

Misc.  iii.  36  (1817). 
Brentwood,  Finchingfield,  Warley. 


This  species,  with  its  large   keels,  closely 
resembles  an  elongate  Polydesmus. 


IVLIDJE 

Millipedes  in  which  the  body  consists  of  a  large  but  variable  number  of  segments,  each 
of  which,  excepting  the  most  anterior,  is  furnished  with  scent  glands,  but  without  the  keels 
characteristic  of  the  Polydesmidae. 


17.  lulus  sabulosus,  Linn.     Syst.  Nat.  ed.  10, 

P- 639  (1758). 
Walton-on-the-Naze,  Chelmsford,  Widford. 

A  large  species  with  acute  caudal  prolonga- 
tion and  a  pair  of  yellow  longitudinal  dorsal 
stripes. 

1 8.  lulus  niger.  Leach.     Zool.   Mix,  iii.   34 

(1817). 
Warley. 

Common  in  England  and  in  the  western 
countries  of  the  continent.  As  large  as  the 
preceding  but  slenderer,  without  dorsal  bands, 
and  with  the  anterior  portion  of  the  segments 
transversely  grooved. 

19.  lulus  ligulifer,   Latzel.      Berl.  Ent.   Ztits. 

xxxvi.  152  (1891). 
Stock,  Warley. 

A  small  black -tailed  species,  without 
stripes  and  without  transverse  grooves  on  the 
segments.  Fairly  common  in  central  Europe 
and  no  doubt  also  in  England,  though  not 
previously  recorded  as  British. 

20.  lulus  pilosus,  Newport.     Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 

Hist.  xi.  316  (1842). 
Warley. 

Very  nearly  allied  to  /.  ligulifer,  and  prob- 
ably often  confounded  with  that  species  so  far 
as  the  females  are  concerned.  The  males  of 
the  two  are  easily  distinguishable  by  the  form 
of  the  first  pair  of  legs. 


21.  lulus  punctatuiy  Leach.     Zool.  Afiic.   iii. 


Warley. 

A  yellowish-brown  species,  with  a  blunt 
expanded  caudal  process  and  a  row  of  dark 
spots  on  each  side  of  the  body.  Found  in 
rotten  wood.  Common  throughout  England 
and  on  the  continent. 

22.  lulus  teutonicus,  Pocock.     Ann.  Mag.  Nat. 

Hist.  (7),  vi.  206  (1900). 
Stock,   Warley,    Colchester,  Great    Baddow, 
Dagenham. 

This  species,  which  is  common  at  least  in 
the  south-eastern  counties  of  England  and  in 
the  western  countries  of  Europe,  has  errone- 
ously passed  until  recently  under  the  name 
lulus  londinensis.  With  exception  of  the  lat- 
ter, which  has  never  been  discovered  since 
Leach's  time,  /.  teutonicus  is  the  largest  tailless 
form  of  this  genus  met  with  in  Britain. 

lulus  londinensis,  Leach  (TV.  Linn.  Sac.  xi. 
378  [1815]),  described  from  the  environs  of 
London,  may  prove  to  belong  to  the  fauna  of 
Essex. 

23.  Blaniului    guttulatus,    Bosc.       Bull.    Sac. 

Philom.  p.  12  (1792). 
Finchingfield. 

A  long  and  slender  eyeless  species,  with 
the  head  and  anterior  segments  pale,  and  a 
line  of  blood-red  spots  on  each  side  of  the 
body. 


POLYXENID^: 
Syst.  Nat.  ed. 


24.  Polyxenus  lagurus.  Linn. 

'0,  P-  637  (1758). 
Brightlingsea. 

This  species  is  commonly  found  beneath 
the  loose  bark  of  old  fences  or  tree  trunks. 


The  examples  above  recorded  however  were 
collected  beneath  weeds  upon  the  beach.  In 
spite,  however,  of  the  peculiarity  of  the 
habitat,  they  seem  to  belong  to  P.  lagurus,  the 
common  European  species  of  the  genus. 


195 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 
ARACHNIDA 

Spiders,  etc. 

There  have  been  already  published  two  contributions  towards  a 
knowledge  of  the  Arachnida  of  Essex.  The  first  appeared  in  the  Trans. 
Essex  Field  Club  in  1883  (iv.  41-9),  by  the  Rev.  O.  Pickard- 
Cambridge  ;  the  second  in  1901  in  the  Essex  Naturalist  (xi.  315-8). 
These  two  publications  had  brought  the  number  of  records  for  the 
county,  up  to  that  date,  to  ninety-five,  including  '  harvestmen  '  and 
'  false-scorpions.'  Many  more  however  have  been  added  from  time  to 
time  by  the  present  author  and  others,  so  that  the  list  has  considerably 
increased  and  includes  at  the  present  time  153  spiders,  3  false-scorpions 
and  6  harvestmen. 

The  county  as  physically  constituted  offers  some  magnificent  situa- 
tions where  Arachnida  ought  to  be  found  in  abundance,  though  generally 
speaking  a  predominance  of  heavy  clay  soil  is  not  favourable  to  the 
members  of  this  family. 

None  the  less  however  there  are  several  special  localities  which 
would  always  repay  a  thorough  investigation  ;  Epping  Forest  and  district, 
Chelmsford,  and  all  the  estuaries  on  the  coast,  including  the  salt  marshes, 
such  as  Benfleet,  Burnham-on-Crouch,  the  Blackwater,  and  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Walton-on-the-Naze. 

So  very  little  collecting  however  has  been  hitherto  done  that  the 
present  list  must  only  be  regarded  as  a  small  contribution  which  can 
easily  be  very  largely  increased  with  but  little  trouble. 

The  initials  of  those  who  collected  the  specimens  or  recorded  their 
occurrence  have  been  added  to  names  in  the  list  except  in  cases  where 
the  present  author  is  himself  responsible  for  them.  Many  species 
were  recorded  by  Rev.  O.  Pickard-Cambridge  (O.  P.-C.)  and  others  by 
Messrs.  William  Cole  and  F.  P.  Smith  (F.  P.  S.). 

In  cases  where  the  generic  or  specific  name  quoted  is  not  that  under 
which  the  spider  has  usually  been  recognized  in  the  works  of  English 
authors,  a  note  has  been  added  calling  attention  to  the  fact.  With  these 
few  preliminary  remarks,  we  may  proceed  at  once  with  the  list  of  the 
spiders  of  Essex. 

ARANE^ 

ARACHNOMORPH& 

DYSDERID^E 

Spiders  with  six  eyes  and  two  pairs  of  stigmatic  openings,  situated  close  together  on  the 
genital  rima  ;  the  anterior  pair  communicating  with  lung  books,  the  posterior  with  tracheal 
tubes.  Tarsal  claws,  two  in  Dysdera,  three  in  Harpactes  and  Segestria. 

I.  Dysdera  cambridgii,  Thorell.  form,  orange   legs,  dark  mahogany  carapace 

Broxted.  and  pale  clay-yellow  abdomen.     The  palpal 

Not  uncommon  under  stones  and  bark  of  bulb  of  the  male  has  no  cross-piece  at  the 

trees,  where  it  lurks  within  a  tubular  retreat.  aPex-      The    sPider    is   also    known    as    D- 

The  spider  is  easily  recognizable  by  its  elongate  erythryna,  Blackwall. 

196 


SPIDERS 


2.   Harpactts  hombergii  (Scopoli). 

Brozted  ;  Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 
Rare  under  bark  of  trees,  and  recognizable 
by  its  linear   ant-like   form,    black  carapace, 
and  pale  clay-yellow  abdomen  and  three  tar- 
sal  claws. 


3.  Segestria  senoculata  (Linnzus). 
Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

Not  common  ;  under  bark  of  trees,  in  the 
crevices  of  loose  stone  walls  and  amongst 
detached  rocks.  Recognizable  by  its  linear 
form  and  the  black  diamond-shaped  blotches 
on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  abdomen. 


DRASSID.& 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  transverse  rows.  The  tracheal  openings  lie  just 
in  front  of  the  spinners.  The  tarsal  claws  are  two  in  number,  the  anterior  pair  of  spinners 
are  set  wide  apart  at  the  base,  and  the  maxillae  are  more  or  less  impressed  across  the  middle. 

4.  Drass»des  lapidosm  (Walckenaer). 

Brozted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Very  common  under  stones.     Also  known 
as  Drauus  lapidicolens. 

5.  Drassodes  syfvestris  (Blackwall). 


Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 


6.   Scotaphieui  blackwallii  (Thorell). 
Brozted. 

A  dark  elongate  mouse-grey  spider,  often 
found  wandering  about  the  walls  of  dwelling 
and  outhouses  at  night.  Known  also  as 
Drassus  sericeus,  Blackwall. 


CLUBIONID^E 


Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  transverse  rows.  The  tracheal  openings  lie 
immediately  in  front  of  the  spinners.  The  tarsal  claws  are  two  in  number,  but  the  anterior 
pair  of  spinners  are  set  close  together  at  the  base  ;  the  maxillse  are  convex  and  not  impressed 
across  the  middle. 


7.  Afiearia  pulicaria  (Sundevall). 

Brozted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

A  small  dark  spider,  iridescent  and  shining, 
with  a  white  cincture  round  the  middle  of 
the  anterior  half  of  the  abdomen.  Known 
also  as  Drassus  nitens,  Blackwall. 

8.  Phrurolithm  festivus,  C.  L.  Koch. 

Chelmsford  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 
Also  known  as  Drassus  propinqum,  Black- 
wall. 

9.  Zora  spinimana  (Sundevall). 

Brozted. 

10.  Clubiona  stagnatilis,  Kulczynski. 
Broxted. 

Known  also  as  C,  holosericea,  Blackwall. 

1 1 .  Clubiona  terrestris,  Westring. 
Brozted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

12.  Clubiona  reclusa,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Chelmsford. 


13.  Clubiona  lutescfns,  Westring. 
Brozted. 

14.  Clubiona  brwipes,  Blackwall. 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

I  5.   Clubiona  pallidula  (Clerck). 

Brozted  ;  Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

1 6.  Clubiona  corticalis  (Walckenaer). 
Danby  Park. 

17.  Clubiona  phragmitis,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Dunmovv. 

1 8.  Clubiona  compta,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Brozted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

19.  Chiracanthium  erraticum  (Walckenaer). 
Broxted. 

Known  also  under  the  name  of  C.  carniftx. 

20.  Agroeca  proximo,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Epping  Forest. 

21.  Agraeca  brunnea  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 


ANYPH^NID^E 

The  spiders  of  this  family  resemble  those  of  the  Clubionida  in  most  respects,  except  that 
the  tracheal  stigmatic  openings  beneath  the  abdomen  are  situated  about  midway  between  the 
genital  rima  and  the  spinners,  and  not,  as  in  the  last  family,  immediately  in  front  of  the 
spinners.  One  species  only  is  indigenous  to  Great  Britain  and  is  very  common  amongst  the 
foliage  of  trees  in  May  and  June. 

22.  Anypbttna  acctntuata  (Walckenaer). 
Brozted  ;  Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

197 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


THOMISIDjE 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  transverse  rows,  two  tarsal  claws  and  anterior 
spinners  close  together  at  their  base.  Maxillae  not  impressed.  The  crab-like  shape  and  side- 
long movements  of  these  spiders  are  their  chief  characteristics,  enabling  them  to  be  easily 
distinguished  from  the  more  elongate  Drassidee  and  Clubionidee. 


23.  Philodromus  dispar,  Walckenaer. 
Broxted. 

24.  Philodromus  aureolus  (Clerck). 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

25.  Philodromuf  c&spiticolens,  Walckenaer. 
Dunmow. 

26.  Tibellui  oblongus  (Walckenaer). 
Broxted. 

27.  Xysticus  cristatui  (Clerck). 
Broxted. 


28.  Oxyptila  praticola  (C.  L.  Koch). 
Chelmsford. 

29.  Oxyptila  trux  (Blackwall). 
Chelmsford. 

30.  Misumena  vatia  (Clerck). 
Earl's  Colne. 

31.  Ditto  dorsata  (Fabricius). 
Broxted. 


ATTIDJE 

The  spiders  of  this  family  may  be  recognized  in  a  general  way  by  their  mode  of  pro- 
gression, consisting  of  a  series  of  leaps.  More  particularly  they  may  be  known  by  the  square 
shape  of  the  cephalic  region  and  the  fact  that  the  eyes  are  arranged  in  three  rows  of  4,  2,  2, 
the  centrals  of  the  anterior  row  being  much  the  largest.  Otherwise  the  spiders  are  simply 
specialized  Clubionids  with  two  tarsal  claws  and  other  minor  characters  possessed  in  common 
with  other  members  of  this  family. 


32.  Salticus  scenicus  (Clerck). 
Dunmow. 

33.  Salticus  cingulatus  (Panzer). 
Danby  Park. 

This  species  is  not   nearly  so  common   as 
the  last. 

34.  Euopbrys  frontalis  (Walckenaer). 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

35.  Neon  reticulatus  (Blackwall). 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

36.  Attus  pubescent  (Fabricius). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Known  also  as  Salticus  sparsus,  Blackwall. 


37.  Ergane  falcata  (Clerck). 
Broxted. 

Known  also  as  Salticus  coronatus,  Blackwall. 

38.  Heliophanus  flavipes,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Chelmsford. 

Rare  ;  found  on  the  Roman  road. 

39.  Marptusa  muscosa  (Clerck). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Common.    Known  also  as  Salticus  tardigra- 
dus,  Blackwall. 

40.  Ballus  depressus  (Walckenaer). 
Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

Known  also  as  Salticus  obscurus,  Blackwall. 


PISAURID^: 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes  in  three  rows  of  4,.  2,  2  ;  the  small  anterior  eyes  being  sometimes 
in  a  straight  line,  sometimes  recurved  and  sometimes  procurved.  Those  of  the  other  two 
rows  are  situated  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle  of  various  proportions  and  are  much  larger  than 
the  eyes  of  the  anterior  row.  The  tarsal  claws  are  three  in  number.  Pisaura  runs  freely 
over  the  herbage,  carrying  its  egg-sac  beneath  the  sternum  ;  while  Dolomedes  is  a  dweller  in 
marshes  and  swamps. 

41.   Pisaura  mirabilis  (Clerck). 

Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 
Known  also  as  Dolomedes,  or  Ocyale,  mirabilis. 

198 


SPIDERS 


LYCOSIDJE 

The  members  of  this  family  are  to  be  found  running  freely  over  the  ground,  and  carry- 
ing the  egg-sac  attached  to  the  spinners.     Many  of  the  larger  species  make  a  short  burrow  in 


the  soil  and  there  keep  guard  over  the  egg-sac, 
with  slight  differences. 

42.  Lycosa  ruricola  (De  Geer). 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

Known  also  as  L.  camfestris,  Blackwall. 

43.  Lycosa  ttrricola,  Thorell. 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C). 

Known  also  as  L.  agretica,  Blackwall. 

44.  Lycosa  accentuata,  Latreille. 
King's  Oak. 

Known  also  as  Tarentula  andrenivora. 

45.  Lycosa  pulverulenta  (Clerck). 
Broxted. 

Known  also  as  L.   rapax,  Blackwall,  and 
Tarentula  pulverulenta. 

46.  Pardosa  lugubris  (Walckenaer). 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 


Eyes  and   tarsal  claws  as  in  the  Pisaurid*, 

47.  Pardosa  pullata  (Clerck). 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Known  also  as  Lycosa  otscura,  Blackwall. 

48.  Pardosa  nigrifeps,  Chorell. 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

49.  Pardosa  palustris  (Linnzus). 
Chelmsford. 

Known  also  as  Lycosa  exigua,  Blackwall. 

50.  Pardosa  amentata  (Clerck). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). ;  Broxted. 

51.  Pardosa  annu/ata,  Chorell. 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

52.  Pirata  piraticus  (Clerck). 
Loughton  (F.  P.  S.). 


AGELENID.E 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  straight  or  more  or  less  curved  transverse  rows. 
Tarsal  claws,  three.  The  species  of  this  family  spin  a  large  sheet-like  web,  and  construct  a 
tubular  retreat  at  the  back  of  it,  which  leads  to  some  crevice  amongst  the  rocks  or  in  the 
herbage,  or  in  the  chinks  in  the  walls  of  outhouses  and  barns,  wherever  the  various  species  may 
happen  to  be  found.  The  habits  of  Argyroneta,  the  water  spider,  are  however  quite  different. 
The  posterior  pair  of  spinners  is  much  longer  than  the  others  in  the  more  typical  genera  of 
this  family. 

53-   Tegenaria  atrica,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Epping  Forest. 

54.  Tegenaria  parietina  (Fourcroy). 
Epping  Forest. 

Abundant  in  parts  of  this  county  and  the 
London  district  generally.  Known  also  as 
T.  guyonii  and  T.  domestica. 

55.  Tegenaria  derhami  (Scopoli). 
Epping  Forest ;  Broxted. 

A  very  common  species  everywhere. 

56.  Tegenaria  silvestris,  L.  Koch. 
Broxted  ;  Chelmsford. 

Known  also  as  T.  campestris. 

57.  Cicurina  cinerea  (Panzer). 

Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest,  under  bark  (F.  P.  S.). 
Common  in  a  cellar  at  the  vicarage. 


58.  Agelena  labyrinthica  (Clerck). 
Epping  Forest. 

Abundant,  forming  large  sheet-like  webs 
on  the  herbage,  with  a  funnel-shaped  tubular 
retreat. 

59.  Hahnia  elegans  (Blackwall). 
Chelmsford. 

Not  uncommon  amongst  the  roots  of  aquatic 
plants  and  riverside  herbage.  Known  also  as 
Agelena  e/egans,  Blackwall. 

60.  Hahnia  montana  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Not  uncommon.  Known  also  as  Agelena 
montana,  Blackwall. 

61.  Argyroneta  aquatica  (Clerck). 
Whipps  Cross,  Waltharostow  (F.  P.  S.). 


ARGIOPIOfc 

The  spiders  included  in  this  family  have  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  rows,  the  lateral  eyes 
of  both  rows  being  usually  adjacent  if  not  in  actual  contact,  while  the  central  eyes  form  a 
quadrangle.  The  tarsal  claws  are  three,  often  with  other  supernumerary  claws.  The  web  is 

199 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


either  an  orbicular  snare,  as  in  the  case  of  the  '  common  garden  spider,'  or  consists  of  a  sheet 
of  webbing,  beneath  which  the  spider  hangs  and  captures  the  prey  as  it  falls  upon  the  sheet. 
This  immense  family  includes  those  usually  separated  under  the  names  Epeiridte  and  Linyphiidte. 


62.  Mtta  segmentata  (Clerck). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.)  ;   Broxted. 

Very  abundant.  Known  also  as  Epeira 
inc/inata,  13  kick  wall. 

63.  Meta  meriante  (Scopoli). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.)  ;  Broxted. 

Not  uncommon.  Known  also  as  Epeira 
antriada,  Blackwall,  and  a  striking  variety  as 
E.  celata,  Blackwall. 

64.  Tetragnatba  extensa  (Linnaeus). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.)  ;  Broxted. 

Most  abundant  and  generally  distributed. 

65.  Tetragnatha  solandri  (Scopoli). 
Broxted. 

66.  Pachygnatha  clerkii,  Sundevall. 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

67.  Pachygnatha  degeerii,  Sundevall. 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

Common  and  generally  distributed. 

68.  Cyclosa  conica  (Pallas). 
Snaresbrook. 

A  few  specimens  only  have  been  taken. 
Known  also  as  Epeira  conica,  Blackwall. 

69.  Zilla    x  -notata  (Clerck). 
Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

Very  common.  Known  also  as  Epeira 
similis,  Blackwall. 

70.  Zilla  atrica,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Snaresbrook  ;  Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

Almost  as  common  as  the  above.  Known 
also  as  Epeira  callophylla,  Blackwall. 

7 1 .  Araneus  cucurbitinus,  Clerck. 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Common  and  generally  distributed. 

72.  Araneus  diadematus,  Clerck. 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Abundant  and  generally  distributed. 

73.  Araneus  cornutus,  Clerck. 
Broxted. 

Common.  Known  also  as  Epeira  apoc/isa, 
Blackwall. 

74.  Araneus  patagiatus,  Clerck. 
Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

75.  Araneus  umbraticus,  Clerck. 
Broxted  ;  Earl's  Colne  (F.  P.  S.). 

Common  and  generally  distributed. 


76.  Araneus  triguttatus,  Fabricius. 
Epping  Forest. 

Not    common.       Known    also   as    Epeira 
agalena,  Blackwall. 

77.  Linyphia  impigra,  O.  P.  Cambridge. 
Chelmsford. 

78.  Linyphia  triangularis  (Clerck). 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Common.      Known    also   as   L.  montana, 
Blackwall. 

79.  Linyphia  hortensis,  Sundevall. 
Broxted. 

Known  also  as  L.  pratensis,  Blackwall. 

80.  Linyphia  pusilla,  Sundevall. 
Epping  Forest. 

Known  also  as  L.  fu/iginea,  Blackwall. 

81.  Linyphia  montana  (Clerck). 
Broxted. 

Common.     Known   also  as  L.  marginata, 
Blackwall. 

82.  Linyphia  c/athrata,  Sundevall. 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Abundant.      Known  also  as  Neriene  mar- 
ginata, Blackwall. 

83.  Linyphia  insignis,  Blackwall. 
Epping  Forest. 

84.  Linyphia  peltata,  Wider. 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

85.  Labulla  thoracica  (Wider). 
High  Beach  (F.  P.  S.)  ;  Broxted. 

Common.      Known  also  as  Linyphia  cauta, 
Blackwall. 

86.  Floronia  bucculenta  (Clerck). 
Chelmsford. 

Rare.     Known    also    as    Linyphia  frenata 
(Wider). 

87.  Stemonyphantes  lineatus  (Linnaeus). 
Epping  Forest. 

Known  also  as  Linyphia  bucculenta,  O.P.-C., 
and  Neriene  trilineata,  Blackwall. 

88.  Lepthyphantes  leprosus  (Ohlert). 
Broxted. 

Common. 


200 


SPIDERS 


89.  Lepthyphantti  blaclnuallii,  Kulczynski. 
Epping  Forest ;  Broxted. 

Common. 

90.  Lepthyphantes  minutut  (Blackwall). 
Broxted  ;  Snaresbrook. 

91.  Lepthyphantes  tenuis  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest. 

92.  Lepthyphantes  obscurus  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Rare. 

93.  Lepthyphantes  nebulosus  (Sundevall). 
Broxted  ;  Snaresbrook. 

Rare    and    very    local.       Known    also   as 
Linyphia  vivax,  Blackwall. 

94.  Lepthyphantes  ericeus  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Not  common. 

95.  Lepthyphantes  pallidus  (O.  P.-Cambridge). 
Broxted. 

Rare. 

96.  Bathyphantes  pullatus  (O.  P.-Cambridge). 
Epping  Forest. 

Common. 

97.  Bathyphantes  nigrinus  (Westring). 
Tilty,  near  Dunmow. 

Common.     Known  also  as  Linvphia  fiulla 
Blackwall. 

98.  Bathyphantes  meadii  (O.  P.-Cambridge). 
Chelmsford. 

Abundant.       Known    also     as      Linyphia 
approximata  (O.  P.-Cambridge). 

99.  Bathyphantes  dorsalis  (Wider). 
Chelmsford. 

Not  uncommon.     Known  also  as  Linyphia 
claytoniie,  Blackwall. 

100.  Bathyphantes  circumspectus  (Blackwall). 
Broxted. 

101.  Bathyphantes  gracilis  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

0 O2.  Bathyphantes  concolar  (Wider). 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Not  uncommon.     Known  also  as  Theridien 
flipes,  Blackwall. 

103.  Hilaira  uncata  (O.  P.-Cambridge). 
Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

A  few  taken  in  marshy  places. 

104.  Centremerus  bicalor  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 


105.  Macrargus  abnormis  (Blackwall). 
Broxted. 

1 06.  Microntta  subtilis  (O.  P.-Cambridge). 
Broxted. 

Known   also  as  Neriene  anomala,   O.    P.- 
Cambridge. 

107.  Microneta  viaria  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

1 08.  Micryphantes    innotabilis    (O.    P.-Cam- 

bridge). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

109.  Micryphantes  rurestris,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Broxted. 

Known  also  as  Neriene  fuscipalpis,  O.  P.- 
Cambridge,   ad    partem  ;    and    probably    N. 
gracilis  and  flavipes,  Blackwall. 
no.  Erigone  atra  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest. 

Very  abundant  on  railings. 

111.  Erigone  dentipalpis  (Wider). 
Loughton  (F.  P.  S.). 

Equally  abundant  as  the  last  species  and  in 
the  same  situations. 

112.  Tito  vagans  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

Rare ;    two    specimens   only    have    been 
recorded. 

113.  Neriene  rubens  (Blackwall). 
Broxted. 

Known  also  as  Gonatium  rubens. 

114.  Neriene  isabellina  (C.  L.  Koch). 
Broxted. 

Known  also  as  Neriene  rubella,  Blackwall. 

115.  Dicyphus  cornutus,  Blackwall. 
Hoddesdon  and  Lea  Valley  (F.  M.  C.). 

1 1 6.  Hypomma  bituberculatum  (Wider). 
Chelmsford. 

Known  also  under  the  name  Neriene. 

117.  Trachygnatha  dentata  (Wider). 
Wanstead  Park  (F.  P.  S.). 

Known  also  under  the  name  Neriene. 

1 1 8.  Kulczynskiellum  fuscum  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Known  also  under  the  name  Neriene. 

1 1 9.  Kulcxynskiellum  retusum  (Westring). 
Chelmsford. 

Known  also  under  the  name  Neriene. 

1 2O.  Ltphomma  herbigradum  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Known  also  under  the  name  Neriene. 
201  26 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


121.  Dicymbium  nigrum  (Blackwall). 
Broxted. 

Known  also  under  the  name  Neriene. 

122.  Prosoponcus  cristatus  (Blackwall). 
Broxted. 

123.  Pleesiocrterus  fuscipes  (Blackwall). 
Chelmsford. 

Known  also  under  the  name  Walckenaera. 

124.  Pltesiocrttrm  latifrons  (O.  P.-Cambridge). 
Chelmsford. 

Known  also  under  the  name  Walckenaera. 

125.  Plasiocregrus  picinus  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

126.  Savignia  frontata,  Blackwall. 
Broxted. 

Known  also  under  the  name  Walckenaera. 


127.  Gongylidiellum  vivum  (O.  P.-Cambridge). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Rare  and  local.     Known  under  the  name 
Neriene. 

128.  Dismodicus  bifrons  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

129.  Walckentena  acuminata  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Not  uncommon,  but  females  only.    Known 
also  under  the  name  Walckenaera. 

130.  Viderius  cucullatus  (C.  L.  Koch). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.  C.). 

131.  Lophocarenum  parallelum  (Wider). 
Broxted. 

Rare.     Known  also  under  Walckenaera. 


THERIDIIDjE 

The  members  of  this  family  have  eight  eyes,  situated  very  much  like  those  of  the  Argio- 
pidie  ;  but  the  mandibles  are  usually  weak,  the  maxillae  are  inclined  over  the  labium,  and  the 
posterior  legs  have  a  comb  of  stiff  curved  spines  beneath  the  tarsi.  The  web  consists  of  a 
tangle  of  crossings  lines,  and  the  spider  often  constructs  a  tent-like  retreat  wherein  the  egg-sac 
is  hung  up.  The  tarsal  claws  are  three  in  number. 


132.  Theridion  formosum  (Clerck). 
Broxted  ;  Wanstead  (O.  P.-C.). 

Known  also  as  T.  sisyphium,  Blackwall. 

133.  Theridion  tepidariorum,  C.  L.  Koch. 
High  Beach  (F.  P.  S.)  ;  Broxted. 

134.  Theridion  sisyphium  (Clerck). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Known  also  as  T.  nervosum,  Blackwall. 

135.  Theridion  denticulatum  (Walckenaer). 
Epping  Forest. 

136.  Theridion  variant,  Hahn. 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.)  ;  Broxted. 

137.  Theridion  vittatum,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Hoddesdon  (F.  M.  C.)  ;  Broxted. 

Known  also  as  T.  pulchellum  (Walckenaer). 

138.  Theridion  pal/ens,  Blackwall. 
Broxted. 

139.  Theridion  simile,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.  C.). 


140.  Theridion  ovatum  (Clerck). 
Broxted. 

Known  also   under  the   name  Phyllonethis 
lineata. 

141.  Theridion  familiar e,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Broxted. 

In  an  old  barn. 

142.  Episinus  lugubris,  Simon. 
Broxted. 

Known  also  as  Theridion  angulatum,  Black- 
wall. 

143.  Pholcomma  gibbum,  Westring. 
Broxted ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

144.  Steatoda  bipunctata  (Linnaeus). 
Broxted  ;  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Known  also   as  Theridion  quadripunctatum, 
Blackwall. 

145.  Steatoda  guttata  (Wider). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Known  also  as  Theridion  guttatum,  Black- 
wall.     A  single  specimen  only. 

146.  Pedanostethus  Kvidus  (Blackwall). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 


202 


SPIDERS 

MIMETID/E 

Spiders  of  this  family  are  similar  in  general  respects  to  the  Theridiidtt,  having  eight  eyes 
and  three  tarsal  claws.  The  species  of  Era  construct  a  small  brown  pear-shaped  or  cylindrical 
egg-cocoon  suspended  on  a  fine  silken  stalk. 

147.  Era  furcata  (Villers). 
Rroxted. 

This  spider  is  known  also  as  E.  thoracica  and  Thtridion  variegatumt  Blackwall. 

DICTYNID^E 

The  spiders  belonging  to  this  family  possess  three  tarsal  claws,  and  the  eyes,  eight  in 
number,  situated  in  two  transverse  rows,  the  laterals  being  in  contact.  The  cribellum  (or 
extra  pair  of  spinning  organs)  and  the  calamistrum  (a  row  of  curving  bristles  on  the  protarsi  of 
the  fourth  pair  of  legs)  arc  present  in  all  members  of  the  family.  They  construct  a  tubular 
retreat  with  an  outer  sheet  of  webbing,  which  is  covered  with  a  flocculent  silk  made  with  the 
calamistrum  from  threads  furnished  by  the  cribellum. 

148.  /4maurobiusfenestra/is(Stroem).  151.  Dictyna  arundinacea  (Linnaeus). 
Not  so  common  as  simi/is.     Known  also  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

as  Ciniflo  atrox,  Blackwall.  Abundant.     Known  also  as  Ergath  btnigna, 

1 49.  Amaurobiui  similis  (Blackwall).  Blackwall. 

Epping  Forest ;  Broxted.  152.   Dictyna  uncinata,  Thorell. 

Common.     Known  also  under  the  name              Epping  Forest  (F.  P.  S.). 

Ciniflo.  !53.  Dlctyna  latens  (Fabricius). 

150.  Amaurobiw  ferox  (Walckenaer).  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

Snaresbrook ;  Broxted.  Not    common.     Known    also    under   the 

Common.     Known  also  under  the  name     name  Ergatis. 
Ciniflo. 

CHERNETES 
CHELIFERID^ 

Out  of  the  twenty  species  of  false  scorpions  hitherto  recorded  as  indigenous  to  Great 
Britain  only  two  have  been  taken  in  this  county. 

154.  Cheiridium  muscorum,  Leach.  156.  Obiiium  simile,  L.  Koch. 
'  Forest  School,'  Wanstead  (O.  P.-C.).  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

155.  Cthonius  rayi,  L.  Koch. 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

OPILIONES 

The  harvestmen  are  spider-like  creatures  with  eight  long  legs,  the  tarsi  very  long  and 
flexible.  Eyes  simple,  two  in  number,  situated  on  each  side  of  an  eye  eminence.  Body  not 
divided  into  two  distinct  regions  by  a  narrow  pedicle  as  in  spiders  ;  abdomen  segmentate. 

157.  Phalangium  opilio,  Linn.  160.   Oligolophus  epkippiatus,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.).  Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.). 

158.  Phalangium  parietinum,  De  Geer.  161.  Nemastoma  lugubre  (O.  F.  Mullcr). 
Epping  Forest  (O.  P.-C.).  Epping  Forest. 

159.  Phalangium  saxatile  (C.  L.  Koch.).  162.  Liobunum  rotundum  (Latreille). 
Epping  Foreit.  Epping  Forest. 


203 


CRUSTACEANS 

So  lately  as  ten  or  twelve  years  ago  the  Crustacea  of  this  county  were 
still  suffering  from  a  kind  of  conspiracy  of  silence.  A  few  Entomostraca, 
noted  as  occurring  in  pools  and  ditches  round  London,  might  be  presumed 
to  inhabit  this  part  as  well  as  others  of  that  great  circumference.  One 
important  species  is  recorded  by  Baird,  on  the  authority  of  E.  Doubleday, 
Esq.,  as  having  been  taken  '  near  Epping.' l  On  the  not  improbable 
assumption  that  this  was  found  within  the  borders  of  the  county,  Essex 
may  include  in  its  fauna  the  beautiful  non-crustaceous  crustacean,  Cbiro- 
cephalus  diaphanus,  Prevost.  This  is  a  creature  that  collectors  may  accuse 
of  caprice.  Its  appearances  are  fitful.  The  secret  lies  in  its  adaptation 
to  shallow  patches  of  water,  liable  to  complete  desiccation.  Though  it 
cannot  itself  survive  the  vanishing  of  its  native  pool,  its  eggs  will  rest 
contentedly  in  an  expanse  of  dried  mud  or  meadow,  till  some  miniature 
deluge,  instead  of  destroying  them,  restores  them  to  a  watery  world.  In 
this  they  speedily  hatch,  pass  through  their  larval  stages,  and  in  the  adult 
form  are  distinguished  by  their  glassy  length,  the  constant  movement  of 
their  leaf-like  limbs,  and  by  the  negative  character  of  having  no  carapace. 
The  graceful  slenderness  of  this  species  is  in  strange  contrast  to  the 
clumsy,  sullen-looking  figure  of  the  hard  and  hairy-coated  Dromia,  a  rare 
crab,  and  the  only  one  that  Adam  White  in  his  Popular  History  of  British 
Crustacea^  assigns  to  Essex.  Unfortunately  White  seems  to  have  been 
less  trustworthy  as  a  geographer  than  as  a  carcinologist,  for  he  says  that  the 
Dromia  vu/garis  was  '  first  recorded  as  British  by  Dr.  Gray,  who  obtained 
a  specimen  in  Billingsgate  market,  amongst  oysters  from  Whitstable  in 
Essex,  in  1825.'*  It  is  possible  that,  using  a  very  small  map,  he  found 
the  name  of  Whitstable  stretching  all  across  the  mouth  of  the  Thames, 
and  so  fell  into  the  confusion  of  transferring  the  place  from  the  southern 
bank  of  the  river  to  the  northern. 

For  vagueness  and  inadequacy  in  the  past  science  has  lately  been 
making  ample  amends,  and  when  a  thorough  investigation  of  its  Mala- 
costraca  and  salt  water  Entomostraca  has  been  completed,  the  county 
may  find  that  its  marine  Crustacea  are  as  diversified  and  interesting  as 
those  of  its  inland  waters  have  been  already  proved  to  be. 

Of  the  Brachyura  or  short-tailed  crabs,  Mr.  Edward  Lovett  has 
recently  published  the  following  records.  After  mentioning  that  '  the 
spider  crabs  of  the  genera  Stenorhynchus  and  Inachus  are  very  delicate  in 
structure,  and  occur  in  deep  water  in  the  western  parts  of  the  Channel,' 
he  continues,  '  Stenorhynchus  rostratus  is  common  in  the  Thames  estuary. 
A  more  robust  form  Hyas  araneus  (and  its  near  relative  H.  coarctatus]  are 

1  British  Entomostraca,  Ray  Soc.  p.  54  (1850).  2  Popular  Hist.  Brit.  Crust,  p.  68  (1857). 

204 


CRUSTACEANS 

the  typical  Essex  "  spiders,"  as  the  members  of  the  genus  are  always 
found  on  a  sandy  or  muddy  bottom,  to  which  the  colour  of  the  crabs 
almost  invariably  corresponds.'  After  discussing  some  points  in  the 
biology  of  Pisa  gibbsii,  without  definitely  stating  that  it  is  found  in  Essex, 
he  notes  that  '  Pisa  tetraodon  occurs  at  the  Nore  and  may  be  considered 
an  Essex  species.'  Further  on  he  says  that  '  the  common  shore-crab 
(Carcinus  maenas)  is  very  widely  distributed  and  is  a  well-known  Essex 
form,  where  its  colour  is  invariably  identical  with  the  sandy  or  muddy 
bottom  on  which  the  creature  lives.  When  however  we  find  it  in  rock- 
pools  on  the  granite  or  serpentine  of  Cornwall,  or  on  the  syenite  or 
basaltic  shores  of  the  Channel  Islands,  this  interesting  species  assumes  the 
most  beautiful  markings,  tinted  with  really  gorgeous  colour,  and  mottled 
in  the  most  delicate  manner.  It  is  often  almost  impossible  to  detect  the 
crab  in  these  localities,  so  perfectly  does  it  resemble  its  surroundings.'  * 

Mr.  Lovett's  remarks  on  the  colouring  of  the  shore-crab  are  novel. 
As  a  rule  it  is  only  young  specimens  that  display  any  striking  pattern, 
the  adults  being  in  general  of  a  sombre  green  or,  as  Leach  says,  *  some- 
times of  a  pale  green  more  or  less  mottled  with  a  darker  teint  [tint].'1 
Bell  gives  the  colour  as  blackish  green,  with  the  qualification  that  '  they 
vary,  however,  considerably  both  in  the  hue  and  in  the  intensity  of  the 
colour,'  *  but  this  is  very  different  from  saying  that  they  ever  assume  the 
tints  of  sand  and  mud. 

The  spider  crabs  no  doubt  owe  their  popular  name  to  the  long 
spindly  legs  by  which  many  of  them  show  a  kind  of  resemblance  to  some 
spiders  or  to  spider-like  terrestrial  animals.  Science  groups  them  in  the 
Oxyrrhyncha,  the  sharp-beaks,  because  they  have  the  carapace  acutely 
produced  in  front.  The  readiness  with  which  they  utilize  the  resources 
of  the  sea,  its  mud  and  sand,  its  weeds,  its  sponges,  its  zoophytes,  and 
other  objects,  for  their  own  purposes  of  disguise,  has  long  attracted 
attention.  Of  late  years  the  wonder  has  turned  to  admiration,  from  the 
discovery  that  these  crabs  are  not  impassive  sluggards,  helplessly  en- 
cumbered and  overgrown  against  their  will,  but  active  participants  in  all 
that  happens,  each  the  predominant  partner  in  a  diversified  yet  strictly 
limited  company.  On  a  territory  consisting  of  their  own  crustaceous 
covering  they  plant  the  garden,  arrange  the  menagery,  spread  the  soil, 
permit  the  presence  of  fixed  or  moving  tenants.  By  their  arts  of  conceal- 
ment, though  they  are  pleasing  to  the  palate  of  numerous  and  powerful 
foes,  they  hold  their  place  successfully  in  the  battle  of  life.  Their  move- 
ments are  in  general  lethargic,  but  the  long  claws  can  be  darted  out  with 
lightning  rapidity  to  seize  the  passing  prey. 

To  Mr.  Lovett's  notice  of  Stenorhynchus  rostratus,  Mr.  William  Cole, 
F.L.S.,  the  editor  of  the  Essex  Naturalist,  adds  the  remark  that  it  is  also 
found  in  the  estuary  of  the  Colne.  On  this  same  species  Dr.  H.  C. 
Sorby,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  in  manuscript  notes  on  the  Crustacea  of  this 

1  The  Enex  Naturafiit,  vol.  xi.  pp.  252,  253  (1900). 
1  MalMoitraca  PoJofhthalmata  Britaimur,  text  to  pi.  J  (1816). 
1  Brituh  Sulk-eyed  Cnutacea,  p.  77  (1853). 
205 


A    HISTORY    OF   ESSEX 

county,  makes  the  following  observations  :  '  Common  at  all  my  stations. 
Though  sometimes  free  from  such  things,  it  is  very  commonly  much 
covered  by  small  sponges,  ascidians,  and  polyzoa,  which  seem  to  be 
growing  on  the  shell  ;  but,  in  some  cases,  many  portions  of  the  broken 
leaves  of  Zostera  marina  are  so  attached  as  to  make  it  almost  certain 
that  they  were  intentionally  so  fixed  by  the  animal.'  According  to  the 
generally  accepted  rules  of  zoological  nomenclature  this  species  is  more 
correctly  called  Macropodia  rostrata  (Linn.),  the  name  of  Linnasus  being 
added  in  parenthesis  to  indicate  that  he  is  responsible  for  the  specific 
name  rostrata,  but  that  the  generic  name  Macropodia  was  assigned  by  a 
later  hand.  The  true  names  of  some  of  our  crabs  are  by  no  means  easy 
to  determine.  But  those  who  scoff  at  zoologists  on  this  account  will 
perhaps  find  themselves  at  a  loss  to  tell  the  surnames  of  the  kings  and 
queens  of  Europe  or  even  those  of  the  last  and  present  sovereigns  of  their 
own  country.  The  two  crabs  which  Mr.  Lovett  follows  Bell  in  calling 
Pisa  tetraodon  and  P.  gibbsii  are  called  by  Adam  White  respectively 
Arctopsis  tetraodon  (Pennant)  and  A.  lanata,  Lamarck,  while  Mr.  E.  J. 
Miers  calls  the  latter  P.  (Arctopsis}  tribulus  (Linn.).  The  American 
writer,  Miss  M.  J.  Rathbun,  a  high  authority  on  the  subject,  thinks  that 
Lamarck's  genus  Arctopsis  was  too  vaguely  defined  for  identification.  In 
that  case  the  two  species  will  become  Blastus  tetraodon  (Pennant)  and 
B.  tribulus  (Linn.),  the  generic  name  Blastus  having  been  established  by 
Leach  for  tetraodon  in  precedence  of  the  name  Pisa  which  at  the  same 
date  he  published  for  the  other  species.1  Hyas  araneus  (Linn.)  has  an 
extensive  range,  being  not  only  a  typical  Essex  '  spider,'  but  being  found 
large  and  fine  and  plentifully  in  arctic  waters.  Dr.  Sorby  says  :  '  This 
is  common  all  along  the  coast.  It  is  often  so  much  covered  by  ascidians, 
sponges  and  other  objects  either  growing  or  dead  that  when  creeping  on 
the  bottom  of  an  aquarium  it  can  scarcely  be  recognized  as  a  crab.'  H. 
coarctatus,  Leach,  is  usually  smaller  and  descends  into  deeper  waters,  but 
otherwise  so  resembles  its  frequent  companion  as  to  lie  under  some 
suspicion  of  being  a  variety  of  it  rather  than  an  independent  species.* 

According  to  Dr.  Sorby's  notes  Cancer  pagurus,  Linn.,  the  common 
eatable  crab,  may  be  included  in  the  Essex  fauna,  for  '  though  seldom  if 
ever  dredged  in  the  estuaries  or  near  the  shore  it  is  caught  by  fishermen 
outside.'  The  aloofness  of  the  great  crab  is  compensated  by  the  fami- 
liarity of  the  smaller  eatable  crab,  Carcinus  mcenas,  for  '  this  is  extremely 
abundant  everywhere  along  the  coast  and  in  the  estuaries.'  Of  Portunus 
bolsatus,  Fabricius,  Dr.  Sorby  says  :  '  This  is  fairly  common  in  the 
Crouch  but  less  abundant  elsewhere.' 

Of  the  Macrura  anomala  two  very  generally  distributed  British 
species  are  reported  by  Dr.  Sorby.  Of  the  common  hermit  crab, 
Eupagurus  bernbardus  (Linn.),  he  says  :  '  This  is  very  abundant  off 
Mersea  and  also  found  at  most  stations.  The  colour  of  the  animal  and 
of  the  bunch  of  eggs  is  well  preserved  when  mounted  as  a  lantern  slide 

1  Edinburgh  Encyclopedia,  vol.  vii.  p.  431  (1814).  2  Ann.  Nat.  Hist,  ser.  7.  vol.  v.  p.  2  (1900). 

206 


CRUSTACEANS 

in  Canada  balsam  or  when  kept  in  strong  glycerine,  such  preparations 
being  extremely  satisfactory.'  Of  Porcellana  longicornis  (Linn.)  he  says  : 
'  I  have  obtained  most  of  my  specimens  in  dredging  just  outside  Harwich 
harbour  where  it  lives  amongst  the  sandy  tubes  built  up  by  Sabellaria 
aheolata.  A  few  have  been  collected  off  Mersea  of  somewhat  larger  size 
and  having  one  claw  much  longer  than  the  other.' 

In  regard  to  the  Macrura,  Mr.  Lovett  states  that  '  the  shrimps 
(Crangonidae)  and  prawns  (Palaemonidas)  .  .  .  are  well  represented 
on  the  Essex  coast.'  Of  the  former  group  however  he  only  specifies 
Crangon  vu/garis,  dignifying  it  by  the  title  of  'the  true  shrimp,'  and 
explaining  why  it  is  called  '  the  brown  shrimp,'  *  because  it  does  not 
turn  red  on  being  boiled  like  the  prawn  under  like  treatment.'  He 
comments  on  the  nice  adaptation  of  its  colouring  to  the  sand  or  mud  on 
which  it  is  found  by  the  lighter  or  darker  speckling  of  its  grey  or 
brownish-grey  coat,  so  that  in  shallow  clear  water,  where  shrimps  almost 
cover  the  floor,  they  will  remain  unperceived  till  some  sudden  alarm 
startles  them  into  motion,  and  then  '  hundreds  of  little  flashes '  show  their 
passage  from  one  station  of  invisibility  to  another.  Mr.  Cole  speaks  of 
having  verified  this  observation  in  the  sea-rivulets  of  the  Essex  coast,  as 
many  other  seeing  eyes  will  have  done  both  there  and  elsewhere.  That 
C.  vu/garis,  Fabricius,  is  the  true  shrimp  may  well  be  admitted  as  a 
patriotic  opinion  among  Englishmen,  though,  if  shrimps  could  express 
their  views,  the  idea  would  no  doubt  be  laughed  to  scorn  by  the  far 
more  magnificent  Crangonidas  of  the  arctic  regions.  On  the  companion 
group  Mr.  Lovett  remarks  : 

'  Pandalus  annulicornis  is  really  a  "  prawn  "  and  is  a  typical  Essex 
form.  It  is  in  fact  the  "  red  shrimp  "  of  the  Thames  excursion  steamers. 
It  works  the  tide  up  and  down  for  its  food,  and  is  a  most  useful  scavenger. 
The  term  "  red  shrimp  "  is  applied  to  several  diverse  species  round  the 
coast.  At  Southampton  I  saw  Palcemon  squilla  (the  small  prawn) 
hawked  about  under  this  commercial  name,  and  P.  varians,  where  it 
occurs  commonly,  is  also  so  called. 

4  The  true  prawn  (P.  serratus)  is  also  an  Essex  species  and  well 
known.  P.  squilla  is  a  small  form  from  the  western  part  of  the  Channel, 
where  it  is  "  the  prawn." 

*  P.  variant  is  another  and  decidedly  Essex  form,  occurring  in  vast 
numbers  in  the  creeks  and  inlets  of  this  part  of  our  coast.' ' 

On  these  records  one  or  two  comments  may  be  offered.  It  is  no 
more  easy  to  determine  what  is  '  really  a  prawn '  than  what  is  '  the  true 
shrimp,'  for  both  appellations  are  essentially  vague  and  defy  definition. 
When  narrowly  applied,  each  of  them  still  includes  several  genera  and 
species.  Size  is  no  criterion,  for  while  some  shrimps  are  much  larger 
than  our  common  prawn,  there  are  some  prawns  as  large  as  good-sized 
lobsters,  and  others  no  larger  than  our  common  shrimp.  If  prawns  be 
limited  to  the  Palasmonidae,  then  Pandalus  annulicornis  is  not  really  a  prawn, 

1  The  Eiiex  Natura/ist,  vol.  xi.  pp.  255,  256  (1900). 
207 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

for  it  belongs  to  the  family  Pandalidae.  Its  proper  name  is  P.  montagui, 
Leach.  That  which  Mr.  Lovett  speaks  of  as  the  true  prawn,  evidently 
meaning  thereby  the  prawn  most  familiar  to  his  own  countrymen,  is 
Leander  serrafus  (Pennant).  Its  companion  species  is  L.  squilla  (Linn.), 
and  the  third  Palezmon  above  mentioned  is  now  known  as  Paleemonetes 
variant  (Leach).  All  these  shrimps  and  prawns  are  included  in  a  great 
tribe  Caridea,  in  which  the  third  pair  of  trunk-legs  are  simple,  that  is, 
they  do  not  end  in  an  opposable  thumb  and  finger  forming  what  is  called 
a  chela.  This  helps  to  distinguish  them,  not  indeed  from  all  the  rest  of 
the  Macrura,  but  from  a  goodly  number,  including  lobsters  and  crayfishes 
and  also  a  large  assortment  of  otherwise  prawn-like  animals.  The  tribe 
is  divided  into  four  sections,  distinguished  by  characters  of  the  first  and 
second  trunk-legs.  Crangon  vu/garis  and  the  rest  of  the  first  section  have 
the  peculiarity  that  the  front  limbs  are  subchelate.  They  have  a  finger 
which  is  prehensile  by  closing  down  upon  the  extremity  of  the  hand,  but 
that  hand  is  not  itself  so  produced  into  a  thumb  as  to  form  a  nipper  like 
a  pair  of  tongs.  In  the  next  section,  which  includes  Pandalus  montagui, 
the  distinguishing  feature  is  in  that  part  of  the  second  pair  of  limbs 
which  supports  the  hand.  This  part,  often  called  the  wrist,  instead  of 
being  as  usual  a  single  piece,  is  here  subdivided  into  several  small  articu- 
lations, giving  it  a  snake-like  flexibility.  The  three  remaining  species 
all  belong  to  the  third  section,  in  which  the  front  limbs  may  be  either 
simple  or  chelate,  and  the  second  have  an  undivided  wrist.  Palamonetes. 
variant  has  the  advantage  of  being  able  to  live  either  in  salt  water  or  fresh. 

Of  Crangon  vu/garis  Dr.  Sorby  notes  that  it  is  '  common  at  all 
stations  especially  in  the  estuaries,'  and  of  Leander  serrafus  that  it  is  '  very 
abundant  in  the  open  water  off  the  coast  but  much  rarer  in  the  estuaries. 
The  common  size  is  not  over  three  inches  but  occasionally  as  much  as 
four.'  Of  Palinurus  vu/garis,  the  crawfish  or  rock  lobster,  he  says  :  '  I 
have  never  obtained  any  in  trawling  or  dredging,  but  it  is  caught  in  traps 
off  Walton-on-Naze.'  He  further  records  the  little  schizopod,  Praunus 
Jiexuosus  (Miiller)  as  '  fairly  common  in  most  of  the  estuaries.' 

Potamobius  pallipes  (Lereboullet)  is  not  specially  assigned  to  Essex  by 
Mr.  Lovett,  but  in  a  note  to  Mr.  Lovett's  paper  Mr.  Cole  says  :  '  The 
crayfish  used  to  be  common,  and  probably  is  so  still,  in  the  Lea  and 
Chelmer,  and  is  found  in  some  of  the  streams  of  the  New  River  Company 
in  prodigious  abundance.'  On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Fred  Field,  writing 
from  St.  Leonard's  Road,  Baling,  in  March  of  this  year,  on  the  subject 
of  these  same  freshwater  crayfishes,  says  '  the  Colne  which  used  to  be  full 
of  them  no  longer  contains  any.' 

The  sessile-eyed  Crustacea  of  Essex  have  not  yet  received  much 
attention.  Of  one  among  the  marine  Isopoda  however  I  can  speak  from 
personal  opportunity.  In  September,  1895,  the  British  Association  met 
at  Ipswich,  and  at  the  close  of  the  meeting  an  excursion  was  made  to  the 
oyster-beds  of  the  Colne.  On  this  occasion  not  only  were  thousands  of 
costly  and  delicious  oysters  sacrificed  to  science,  but  later  in  the  day  great 
quantities  of  freshly  caught  Pandalus  montagui  were  consumed  in  the 

208 


CRUSTACEANS 

same  interest.  Many  specimens  of  the  latter  were  infested,  or  for  some 
of  us  invested  with  an  added  charm,  by  the  isopod  Hemiartbrus  abdominalis 
(Krb'yer),  one  of  their  appropriate  parasites.  The  resounding  name  of 
this  creature  is  exposed  to  some  cavillings,  but  until  it  is  displaced  it  very 
well  suits  the  facts  of  the  situation,  and  at  least  the  generic  part  of  it  is 
valid.  It  means  that  the  animal  is  half-limbed,  in  the  same  way  that 
we  call  a  man  half-witted  without  being  too  precise  as  to  the  halving. 
The  specific  title  alludes  to  the  fact  that  this  purple-tinged  parasite  nestles 
under  the  pleon  or  abdomen  of  the  prawn.  In  Leander  serratus  there  is 
a  very  similar  and  much  more  familiar  species  commonly  known  as 
Bopyrus  squillarum,  which  lodges  in  the  branchial  cavity  of  the  carapace, 
thereby  acquiring  for  itself  a  lopsided  shape,  and  giving  its  host  the 
look  of  having  a  swollen  cheek.  It  is  rather  strange  that  the  Hemiarthrus, 
though  not  cramped  for  room,  is  nevertheless  lopsided  even  more  extra- 
vagantly than  the  Bopyrus.  The  fact  is  that  the  female,  while  still  young 
and  slender,  catches  hold  of  a  front  swimming  foot  of  the  prawn  either 
with  her  seven  feet  on  the  left  or  her  seven  feet  on  the  right,  and  then 
allows  her  opposite  side  to  bulge  as  it  pleases.  While  all  the  feet  of 
that  side  except  the  first  disappear,  the  marsupial  plates  develop,  some  of 
them,  especially  the  second  on  the  outer  side,  being  greatly  extended. 
Eventually  the  vast  pouch  is  filled  with  thousands  of  eggs.  The  father 
of  this  numerous  progeny  remains  insignificant  in  bulk.  To  judge  by 
his  dwindled  mouth-organs  he  is  no  glutton.  To  judge  by  his  consoli- 
dated pleon  or  abdomen  devoid  as  it  is  of  pleopods,  he  has  no  inclina- 
tion to  wander  from  home.  He  retains  his  symmetry.  His  seven  pairs 
of  walking  legs  are  undiminished  in  number.  He  can  therefore,  when 
prompted  by  a  desire  for  exercise,  at  least  traverse  his  wife  and  family, 
a  small  domain  but  his  own. 

Of  non-parasitic  marine  Isopoda,  Dr.  Sorby  reports  that  Idotea  linearis 
(Linn.)  '  occurs  at  nearly  all  stations  and  is  usually  caught  when  swim- 
ming on  the  surface,'  and  that  a  few  specimens  of  /.  baltica  (Pallas)  have 
been  taken  under  similar  circumstances.  As  to  Ligia  oceanica  (Linn.)  he 
notices  that  '  in  some  years  this  was  extremely  common  on  the  quays  at 
Row  Ledge  on  the  Colne,  but  in  1900  none  were  seen.' 

Of  terrestrial  Isopoda  or  woodlice  there  is  no  doubt  that  Essex  pos- 
sesses all  the  commonest  species  that  are  generally  distributed  in  England, 
but  rather  singularly  the  only  record  is  a  very  recent  one,  referring 
to  a  species  hitherto  not  included  in  the  British  fauna.  This  is  Porcellio 
ratzeburgii,  Brandt,  reported  by  Mr.  W.  M.  Webb,  F.L.S.,  from  Warley, 
and  identified  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Norman,  F.R.S.1  Budde-Lund  includes 
this  species  in  the  division  of  the  genus  distinguished  by  the  presence  of 
tracheae  in  the  upper  branch  of  all  the  pleopods,  whereas  other  members 
of  the  genus  have  such  spiracles  only  in  the  pleopods  of  the  first  two 
pairs.  Seeing  that  crustaceans  taken  as  a  whole  are  essentially  water- 
breathing  animals,  there  is  a  rather  special  interest  in  any  modification 

1  The  Eiiex  NaturaRit,  vol.  xi.  p.  127  (1899). 
I  209  27 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

of  structure  which  assists  them  in  breathing  air.  The  colour  of 
P.  ratzeburgii  is  described  as  grey,  with  a  row  of  six  white  spots  along 
each  side  of  the  back. 

For  the  Amphipoda  which,  like  the  Isopoda,  are  fourteen-footed 
sessile-eyed  malacostracans,  there  are  no  available  printed  records,  but 
I  can  scarcely  omit  to  mention  the  occurrence  of  Jassa  pulchella,  Leach, 
Corophium  crassicorne,  Bruzelius  and  Caprella  linearis  (Linn.),  since  speci- 
mens kindly  given  me  by  Dr.  Sorby  indicate  that  these  well-known 
species  are  as  abundant  in  Essex  waters  as  in  many  other  localities.  Also 
on  the  oyster-testing  excursion  above  mentioned,  I  was  myself  able  to 
obtain  specimens  of  Hyperia  galba  (Montagu)  from  its  accustomed 
habitat  in  the  common  jelly-fish  Aurelia  aurita. 

The  results  thus  brought  together,  however  scanty  in  themselves, 
are  at  least  suggestive  that  Essex,  as  might  be  expected  from  the  position 
and  character  of  its  coast-line,  will  be  found  to  provide  very  abundant 
and  attractive  resources  for  students  of  marine  carcinology.  For  those 
interested  in  the  crustacean  fauna  of  inland  waters,  there  is  no  need  to 
rely  on  conjecture  or  presumption.  In  regard  to  freshwater  Entomostraca 
the  labours  of  Mr.  D.  J.  Scourfield  have  placed  this  county  in  the  front 
rank.  Twelve  years  ago  there  was  not  a  record  traceable  for  any  single 
species  of  this  group  with  definite  locality  assured  to  it.  At  present, 
although  the  subtle  manoeuvres,  the  diminutive  size,  or  the  absolute 
rarity  of  some  species  may  have  left  them  to  be  gleaned  by  future 
researches,  already  Mr.  Scourfield  has  been  able  to  enumerate  more 
species  from  this  county  than  have  yet  been  recorded  from  any  other, 
having  found  in  Essex  more  than  a  hundred  species  out  of  a  total  of 
less  than  two  hundred  known  from  the  British  Isles  at  large. 

To  make  any  account  intelligible  of  this  great  number  of  species, 
an  outline. must  be  given  of  their  classification.  There  are  three  principal 
companies,  called  Branchiopoda,  Ostrac6da,  Copepoda.  The  Ostracoda, 
or  shelly  group,  have  their  unsegmented  bodies  boxed  up  in  a  pair  of 
valves,  as  if  they  were  little  molluscs.  The  Copepoda,  by  name  and 
nature  oar-footed,  have  the  body  segmented  and  not  enclosed  in  a 
bivalved  shell.  These  however,  when  parasitic,  often  become  subject 
to  strange  vagaries  of  structure,  which  set  definition  at  defiance.  The 
Branchiopoda  are  so  called  from  the  branchial  or  respiratory  character 
proper  to  their  limbs.  They  include  three  subdivisions,  Phyll6poda, 
Clad6cera,  Branchiiira,  among  which  difference  of  appearance  is  often 
quite  as  prominent  as  likeness.  The  Phyllopoda  are  again  divided  into 
sets  far  from  closely  resembling  one  another,  since  one  set  has  a  carapace 
and  another  set  has  none,  while  the  third  has  the  body  almost  enclosed 
in  a  pair  of  valves.  Cbirocephalus  diaphanus^  already  noticed,  belongs  to 
those  that  have  no  valves  nor  carapace,  yet  being  of  all  our  freshwater 
Entomostraca  though  unadorned  adorned  the  most. 

The  Branchiura  are  a  very  small  and  rather  perplexing  group, 
represented  in  our  islands  chiefly  by  the  long-known  Argulus  foliac e us 
(Linn.),  a  disk-like  parasite  on  various  fishes  and  tadpoles,  with  its 

210 


CRUSTACEANS 

second   maxilla?  converted  into  suckers.     Scourfield  records  it  as  taken 
in  May,  July  and  August  at  various  stations  in  Epping  Forest.1 

The  Cladocera,  called  branching  horns,  in  allusion  to  their  two- 
branched  second  antenna;,  are  a  very  large  group  of  very  little  animals. 
They  have  from  four  to  six  pairs  of  feet,  most  or  all  of  them  leaf-like, 
a  character  which  allies  them  to  the  phyllopods,  and  they  have  the  body 
encased  in  a  sort  of  bivalved  covering,  somewhat  after  the  fashion  of  the 
Ostracoda,  only  that  here  the  head  is  more  or  less  distinct.  There  are 
two  sets,  one  having  the  bivalved  carapace  well  developed  and  almost 
entirely  covering  the  feet,  the  other  with  the  carapace  small  so  that  the 
feet  are  not  covered  by  it.  It  is  only  with  the  former  that  we  are  here 
concerned.  This  is  subdivided  into  the  Ctenopoda,  or  comb-feet,  in 
which  the  six  pairs  of  foliaceous  feet  are  all  similar,  branchial,  non- 
prehensile,  with  a  comb-like  arrangement  of  setae  ;  and  the  Anomopoda, 
variety-feet,  in  which  the  pairs  are  not  uniform,  the  front  ones  being 
more  or  less  prehensile,  without  branchial  laminae,  while  the  hinder 
pairs  are  as  in  the  Ctenopoda. 

In  the  family  Sididae,  of  the  comb-footed  division,  there  arc  two 
Essex  species,  Sida  crystallina  (O.  F.  Miiller),  of  which  Mr.  Scourfield 
says:  'This  beautiful  species  has  only  been  taken  in  the  "Shoulder  of 
Mutton  Pond "  and  the  adjoining  pool  in  Wanstead  Park '  ;  and 
Diapbanosoma  brandtianum^  Fischer,  1851,  which  has  occurred  more  fre- 
quently. For  this  latter  species  the  synonymy  is  rather  intricate.  In 
1850  Baird  described  his  Daphnella  ivingii  from  a  'pond  on  the  edge 
of  the  Colne,  between  Twickenham  and  Whitton,  Middlesex."  The 
generic  name  had  to  be  given  up.  It  was  preoccupied.  The  specific 
name  was  also  given  up,  on  the  ground  that  Baird's  species  had  been 
already  named  Sida  brachyura  by  Lievin  in  1848,  with  which  some 
authors  further  identify  Fischer's  brandtianum.  Others  uphold  this  as 
distinct,  and  Mr.  Scourfield  affirms  that  the  Epping  Forest  forms 
evidently  belong  to  it.  At  the  same  time  he  places  in  the  synonymy 
'  Daphnella  ivingii  (in  part),  Baird.'  This  however  is  inconsistent,  for  if 
Fischer's  species  be  distinct  from  Lievin's  but  identical  with  Baird's,  the 
earlier  name  must  stand,  and  the  species  will  be  Diapbanosoma  wingii 
(Baird). 

The  Anomopoda  are  divided  into  four  families,  over  which  the 
majority  of  the  Cladocera  are  distributed.  Of  these  families  the  most 
familiar  is  that  of  the  Daphniidae,  and  in  this  the  typical  genus  Daphnia, 
after  frequent  restrictions,  still  retains  numerous  species.  From  Epping 
Forest  Mr.  Scourfield  reports  Daphnia  magna,  Straus,  D.  fu/ex,  de  Geer, 
D.  ottusa,  Kurz,  D.  /acustris,  Sars,  D.  longispina,  O.  F.  Miiller,  D.  hyalina, 
Leydig,  £>.(?)  ga/eata,  Sars,  and  D.(?)  cucullata,  Sars.  It  would  be  pleasing 

1  It  may  be  sufficient  to  refer  here  once  for  all  to  Mr.  Scourfield's  Papers  on  '  The  Entomostraca 
of  Epping  Forest,  with  some  General  Remarks  on  the  Group,'  in  The  Essex  NaturaRit,  vol.  x.  pp.  193- 
tio  (1897);  vol.  x.  pp.  159-74  (1898);  vol.  x.  pp.  313-34  (1898),  the  last  part  containing  a 
valuable  bibliography  of  the  subject,  in  addition  to  a  detailed  list  of  the  Epping  Forest  species,  to  which 
my  quotations  refer  when  not  otherwise  noted. 

1  British  Entomtstraea,  Ray  Soc.  p.  1 1  o. 

211 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

to  discriminate  all  these  by  a  few  luminous  strokes  of  the  pen,  but  no 
more  can  be  attempted  here  than  to  indicate  the  difficulties  of  such  an 
undertaking.  Always,  everywhere,  and  by  all  men,  the  common  water 
flea  has  been  known  as  D.  pu/ex,  de  Geer.  Why  then  does  M.  Jules 
Richard  in  his  important  Revision  des  Cladoceres  write  it  down  as 
D.  pu/ex,  Leydig  ?  His  reason  is  simple:  that  Leydig  in  1860  was 
the  first  to  give  a  really  satisfactory  description  of  a  species  under  that 
name,  earlier  writers  having  left  it  uncertain  what  particular  species  or 
what  jumble  of  species  may  have  been  intended  by  what  they  chose 
or  chanced  to  call  D.pulex.  Only  Zenker,  he  says,  in  1851  had  already 
noted  '  the  long  ciliated  abdominal  prolongation  of  the  male,'  which  is 
highly  characteristic  for  that  sex,  the  females  being  recognizable  by  the 
very  small  first  antennas,  the  concave  ventral  border  of  the  head,  and  the 
general  shape.1  Dr.  G.  S.  Brady,  citing  both  de  Geer  and  Leydig, 
describes  and  figures  both  sexes  of  this  species,  the  male  from  a  pond 
at  Whipscross  Road,  Essex,  whence  Mr.  Scourfield  had  supplied  him 
with  specimens.2  For  D.  magna  a  characteristic  feature  is  found,  not 
in  the  abdomen,  but  in  the  post-abdomen.  This  in  the  female  has  the 
dentate  parts  of  its  dorsal  margin  separated  by  a  deep  sinus.  In  the 
male  it  '  bears  in  front  of  the  terminal  unguis  a  finger-like  lobe,'  in 
allusion  to  which  Dr.  Brady  calls  the  new  genus  in  which  he  places  it 
Dactylura,  finger-tail.3  Of  his  'Daphnia(1}  ga/eata,  Sars,'  Mr.  Scourfield 
says :  '  By  comparison  with  specimens  of  D.  ga/eata  kindly  sent  to  me  by 
Prof.  Sars,  I  have  been  able  to  see  that  our  Epping  Forest  form  is  not 
only  not  a  typical  representative  of  the  species,  but  that  it  may  even 
be  quite  distinct.  As  I  cannot  decide,  however,  to  which  of  the  other 
hyaline  species  it  belongs,  I  have  preferred  to  continue  to  refer  it  doubt- 
fully to  D.  ga/eata.  The  typical  D,  ga/eata  has  been  recorded  as  British 
by  Prof.  Brady.'  According  to  Brady's  figures  this  '  helmeted  '  form  is 
very  variable  and  sometimes  of  rather  comical  aspect.  Upon  his  other 
doubtful  species,  Mr.  Scourfield  remarks  :  '  This  form,  which  I  have 
recorded  in  the  paper  on  the  Entomostraca  of  Wanstead  Park  [Journ. 
Quekett  Micro.  C/ut>,  1893]  as  D.  cucu//ata,  is  almost  exactly  similar  to 
the  foregoing  species,  but  is  without  the  eye-spot.  It  is  certainly  not 
a  characteristic  representative  of  D.  cucu//ata,  but,  on  the  other  hand, 
it  cannot  with  greater  certainty  be  referred  to  any  other  species.'  He 
suggests  its  possible  identity  with  '  D.  kablbergensis,  Brady'  (1898),  but 
this  reference  is  a  little  inexact,  since  Brady  writes  *  Hyalodaphnia  kabl- 
bergensis (Schcedler),'  though  in  regard  to  Schodler's  Hyalodaphnia  he 
agrees  with  Richard  that  it  scarcely  differs  from  Dapbnia  except  by  the 
absence  of  an  eye-spot.  In  both  of  these  genera  the  first  antennae  of  the 
female  are  immovable  ;  in  Ceriodapbnia,  Dana,  they  are  movable,  and 
of  this  genus  Mr.  Scourfield  finds  five  species  in  Essex,  C.  mega/ops,  Sars, 
C.  rotunda  (Straus),  C.  reticulata  (Jurine),  C.  quadrangula  (O.  F.  Miiller) 

1  Annales  des  Sdencei  Naturellet,  ser.  8,  vol.  ii.  p.  235  (1896). 

2  Nat.  Hiit.  Trans.  'Northumberland,  etc.,  vol.  xiii.  pt.  2,  p.  223  (1898). 
s  Loc.  cit.  p.  240. 

212 


CRUSTACEANS 

and  C.  scitu/a,  Herrick.  The  first  four  are  noted  by  Baird  under  the 
genus  Daphnia,  but  he  regards  quadrangula  as  only  a  variety  of  reticu/ata. 
Herrick's  species,  being  new  to  the  British  fauna,  is  described  and 
figured  by  Mr.  Scourfield.  After  noting  its  rather  large  size  and  the 
comparatively  small  hexagons  in  the  reticulation  of  its  valves,  he  con- 
tinues :  *  The  fornices1  are  prominent,  but  not  angulated,  though  in  the 
males  there  may  be  an  indication  of  a  tooth  at  the  point  of  greatest 
extension.  The  antennules  in  the  female  are  small,  but  those  of  the 
male  are  large,  being,  in  fact,  probably  larger  than  in  any  other  known 
species,  with  the  exception  of  C.  megalops.  The  post-abdomen  is 
tapered  towards  the  end,  and  is  furnished  with  about  ten  anal  teeth. 
The  terminal  claws  are  without  combs.  The  females  carry  about  eight 
eggs  in  the  brood  chamber,  and  these  are  retained  in  position  by  a 
very  large  spur,  which  quite  overshadows  the  little  projection  occupying 
the  place  of  the  second  spur.' 

In  Scapholeberis  the  ventral  margin  of  the  valves  is  almost  straight, 
with  no  convergence  between  it  and  the  dorsal  margin  as  in  Dapbnia. 
In  Simocephalus  the  reticulation  of  the  valves  is  formed  by  long  transverse 
lines  instead  of  small  meshes.  Both  these  genera  were  separated  from 
Daphnia  by  Schodler.  They  yield  to  Essex  Scapboleberis  mucronata 
(O.  F.  M tiller),  with  its  variety  cornuta,  and  the  very  common  Simo- 
cephalus vetu/us  (O.  F.  Miiller),  together  with  5.  exspinosus  (de  Geer), 
a  species  so  near  to  its  neighbour  that  Mr.  Scourfield  apologizes  for  the 
smallness  of  the  distinctions  between  them.  Of  the  Scapholeberis ,  he 
says  :  *  The  evidence  from  the  whole  of  Epping  Forest  is  the  same  as 
that  already  recorded  from  Wanstead  Park,  namely,  that  during  the 
earlier  part  of  the  annual  period  of  activity  only  the  cornuta  form  is 
to  be  found,  the  typical  form  not  making  its  appearance  until  August  at 
the  earliest.'  Of  Moina  rectirostris  (O.  F.  Miiller),  from  the  margin  of 
the  Warren  Pond,  Chingford,  he  notes  that  the  ephippium  contained 
only  one  egg.  Generally  in  the  Daphniidae  this  '  saddle '  contains  two 
eggs.  The  eggs  laid  in  this  strange  casket  are  called  '  resting-eggs '  or 
winter  eggs,  and  will  not  hatch  without  fertilization.  When  this  has 
occurred,  at  the  next  change  of  the  mother's  skin,  the  ephippium  or 
case  formed  for  sheltering  them  is  thrown  off  along  with  it,  and  they 
can  rest  in  patient  security  till  a  favourable  season  for  their  development 
comes  round.  The  ordinary  eggs  develop  parthenogenetically  within 
the  matrix,  and  without  need  of  a  father. 

From  the  small  family  Bosminidae  Essex  is  credited  with  Bosmina 
longirostris  (O.  F.  Miiller)  and  its  near  ally  B.  cornuta  (Jurine). 

For  the  next  family  Mr.  Scourfield  adopts  the  name  Lyncodaphnidae, 
but  this  from  its  earliest  genus  should  rather  be  called  Macrotrichidas. 
It  is  illustrated  in  this  county  by  Ilyocryptus  sordidus  (Lievin),  a  non- 
swimming  species,  with  an  unflattering  name  that  means  'the  mud-hidden 
dirty  one,'  and  by  two  species  of  the  typical  genus,  Macrothrix  laticornis 

1  The»e  so-called  arches  are  chitinous  projections  at  the  sides  of  the  head,  uniting  it  with   the 
thorax. 

213 


A    HISTORY    OF   ESSEX 

(Jurine),  and  M.  hirsuticornis,  Norman  and  Brady,  of  which  Mr.  Scour- 
field  writes  :  '  Without  doubt  this  is  one  of  the  best  records  in  the 
whole  list  of  Epping  Forest  Entomostraca.  Since  the  species  was  first 
described  in  1867,  it  appears  to  have  been  only  once  again  recorded 
in  the  British  Isles,1  and  on  the  continent  it  has  only  been  found  by 
a  few  observers.  It  is  a  fine  species,  being  in  fact  the  largest  of  the 
genus.  Numerous  specimens  were  taken  in  Connaught  Water  on 
March  10,  1894,  but  curiously  enough  none  could  be  found  about 
a  month  later,  nor  has  the  species  been  seen  again.' 

The  fourth  family  of  this  section  has  been  called  by  several  writers 
Lynceidse,  a  name  which  properly  belongs  to  the  phyllopod  family 
Limnetidae,  and  which  cannot  in  any  case  be  used  for  a  group  in  which 
there  is  now  no  such  genus  as  Lynceus.  The  present  family  must  be 
called  Chydoridas,  from  its  earliest  genus  Chydorus,  instituted  in  1 8 1 6 
by  W.  E.  Leach,  who  may  be  regarded  as  the  founder  of  English 
carcinology.  To  Essex  are  assigned  Chydorus  sphcericus  (O.  F.  Miiller),one 
of  the  excessively  common  species  ;  C.  ccelatus,  Schodler  ;  C.  latus,  Sars ; 
C.  globosus,  Baird.  From  the  numerous  other  genera  Mr.  Scourfield 
records  Eurycercus  lamellatus  (O.  F.  Miiller)  ;  Acroperus  harpa,  Baird, 
with  a  large  variety  perhaps  equivalent  to  Koch's  Lynceus  leucocephalus  ; 
Camptocercus  rectirostris,  Schodler,  which  is  perhaps  Baird's  C.  macrourus ; 
Leydigia  quadrangularis  (Leydig),  with  a  name  of  rather  doubtful  validity  ; 
Graptoleberis  testudinaria  (Fischer)  ;  Alona  guttata,  Sars  ;  A.  tenuicaudis, 
Sars  ;  A.  quadrangular  is  (O.  F.  Miiller)  ;  A.  ajpnis,  Leydig  ;  A.  costata, 
Sars ;  A.  rectangula,  Sars,  to  take  the  place  of  A.  intermedia,  Sars,  an  earlier 
record  now  cancelled  ;  A.  rustica,  T.  Scott,  '  only  obtained  by  washing 
pieces  of  wet  moss';  Alonella  excisa  (Fischer) ;  A.  nana  (Baird),  smallest 
of  known  arthropods  ;  A.  rostrata  (Koch)  ;  Pleuroxus  trigonellus  (O.  F. 
Miiller)  ;  P.  uncinatus,  Baird  ;  Peracantha  truncata  (O.  F.  Miiller)  ;  and 
Monospilus  tenuirostris  (Fischer).  Of  the  last  Mr.  Scourfield  says  :  'The 
presence  of  this  very  peculiar  species  in  the  forest  district  was  first 
ascertained  by  its  being  found  in  the  stomach  of  a  roach  from  the  Eagle 
Pond.  It  has  since  been  taken  with  the  net  from  the  same  piece  of 
water.'  The  genus  Monospilus,  Sars,  has  more  than  one  character  that 
may  well  claim  to  arrest  the  student's  attention.  Thus  M.  Jules  Richard 
observes,  '  Exuviation  is  the  rule  among  Cladocera,  but  in  some  cases  the 
old  carapace  is  not  shed  ;  it  remains  on  the  new  one,  so  that  we  have 
the  appearance  of  lines  of  growth  fringed  with  setae  as  in  Ilyocryptus  and 
Monospilus?  2  This,  it  will  be  remembered,  is  a  regular  and  prominent 
feature  in  the  bivalved  phyllopods.  Another  character  is  enjoyed  by 
Monospilus  uniquely  among  the  Cladocera,  and  to  this  it  is  indebted  for 
its  rather  singular  name,  meaning  '  with  only  a  spot.'  The  rest  of  the 
Cladocera  have  each  a  single  median  eye,  composed  of  more  or  less 
numerous  elements,  and  in  addition  to  this  they  sometimes  have,  and 
sometimes  have  not,  on  the  ventral  face  of  the  head  a  small  mass  of 

1  Scott  and  Duthie,  Fishery  Board  for  Scotland,  \\th  Ann.  Rep.  p.  229  (1896). 
*  Annales  des  Science  Naturelles,  ser.  7,  vol.  xviii.  p.  309  (1895). 

214 


CRUSTACEANS 

pigment,  called  the  eye-spot.  What  may  be  its  precise  function  is  not 
perhaps  precisely  known,  but  if  that  function  be  not  visual  the  species 
of  Monospilus  must  be  blind,  for  they  have  the  eye-spot,  but  apart  from 
that  they  have  no  eye. 

In  Mr.  Scourfield's  various  papers  many  interesting  observations  are 
given  on  the  species  above  enumerated.  It  would  take  up  too  much 
space  to  give  adequately  even  a  summary  of  all  this  valuable  information, 
but  attention  may  be  called  to  one  branch  of  his  researches  which  may 
be  regarded  as  exceptionally  important.  In  a  paper  on  Leydigia  acantho- 
cercoides  (Fischer),  a  species  closely  related  to  L.  quadrangular^  (Leydig), 
he  says  :  '  There  seems  no  room  for  doubt  at  the  present  day  that  the 
production  of  winter  or  resting  eggs  is  of  universal  occurrence  among 
the  little  animals  belonging  to  the  Crustacean  sub-order  Cladocera,  not- 
withstanding the  fact  that  in  many  species  such  eggs  have  not  yet  been 
observed.  In  the  most  representative  family,  the  Daphnidas,  these 
special  eggs  are  always  enclosed  in  a  very  remarkable  and  complex 
modification  of  the  shell  of  the  mother,  commonly  known  as  the 
'  ephippium,'  because  of  its  resemblance  to  a  saddle  both  as  regards 
shape  and  position.  In  the  other  Cladoceran  families  the  production  of 
an  ephippium,  similar  in  all  respects  to  that  found  among  the  Daphnida?, 
is  extremely  rare,  the  only  certain  instance,  so  far  as  I  know,  being 
Macrothrix  spinosa,  King,  recorded  by  Professor  G.  O.  Sars  in  Additional 
Notes  on  Australian  Cladocera  raised  from  Dried  Mud.  Nevertheless 
structures  clearly  homologous  to  true  ephippia,  though  usually  very 
much  simpler,  are  found  in  the  families  Bosminidae,  Lyncodaphnidae  and 
Lynceida?.  The  species  belonging  to  the  remaining  families  of  the 
Cladocera  appear  to  allow  their  resting  eggs  to  escape  freely  into  the 
water  without  providing  them  with  any  auxiliary  coverings.' ' 

Mr.  Scourfield  then  proceeds  to  point  out  that  already  in  1820 
Jurine  '  distinctly  refers  to  the  saddle  or  ephippium  in  the  case  of 
Cbydorus  sphcericus,  that  Schodler  in  1846  records  of  Eurycercus  lamel- 
fatus,  '  that  a  number  of  winter  eggs  were  deposited  at  one  time  in  the 
almost  unmodified  cast  shell  of  the  mother,  a  fact  which  has  since  been 
confirmed  by  Weismann,'  that  by  Kurz  in  1874  protective  coverings  for 
the  winter  eggs  were  reported  '  in  some  sixteen  species  belonging  to  the 
genera  Camptocercus,  Alona,  Plearoxus,  Chydorus,  etc.,'  and  that  slightly 
later,  in  1 877,  '  Weismann  independently  discovered  the  resting  eggs  of 
several  species  of  the  same  family '  [Chydoridas],  while  since  that  time 
'  the  resting  eggs  of  many  other  species  have  been  alluded  to,  in  more 
or  less  detail,  by  various  writers.'  In  an  earlier  paper  Mr.  Scourfield 
says :  '  Compared  with  the  highly  evolved  "  ephippium  "  which  is  formed 
by  the  Daphnidz  for  the  protection  of  their  resting  eggs,  the  arrange- 
ment in  Cbydorus  spbcericus  (and  other  species  of  the  Lynceidse)  is 
manifestly  very  primitive,  and  although  both  are  fundamentally  the  same 
I  would  suggest  that  the  simpler  structure  be  distinguished  as  a  proto- 

1  Journal  ef  the  Quekett  Microscopical  Club,  vol  vii.  p.  171  (1899). 

215 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

ephippium.'  *  Subsequently  however  he  found  that  although  this 
structure  in  the  Chydorus  might  be  regarded  as  the  most  highly  evolved 
of  the  proto-ephippia  hitherto  recorded,  an  advance  upon  it  was  made 
in  no  less  than  three  respects  by  the  homologous  structure  in  Leydigia 
acanthocercoides,  of  which  he  says :  '  First,  it  is  formed,  as  in  the 
Daphnidae,  from  a  much  more  limited  portion  of  the  shell,  bounded 
approximately  by  a  semicircle  described  upon  the  dorsal  margin  ; 
secondly,  it  possesses  a  thick  inner  coat  of  specially  formed  spongy 
tissue  ;  and  thirdly,  it  is  provided  with  large  hook-like  appendages.  In 
spite  of  these  advances  in  complexity  however  it  does  not  quite  reach 
the  level  of  the  Daphnidan  ephippium,  because  its  outer  coat  is  not 
specially  altered  beyond  the  mere  deposit  of  pigment  and  some  extra 
chitin  perhaps,  whereas  in  typical  ephippia  there  is  always  a  more  or 
less  abundant  development  of  closely-set  hexagonal  prismatic  cells  which 
are  quite  independent  of  the  original  cell  structure,  and  which,  becoming 
readily  filled  with  air,  render  the  ephippium  lighter  than  water.' 

Of  the  Ostracoda  all  but  one  in  Mr.  Scourfield's  list  belong  to  the 
family  Cypridids,  in  which  the  valves  are  usually  smooth  and  the  hinge 
not  toothed.  They  are  Cypria  exsculpta  (Fischer)  ;  C.  ophthalmica 
(Jurine)  ;  Cyclocypris  serena  (Koch)  ;  C.  /avis  (O.  F.  Miiller)  ;  Cypris 
fuscata,  Jurine  ;  C.  incongruens  (Ramdohr)  ;  C.  virens,  Jurine,  a  large 
species  which  '  is  essentially  an  inhabitant  of  very  small  pieces  of  water, 
especially  such  as  are  well  stocked  with  aquatic  vegetation ' ;  C.  (?) 
reticu/ata,  Zaddach  ;  '  C.  tessellata  (in  part),  Brady  [1868]  :  only  the 
immature  "  tessellata "  forms  from  Wanstead  Park  have  hitherto  been 
seen,  so  that  it  is  still  a  little  uncertain  whether  they  should  be  referred 
to  C.  reticulata  or  not ' ;  C.  obliqua,  Brady  ;  Erpetocypris  reptans  (Baird)  ; 
E.  strigata  (O.  F.  Miiller)  ;  E.  tumefacta  (Brady  and  Robertson),  this  and 
the  two  preceding  species  belonging  properly  to  Erpetocypris  as  instituted 
in  1889,  not  to  Herpetocypris  as  proposed  in  1896,  the  name  in  either 
form  alluding  to  the  creeping  habit,  as  to  which  Norman  and  Brady 
write  :  '  The  power  of  swimming  is  lost,  and  the  habits  of  the  animals, 
which  creep  along  the  bottom,  are  thus  very  different  from  those  of 
Cypris ' ; 2  Prionocypris  serrata,  Norman  ;  Cypridopsis  vi//osa  (Jurine)  ; 
Pionocypris  vidua  (O.  F.  Miiller)  ;  Notodromas  monacha  (O.  F.  Miiller)  ; 
Ilyocypris  gibba  (Ramdohr)  ;  Candona  candiaa  (O.  F.  Miiller)  ;  C.  /actea, 
Baird  ;  C.  compressa  (Koch) ;  C, pubescent  (Koch) ;  C.fabceformis  (Fischer). 
In  regard  to  C.  pubescens  the  remark  is  made  that  '  within  the  Epping 
Forest  area  it  has  only  been  found  at  Wanstead  Park,  and  this  is  in  fact 
its  only  known  British  locality,  as  the  reference  to  Pavenham  [Bedford- 
shire] in  Brady  and  Norman's  Monograph  [part  z]  p.  729  was  made 
under  a  misunderstanding.'  The  name  of  the  genus  Notodromas,  Lillje- 
borg,  signifies  a  dorsal  runner.  Of  animals  that  can  move  easily  with 
the  back  downwards  house-flies  on  our  ceilings  are  familiar  examples. 
Many  kinds  of  Entomostraca  swim  by  preference  on  their  backs.  In 

1  The  Annual  of  Microicopy,  p.  64  (Oct.  1898). 
*  Trans.  Royal  Dublin  Soc.  ser.  2,  vol.  iv.  p.  84  (1889). 
216 


CRUSTACEANS 

respect  to  a  limited  number  of  these,  among  which  Notodromas  monacba 
is  included,  Mr.  Scourfield  has  pointed  out  an  interesting  special  adapt- 
ation. To  several  of  the  minute  Crustacea  the  surface-film  of  water 
proves  a  dangerous  trap.  When  accidentally  placed  upon  it  they  are 
disabled  from  effecting  a  return  by  their  own  exertions  to  its  underside. 
But  by  help  of  a  flattened  ventral  area,  water-repellent  surfaces  and  film- 
piercing  ridges,  Notodromas  monacba  turns  the  risky  situation  to  its  own 
advantage.  '  Close  attention  to  the  movements  of  an  isolated  specimen 
will  show  that  although  it  swims  nearly  vertically,  the  moment  it 
touches  the  surface  it  assumes  a  horizontal  position,  back  downwards, 
thus  bringing  its  straight  ventral  margin  into  close  contact  with  the 
surface-film.  ...  In  this  position  the  animal  may  continue  to  move 
about  for  an  indefinite  period,  usually  rather  briskly,  but  sometimes  so 
leisurely  that  no  doubt  is  left  in  the  observer's  mind  that  the  weight  of 
its  body  is  actually  supported  by  the  surface-film.'  For  further  details 
and  the  philosophy  of  the  matter  whether  as  a  question  of  physics  or  as 
affecting  the  safety  of  the  animal  and  its  chances  of  food  supply,  the 
"Journal  of  the  Linnean  Society  should  be  consulted.1 

The  ostracode  that  remains  to  be  mentioned  is  Limnicythere  inopinata 
(Baird).  This  belongs  to  the  family  Cytherida?,  which  is  almost  exclu- 
sively marine,  among  the  few  exceptions  being  the  species  of  Limnicythere. 
Of  L.  inopinata  Brady  and  Norman  say  that  it  is  '  generally  distributed  in 
ditches,  lakes  and  slowly  running  streams  throughout  the  British  Islands  ; 
found  also  not  uncommonly  in  estuarine  localities,  and  sometimes  dredged 
at  sea,  though  in  these  cases  it  has  probably  been  washed  down  out  of 
fresh  water.'1 

The  Copepoda  of  Essex  are  distributed  among  three  families.  One 
of  these  is  called  Calanidae  by  Dr.  G.  S.  Brady  in  1891,  but  more  recent 
classification  allots  that  name  to  a  different  set  of  species.  Accordingly 
Mr.  Scourfield  follows  the  high  authority  of  Giesbrecht  and  Schmeil  in 
using  the  name  Centropagidas,  but  it  is  clear  that  the  family  ought  to 
take  its  name  from  the  earliest  genus  within  it,  and  therefore  it  will 
properly  be  called  the  Diaptomida?  from  Diaptomus,  Westwood,  1836. 
This  genus  gives  to  Essex  D.  castor  (Jurine),  a  large  species  '  practically 
confined  to  small  weedy  pools,  such  as  occur  plentifully  on  Leyton 
Flats ' ;  D.  graci/is,  Sars  ;  D.  vu/garis,  Schmeil,  *  one  of  the  commonest 
of  the  genus  on  the  continent,  or  at  any  rate  in  Germany,'  not  hitherto 
known  as  British  except  from  'The  Lake,'  Wanstead  Park,  though 
probably  not  really  uncommon,  '  as  it  is  more  than  likely  that  this  form 
has  been  mistaken  for  D.  graci/is,  to  which  it  is  very  closely  allied ' ; 
Eurytemora  lacinulata  (Fischer),  of  which  the  usual  habitat  'is  in 
brackish  pools  near  the  coast  :  as  a  freshwater  animal  it  is  decidedly 
rare,'  Mr.  Scourfield  only  knowing  of  four  British  freshwater  localities 
for  it.  The  question  of  its  range  appears  to  be  rather  complicated  by 
an  intricate  synonymy. 

1  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  Lentlon,  vol.  xzv.  p.  10  (1896). 
*  Trani.  Royal  Dub.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vol.  iv.  p.  170  (1889). 
1  217  28 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

The  next  family,  the  Cyclopidae,  derives  its  name  from  the  old, 
much  restricted,  but  still  very  extensive  genus  Cyclops^  O.  F.  Mviller. 
In  this  the  county  possesses  C.  strenuus,  Fischer  ;  C.  leuckarti,  Claus  ; 
C.  oithonoides,  Sars  ;  C.  dybowskii,  Lande,  an  addition  to  the  British  fauna  ; 
C.  bicuspidatus,  Claus  ;  C.  languidus,  Sars  ;  C.  verna/is,  Fischer  ;  C.  bisetosus, 
Rehberg  ;  C.  viridis  (Jurine),  of  which  Lubbock's  C.  brevicornis  and  the 
C.  gigas  of  Claus  are  now  usually  regarded  as  synonyms,  but  Scourfield 
urges  that  in  Epping  Forest  gigas  (the  typical  viridis)  is  not  connected 
by  any  intermediate  links  with  brevicornis  ;  that  the  former  is  an  exceed- 
ingly widely  distributed  form,  but  rarely  occurs  in  the  open  waters  of 
ponds  of  moderate  size,  whilst  the  latter,  on  the  contrary,  is  practically 
only  found  in  such  situations';  in  addition  to  which  he  notices  that  gigas 
can  always  be  distinguished  from  brevicornis  by  the  presence  of  a  line  of 
hairs  on  the  inner  margin  of  each  caudal  ramus  and  by  its  longer  ovisacs  ; 
C.  bicolor,  Sars;  C.fuscus  (Jurine);  C.  albidus  (Jurine);  C.  bistriatus,  Koch, 
a  peculiar  and  rare  form,  of  which  it  has  been  suggested  that  it  '  is  really 
a  hybrid  between  C.fuscus  and  C.  albidus,'  but  with  some  peculiarities 
of  its  own  ;  *  as  stated  by  Koch  the  anterior  portion  of  the  carapace  [in 
the  Essex  specimens]  was  finely  spotted  with  brown  whilst  the  posterior 
thoracic  segments  and  the  feet  were  blue  or  rather  blue-green  :  to  the 
naked  eye  the  whole  animal  appeared  of  a  blue-green  colour,  and 
attracted  attention  at  once  as  something  out  of  the  common ' ;  the 
specimens  were  found  in  ponds  at  Rectory  Lane,  Loughton,  Ambresbury 
Banks  and  Lodge  Road  leading  to  Copped  Hall ;  C.  serrulatus,  Fischer  ; 
C.  (?)  macrurus,  Sars,  '  a  very  doubtful  Epping  Forest  species,'  perhaps  a 
variety  of  C.  serrulatus  with  exceptionally  long  caudal  rami  ;  C.  prasinus 
(Jurine)  ;  C.  ajfinis,  Sars  ;  C.  pbaleratus,  Koch  ;  C.Jimbriatus,  Fischer. 

The  third  family  is  named  Harpacticidas,  after  the  genus  which 
Milne-Edwards  in  1 840  named  Arpacticus.  But  this  family  should  be 
called  the  Canthocampidae,  if  we  include  in  it  the  earlier  genus  Cantho- 
campus,  Westwood,  1836.  Of  this  genus  Essex  is  credited  with  seven 
species,  C.  stapbylinus  (Jurine)  ;  C.  minutus,  Claus  ;  C.  trispinosus,  Brady ; 
C.  nortbumbricus,  Brady  ;  C.  crassus,  Sars  ;  C.  pygmaus,  Sars,  of  which  it 
is  remarked  that  '  next  to  C.  staphylinus  this  is  the  commonest  species 
of  the  genus  :  the  records  would  not  have  been  nearly  so  numerous 
however  if  the  practice  of  washing  wet  mosses  had  not  been  adopted'; 
C.  zscbokkei,  Schmeil.  To  these  must  be  added  Nitocra  hibernica  (Brady) 
and  Moraria  anderson-smithi,  T.  and  A.  Scott,  of  which  it  is  observed 
that  '  on  each  of  the  three  occasions  when  this  species  has  been  taken  it 
has  been  associated  with  sphagnum  moss.' 

For  the  sake  of  completeness  in  the  history  of  the  county  one  may 
regret  that  its  marine  Entomostraca  have  not  been  investigated  with  the 
assiduity,  the  trustworthy  skill  and  ample  learning  which  Mr.  Scourfield 
has  brought  to  bear  upon  those  of  its  inland  waters.  But,  on  the  other 
hand,  had  all  sections  of  the  Crustacean  class  been  made  the  objects  of 
equally  thorough  research,  to  have  drawn  up  an  adequate  account  of 
them  within  any  reasonable  compass  might  have  proved  an  almost 

218 


CRUSTACEANS 

impracticable  task.  Dr.  Sorby  reports  the  curious  parasitic  copepod, 
Lerneonema  spratta  (Sowerby),  'found  on  the  eyes  of  sprats  caught  in 
the  open  water  off  Essex,'  and  the  sessile  cirripede  '  Balanus  punctatus ' 
as  '  common  all  along  the  coast,  and  especially  in  the  estuaries,  where 
the  number  of  larvae  is  sometimes  so  great  that  in  a  few  days  the  bottom 
of  a  yacht  is  completely  covered  with  the  young  shells.'  In  regard  to 
'  B.  punctatus '  a  reference  to  Darwin's  celebrated  work  shows  that  the 
name  is  rather  deeply  afflicted  by  chronic  vagueness.  Under  his  account 
of  B.  balanoides  (Linn.)  Darwin  explains  that  this  species,  'in  its  corroded 
and  therefore  punctured  state,  is  certainly  the  B.  punctatus  of  most  British 
collections  ;  but,'  he  adds,  '  I  do  not  believe  it  is  the  B.  punctatus  of 
Montagu,  which  I  have  scarcely  any  doubt  is  the  Chthamalus  stellatus  so 
often  found  in  the  southern  shores  of  England,  and  even  in  some  of  the 
best  arranged  collections,  mingled  with  our  present  species.'1  Under 
C.  stellatus  (Poli)  he  says,  '  On  the  coast-rocks  of  the  southern  shores  of 
England  it  is,  in  parts,  even  more  numerous  than  the  Ba/anus  balanoides, 
with  which  it  often  grows  mingled.  As  already  stated,  it  is  often  con- 
founded in  British  collections  with  this  species  of  Balanus  under  the 
name  of  B.  punctatus  \  that  Montagu  had  this  Chthamalus  in  view  when 
describing  his  Lepas  punctatus  is  certain,  from  his  original  specimen  in 
the  British  Museum,  but  whether  this  was  the  case  with  his  predecessor 
Pulteney  in  the  Dorset  Catalogue  1  do  not  feel  so  sure.' 1  As  Dr.  Sorby 
has  kindly  furnished  me  with  some  of  his  specimens,  I  can  testify  that 
they  include  Chthamalus  stellatus,  and,  as  I  believe,  also  Balanus  crenatus, 
Bruguiere,  which  has  a  calcareous  basis,  whereas  that  of  B.  balanoides  is 
membranous.  On  the  whole  it  may  be  concluded  that  there  are  at 
least  three  species  of  Thyrostraca  or  Cirripcdes  on  the  Essex  coast. 
Apart  however  from  Dr.  Sorby's  interesting  manuscript  notes,  the 
crustacean  parasites  of  fishes  and  of  many  other  aquatic  animals,  the 
barnacles,  stalked  or  sessile,  fixed  or  floating,  and  several  important 
groups  of  the  Malacostraca  have  hitherto  had  few  records  or  none  by 
which  their  relative  prominence  in  this  locality  can  be  determined. 
Some  future  faunistic  description  of  Essex  will  show,  certainly  that  they 
are  not  absent,  probably  that  they  are  present  in  abundance. 

1  Balmidae,  Ray  Soc.  pp.  208,  456  (1854). 


219 


FISHES 

The  Essex  coast  is  a  very  favourable  one  for  those  species  of  fish 
whose  habitat  is  mainly  confined  to  a  shallow  sea  with  a  bottom  of  sand 
or  mud,  but  to  those  requiring  deeper  waters  and  rocks  these  conditions 
are  not  the  most  suitable,  as  there  is  no  hard  rock  in  the  county  or  in  the 
adjoining  seas,  and  these  rock  loving  species  are  therefore  to  a  great 
extent  absent  from  our  fauna,  and  when  found  are  usually  stragglers 
from  the  rocky  districts  of  the  more  northern  counties.  Nevertheless 
the  list  of  Essex  fish,  incomplete  as  it  must  be  from  causes  to  be  referred 
to  further  on,  is  a  comparatively  large  one  in  consequence  of  the  shallow 
estuaries,  creeks  and  channels  forming  such  excellent  feeding  grounds 
and  nurseries.  Considerable  difficulties  occur  to  any  one  endeavouring 
to  compile  a  list  of  the  fish  of  a  county  unless  there  are  some  records 
to  refer  to,  for  it  is  impossible  for  any  single  observer  to  be  thoroughly 
acquainted  with  all  the  captures  which  have  occurred  in  every  part  of 
such  an  extensive  coast  line  as  that  of  Essex.  Many  species  will  certainly 
be  omitted,  and  but  little  help  can  be  obtained  in  increasing  the  list  from 
those  fishermen  who  pursue  this  calling  for  a  living,  as  they  pay  attention 
only  to  those  species  which  are  marketable,  and  even  amongst  these  they 
lump  together  several  under  some  local  name,  probably  used  elsewhere 
to  designate  an  entirely  different  species  or  genus.  This  difficulty  is 
however  not  confined  to  Essex,  it  is  common  to  the  whole  coast  of  the 
kingdom  and  is  a  great  drawback  to  the  value  of  lists  in  which  the 
captures  are  described  and  recorded  under  their  local  designations.  It 
might  have  been  expected  that  in  at  least  one  of  our  numerous  fishing 
villages  there  would  have  been  found  some  educated  and  intelligent 
observer  who  would  interest  himself  to  discover  and  record  the  dif- 
ferent species  of  fish  caught  and  to  ascertain  the  nature  of  the  food  on 
which  the  marketable  fish  thrive.  Unfortunately  however  this  branch 
of  natural  history  appears  to  have  been  entirely  neglected  in  all  our 
districts,  with  the  result  that  records  of  captures  in  the  natural  history 
journals  are  very  scanty.  Residents  in  the  county  who  have  been 
interested  in  natural  history  have  given  their  attention  to  other  branches 
to  the  utter  neglect  of  this  one,  which  is  perhaps  the  most  important  of 
all  in  so  far  as  the  well  being  of  the  population  is  concerned.  Cause 
for  complaint  may  possibly  soon  be  removed,  for  a  competent  naturalist 
has  lately  interested  himself  in  the  fisheries  of  the  Thames  estuary, 
so  that  it  may  be  hoped  that  our  list  will  be  considerably  added  to  in 
the  future.  It  has  unfortunately  not  been  possible  to  get  any  list  from 
him  up  to  the  present.  The  writer  of  this  article  has  therefore  laboured 

220 


FISHES 

under  a  great  disadvantage,  since  there  are  but  few  Essex  records  to 
consult  and  there  are  unfortunately  no  early  lists  for  the  county,  the 
only  exception  being  that  in  Dale's  History  of  Harwich  and  Dovercourt, 
published  in  1732,  which  has  been  used  by  later  writers  who  have 
copied  from  it  without  making  any  additions  of  value. 

The  few  records  in  Yarrell,  Day  and  Donovan,  and  the  occasional 
notes  in  the  Zoologist,  The  Field  and  Land  and  Water,  comprise  all,  or 
nearly  all,  the  material  that  the  compiler  has  been  able  to  procure  to 
assist  him  in  making  the  following  list.  He  has  therefore  had  but  little 
to  add  to  the  notes  and  records  which  he  had  put  together  from  his  own 
knowledge  and  observation.  Free  use  has  been  made  of  the  information 
contained  in  the  list  which  he  had  previously  compiled  and  which 
appeared  in  one  of  the  special  volumes  issued  by  the  Essex  Field  Club, 
but  he  has  added,  so  far  as  his  information  enables  him  to  do  so,  all  those 
species  which  are  known  to  have  been  captured  since  the  publication 
of  this  volume. 

In  the  following  list  an  asterisk  (*)  is  placed  opposite  the  names  of 
those  species  which  are  found  only  in  freshwater,  and  two  asterisks  (**) 
against  those  that  may  be  found  in  both  fresh  water  and  salt. 


TELEOSTEANS 


ACANTHOPTERYGII 

*i.  Perch.     Ptrca  ftuviatilis,  Linn. 

Occurs  commonly  in  all  the  rivers  of  the 
county.  One  weighing  4  Ib.  is  reported 
from  Dagenham  Lake  (Field,  October,  29, 
1881). 

2.   Ruff  or  Pope.     Acerina  cernua,  Linn. 

Lieutenant  Croft  in  a  paper  (Tram.  Herts 
Nat.  Hht.  Soc.  1881)  says  this  species  is  an 
inhabitant  of  the  river  Lea,  but  it  appears  to 
be  absent  from  all  the  other  Essex  rivers,  un- 
less there  may  be  some  in  that  portion  of  the 
Cam  which  is  within  the  Essex  boundary. 

**  3.  Sea  Bass.     Morone  labrax,  Linn. 

Taken  occasionally  in  all  the  Essex  estu- 
aries. 

4.  Ballan  Wrasse.     Labrus  maculatus,  Bloch. 
Very  rare  ;  three  specimens  only  recorded  ; 

muddy  and  sandy  shores  do  not  suit  the  habits 
of  this  family. 

5.  Baillon's  Wrasse.    Crenilabrui  melops,  Linn. 
Specimens  from  the  Thames  estuary  have 

been  presented  to  the  British  Museum  by  Dr. 
J.  Murie,  as  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  Boulenger. 

*6.  Miller's  Thumb.     Coitus  gobio,  Linn. 

Occurs  plentifully  in  all  our  streams,  espe- 
cially those  with  a  gravelly  bottom. 


7.  Greenland  Bullhead.      Coitus  grtenlandicus, 

Cuv.  &  Val. 

Dr.  Day  confirmed  Mr.  J.  T.  Carrington's 
identification  of  several  specimens  of  this  fish 
which  had  been  captured  in  the  whitebait 
nets  in  the  Thames  (Zool.  1880,  p.  147). 
They  have  never  been  seen  to  approach  the 
size  they  are  said  to  attain  in  Greenland. 

8.  Father-lasher,    Bullhead.       Cottus  scorpius, 

Linn. 

Very  frequent  all  round  the  coast.  C. 
grtenlandicus  is  considered  by  many  to  be  a 
variety  of  this  species. 

9.  Bubal  is.      Cottus  bubalis,  Euphr. 
Another  very  common  species.     The  local 

name  for  all  these  three  species  is  Bullhead. 

10.  Four-horned  Cottus.     Cottus  q uadricornit, 

Linn. 

This  is  very  rare,  but  Leonard  Jenyns  says 
(British  Vertebrate  Animals,  1835,  p.  346) 
some  specimens  in  the  British  Museum  were 
found  among  sprats  taken  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames. 

11.  Grey  Gurnard.      Trig/a  gurnardus,  Linn. 
Caught    sometimes    during    September    in 

some  numbers.  In  Dale's  History  of  Harwich, 
p.  431,  under  grey  gurnard,  is  the  following 
statement  :  '  This  I  have  seen  caught  in  the 
sea  before  this  (i.e.  Harwich)  harbour.' 


221 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


12.  Red  Gurnard.      Trig/a  cum/us,  Linn. 
Sometimes  frequent  on  the  coasts,  at  others 

it  is  rare  or  entirely  absent  for  several  seasons 
in  succession. 

13.  Tubfish  or  Sapphirine  Gurnard.      Trigla 

hirundo,  Linn. 

This  gaily  coloured  fish  is  occasionally 
taken  in  all  the  Essex  estuaries. 

14.  Piper.     Trigla  lyra,  Linn. 

Dale  (loc.  cit.)  says,  '  This  was  caught 
near  Harwich.' 

!$•   Pogge.      Agonus  cataphractus,  Linn. 

This  curious  fish  is  very  frequently  taken 
in  the  shrimp  nets,  and  small  ones  may  be 
often  seen  amongst  the  boiled  shrimps.  Yar- 
rell  says  (British  Fishes,  i.  71),  «on  the  eastern 
coast  it  is  very  plentiful.' 

1 6.  Lump-sucker.      Cyclopterus  lumpus,  Linn. 
Is  frequently  caught  on   the  coast  and  in 

the  mouths  of  the  rivers. 

1 7.  Sea  Snail.     Lifaris  vulgaris,  Flem. 
This  is  very  common,  and  frequently  taken 

in  shrimp  and  eel  trawls.  It  is  a  very  vari- 
able fish,  some  specimens  being  beautifully 
coloured  and  others  almost  without  markings. 
Couch  says  (Hist,  of  Fishes  of  Brit.  Islands, 
1860,  ii.  191),  'it  is  found  even  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Thames.' 

1 8.  Network  or  Montagu's  Sucker.     Liparis 

montagui,  Donov. 

Not  infrequently  taken  in  shrimp  trawls. 
Day  says  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  i.  187) 
'  it  is  common  off  the  mouth  of  the  Thames.' 

19.  Doubly- spotted     Sucker.       Lepadogaster 

bimaculatus,  Penn. 

Has  been  rarely  recognized,  but  there  is 
one  specimen  in  Brightlingsea  marine  station 
caught  in  the  mouth  of  the  Colne. 

20.  Spotted  Goby.     Gobius  minutus,  Gmel. 
Common.     Yarrell  says  (British  Fishes,  i. 

260),  '  It  is  apparently  a  new  species  from 
Colchester.'  Day  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  \. 
1 66)  calls  it  numerous  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames,  and  says  it  '  is  commonly  found 
amongst  whitebait  brought  to  the  London 
market.' 

2 1 .  Two-spotted  Goby.     Gobius  ruthensparri, 

Euphr. 

This  little  fish  is  common  on  the  shores  of 
the  Wallet  opposite  Clacton,  where  it  flourishes 
on  the  hard,  almost  rock-like  London  clay. 
It  is  frequently  caught  and  boiled  with  the 
shrimps. 


22.  Transparent    Goby.         Aphia    pelludda, 

Nardo. 

Possibly  this  may  be  common  on  the  Essex 
coasts,  but  as  the  shrimpers  throw  away  all 
the  unsaleable  fish  they  catch  the  opportuni- 
ties for  seeing  it  are  few.  I  have  seen 
examples  that  were  captured  in  the  Wallet 
by  the  fishermen  employed  at  the  Biological 
Station  at  Brightlingsea. 

23.  John  Dory.      Zeus  faber,  Linn. 
Occasionally  taken   in  the  shrimp  trawls, 

but  the  specimens  are  usually  small. 

24.  Boar-fish.      Capros  aper,  Linn. 
According  to  Day  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain, 

i.  137)  numbers  were  caught  at  Harwich  and 
Southend  about  May,  1879.  Mr.  Carrington 
further  records  (Zoologist,  1879,  p.  342)  the 
fact  of  the  capture  of  these  specimens  in  a 
shrimp  trawl. 

25.  Mackerel.      Scomber  scombrus,  Linn. 
Dale  says  (Hist,  of  Harwich,  1732,  p.  429), 

'  These  in  their  season  are  here  to  be  caught.' 
As  they  are  so  plentiful  both  on  the  Kentish 
coasts  and  on  those  of  Suffolk  they  are  no 
doubt  equally  frequent  on  the  Essex  coast, 
although  there  is  no  regular  fishery  for  them. 


26.  Common    Tunny. 
Linn. 


Orcynus     thynnus, 


Jenyns  (British  Vertebrate  Animals,  p.  363) 
calls  it  rare,  and  quoting  Donovan  he  states 
that  three  were  captured  in  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames  in  1801  and  brought  to  Billingsgate 
market.  In  Essex  County  Chronicle  of  October 

26.  1897,  Mr.  H.  L.  Matthams  records  the 
finding  of  a  specimen  of  this  fish  on  the  shore 
at  Foulness  on  the  20th  of  that  month.     It 
measured  9  feet  in  length  and  weighed  about 
5  or  6  cwt.  (see  also  Zoologist,  1897,  P-  579)- 

27.  Blackfish.      Centrolophus  pompilus,  Linn. 
One  was  captured   in   the  Colne  and  for- 
warded to  Dr.  Gtlnther  at  the  British  Museum, 
and  was  described  by  him  in  Ann.  and  Mag. 
Nat.  Hist.  1882,  pp.  204,  338  ;  also  in  Zoo- 
logist, 1882,  pp.  75,  152. 

28.  Swordfish.     Xiphias  gladius,  Linn. 

Mr.  Montford  records  (Zoologist,  1847,  P- 
1911)  the  finding  of  a  dead  one  off  the  coast 
of  Essex  in  1834.  C.  Parsons  also  mentions 
(Zoologist,  1862,  p.  8289)  the  capture  of  a 
living  one  in  Potton  creek,  the  sword  of 
which  was  3  feet  long.  An  Essex  specimen 
mentioned  by  Day  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain, 
i.  148)  was  probably  the  same  fish.  Buckland 
(Familiar  Hist,  of  Brit.  Fishes,  p.  37)  says  a 


222 


FISHES 


fine  specimen  8  feet  8$  inches  long,  of  which 
he  made  a  cast,  was  caught  at  Leigh  near 
Southend  in  November,  1866  (see  also  Field, 
November  3,  1896,  p.  362). 

29.  Greater  Weever.     Trachinus  draco,  Linn. 
A  fish  which  is  caught  occasionally  in  eel 

trawls  on  the  muddy  Zostera  covered  shores. 
Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch  records  (Essex  Nat.  iii.  188) 
the  capture  of  one  in  the  Blackwater  by  hook. 

30.  Common  Weever,  Viper  Weever.    7ra- 

cbinus  vipera,  Cuv. 

This  is  also  taken  in  the  eel  trawls  in  the 
same  situations  as  the  last,  but  much  more 
commonly. 

31.  Dragonet  or  Dusky  Skulpin.    Callionymus 

lyra,  Linn. 

The  shrimp  trawlers  very  often  capture 
this  species  in  their  shrimp  nets  on  our  sandy 
shores,  a  locality  just  suited  to  its  habits. 
Day's  figure  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  pi.  liv.) 
was  taken  from  a  fish  captured  at  Southend, 
where  the  reddish  specimens  are  called  '  foxes.' 

32.  Angler.     Lophius  piscatorius,  Linn. 
Locally,  Toad-fish. 

This  ungainly  fish  has  been  frequently 
captured  on  the  Essex  coast,  but  it  is  not 
often  brought  on  shore  by  the  fishermen. 

33.  Wolf-fish.      Anarrhichas  lupus,  Linn. 
This  fish  has  been  captured  at  Walton-on- 

Naze  (Essex  Standard,  August  29,  1885). 
Common  as  it  is  on  many  parts  of  the  English 
seaboard  it  appears  only  as  a  straggler  off 
Essex ;  the  sandy  shallow  shores  do  not  suit  its 
habits. 

34.  Gattorugine.   Bltnnius  gattorugine,  Bloch. 
Mr.   E.   A.  Fitch  records  in   Zoologist,  iii. 

326,  ser.  4  the  capture  of  one  at  Stansgate 
in  the  Blackwater  on  August  19,  1898. 

35.  Butterfish.     Centronotus  gunnellus,  Linn. 
This  is  another  fish   frequently  caught  in 

eel  trawls.  I  find  it  very  commonly  on  the 
Zostera  covered  ooze  at  Mersea.  Yarrell 
(Brit.  Fishes,  i.  240)  says  it  is  found  in  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames. 

36.  Viviparous    Blenny.      Zoarces   viviparus, 

Linn. 

Not  a  rare  fish.  It  is  taken  occasionally 
among  sprats  by  the  stow-boat  fishermen, 
also  by  eel  trawlers. 

ANACANTHINI 

37.  Cod.     Gadus  morrhua,  Linn. 

The  value  of  this  fish  as  food  is  well  known, 


but  most  of  those  of  large  size  captured  it 
the  Essex  estuaries  are  not  in  a  fit  condition 
for  the  table,  being  more  or  less  diseased. 
Many  young  ones  called  '  codling  '  are  how- 
ever captured  in  the  finest  condition  all  round 
the  coasts  by  hooks  or  nets. 

38.  Large-headed  Cod.    Gadus  macrocephalus, 

Tiles. 

Dr.  Day  (Journ.  Linn.  Sec.  vol.  xiv.  No.  80, 
p.  689)  describes  a  specimen  caught  in  the 
mouth  of  the  Thames  at  Southend.  (This  is 
also  recorded  in  Zoologist,  1880,  p.  26.)  Yar- 
rell saw  a  large  one  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames,  but  he  considered  the  abnormal  size 
to  be  due  to  disease. 

The  local  fishermen  call  this  variety  'Lord- 
fish  '  (see  Day's  Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  i.  278). 

39.  Haddock.     Gadus  #gle/inus,  Linn. 

I  have  occasionally  taken  this  species  in 
some  numbers  in  the  Crouch,  but  I  do  not 
think  it  is  a  very  common  fish  on  the  Essex 
coast. 

A  large  number  were  observed  and  taken 
off  Purfleet  by  the  officers  of  the  training 
ship  Cornwall  in  1879  (Land  and  Water, 
March  i,  1879,  p.  179).  They  have  also 
been  noted  in  Dagenham  Breach  (ibid.  March 
22,  1879,  p.  236)  by  Mr.  P.  Hood,  who 
communicated  his  surprise  at  finding  them  in 
freshwater  to  F.  Buckland. 

The  latter's  explanation  that  the  water  of 
Dagenham  Breach  was  brackish  probably  ac- 
counted for  their  presence. 

40.  Bib,  Whiting  Pout.     Gadus  luscus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Wule  or  Whiting  Wule. 

This  is  extremely  common  during  the 
early  winter  months,  large  numbers  being 
caught  by  all  those  who  fish  either  from  piers 
or  from  boats  with  hooks. 

41.  Power    or    Poor    Cod.      Gadus    minutus, 

Linn. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch  informs  me  it  is  not  alto- 
gether rare  at  times  in  the  Thames  estuary. 

42.  Whiting.     Gadus  merlangus,  Linn. 

In  some  seasons  very  abundant ;  it  arrives 
in  our  estuaries  about  the  middle  or  end  of 
September,  and  is  a  great  favourite  with  those 
who  practise  the  form  of  fishing  which  is 
locally  called  'spruling.' 

43.  Pollack,    or    Whiting    Pollack.       Gadus 

pollachius,  Linn. 

Dale  says  (Hist,  of  Harwich,  1732,  p.  428) 
that  in  his  time  the  whiting  pollack  was 
sometimes  caught  and  brought  to  Braintree 
market  with  the  other  varieties  of  whiting. 


223 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


44.  Hake.     Merluccius  vulgarls,  Linn. 
Although  this  fish   is  so  common  on  the 

south  and  west  coasts  of  this  island  I  never 
remember  seeing  more  than  one  specimen 
which  had  been  captured  on  the  Essex  coast. 
The  fish  was  sent  me  by  a  dealer  to  name. 
Dale  says  (Hist,  of  Harwich,  p.  429),  'Hake 
is  sometimes  caught  here,  and  when  salted 
and  dried  is  called  "  Poor  Jack."  ' 

45.  Ling.     Molva  vulgaris,  Flem. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch  writes  me  that  his  in- 
formant, G.  Gibson,  has  seen  several  Thames 
examples  9  to  12  inches  long  during  the 
winter  and  spring  months,  and  one  was  ob- 
tained in  the  trawl  below  Southend  pier  on 
April  i,  1897.  It  measured  I  foot  in 
length  and  contained  in  its  stomach  a  rockling 
half  as  big  as  itself. 

46.  Five-bearded  Rockling.    Motella  mustela, 

Linn. 

This  is  not  common,  our  muddy  shores 
not  suiting  its  habits,  but  I  possess  a  specimen 
taken  in  the  Colne.  Day  (Fishes  of  Great 
Britain,  i.  316)  gives  the  mouth  of  the 
Thames  among  its  haunts. 

47.  Three-bearded    Rockling.     Motella    tri- 

cirrata,  Linn. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch  has  taken  this  in  the 
Blackwater. 

48.  Lesser     Fork-beard.       Raniceps     raninus, 

Linn. 

Day  records  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  i.  321) 
the  capture  of  one  by  Mr.  S.  W.  Wand  in 
May,  1858,  in  the  river  Crouch. 

49.  Holibut.     Hippoglossus  vulgaris,  Flem. 
Mr.   H.  L.  Matthams  informs  me  this  is 

sometimes  taken  in  the  '  keddles '  on  the 
sands  at  Foulness,  but  it  may  be  considered 
a  rare  visitor  to  the  Thames  estuary.  One 
was  captured  in  1856  by  hook  and  line. 
It  was  3  ft.  long.  Another  5  ft.  long  is 
reported  to  have  been  captured  about  thirty 
years  ago. 

50.  Long   Rough    Dab.      Hippoglossus  liman- 

doides,  Bloch. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch  informs  me  that  speci- 
mens of  this  fish  have  been  taken  in  the 
Blackwater  in  the  spring. 

51.  Turbot.     Rhombus  maximus,  Linn. 
This  well  known  fish  is  taken  on  all  parts 

of  our  coast  where  suitable  ground  occurs. 
It  is  most  frequently  captured  by  trawling, 


but  many  are  caught  on  the  sandy  shores  or 
Foulness  in  '  keddles,'  that  is,  in  V-shaped 
nets  the  apex  of  which  points  seawards. 

52.  Brill.      Rhombus  leevis,  Linn. 

This  fish  is  captured  in  the  same  manner 
and  is  not  rare. 

53.  EckstrSm's    Topknot.     Zeugopterus    uni- 

maculatus,  Risso. 

Occasionally  taken,  but  very  rare. 

54.  Muller's  Topknot,    Common    Topknot. 

Zeugopterus  punctatus,  Bloch. 
As  an  Essex  fish  is  very  rare.  Mr.  E.  A. 
Fitch  informs  me  one  was  caught  in  the 
Blackwater,  September  6,  1900.  Another  in 
the  Crouch,  November  6,  1900.  And  as 
both  of  these  were  considered  by  the  fisher- 
men to  be  young  brill,  it  is  probable  that  they 
may  be  more  common  than  they  are  gener- 
ally considered  to  be. 

55.  Scaldfish  or  Megrim.     Arnoghssus  laterna, 

Walb. 

Mr.  Fitch  informs  me  that  one  of  these 
fish  was  caught  in  a  trawl  near  the  Chapman 
on  April  21,  1900.  It  measured  5  in.  long. 

56.  Plaice.      Pleuronectes  platessa,  Linn. 
Small  sized  plaice  are  very  common  on  all 

parts  of  the  coast,  and  if  light  tackle  and 
small  hooks  are  used  they  afford  good  sport. 

57.  Smear  Dab,  Lemon   Dab  or  Mary  Sole. 

Pleuronectes  microcephalus,  Donovan. 
This  is   taken   frequently  on  the  coast  and 
in   the   estuaries    only  by  trawling  or    other 
forms  of  netting.     Is  one  of  the  best  flavoured 
of  the  family. 

58.  Pole,   Craig    Fluke    or    Long   Flounder. 

Pleuronectes  cynoglossus,  Linn. 
Very  rare.     Mr.  E.  A.   Fitch  writes  me 
that  he  has  a  specimen  from  the  Blackwater. 

59.  Dab,   Sand    Dab.      Pleuronectes   limanda, 

Linn. 
Very  common  on  all  our  coasts. 

**  60.  Flounder.      Pleuronectes  flesus,  Linn. 

A  fish  common  everywhere  on  all  parts  of 
the  coast,  ascending  rivers  much  beyond  the 
tideway  and  frequently  seen  in  the  slightly 
brackish  water  of  the  marsh  ditches. 

61.  Sole.     Solea  vulgaris,  Quensel. 

This  very  common  and  delicious  fish  occurs 
on  all  our  sandy  coasts  in  great  but  largely 
diminishing  numbers. 


224 


FISHES 


62.  Lemon  Sole.     Solea  lascaris,  Risso. 
Very  rare  as  an  Essex  fish.     There  is  one 

Essex  specimen  at  the  biological  station  at 
Brightlingsea. 

63.  Little  Sole.     Solea  lutea,  Risso. 

This  also  is  rare.  An  Essex  specimen  is 
preserved  at  Brightlingsea  station. 

PLECTOGNATHI 

64.  Short  Sun-fish.     Orthagoriscus  mo/a,  Linn. 
Lindsey  says  (A  Season  at  Harwich,  p.  102) 

this  'occurs  but  occasionally  on  the  Essex 
coast.'  Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch  informs  me  he 
saw  a  very  large  one  which  had  been  taken 
in  the  river  Crouch,  at  Battles  Bridge,  on 
October  21,  1874.  It  was  a  female,  measur- 
ing 4  ft.  6  in.  in  length,  and  was  carried 
about  and  exhibited  (see  Land  and  Water, 
October  31,  1874,  p.  340).  Mr.  Fitch  also 
saw  another  in  the  same  river  at  Burnham. 

65.  Oblong    Sun -fish.       Orthagoriscus    trun- 

catus,  Retz. 

Lindsey  says  (A  Season  at  Harwich,  pt.  2, 
p.  101)  the  oblong  sun-fish  is  rare. 

PERCESOCES 

**  66.  Grey  Mullet.     Mugil  capita,  Cuv. 

Yarrell  says  (British  Fishes,  i.  202)  it  occurs 
constantly  on  the  Essex  coast.  It  still  is 
found  commonly  in  the  season. 

••67.  Lesser   Grey    Mullet.       Mugil  chelo, 
Cuv. 

Is  not  so  common  as  the  last-mentioned 
species. 

68.  Atherine,    Sand    Smelt.      Atherina  pres- 

byter, Jenyns. 

Occasionally  captured  by  the  smelt  fisher- 
men at  the  mouth  of  the  Colne.  This  year, 
1901,  they  were  very  common  about  Walton 
and  Clacton  piers. 

69.  Larger  Launce  or  Sand-Eel.     Ammodytes 

lanceolatus,  Le  Sauvage. 
This  is  found,  but  not  so  commonly  as  the 
next  species. 

70.  Lesser  Launce  or  Sand-Eel.     Ammodytes 

tobianus,  Linn. 

This  is  common,  but  I  do  not  think  it  is 
ever  especially  fished  for,  as  is  the  case  in  the 
west  of  England,  where  large  numbers  are 
caught  for  bait. 

71.  Gar-fish.     Be/one  vulgaris,  Flem. 
Large  numbers  of  this  are  taken  at  certain 


seasons  round  the  coast.     They  meet  with  a 
ready  sale  in  London. 

HEMIBRANCHII 

**72.  Three-spined  Stickleback.     Gastrosteus 
aculeatus,  Linn. 

Common  everywhere  in  streams,  ponds  and 
ditches.  Doing  very  well  in  the  brackish 
waters  of  the  marsh  ditches. 

**  73.  Ten-spined    Stickleback    or    Tinker. 

Gastrosteus  pungitius,  Linn. 
This  is  not  nearly  so  common  as  the  last 
species,  being  found  more  frequently  in  small 
streams  rather  than  ponds,  although  it  occurs 
in  the  latter  situations.  I  have  never  found 
it  in  brackish  water.  Many  of  our  specimens 
have  only  nine  spines. 

74.  Fifteen-spined    Stickleback.       Gastrosteus 

spinachia,   Linn. 

I  have  found  this  species  very  commonly  in 
trawling  for  eels  amongst  the  Zostera  marina, 
on  the  muddy  shores  of  the  Blackwater  at 
Mersea.  Unlike  the  rest  of  the  family  this 
species  is  entirely  confined  to  the  sea. 

LOPHOBRANCHII 

75.  Broad  -  nosed     Pipe-fish.       Siphonostoma 

typhle,  Linn. 
Very  common  amongst  the  Zostera. 

76.  Greater  Pipe-fish.     Syngnathus  acus,  Linn. 

This,  the  commonest  species  of  the  family, 
is  found  on  all  parts  of  the  coast,  especially  in 
the  beds  of  Zostera. 

77.  Ocean    or    Snake    Pipe-fish.       Nerophis 

aquoreus,   Linn. 

Although  not  so  common  as  the  last  two, 
this  is  found  in  some  quantity  in  the  eel 
trawls,  in  the  same  situation  amongst  the 
Zostera.  Day  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  ii. 
262)  gives  the  estuary  of  the  Thames  as 
their  habitat. 

78.  Straight-nosed  or  Snake  Pipe-fish.     Nero- 

phis  ophidian,  Linn. 

Buckland  says  (Fam.  Hist,  of  Brit.  Fishes, 
p.  197)  this  is  often  taken  with  whitebait  in 
the  mouth  of  the  Thames. 

79.  Sea  -  horse.       Hippocampus      antiquorum, 

Leach. 

Dr.  Bree  records  (Field,  Dec.  i,  1866, 
p.  420)  the  capture  of  two  specimens  of 
rhis  rare  fish  at  Brit'htlinp-sea. 


225 


p.    420;    tne    capture    01     two 
this  rare  fish  at  Brightlingsea. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


HAPLOMI 

*  80.   Pike.      Esox  lucius,  Linn. 

This  fish  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the 
county,  both  in  rivers  and  ponds,  but  never 
appears  to  attain  the  size  sometimes  found  in 
those  counties  where  more  extensive  tracts  of 
water  are  found. 

The  largest  one  of  which  we  have  any 
record  was  taken  at  Dagenham  on  November 
22,  1896.  It  weighed  30  Ib.  (Badminton 
Mag.  1897,  p.  628). 

OSTARIOPHYSI 

*  8  1  .  Carp.      Cyprinus  carpio,  Linn. 

Occurs  in  many  of  the  sluggish  streams 
and  also  in  numerous  ponds. 

*8a.   Crucian    or    Prussian    Carp.      Cyprinus 

carassius,  Linn. 

Has  been  introduced  into  many  of  our 
ponds,  but  it  does  not  appear  to  occur  in 
any  of  our  rivers  excepting  the  Lea,  where 
one  was  caught  by  Mr.  Williams  near  Tot- 
tenham (Land  and  Water,  November,  1887, 
p.  412).  Day  says  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain, 
ii.  1  66)  it  is  very  common  about  London. 

*  83.   Goldfish.      Cyprinus  auratus,  Linn. 

Does  not  occur  in  any  of  our  rivers.  It  is 
however  naturalized  in  ponds  throughout  the 
county. 

*  84.  Barbel.      Barbus  vulgaris,  Flem. 

This  is  probably  another  introduced  species 
as  far  as  Essex  is  concerned.  According  to 
Day  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  ii.  171)  and 
Yarrell  (British  Fishes,  i.  322)  it  occurs  in 
the  Lea. 

*85.  Gudgeon.     Gobio  fluviatilh,  Flem. 

A  fish  that  occurs  in  numbers  in  all  our 
rivers,  but  is  mostly  local.  It  abounds  in  the 
Lea  and  Stort. 

*86.   Roach.      Leuciscus  rutilus,  Linn. 
Found  everywhere  in  streams  and  ponds. 


Rudd.     Leuciscus  erythrophthalmus,  Linn. 

Considerable  numbers  of  this  fish  occur  in 
the  Suffolk  Stour.  It  is  rare  in  the  Colne 
and  common  in  the  Lea.  Mr.  Pennell  found 
(Day's  Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  ii.  1  84)  a  lemon 
or  yellow-coloured  variety  in  some  ponds  near 
Romford. 

Another  variety  called  a  blue  roach  occurs 
in  the  small  stream  entering  the  sea  near 
Clacton.  It  is  described  in  Land  and  Water, 
1876,  p.  153. 


*88.   Dace.      Leuciscus  dobula,  Linn. 

A  fish  found  in  the  Chelmer,  the  Stour, 
and  according  to  Lieutenant  Croft  (Trans. 
Herts  Nat.  Hist.  Sac.  ii.  13)  in  the  Lea.  It 
occurs  probably  in  other  streams  also. 

*  89.  Chubb.      Leuciscus  cephalus,  Linn. 

Until  quite  recently  this  was  another  in- 
habitant of  the  Lea  only  among  Essex  rivers. 
Now  it  must  be  added  to  the  list  of  Black- 
water  fish,  as  the  Witham  Angling  Society 
has  turned  into  that  river  350  specimens 
(Field,  Feb.  29,  1896,  p.  320). 

*9O.   Minnow.      Leuciscus  phoxinus,  Linn. 
Frequent  in  most  of  the  rivers  of  Essex. 

*9i.  Tench.      Tinea  vulgaris,  Cuv. 

Is  an  inhabitant  of  many  ponds  in  all  parts 
of  the  county,  and  occurs  also  in  the  Stour, 
Colne,  Lea  and  probably  in  all  the  other 
rivers. 

*92.  Lake  Bream.     Abramis  brama,  Linn. 

This  is  found  in  considerable  numbers  in 
the  Essex  and  Suffolk  Stour  and  in  some  other 
Essex  rivers.  The  variety  called  Pomeranian 
bream  is  found,  according  to  Day  (Fishes  of 
Great  Britain,  ii.  195),  on  the  authority  of 
Yarrell,  in  Dagenham  Breach,  where  it  is 
still  plentiful  (Land  and  Water,  Aug.  4,  1888, 
P-  134)- 

*93>   White  Bream.     Abramis  blicca,  Bloch. 

It  occurs  in  the  Essex  and  Suffolk  Stour, 
also  in  the  Lea  (Trans.  Herts  Nat.  Hist.  Soc. 
ii.  12),  but  not  so  commonly  as  the  last 
species. 

*94.  Bleak.     Alburnus  lucidus,  Heckel. 

Day  says  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  ii.  200) 
this  is  found  in  the  Lea,  but  does  not  appear 
to  be  known  in  any  other  Essex  river. 

*95.   Loach.      Nemachilus  barbatulus,  Linn. 

Found  in  all  our  smaller  streams  where 
there  is  a  gravelly  bottom. 

A  specimen  of  the  continental  sheat-fish 
(Silurus  glanis,  Linn.)  was  captured  in  the 
Stour  and  recorded  (Field,  Sept.  8,  1894, 
p.  411),  and  a  full  account  was  therein  given 
of  the  attempts  made  to  acclimatize  this 
species  in  English  waters,  fortunately  I  think 
without  success.  But  as  it  has  been  taken  in 
Essex  waters  many  years  after  the  attempts 
referred  to,  allusion  to  it  may  be  made  in 
this  list. 


226 


FISHES 


MALACOPTERYGII 

**  96.  Salmon.     Salmo  salar,  Linn. 

Although  salmon  have  disappeared  from  all 
our  Essex  rivers,  they  are  still  taken  in  nets 
on  various  portions  of  the  coast  and  in  the 
mouths  of  most  of  the  rivers.  And  few 
years  pass  without  several  being  taken  in  the 
'  keddles '  on  the  sands  of  Foulness.  Com- 
mon as  they  were  in  years  gone  by  in  the 
Thames  it  seems  hopeless  to  expect  them 
ever  again  to  ascend  that  river  to  their  old 
' redds.' 

**97.  Sea  Trout.     Salmo  trutta,  Linn. 

The  same  statements  may  be  made  with 
reference  to  this  fish  as  the  last.  They  are 
occasionally  caught  in  the  mouths  of  the  rivers 
and  in  the  Foulness  '  keddles,'  and  would  no 
doubt  pass  on  to  the  fresh  waters  of  several 
of  our  streams  were  it  not  for  obstacles  or 
impurities  rendering  such  a  proceeding  im- 
possible. 

"98.  Brown  Trout.     So/mo  fario,  Linn. 

Common  as  this  fish  is  all  over  Britain  it 
is  rare  in  Essex,  and  excepting  in  the  Lea  it 
only  occurs  in  our  streams  as  the  result  of 
artificial  stocking.  And  generally  speaking 
it  may  be  said  that  wherever  introduced  it 
has  done  well. 

In  the  Roding  it  was  introduced  about 
1 88 1  by  Mr.  Rodwell,  and  in  the  Roman 
river,  a  feeder  of  the  Colne,  by  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Marsh  about  1860.  Since  this  time  it  has 
been  introduced  into  the  Chelmer,  Black- 
water  and  Stour. 

*99-  Grayling.      Thymallus  vexiilifer,  Linn. 

This  is  said  to  occur  in  the  Cam,  and 
therefore  is  possibly  an  inhabitant  of  that 
part  of  this  river  which  rises  in  and  flows 
through  Essex.  Day  says  (Fishes  of  Great 
Britain,  ii.  135)  a  large  batch  of  fry  were 
placed  in  the  Lea  in  1863. 

**  100.  Smelt.     Osmerus  eper Janus,  Linn. 

Considerable  numbers  of  this  delicious  fish 
are  caught  in  all  our  rivers  when  they  come 
up  to  spawn.  They  appear  to  be  generally 
abundant  up  to  the  tide  limit,  and  where  it 
is  possible  for  them  to  get  still  higher  they 
are  also  frequent,  but  are  only  fished  for  in 
the  mouths  of  the  rivers. 

**IOI.   Houting.      Coregonus  oxyrhynchus, 

Linn. 

Of  this  apparently  rare  British  fish  I  saw 
in  1886  several  examples  which  had  been 
captured  in  the  smelt  nets  in  the  Colne. 
And  as  it  is  frequently  seen  in  boxes  of 


Dutch  smelts  it  is  probably  much  more 
common  in  Holland  than  in  this  country. 
This  is  rather  strange  when  we  consider  the 
nearness  of  the  Dutch  coast. 

0 O2.  Anchovy.     Engraulis  encrasicholus,  Linn. 
Day  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  ii.  207)  gives 

instances  of  the  capture  of  this  fish  on  the 
Essex  coast,  and  Yarrell  (i.  153)  says  :  'It  is 
reported  to  be  at  this  time  an  inhabitant  of 
the  piece  of  water  below  Blackwall  called 
Dagenham  Breach. 

103.  Herring.     Clupea  harengus,  Linn. 
This  occurs  commonly  all  round  the  coast, 

but  there  is  no  special  fishery  for  it,  although 
a  few  are  still  taken  in  drift  nets  in  the 
estuary  of  the  Blackwater. 

104.  Pilchard.     Clupea  pilcbardus,  Linn. 

Is  occasionally  taken  on  the  coast.  Dale 
gives  it  in  his  list  of  Harwich  fish,  and  says 
(Hist,  of  Harwich,  p.  432)  :  '  It  is  rare,  but 
is  occasionally  brought  among  herrings  to 
market.'  Day  says  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain, 
ii.  230)  Yarrell  obtained  one  in  May,  1838, 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Thames. 

105.  Sprat.     Clupea  sprattus,  Linn. 
Enormous  numbers  of  this  fish  are  taken 

off"  our  coast  by  the  stow-boat  fishermen,  and 
used  for  manure,  besides  those  sent  to  market 
in  London  and  the  northern  towns  for  food. 

Unfortunately  for  our  fishermen  they  have 
been  comparatively  scarce  for  the  last  two  or 
three  seasons,  apparently  having  changed  their 
habitat,  and  are  now  found  in  all  parts  of  the 
English  Channel  as  far  west  as  Cornwall. 

**IO6.  Allis  Shad.      Clupea  alosa,  Linn. 

Rare.  Day  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  ii. 
236),  quoting  Yarrell,  mentions  one  being 
taken  in  the  Thames  above  Putney  in  1831. 
Jenyns  describes  it  (Brit.  Pert.  Animals,  p.  438) 
as  'occasionally,  though  rarely,  taken  in  the 
Thames.' 

**  107.  Twait  Shad.     Clupea  finta,  Cuv. 

This  is  occasionally  common  in  the  Colne. 
Many  were  taken  by  the  smelt  fishermen  in 
August,  1 886,  and  one  was  caught  on  Novem- 
ber 29,  1886,  at  East  Bridge,  Colchester, 
which  point  is  the  tide  limit.  Jenyns  says 
(Brit.  ytrt.  Animals,  p.  438)  it  is  very 
abundant  in  the  Thames. 

APODES 

**  1 08.  Eel.     /fnguilla  vu/garis,  Turton. 

Very  common  in  streams  and  ponds  every- 
where. 


227 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


109.   Conger.      Conger  vulgaris,  Cuv. 

Taken  occasionally.  One  of  40  Ib.  weight 
is  recorded  (Essex  Standard,  Jan.  31,  1885)  as 
having  been  picked  up  on  the  beach  at  Clacton- 
on-Sea.  Day,  quoting  Donovan,  says  (Fishes 


of  Great  Britain,  ii.  253)  one  of  130  Ib.  weight 
was  captured  at  the  Nore. 

In  the  Zoologist  (1869,  p.  1520)  a  record  is 
given  of  several  which  were  caught  in  the 
Thames  as  high  as  Woolwich. 


GANOIDS 


HO.   Sturgeon.     Aclpenser  sturio,  Linn. 

Is  occasionally  taken  in  all  our  rivers,  but 
it  is  rare.  When  captured  in  the  Thames, 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  City  of  London, 
it  is  usually  judged  a  proper  present  for  the 
Lord  Mayor's  table. 

The  capture  of  a  sturgeon,  weighing 
131  Ib.,  in  the  Blackwater  river  near 
Beeleigh  Mills,  Maldon,  is  noted  as  a  re- 


markable    circumstance     (Donovan,     British 
Fishes,  vol.   iii.  pi.  Ixv.). 

Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch  records  the  capture  of  two 
very  large  sturgeons  in  the  Blackwater  on 
May  9,  1886,  and  May  15,  1890.  The 
latter,  which  weighed  212  Ib.  and  measured 
7  feet  1 1  inches  in  length,  went  eventually  to 
Sweetings  in  Cheapside  (Ettae  Naturalist,  iv. 
1 20).  Others  are  mentioned  (Zoologist,  1879, 
p.  383;  1883,  p.  341). 


CHONDROPTERYGIANS 


in.  Toper  or  Sweet  William.     Galeus  vul- 
garis,  Flem. 

This  shark  is  but  rarely  taken  on  our  coast. 
One  caught  by  trawling  in  the  Wallet  on 
October  23,  1886,  was  thought  by  its  captor 
of  sufficient  rarity  to  make  it  worth  exhibit- 
ing in  the  town  of  Colchester.  The  capture 
of  one  below  Brightlingsea,  4  ft.  9  in.  long, 
in  a  shrimp  trawl,  and  another,  5  ft.  6  in. 
long,  at  Clacton  are  noted  in  the  Essex 
Naturalist,  ii.  137,  236.  These  were  both 
females. 

112.  Porbeagle.        Lamna     cornubica, 

Gmel. 

A  specimen  of  this  shark  was  captured  near 
the  coast  in  1874.  It  measured  8  ft.  2  in. 
long  (Land and  Water,  1874^.285).  Another 
captured  off  Harwich  measured  nearly  10  ft. 
in  length  (Essex  Naturalist,  vi.  154).  Several 
others  have  been  taken  since. 

113.  Picked    Dogfish.       Acanthias    vulgaris, 

Risso. 

This  voracious  fish  is  always  much  too 
common,  and  in  some  years  especially  so, 
on  all  our  coasts. 


114.  Angel  or  Monk-fish.      Rhina  squatina, 

Linn. 
Frequent  on  all  the  coasts  of  Essex. 

115.  Skate.     Raia  bails,  Linn. 

Very  common  on  all  our  sandy  shores. 
The  small  ones  are  called  maids. 

1 1 6.  Thornback.     Raia  clavata,  Linn. 
This  is  also  very  common. 

117.  Sharp-nosed  Skate.    Raia  alba,  Lac£p. 
Lindsey  says  (A  Season  at  Harwich,  pt.  2, 

p.  98)  the  French,  who  are  great  con- 
sumers of  skate,  this  species  being  their 
favourite,  would  come  to  Harwich  for  this 
fish  if  greater  encouragenjent  were  given  to 
the  fishery.  As  it  is  they  go  to  Plymouth 
and  purchase  large  quantities  during  the  sea- 
son of  Lent. 

1 1 8.  Sting  Ray.     Trygon  pastinaca,  Linn. 

It  is  frequently  taken  in  the  channels 
between  the  sands  if  one  may  judge  from 
the  number  of  needles  made  from  the  spines 
upon  its  tail  that  are  to  be  seen  in  the  posses- 
sion of  fishermen,  who  use  them  for  stringing 
flat  fish  together  through  the  gills  for  the 
convenience  of  carriage. 


CYCLOSTOMES 


**  119.  Sea  Lamprey.      Petromyzon  marinus, 

Linn. 

This  is  captured  occasionally  in  the  mouths 
of   all  our   rivers.      In    Essex    Naturalist,   v. 


134  is  recorded  the  capture  of  two  in  the 
Colne.  Day  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain,  ii. 
358)  gives  for  their  habitat  the  mouth  of 
the  Thames. 


228 


FISHES 


*  1 20.  Lampern  or  Silver  Lampern.   Petromy- 

zon  fitfvia ti/is,  Linn. 

Day  (Fishes  of  Great  Britain^  ii.  360, 
361)  says  they  are  captured  in  the  Thames, 
where  they  abound  in  quantities.  Jenyns 
says  (British  Pert,  jfnimak,  p.  521)  they  are 
common  in  many  of  our  rivers,  especially  in 
the  Thames.  Yarrell  makes  the  same  re- 


mark.    They  are  stated  to  be  very  common 
in  the  Stour. 

*I2I.  Planer's    Lamprey,     Mud    Lamprey. 

Petromyzon    branchialis,  Linn. 
According  to  my  experience  this  is  rare  in 
Essex.      I  have  however  observed  it  in  the 
Colne  in  two  localities. 


229 


REPTILES 
AND  BATRACHIANS 

The  greater  portion  of  the  land  of  the  county  of  Essex  is  arable, 
mostly  in  a  condition  of  high  cultivation,  and  there  is  no  large  sandy 
waste,  open  common,  or  bog,  and  with  the  exception  of  Epping  Forest, 
no  extensive  woodland. 

Any  large  area  of  this  character  does  not  present  the  most  favour- 
able condition  for  the  habitat  of  some  of  the  members  of  these  classes, 
and  therefore  it  may  be  readily  understood  that  those  species,  to  which 
an  open  sandy  district  is  almost  a  necessity  of  their  existence,  will  not 
be  found  ;  but  these  are  few  in  number,  and  do  not  prevent  the  total 
species  of  the  Essex  list  from  comparing  favourably  with,  in  this  respect, 
more  richly  endowed  counties. 

The  number  of  species  of  reptiles  recognized  as  inhabiting  Great 
Britain  is  seven,  and  including  the  edible  frog  (Rana  esculenta)  six 
batrachians.  Of  this  number,  Essex  possesses  four  reptiles  and  six 
batrachians,  but  the  evidence  is  hardly  sufficient  to  enable  it  to  be  said 
that  the  edible  frog  has  succeeded  in  becoming  established  in  those 
localities,  in  Epping  Forest  and  elsewhere,  where  various  attempts  have 
been  made  to  naturalize  it.  Those  introduced  by  the  late  Mr. 
Doubleday  in  Epping  Forest  did  well  for  a  time,  but  every  colony 
would  seem  to  have  disappeared.  This  frog  is  claimed  for  several 
counties  as  a  member  of  their  fauna,  but  wherever  found  there  can 
be  no  doubt  of  its  having  been  introduced  from  the  continent. 

The  absence  of  sandy  wastes  from  all  parts  of  Essex  accounts  for 
the  sand  lizard  never  having  been  found  in  this  county,  and  probably 
also  the  same  cause  is  responsible  for  the  fact  of  the  smooth  snake 
having  never  been  seen,  its  favourite  food,  the  sand  lizard,  not  occurring. 

The  slow  worm  is  not  found  so  frequently  as  it  was  some  years  ago, 
and  one  of  the  causes  of  the  diminution  in  numbers  of  this  species,  and 
of  the  snakes  generally,  for  they  also  are  less  abundant,  is  the  great 
alterations  that  have  been  made  in  the  hedgerows  within  the  last  half 
or  three-quarters  of  a  century. 

Before  that  time  hedges  were  higher  and  broader,  and  often  the 
hedge  and  bank  occupied  perhaps  three  times  the  space  they  do  at  the 
present  time,  and  this  diminution  of  their  place  of  refuge  and  hunting 
ground  has  not  only  affected  reptiles  unfavourably,  but  mammals  and 
birds  as  well. 

230 


REPTILES    AND    BATRACHIANS 


The  grass  or  ring  snake  and  the  adder  or  viper  are  both  frequent 
in  some  districts,  more  so  perhaps  on  the  marshes  and  the  localities 
bordering  on  the  marshes  than  elsewhere,  but  even  where  most  common 
they  do  not  occur  in  anything  like  the  numbers  they  did  fifty  years  ago. 
In  some  parts  of  the  county  both  species  would  appear  to  be  almost 
approaching  extinction,  so  rarely  are  they  found. 

The  common  frog  is  abundant  everywhere  in  suitable  localities, 
and  the  toad  is  here,  as  everywhere  else,  common  alike  in  dry  and  wet 
situations. 

The  absence  of  the  natterjack  in  Essex  is  difficult  to  account  for, 
as  it  is  to  be  found  in  both  Norfolk  and  Suffolk. 

The  other  batrachians,  the  newts,  are  well  represented,  all  the 
species  being  common. 


REPTILES 


LACERTILIA 


OPHIDIA 


1.  Common  or  Viviparous  Lizard. 

viv'ipara,  Jacq. 

Locally,  '  Swift.' 
Is  common  in  most  parts  of  the  county 
wherever  the  district  is  dry  enough  to  suit 
its  habits,  but  like  many  of  the  other  reptiles, 
inclosure  and  cultivation  are  telling  on  its 
numbers. 

2.  Slow-worm.     Angult  fragilis ,  Linn. 

Occurs  commonly  still  in  most  parts  of 
Essex.  It  is  much  feared  by  many  people 
who  dread  to  touch  it,  in  consequence  of  its 
supposed  venomous  powers. 


Lacerta      3-  Common  or  Ringed  Snake.      Tropidonotui 

natrix,  Linn. 
Fairly  numerous,  especially  near  water. 


4.  Adder  or  Viper.     Vipera  berus,  Linn. 

Still  found  in  some  numbers  in  wooded 
districts,  but  not  confined  to  them.  It  is 
generally  stated  to  be  most  common  in  dry 
districts,  but  in  this  country  it  is  found  quite 
as  frequently  on  the  marshes  inside  the  sea 
walls.  The  red  variety  has  there  been  found, 
as  also  has  more  commonly  the  black  viper. 
This  last  is  considered  by  the  country  people 
to  be  especially  venomous. 


BATRACHIANS 


ECAUDATA 

1.  Common  Frog.     Rana  temporaria^  Linn. 

Extremely  common,  and  generally  dis- 
tributed, especially  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
water. 

2.  Common  Toad.     Bufo  vulgarity  Laur. 
Common,  and  generally  distributed. 

CAUDATA 

3.  Great    Crested    Newt.       Molge    cristata, 

Laur. 

Locally,  Water  Swift. 
Common,  and  found  throughout  the  county. 


4.  Common  Newt  or  Eft.     Molge  vulgaris, 

Linn. 

Locally,  Water  Swift. 

Very  common  in  almost  every  stagnant 
pool  in  summer  ;  in  winter  often  found  in 
cellars  and  other  damp  places. 

5.  Palmated  Newt.     Molge  palmata,  Schneid. 

This  is  not  rare.  Mr.  G.  A.  Boulenger, 
who  first  discovered  this  species  in  Epping 
Forest  (Essex  Naturalist,  i.  8),  gives  the  dis- 
tribution of  this  species  in  Scotland  and  Eng- 
land, and  the  distinguishing  marks  of  the  two 
allied  species  in  their  winter  attire. 


231 


BIRDS 

The  avi-fauna  of  the  county  of  Essex  is  rich  in  respect  both  of 
number  of  species  and  abundance  of  individuals.  From  the  ornitholo- 
gist's point  of  view  indeed  the  county  has  been  favoured  in  many  ways, 
both  by  Nature  and  by  circumstance. 

Essex  is,  in  the  first  place,  a  maritime  county,  and  as  such  it  possesses 
naturally  a  far  richer  avi-fauna  than  any  inland  county,  however  large. 
It  is  also  exceptionally  well  placed,  ornithologically  speaking,  even  for 
a  maritime  county.  Situated  on  the  east  coast  of  England,  in  close 
proximity  to  continental  shores,  it  lies  upon  the  main  highway  followed 
by  the  majority  of  our  migrant  species  as  they  pass  and  repass  across  the 
North  Sea.  Furthermore  the  county  is  of  great  extent,  covering  some 
1,542  square  miles  and  standing,  in  respect  of  area,  tenth  among  the 
English  counties.  Its  surface  is  considerably  diversified,  and  therefore 
offers  attractions  to  many  different  species. 

The  regions  or  districts  into  which  the  county  may  be  divided, 
according  to  its  natural  and  physical  features,  require  brief  notice. 

First  come  what  may  be  called  the  lowlands,  covering  probably  at 
least  two-thirds  of  the  county  and  occupying  the  whole  of  its  central 
portion.  This  is,  for  the  greater  part,  a  region  of  stiff  clay — mainly 
the  London  Clay,  though  this  is  overlaid  in  places  by  the  Chalky  Boulder 
Clay.  It  presents  everywhere  the  same  features,  with  very  little  varia- 
tion. It  is,  and  long  has  been,  generally  under  cultivation,  a  small  pro- 
portion of  pasture  mingling  with  a  much  larger  proportion  of  arable 
land.  In  all  parts  old  hedgerows,  wide  overgrown  ditches  and  quiet 
lanes  abound,  while  there  is  a  large  number  of  small  copses.  These 
afford  homes  for  innumerable  warblers,  finches,  and  other  small  birds. 

Interspersed  throughout  this  region,  and  forming  strictly  speaking  a 
part  of  it,  are  several  fairly  extensive  stretches  of  forest  and  woodland. 
The  aggregate  area  covered  by  them  is  not  however  very  large.  They 
occupy  for  the  most  part  the  high  ground  and  hill-tops,  where  the  pre- 
valence of  Bagshot  Sands  and  gravels  renders  the  soil  of  little  value  for 
agricultural  purposes.  Such  are  Epping  Forest  (about  6,000  acres),  in 
the  south-western  portion  of  the  county  ;  Takeley  or  Hatfield  Forest 
(about  1,500  acres),  near  the  western  border  ;  the  Writtle  High  Woods 
and  the  woods  around  Danbury  and  Little  Baddow,  near  the  centre  ;  the 
Bull  Wood  at  Hockley,  in  the  south-east ;  the  woods  around  Thorndon 
Park  ;  and  others  of  less  extent  elsewhere.  These  still  form  a  home  for 
many  woodland  species,  but  the  hand  of  the  game  preserver  has  greatly 
reduced,  even  exterminated,  many  others,  especially  the  larger  birds  of 

232 


BIRDS 

prey,  such  as  the  kite  and  the  buzzard,  which  were  still  fairly  common 
a  century  ago.  The  hobby  is  on  the  verge  of  extinction,  if  not  quite 
extinct,  as  a  breeding  species  ;  but  sparrow-hawks  and  kestrels  are  still 
pretty  numerous.  In  the  central  parts  of  the  county  the  magpie,  once 
common,  is  all  but  extinct,  though  the  jay  remains  abundant,  probably 
because  it  is  a  more  retiring  bird  and  builds  a  less  conspicuous  nest. 
Epping  Forest  is  and  long  has  been  a  stronghold  for  the  hawfinch,  which 
is  possibly  more  abundant  there  and  at  Danbury  than  elsewhere  in 
England. 

Our  uplands — if  one  may  call  them  by  that  name — are  of  small 
extent,  being  confined  to  the  extreme  north-west  corner  of  the  county, 
where  the  elevated  undulating  chalk  downs  which  occupy  so  large  an 
area  in  the  adjacent  counties  of  Cambridgeshire  and  Hertfordshire  extend 
into  Essex.  This  down  country,  though  generally  open,  is  wooded  in 
places.  On  it  the  stone-curlew,  which  nests  nowhere  else  in  the  county, 
still  breeds  occasionally. 

Turning  from  the  most  inland  portion  of  the  county  to  that  nearest 
the  sea,  we  find  another  region  which,  like  the  last-named,  is  of  com- 
paratively small  extent,  though  possessed  of  marked  individual  features — 
namely  the  marshes,  saltings,  and  mudflats  of  the  coast.  This  kind  of 
country  is  probably  of  greater  extent  in  Essex  than  in  any  other  English 
county.  It  lies  chiefly  round  the  estuaries  of  our  rivers,  especially  the 
Crouch,  the  Blackwater,  the  Colne,  and  the  Stour.  '  Marshes '  in  Essex 
are  tracts  of  land  which  have  been  reclaimed  from  the  sea  and  are  now 
protected  from  its  inroads  by  strong  sea-walls  of  mud.  They  are  grass- 
covered  and  valuable  for  grazing  purposes.  They  form  favourable  breed- 
ing haunts  for  the  redshank,  the  peewit,  and  the  sky-lark ;  while  the  wide 
ditches  known  as  '  fleets,'  by  which  they  are  intersected,  and  the  quiet 
reedy  pools  which  are  scattered  here  and  there,  are  the  homes  of  the 
black-headed  gull,  the  coot,  the  dabchick,  the  pochard,  and  not  a  few 
other  water  birds.  *  Saltings '  (sometimes  called  '  bentlings  ')  lie  on  the 
outer  side  of  the  sea-wall,  yet  are  not  strictly  speaking  sea-shore,  for  they 
are  covered  only  by  the  highest  tides  and  support  a  rich  flora  of  coast 
plants.  The  saltings  are  intersected  by  innumerable  muddy  dykes 
which  slowly  fill  and  empty  with  the  rise  and  fall  of  every  tide.  Out- 
side the  saltings  again — and  occupying,  in  fact,  the  very  beds  of  the 
river  estuaries — are  very  extensive  mudflats,  which  are  left  uncovered 
regularly  at  low  water.  Taking  the  whole  of  our  coast,  the  area  of 
our  mudflats  at  low  tide  must  approach  a  hundred  square  miles.  Here 
during  the  periods  of  spring  and  autumn  migration,  and  to  a  lesser  extent 
during  winter,  one  may  meet  with  myriads  of  wading  birds,  of  which 
the  dunlin  (called  locally  the  *  oxb'd ')  is  the  most  numerous  ;  while 
curlews,  whimbrels,  godwits,  knots,  sanderlings,  ring-plovers  and  many 
others  are  more  or  less  abundant,  and  not  a  few  scarce  and  interesting 
species  have  been  met  with  from  time  to  time.  So  numerous,  indeed, 
are  the  dunlins  that  over  300  are  reported  credibly  to  have  been 
killed  on  more  than  one  occasion  by  a  single  discharge  of  the  gun.  From 
1  233  3° 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

the  ornithologist's  point  of  view,  no  part  of  Essex  equals  our  coast  in 
interest. 

Among  the  more  interesting  of  the  birds  breeding  round  our  coast 
is  the  black-headed  gull,  called  formerly  in  Essex  the  '  pewit  '  or  '  puit.' 
Though  now  much  reduced  in  number  and  having  only  one  or  two 
breeding-stations,  its  former  abundance  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact 
that  no  fewer  than  three  islands  round  our  coast  bear  the  name  '  Pewit 
Island,'  because  each  had  formerly  upon  it  a  large  nesting-colony  of  this 
species  :  (i)  a  large  island  in  Hamford  Water  ;  (2)  a  smaller  one  near 
Mersea  ;  and  (3)  another  near  Bradwell.  As  long  ago  as  1662,  Fuller 
made  the  following  quaint  reference  to  the  breeding  of  this  gull  on  the 
the  first-named  island  (Worthies^  p.  318)  : — 

There  is  an  island  of  some  two  hundred  acres,  near  Harwich,  in  the  parish  of 
Little  Okeley,  in  the  manour  of  Matthew  Gilly,  Esquire,  called  the  Puit  Island,  from 
Puits  [which  are]  in  effect  the  sole  inhabitants  thereof.  .  .  .  On  Saint  George  his 
day  [April  23rd]  precisely  (so  I  am  informed  by  Captain  Farmer,  of  Newgate  Market, 
copyholder  of  the  Island),  they  pitch  on  the  Island,  seldom  laying  fewer  than  four  or 
more  than  six  eggs.  Great  [is]  their  love  to  their  young  ones  ;  for  though  against 
foul  weather  they  make  to  the  mainland  (a  certain  Prognostick  of  Tempests),  yet  they 
always  weather  it  out  on  the  Island  when  hatching  their  young  ones,  seldom  sleeping 
whilst  they  sit  on  their  eggs  (afraid,  it  seems,  of  Spring-tides),  which  signifieth  nothing 
as  to  securing  their  eggs  from  the  inundation,  but  is  an  argument  of  their  great 
Affection.  Being  [i.e.  when]  young,  they  consist  onely  of  bones,  feathers,  and  lean 
flesh,  which  hath  a  raw  gust  [i.e.  taste]  of  the  sea.  But  Poulterers  take  them  and  feed 
them  with  Gravel  and  Curds  (that  is  Physick  and  Food),  the  one  to  scour,  the  other 
to  fat  them  in  a  fortnight,  and  their  flesh  thus  recruited  is  most  delicious. 

Fuller's  statements  as  to  the  habits  of  the  bird  must  not,  however,  be 
taken  too  literally. 

The  seas  adjacent  to  our  coast  require  notice  in  connection  with  the 
county.  During  summer  they  are  singularly  devoid  of  bird  life,  for  our 
coast  is  totally  unprovided  with  those  rocky  cliffs  and  eminences  which 
most  sea-birds  require  as  breeding  places.  From  the  end  of  summer 
however  right  on  to  the  beginning  of  the  following  breeding  season  the 
sea  off  our  coast  and  the  estuaries  of  our  rivers  swarm  with  gulls,  divers, 
grebes,  shearwaters,  petrels,  guillemots,  razorbills,  ducks,  and  geese. 

The  brent  goose  (called  locally  'black  goose'),  which  formerly 
appeared  off  our  coast  in  almost  fabulous  numbers,  is  still  numerous 
whenever  the  weather  becomes  severe.  Old  sportsmen  tell  of  these 
birds  having  appeared  formerly  '  by  the  acre '  on  the  Main  and  in  our 
larger  estuaries,  making  huge  areas  of  the  sea  appear  black  from  a 
distance  ;  while  the  numbers  reported  as  having  been  killed  by  a  single 
discharge  of  a  punt  gun,  or  by  several  such  guns  fired  simultaneously 
into  a  flock,  seem  almost  incredible.  Thus  a  Maldon  gunner,  shooting 
by  himself,  is  said  to  have  killed  on  one  occasion  fifty  geese  by  a  single 
discharge  of  his  gun  ;  while,  as  to  organized  shoots,  it  is  said  that,  on 
various  occasions,  the  following  numbers  have  been  obtained:  145  birds 
by  two  gunners;  160  birds  by  several  gunners;  300  birds  by  twelve 
gunners;  360  birds  by  seventeen  gunners  ;  and  704  birds  by  thirty-two 
gunners.  Nowadays,  however,  the  geese  are  so  much  disturbed,  owing 

234 


BIRDS 

to  the  increase  of  the  number  of  gunners  and  the  use  of  steam-yachts, 
that  their  numbers  are  reduced  greatly  and  such  '  shoots '  as  those 
mentioned  above  occur  only  in  the  severest  weather,  as  in  January,  1891, 
when  a  number  of  gunners  (how  many  not  stated)  secured  nearly  300 
birds  by  a  single  joint  discharge  of  their  guns  in  the  Blackwater  estuary, 
which  was  then  filled  with  ice.  Further  information  on  this  subject 
must  be  sought  in  the  chapter  on  wildfowling. 

Thus  the  surface  of  the  county  is  considerably  diversified,  though  it 
lacks  entirely  those  tracts  of  mountain  and  wide  open  moorland  which 
add  so  much  to  the  richness  of  the  avi-fauna  of  some  more  northerly 
counties.  Large  inland  sheets  of  fresh  water  are  also  entirely  lacking  ; 
but  there  are  not  a  few  smaller  sheets  of  ornamental  water,  chiefly  arti- 
ficial, in  parks  and  pleasure  grounds.  The  largest  are  those  in  Wanstead, 
Gosfield,  and  Debden  Parks. 

Allusion  must  be  made  here  to  the  existence  of  wildfowl  decoys. 
The  large  number  of  which  traces  may  yet  be  found  proves  that  decoy- 
ing was  once  an  important  industry  in  the  county,  and  old  records  tell  of 
the  immense  numbers  of  wildfowl  formerly  taken.  A  large  amount  of 
information  on  this  subject  is  given  in  the  present  writer's  work,  the 
Birds  of  Essex  (1890),  pp.  47—71.  In  all  there  are,  or  have  been, 
in  the  county  some  thirty-five  decoys,  of  which  only  two  are  now 
worked  regularly.  Of  these  thirty-five,  all  but  two  are  situated  close 
to  the  coast — in  most  cases  actually  on  the  marshes.  The  two  southern- 
most lie  in  the  parishes  of  Paglesham  and  Southminster.  Around  the 
shores  of  the  large  Blackwater  Estuary  there  are  no  fewer  than  twenty 
(ten  on  each  side),  lying  chiefly  in  the  parishes  of  Tillingham  (two — 
both  still  used),  Bradwell  (two),  Steeple,  Mayland,  Latchingdon,  Gold- 
hanger  (four),  Tolleshunt  D'Arcy  (several — one  still  used  occasionally), 
and  West  Mersea.  At  Kirby-le-Soken  there  is  one.  Around  the  shores 
of  the  Colne  Estuary  are  two  decoys  ;  around  those  of  Hamford  Water 
four  ;  and  on  the  southern  (or  Essex)  side  of  the  estuary  of  the  Stour 
four.  The  remaining  two  Essex  decoys  are  those  already  mentioned  as 
being  situated  inland — one  (nine  acres  in  extent)  beside  the  river  Stour 
at  Wormingford  :  the  other  still  further  inland,  between  Pond  Park 
Farm  and  the  site  of  Leighs  Priory  at  Little  Leighs,  almost  in  the  centre 
of  the  county.1  The  only  decoys  now  worked  regularly  are  the  Grange 
and  Marsh  House  decoys,  which  lie  within  a  mile  or  so  of  one  another 
in  Tillingham  parish.  Their  annual  '  catches  '  of  fowl  have  of  course 
fallen  off  enormously  of  late,  but  are  still  large  enough  to  pay  the 
expenses  of  working.  Fuller  information  on  this  subject  must  be  sought, 
however,  in  the  chapter  on  wildfowling. 

Essex  has  been  in  the  past  the  home  of  a  considerable  number  of 
good  working  ornithologists,  who  have  left  us,  either  in  the  pages  of  the 
natural  history  journals  or  among  their  private  papers,  many  records  of 

1  Since  the  foregoing  was  written,  I  have  heard  of,  but  not  definitely  established,  the  existence  of 
another  decoy  (the  thirty-sixth)  at  Fobbing.  This  is  the  only  decoy  I  ever  heard  of  in  Essex  anywhere 
on  the  banks  of  the  Thames. 

235 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

rare  occurrences  or  interesting  observations,  which  have  been  made  use 
of  in  the  following  list.  Among  the  chief  of  these  may  be  noticed 
the  Rev.  Canon  J.  C.  Atkinson  (1814-1900),  of  Danby,  Yorkshire,  who 
spent  the  earlier  portion  of  his  life  in  Essex  ;  Charles  R.  Bree,  M.D. 
(1811-86),  of  Colchester;  Mr.  Joseph  Clarke,  F.S.A.  (1802-95),  of 
Saffron  Walden  ;  Henry  Doubleday  (1808-75),  of  Epping  ;  Christopher 
Parsons  (1807-82),  of  Southchurch  ;  and  Colonel  Champion  Russell 
(1820-82),  of  Stubbers,  Romford. 

Among  living  ornithologists  who  are  resident  in  the  county  and 
have  assisted  the  writer  with  information  during  the  compilation  of  the 
following  list  are  Mr.  G.  H.  Baxter,  F.Z.S.,  of  Hutton  Park  ;  Mr.  E. 
A.  Fitch,  F.L.S.,  of  Maldon  ;  Mr.  G.  P.  Hope,  of  Havering  Grange  ; 
Mr.  F.  Kerry,  of  Harwich  ;  Dr.  Henry  Laver,  F.L.S.,  and  Mr.  F. 
Spalding,  both  of  Colchester  ;  Mr.  Walter  B.  Nichols,  of  Bradfield  ; 
Mr.  Champion  B.  Russell,  of  Stubbers  ;  Dr.  J.  H.  Salter,  of  Tolleshunt 
Darcy  ;  Mr.  Charles  Smoothy,  of  Danbury  ;  and  various  others.  The 
number  of  practical  working  ornithologists  now  resident  in  the  county 
is  small  and,  it  is  to  be  feared,  decreasing. 

The  Essex  County  Council  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the  intelligent 
and  practical  interest  it  has  long  taken  in  the  legal  protection  of  the 
wild  birds  frequenting  the  area  under  its  control.  Upon  several  occa- 
sions the  Home  Secretary,  upon  the  application  of  the  Council,  has 
made  Orders  varying,  as  occasion  required,  the  close  time  mentioned  in 
the  Wild  Birds  Protection  Acts,  1880  to  1896,  thus  extending  the  pro- 
tection afforded  to  certain  species  in  certain  areas.  The  most  recent 
order  bears  date  May  3,  1901.  These  variations  have  been  made,  as  a 
rule,  on  the  initiative  of  Messrs.  E.  N.  Buxton,  E.  A.  Fitch,  and 
Champion  B.  Russell,  working  in  co-operation  with  the  Essex  Field 
Club.  At  present,  the  close  time  is  from  March  15  to  August  15, 
both  inclusive.  The  kingfisher  is  protected  all  the  year  round.  The 
barn-owl  and  kestrel — most  useful  of  birds —  might  well  be  similarly 
protected.  A  number  of  other  species  are  also  protected  all  the 
year  round,  but  only  in  that  portion  of  the  county  lying  within  the 
Metropolitan  Police  District  and  in  certain  parishes  adjacent  thereto. 
All  birds  are  protected  on  Sundays  in  six  Poor  Law  Unions.  In  that 
portion  of  the  county  lying  within  the  Metropolitan  Police  District,  the 
taking  of  eggs  of  a  considerable  number  of  species  (some  of  which  are, 
however,  hardly  likely  to  be  found  breeding  there)  is  prohibited  ;  while 
along  practically  the  whole  of  the  foreshore  of  the  county,  from 
Harwich  to  Shoeburyness,  the  taking  of  the  eggs  of  all  breeding  species 
is  similarly  prohibited  for  a  period  of  five  years  from  May  3,  1901. 
The  latter  provision  is  of  especial  value.  It  will  lead  probably  to  a  sub- 
stantial increase  in  the  number  of  certain  species,  such  as  the  lesser  tern, 
the  ringed  plover,  the  sheld  duck,  and  others,  whose  nests  are  especially 
liable  to  destruction.  The  lesser  tern  was,  when  the  order  first  came 
into  force,  hovering  on  the  very  verge  of  extinction  as  a  breeding  species 
in  Essex.  Conceivably,  too,  the  protection  thus  afforded  might  lead  to 

236 


BIRDS 

a  return  of  certain  species  which  have  ceased  to  breed  with  us,  as  the 
common  and  Sandwich  terns.  These  provisions,  though  somewhat  com- 
plicated, are  judicious  and  are  working  satisfactorily. 

The  present  writer's  work,  the  Birds  of  Essex  (1890),  may  be 
consulted  with  advantage  for  fuller  information  as  to  occurrences, 
etc.,  of  earlier  date  than  the  year  of  its  publication.  A  supplement 
to  this  work  is  now  in  preparation,  and  will  appear  hereafter  in  the 
Essex  Naturalist. 

NOTE. — I  have  used,  throughout  the  following  list,  the  nomenclature  employed  in  Mr.  Howard 
Saunders'  admirable  List  of  British  Birdi  (1899).  This  I  have  done,  by  the  Editor's  wish,  in  order  to 
secure  uniformity  with  other  lists  in  this  series  ;  but  I  am  permitted  to  state  that  I  am  unable  to  approve 
the  treatment,  in  that  list,  of  certain  forms  which  show  regional  divergence  from  recognized  type*. — 
M.C. 


1.  Missel-Thrush.     Turdus  viscivorus,  Linn. 
A  fairly  common  resident  in  all  districts. 

2.  Song-Thrush.     Turdus  musicus,  Linn. 
A  very  abundant  resident. 

3.  Redwing.     Turdus  iliacus,  Linn. 

A  common  winter  visitor,  especially  abun- 
dant during  severe  weather. 

4.  Fieldfare.     Turdus  pliant,  Linn. 

As  the  last  species.  It  usually  arrives  late  in 
September,  and  remains  till  the  beginning  or 
middle  of  May,  but  has  been  recorded  as  early 
as  September  6  and  as  late  as  the  end  of  May 
(Birds  of  Essex,  p.  73). 

5.  White's  Thrush.      Turdus  varius,  Pallas. 
A  rare  and  occasional  straggler.     The  only 

example  known  to  have  been  obtained  in  the 
county  was  shot,  in  January  1894,  in  Lang- 
ley  High  Wood.  It  now  belongs  to  Mr. 
W.  H.  Rolfe  of  Clavering,  who  has  been 
good  enough  to  submit  it  to  me  for  identifi- 
cation. 

6.  Blackbird.      Turdus  merula,  Linn. 

A  very  abundant  resident,  but  varies  greatly 
in  numbers  from  time  to  time. 

7.  Ring-Ouzel.      Turdus  torquatus,  Linn. 
An  uncommon  spring  and  autumn  migrant, 

seen  usually  in  April  and  October.  A  pair 
bred  at  Wickham  Bishops  in  1879  (Zoologist, 
1879,  p.  267). 

8.  Wheatear.     Saxicola  cenanthe  (Linn.). 

A  summer  visitor,  though  local,  breeding 
only  round  the  coast  and  among  the  chalky 
uplands  in  the  north-western  corner  of  the 
county.  Known  elsewhere  as  a  fairly  com- 
mon passing  migrant  in  spring  and  autumn. 


9.  Whinchat.     Pratincola  rubetra  (Linn.). 

A  regular  summer  visitor,  fairly  common 
on  furze-covered  commons  and  similar  open 
spaces. 

10.  Stonechat.      Pratincola  rubicola  (Linn.). 
An   uncommon    resident,  though    partially 

migratory.  It  breeds  on  open  commons 
where  furze  abounds,  but  varies  unaccount- 
ably in  number  from  time  to  time. 

1 1 .  Redstart.     Ruticilla  phcenicurus  (Linn.). 
A .  regular    summer    visitor,    rather    un- 
common, though   locally  abundant. 

12.  Black  Redstart.     Ruticilla  titys  (Scopoli). 
A  rare  autumn  and  winter  visitor,  chiefly 

to  the  coast. 

13.  Red-spotted   Bluethroat.      Cyanecula  sue- 

cica  (Linn.). 

A  rare  straggler.  Reported  to  have  occurred 
once  near  Harwich  (Birds  of  Essex,  p.  80). 

14.  Robin  or  Redbreast.     Erithacus  rubecula 

(Linn.). 
A  very  abundant  and  familiar  resident. 

15.  Nightingale.      Daulias  luscinia  (Linn.). 
A  common  summer  visitor. 

1 6.  Whitethroat.     Sylvia  cinerea  (Bechstein). 
An     abundant    summer    visitor.      It     has 

occurred  once  in  winter. 


Sy/vi 


ta     curruca 


17.  Lesser     Whitethroat. 

(Linn.). 

A  fairly  common  summer  visitor.  One 
was  shot  near  Colchester  on  December  6, 
1892. 

1 8.  Blackcap.     Sylvia  atricapilla  (Linn.). 

As  the  last-named.  A  few  occasionally 
winter  with  us. 


237 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


1 9.  Garden-Warbler.      Sylvia  hortensis  (Bech- 

stein). 

As  the  last  named. 

20.  Dartford  Warbler.      Sylvia  undata  (Bod- 

daert). 

A  resident,  but  very  rare  and  local. 

21.  Goldcrest.    Regulus  cristatus,  K.  L.  Koch. 
A    resident,    but    nowhere  very  common. 

In  winter  its  numbers  are  increased  by  im- 
migration. 

22.  Firecrest.      Regulus  ignicapillus  (Brehm). 
A  rare  visitor,  though  perhaps  often  mis- 
taken for  the  foregoing. 

23.  Chiffchaff.     Phylloscopus  rufus  (Bechstein). 
A   regular  summer  visitor,   but   decidedly 

local  and  nowhere  abundant.  It  is  most 
numerous  when  on  migration  in  spring  and 
autumn.  It  is  our  earliest  migrant  to  arrive, 
being  often  heard  in  March  and  occasionally 
early  in  that  month. 

24.  Willow  -  Warbler.     Phylloscopus    trochilus 

(Linn.). 

A  common  summer  visitor. 

25.  Wood  -  Warbler.      Phylloscopus   slbilatrtx 

(Bechstein). 

A  summer  visitor,  though  very  local  and 
nowhere  common. 

26.  Reed  -  Warbler.       Acrocephalus     streperus 

(Vieillot). 

A  regular  summer  visitor,  but  decidedly 
local  and  apparently  confined  to  the  coast, 
or  nearly  so. 

[Marsh     Warbler.       Acrocephalus    palustris 
(Bechstein). 

Occurs  in  all  probability,  but  not  as  yet 
actually  identified,  so  far  as  I  know.] 

27.  Sedge- Warbler.       Acrocephalus  phragmitis 

(Bechstein). 
An  abundant  summer  visitor. 

28.  Grasshopper-Warbler.      Locustella    narvia 

(Boddaert). 

A  summer  visitor,  but  decidedly  uncommon 
and  seldom  heard,  except  round  Danbury  and 
Maldon,  where  it  is  fairly  common  (Fitch). 

29.  Savi's    Warbler.        Locustella    luscinio'ides 

(Savi). 

A  rare  summer  visitor.  The  only  record 
(Zoologist,  1850,  p.  2849)  of  its  occurrence 
in  the  county  (a  nest  said  to  have  been  taken 
at  Dagenham  on  May  24,  1850)  is  somewhat 
unsatisfactory. 


238 


30.  Hedge  -  Sparrow.        Accentor      modularis 

(Linn.). 

Locally,  Hedge-Betty. 
An  abundant  resident. 

31.  Alpine  Accentor.     Accentor  collarh  (Sco- 

poli). 

A  rare  and  accidental  visitor.  The  first 
British  and  only  recorded  Essex  example  was 
shot  at  Walthamstow  in  August  1817  (Birds 
of  Essex ;  p.  89). 

32.  Dipper.      Cinclus  aquaticus,  Bechstein. 

A  rare  and  accidental  visitor.  There  are 
about  a  dozen  records  of  its  occurrence  in  the 
county. 

33.  Black-bellied     Dipper.       Cinclus    melano- 

gaster,  Brehm. 

Most  of  the  occurrences  noted  under  the 
foregoing  species  relate,  in  all  probability,  to 
this  form,  which  is  probably  only  sub-specific- 
ally distinct  ;  but  only  one  is  known  to  do 
so  (see  Biro's  of  Essex,  p.  90). 

34.  Bearded  Tit.     Panurus  biarmicus  (Linn.). 
Formerly  a  resident,  common   in  suitable 

localities,  such  as  the  reed-beds  round  the 
coast :  now  extinct,  or  nearly  so,  in  the 
county.  Probably  however  it  still  breeds 
with  us  occasionally,  as  specimens  have  been 
seen  within  recent  years  (see  Birds  of  Essex, 
p.  92).  One  was  found  dead  near  Harwich 
on  March  30,  1895  (Essex  Nat.  ix.  52),  and 
Dr.  Salter  watched  one  for  some  time  at 
Goldhanger,  on  April  21,  1896,  when  it  was 
probably  breeding. 

35.  British  Long-tailed  Tit.     Acredula  rosea 

(Blyth). 

Locally,  Bottle-Tit,  Oven-builder,  etc. 
A  fairly  common  resident,  but  apparently 
decreasing,  probably  because  it  builds  so  large 
and  conspicuous  a  nest  so  early  in  the  spring. 

36.  Great  Tit.      Parus  major,  Linn. 
Locally,  Saw-sharpener,  etc. 

A    common    resident,   more    abundant    or 
more  apparent  in  winter  than  in  summer. 

37.  British     Coal-Tit.         Parus     britannicus, 

Sharpe  and  Dresser. 
A  resident,  but  local  and  nowhere  common. 

38.  British  Marsh-Tit.     Parus  dresseri,  Stej- 

neger. 

A  common  resident. 

39.  Blue  Tit.     Parus  cceruleus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Pick-cheese  and  Bluecap. 

A  very  abundant  resident. 


BIRDS 


\ 


40.  Crested  Tit.     Parus  cristatus,  Linn. 

A  rare  and  occasional  straggler.  One  or 
two  examples  are  said  (Birds  of  Essex,  p.  94) 
to  have  been  obtained  near  Saffron  Walden 
early  in  last  century,  but  none  have  been  seen 
since. 

41.  Nuthatch.     Sitta  aesia,  Wolf. 

A  fairly  common  resident,  especially  in 
parks  and  wooded  districts  where  fine  old 
timber  exists. 

42.  Wren.      Troglodytes  parvulus,  Koch. 
Locally,  Tiddy-Wren,  Jenny- Wren,  etc. 

A  common  resident. 

43.  Tree-Creeper.     Certhia  familiaris,  Linn. 
Resident  and   fairly  common  everywhere, 

but  too  retiring  to  be  seen  very  often. 

44.  Pied  Wagtail.    Motacilla  lugubris,  Temm. 
A  common  resident,  though  comparatively 

few  remain  through  severe  winters. 

45.  White  Wagtail.     Motacilla  alba,  Linn. 
An  uncommon  visitor,  chiefly  in  spring  : 

often  mistaken,  no  doubt,  for  the  last-named 
species. 

46.  Grey  Wagtail.    Motacilla  melanope,  Pallas. 
A  regular  but  uncommon  visitor  in  autumn 

and  winter.     It  is  not  known  to  have  nested 
in  the  county. 

47.  Blue-headed  Yellow  Wagtail.    Motacilla 

flava,  Linn. 

An  occasional  spring  visitor :  often  mis- 
taken, doubtless,  for  the  next  species.  The 
first  example  detected  in  Britain  was  shot  by 
Henry  Doubleday  on  the  cliffs  at  Walton- 
on-the-Naze  on  October  3,  1834  (Birds  of 
Essex,  p.  98).  Probably  it  has  bred  in  the 
county,  as  it  has  been  observed  in  pairs  in 
May. 

48.  Yellow  Wagtail.     Motacilla  rait  (Bona- 

parte). 

A  summer  visitor,  breeding  commonly 
beside  the  marsh  ditches  near  the  coast, 
though  never  inland,  so  far  as  my  experience 
goes. 

49.  Tree-Pipit.     Antbus  trivialis  (Linn.). 
A  fairly  common  summer  visitor. 

50.  Meadow-Pipit.     Anthus  pratensis  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Tit-lark. 

A  resident,  abundant  in  the  meadows  and 
on  the  marshes  and  saltings  round  the  coast  : 
much  less  numerous  inland. 


51.  Rock-Pipit.     Anthus  obscurus  (Latham). 
Common  during  winter  among  the  saltings 

and  mudflats  in  the  estuaries  of  our  rivers, 
where  it  is  generally  found  running  about, 
singly  or  in  small  parties,  upon  the  mud  under 
the  '  brew'  of  the  ditches  inside  the  sea-walls. 
It  is  said  to  have  bred  formerly  on  our  coast, 
and  has  been  known  to  do  so  on  one  recent 
occasion — at  East  Mersea,  in  1892  (Fitch). 

52.  Golden  Oriole.     Oriolus  galbula,  Linn. 
A  summer  visitor,  but  uncommon.     The 

appearance  of  individuals,  singly  and  in  pairs, 
in  the  county  of  late  years  during  early  sum- 
mer seems  to  leave  little  doubt  that  it  has 
bred  recently  with  us,  and  that  it  would 
have  done  so  oftener  had  it  not  been  molested  ; 
but  there  is  no  actual  record  of  its  having  done 
so  which  is  wholly  satisfactory. 

53.  Great    Grey    Shrike.       Lanius   excubitor, 

Linn. 

A  regular  though  uncommon  winter  visitor, 
some  occurring  every  year.  A  few  indi- 
viduals have  been  seen  in  the  county  during 
summer,  but  it  is  not  known  to  have  bred  in 
Britain.  The  Eastern  form  of  the  bird  (L. 
major)  has  occasionally  occurred  in  Essex, 
while  at  least  one  other  sub-specific  form  is 
likely  to  occur,  and  these  should  be  carefully 
discriminated. 

54.  Red-backed  Shrike.    Lanius  collurio,  Linn. 
A     fairly    common    summer    visitor,    but 

steadily  decreasing,  I  believe,  in  numbers, 
probably  because  the  large  thorn-hedges  in 
which  it  used  to  nest  are  now  largely  cut 
down. 

55.  Woodchat    Shrike.       Lanius    pomeranus, 

Sparrman. 

A  rare  and  occasional  summer  visitor.  A 
pair  were  shot  at  Arkesden  late  in  August 
1880,  and  one  or  two  other  individuals  have 
been  reported  as  seen  from  time  to  time 
(see  Birds  of  Essex,  p.  1 06). 

56.  Waxwing.     Ampelis  garrulus,  Linn. 

An  irregular  winter  visitor.  In  some  years 
(for  instance,  1835,  1850,  1866  and  1893) 
it  has  occurred  in  considerable  numbers  :  in 
others,  none  have  been  seen. 

57.  Pied   Flycatcher.     Muscicapa   atricapilla, 

Linn. 

A  passing  migrant,  occasionally  seen  in 
spring  and  autumn  when  going  to  or  from 
its  breeding  haunts  further  north.  It  is  said 
(Harting's  Summer  Migrants,  p.  163)  to  have 
bred  in  the  county  on  one  occasion. 


239 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


58.  Spotted   Flycatcher.      Muscicapa   grisola, 

Linn. 
A  fairly  common  summer  visitor. 

59.  Swallow.     Hirundo  rustica,  Linn. 
An  abundant  summer  visitor. 

60.  House-Martin.     CheKdon  urb'ua  (Linn.). 
As  the  last-named. 

61.  Sand-Martin.     Cotile  riparia  (Linn.). 

A  very  common  summer  visitor  wherever 
sandy  banks  suited  to  its  nesting  requirements 
exist. 

62.  Greenfinch.     Ligurinus  Moris  (Linn.). 
Everywhere  an  abundant  resident. 

63.  Hawfinch.     Coccothraustes  vulgaris,  Pallas. 
A  resident  and  fairly  common,  though  not 

very  often  seen,  owing  to  its  shyness.  It 
breeds  occasionally,  I  believe,  in  nearly  all 
parts  of  the  county,  and  is  certainly  increas- 
ing in  numbers.  Epping  Forest  has  long 
been  known  as  a  stronghold  of  the  species. 

64.  Goldfinch.     Carduelis  elegans,  Stephens. 
A  resident,  but  local,  uncommon,  and  cer- 
tainly decreasing  in  numbers,  owing  to  the 
efforts  of  bird-catchers. 

65.  Siskin.     Carduelis  spinus  (Linn.). 

A  regular  winter  visitor,  occasionally  in 
some  numbers,  but  generally  uncommon. 

[Serin  Finch.     Serinus  hortulanus,  Koch. 

There  is  reason  to  believe  (see  Zoologist, 
1889,  p.  29)  that  this  rare  visitor  to  Britain 
has  been  taken  in  the  county,  but  no  in- 
dividual has  been,  as  yet,  identified  satisfac- 
torily.] 

66.  House-Sparrow.    Passer  domesticus  (Linn.). 
Everywhere  too  abundant. 

67.  Tree-Sparrow.     Passer  montanus  (Linn.). 
A    resident,    breeding    sparingly    in    some 

parts  of  the  county,  especially  the  south- 
western portion.  In  winter  it  is  often 
common,  owing  to  arrivals  from  elsewhere. 

68.  Chaffinch.     Fringilla  Calebs,  Linn. 
An  abundant  resident. 

69.  Brambling.    Fringilla  montifringilla,  Linn. 
A    winter    visitor,    generally    uncommon, 

but  often  fairly  numerous  during  severe 
weather. 


70.  Linnet.      Linota  cannabina  (Linn.). 

An  abundant  resident,  especially  near  the 


coast. 


71.  Mealy  Redpoll.     Linota  linaria  (Linn.). 
An      irregular     and     uncommon     winter 


visitor. 


Linota   rufescens  (Vieil- 


72.  Lesser  Redpoll. 

lot). 

A  common  winter  visitor,  especially  nu- 
merous round  the  coast :  less  common,  appar- 
ently, than  formerly.  It  breeds  in  the  county 
occasionally,  though  not,  I  believe,  with  any 
regularity. 

73.  Twite.     Linota  fla virostris  (Linn.). 

A  common  winter  visitor  to  our  coast, 
where  it  is  often  to  be  seen  in  company  with 
redpolls  and  linnets. 

74.  Bullfinch.     Pyrrhula  europaa,  Vieillot. 

A  fairly  common  resident,  most  often  seen 
in  winter  :  certainly  becoming  more  numer- 
ous, especially  among  the  uncultivated  lands 
in  Dengie  Hundred. 

75.  Crossbill.     Loxia  curvirostra,  Linn. 

An  irregular  and  uncertain  visitor,  appear- 
ing usually  in  late  summer  or  winter  :  some- 
times common.  It  has  bred  in  the  county 
not  very  infrequently. 


76.    Parrot    Crossbill. 
Bechstein. 


Loxia    pityopsittacus, 


A  rare  visitor,  though  no  fewer  than  nine 
examples  are  recorded  from  our  county — a 
pair  at  Saffron  Walden  about  1823  ;  one  in 
Epping  Forest  in  1835  ;  three  at  Lamborne 
on  September  21,  1861  ;  and  three  at  Col- 
chester in  1862  (see  Birds  of  Essex,  p.  126). 
In  my  opinion  this  is  merely  a  sub-specific 
form. 

77.  Two-barred    Crossbill.     Loxia    bifasciata 

(Brehm). 

A  very  rare  straggler  which  has  twice 
occurred  in  the  county — at  Epping  in  or 
about  1846,  and  at  Dedham  in  1866  (see 
Birds  of  Essex,  p.  126). 

78.  Corn-Bunting.    Emberiza  miliaria,  Linn. 

A  resident,  but  local,  uncommon,  and 
certainly  decreasing  in  numbers. 


79 


Yellow    Hammer.       Emberiza    citrinella, 

Linn. 
Everywhere  an  abundant  resident. 


240 


BIRDS 


80.  Cirl  Bunting.      Emberiza  cir/us,  Linn. 
Possibly   a    resident,    but    so    rare    that    it 

seems  best  to  regard  it  as  an  occasional  visitor 
merely. 

81.  Little  Bunting.      Emberiza  pusilla,  Pallas. 
A  very  rare  straggler  to  Britain.    A  female 

bird  of  the  year  was  taken  with  some  linnets 
and  yellow  hammers  by  some  bird-catchers  at 
Southchurch  in  September  1892.  It  was 
kept  alive  for  some  days,  but  soon  died  and 
was  thrown  away,  though  not  till  it  had  been 
seen  and  identified  by  Mr.  J.  G.  Keulemans. 

82.  Reed-Bunting.    Emberiza  schainiclus,  Linn. 
A    fairly     common    resident     in    suitable 

localities  throughout   the  county. 

83.  Snow -Bunting.        Plectrophtnax     niva/is 

(Linn.). 

A  winter  visitor.  In  mild  seasons  it  is 
uncommon,  but  during  severe  weather  it  is 
abundant  on  our  coast  and  sometimes  appears 
inland. 

84.  Lapland    Bunting.       Calcarius    lapponicus 

(Linn.). 

An  occasional  visitor.  One  was  shot  near 
Waltham  Abbey  in  1872  (Essex  Naturalist, 
iv.  1 1 8).  The  bird  has  probably  occurred 
and  been  overlooked  on  other  occasions. 

85.  Starling.      Sturnus  vu/garis,  Linn. 

A  very  abundant  resident  which  is  rapidly 
becoming  increasingly  numerous.  Enormous 
flocks  are  sometimes  seen.  Cream-coloured, 
white,  and  pied  varieties  are  by  no  means 
uncommon. 


86. 


Starling.       Pastor    roseus 


Rose  -  coloured 

(Linn.). 

A  rare  and  occasional  visitor.  Some  half- 
dozen  individuals  only  are  known  to  have 
been  met  with  in  Essex  during  the  last  half- 
century. 

87.   Chough.      Pyrrhocorax  graculus  (Linn.). 

A  rare  and  occasional  visitor.  Two  indi- 
viduals were  observed  off  Harwich  on  April  2, 
1888  (Zoologist,  1888,  p.  !8s).  Formerly, 
when  it  was  a  more  abundant  species,  it 
visited  us  doubtless  more  often  ;  but  it  is  now 
everywhere  decreasing  in  numbers. 


88. 


Nucifraga        caryocatacttt 


Nutcracker. 
(Linn.). 

A  rare  and  irregular  straggler.  In  or  about 
1859,  in  the  month  of  September,  one  was 
shot  at  Horkesley,  another  at  Ardleigh,  and 
another  at  Boxted,  all  adjoining  parishes. 


Another  was  killed  at  Tollesbury  in  Sep- 
tember 1872  (see  Birds  of  Essex,  p.  131). 
Two  examples  were  obtained  in  the  county 
in  the  autumn  of  1900 — one  (which  had 
been  seen  about  for  a  fortnight)  at  Bradwell- 
on-Sea  on  October  27,  and  one  in  Epping 
Forest  on  November  5. 


89.  Jay. 
A  common 


Garrulus  glandarius  (Linn.), 
resident   in   well  wooded 


dis- 


tricts, in  spite  of  incessant  persecution. 


90.  Magpie.      Pica  rustica  (Scopoli). 

Formerly  a  common  resident  in  all  parts 
of  the  county,  but  now  almost  exterminated 
in  most  districts  through  persecution.  It  is 
now  more  numerous  round  our  coast  than 
elsewhere,  especially,  I  think,  in  the  Dengie 
Hundred,  where  it  is,  possibly,  increasing  in 
number. 

91.  Jackdaw.     Corvus  monedula,  Linn. 

An  abundant  resident,  breeding  commonly 
in  places  where  an  abundance  of  ancient 
timber  affords  suitable  nesting  sites. 

92.  Raven.     Corvus  corax,  Linn. 

Now  only,  it  is  to  be  feared,  a  rare  autumn  or 
winter  visitor,  though  until  quite  recently  a  resi- 
dent in  small  numbers.  Early  in  last  century 
it  was  fairly  common  in  the  county,  and  not  a 
few  '  raven  trees,'  in  which  it  bred  regularly, 
are  still  pointed  out.  It  continued  to  breed 
occasionally  in  the  inland  parts  of  the  county 
up  to  about  the  year  1865.  In  the  vicinity 
of  the  coast  it  lingered  somewhat  longer. 
There  were  nests  annually  near  Thundersley 
up  to  the  year  1880,  and  a  pair  bred  every 
year  from  1871  to  about  1878  in  a  clump  of 
firs  in  the  park  of  Lawford  Hall.  Up  to  at 
least  the  year  1890  the  raven  continued  to 
breed  regularly  though  in  very  small  numbers 
among  the  islands  and  lowlands  on  the  coast, 
in  Dengie  Hundred  and  the  vicinity  of  the 
Blackwater  Estuary — within  forty  miles  of  the 
Metropolis — making  its  nest  in  the  tall  elms 
which  stand  in  the  hedgerows  and  form  a 
striking  feature  of  the  landscape  in  the  district 
indicated.  On  April  15,  1889,  I  visited  a 
'  raven  tree ' — a  tall  elm — on  Osey  Island,  in 
which  a  pair  had  been  known  to  breed  for 
many  years,  but  found  it  unoccupied.  The 
nest  used  the  year  before  lay  rotting  in 
a  ditch  below  the  tree,  having  been  poked 
down  by  a  lad  with  a  stick  the  previous 
summer  because  a  pair  of  hawks  had  laid  COB 
in  it  after  the  ravens  had  left  it.  The  old 
birds  had  been  seen  about  the  island  however 
a  few  weeks  before,  and  had  commenced  a 


241 


3» 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


nest  in  another  tree,  but  had  afterwards  de- 
parted and  had  probably  nested,  or  attempted 
to  nest,  somewhere  on  the  adjacent  mainland. 
This  survival  of  the  raven  as  a  breeding 
species  until  so  recent  a  period  is  of  much 
interest,  for  at  the  date  in  question  it  had 
long  ceased  to  breed  in  any  other  county 
in  the  east  of  England.  Mr.  Fitch  saw,  on 
the  shore  at  Fambridge,  as  lately  as  Sep- 
tember 1901,  a  bird  which  may  possibly  have 
bred  in  the  vicinity. 

93.  Carrion-Crow.     Corvus  corone,  Linn. 

A  resident,  though  uncommon,  local,  and 
decreasing  in  numbers  through  persecution, 
except  in  the  south-western  portion  of  the 
county,  where  it  seems  to  be  increasing, 
probably  because  of  the  large  amount  of 
refuse  it  finds  among  the  London  manure  now 
used  so  largely  in  that  district.  It  is  now 
most  abundant  among  the  poorly-cultivated 
lands  in  Dengie  Hundred  and  elsewhere 
round  our  coast. 

94.  Grey  or   Hooded  Crow.     Corvus  comix, 

Linn. 

A  winter  visitor,  common  enough  as  a 
rule  on  and  near  the  coast :  much  scarcer 
inland.  It  is  reported  (see  Birds  of  Essex,  p. 
135)  to  have  bred  formerly  on  the  coast  in 
Dengie  Hundred. 

95.  Rook.      Corvus  frugilegus,  Linn. 

An  abundant  resident.  In  its  nesting 
habits  it  appears  to  be  very  erratic.  Often  a 
few  pairs  will  nest  in  the  late  autumn  or 
winter  if  the  weather  be  mild  :  at  other  times 
old  and  well  established  rookeries  are  suddenly 
deserted  in  the  middle  of  the  breeding  season 
without  apparent  reason :  sometimes  too  a 
single  pair  or  several  will  establish  a  new 
rookery  which  is  often  quickly  deserted. 
Dun-coloured,  creamy,  or  white  varieties  are 
not  uncommon. 

96.  Sky-Lark.     Alauda  arvensis,  Linn. 

An  abundant  resident.  In  winter,  espe- 
cially if  the  weather  be  severe,  large  flocks 
arrive  from  elsewhere. 

97.  Wood-Lark.     Alauda  arborea,  Linn. 

Formerly,  a  resident,  though  scarce  and  local. 
Now  it  seems  to  have  almost  entirely  dis- 
appeared from  the  county  through  some  un- 
known cause. 

98.  Shore-Lark.      Otocorys  alpestris  (Linn.). 

A  scarce  and  irregular  winter  visitor  to  our 
coast. 


99.  Swift.      Cypselus  apus  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Shriek-Owl  and  Tommy-Devil. 

A  common  summer  visitor,  breeding  wher- 
ever there  are  buildings  which  afford  it  suit- 
able nesting  sites.  It  leaves  early,  about 
August  15  as  a  rule,  but  one  was  shot  at 
Chesterford  on  October  27,  1877 — an  ex- 
tremely late  occurrence. 

100.  Alpine  Swift.     Cypselus  melba  (Linn.). 
A  rare  straggler  which   has  been   reported, 

though  on  somewhat  weak  authority  (see 
Birds  of  Essex,  p.  145),  as  occurring  in  Essex 
on  one  or  two  occasions. 

1 O I .  Needle-Tailed  Swift.     Acanthyllis  cauda- 
cuta  (Latham). 

The  first  recorded  example  of  this  very  rare 
straggler  to  Britain  was  shot  at  Great  Horkes- 
ley  on  July  8,  1846  (Zoologist,  1846,  p.  1492). 

0 O2.  Nightjar.     Caprimu/gus  europxus,  Linn. 
A  regular  summer  visitor,  common  in  dis- 
tricts   where     woods     and     bracken-covered 
commons  abound,   but  elsewhere  scarce  and 
seen  only  when  on  migration. 

103.  Wryneck.      lynx  torquilla,  Linn. 

A  fairly  common  summer  visitor.  It  ap- 
pears to  vary  considerably  in  its  numbers  from 
year  to  year. 

104.  Green    Woodpecker.        Gecinus    viridis 
(Linn.). 

Locally,  Whetile,  Yaffle,  etc. 

A  fairly  common  resident  in  parks  and 
wooded  districts,  but  scarce  in  the  more  open 
parts  :  rapidly  decreasing,  it  is  to  be  feared, 
in  the  county,  owing  to  frequent  eviction  from 
its  breeding  holes  by  the  starling. 

105.  Great  Spotted  Woodpecker.   Dendrocopus 
major  (Linn.). 

A  resident  and  widely  distributed,  but  de- 
cidedly uncommon  and  seldom  seen, 

1 06.  Lesser   Spotted   Woodpecker.     Dendro- 
copus minor  (Linn.). 

As  the  last-named. 

107.  Kingfisher.    Alcedo  ispida,  Linn. 

A  resident  in  all  parts  of  the  county  but 
everywhere  rather  scarce  and,  I  think,  decreas- 
ing in  numbers.  A  correspondent  knew,  how- 
ever, of  six  nests  during  1901  within  five 
miles  of  Maldon.  With  the  additional  legal 
protection  now  afforded,  the  bird  may  hold 
its  own  and  even  increase. 


242 


BIRDS 


108.  Roller.      Caractas  garrulus,  Linn. 

A  very  rare  straggler.  One  shot  at  Great 
Chesterford  in  1865  is  now  in  the  Saffron 
Walden  Museum. 

109.  Bee-Eater.     M 'traps  apiaster,  Linn. 

A  very  rare  straggler.  One  was  shot  at 
Peering  about  June  21,  1854,  and  another 
has  been  seen  near  Wanstead  (see  Birds  of 
Essex,  p.  150). 

no.  Hoopoe.      I] pupa  epops,  Linn. 

A  not  uncommon  though  somewhat  irregu- 
lar passing  migrant,  at  least  one  example 
being  met  with  almost  every  year.  It  is 
most  often  seen  during  the  latter  half  of  April 
or  early  in  May  ;  but  it  sometimes  occurs  in 
autumn,  usually  during  September.  It  has 
bred  in  some  other  of  the  southern  counties, 
but  no  instance  of  its  having  done  so  in  Essex 
has  been  recorded.  Its  frequent  appearance 
in  pairs  in  spring  leaves  no  doubt,  however, 
that  it  would  do  so  occasionally  if  not  so 
mercilessly  shot. 

in.  Cuckoo.     Cucultu  canorui,  Linn. 
A  common  summer  visitor. 

112.  White   or    Barn-Owl.      Strix  ftammea, 
Linn. 

A  fairly  common  resident  in  most  parts  of 
the  county.  No  British  bird  more  richly 
deserves  the  protection  of  landowners,  farmers, 
and  game  preservers.  All  such  should  strictly 
enjoin  their  gamekeepers  and  other  servants 
on  no  account  to  molest  it.  Its  food  consists 
almost  exclusively  of  rats,  mice,  voles  and 
shrews,  though  occasionally  small  birds  are 
eaten.  The  damage  it  does  to  game  is  in- 
considerable :  its  services  to  the  farmer  are 
immense. 

113.  Long-eared  Owl.     Asia  otus  (Linn.). 

A  resident,  though  in  very  small  numbers, 
except  at  Alresford,  where  it  breeds  freely 
(Laver).  Better  known  as  an  uncommon 
winter  visitor. 

114.  Short-eared    Owl.         A  sit    accipitrinus 
(Pallas). 

Locally,  Woodcock  Owl,  Cabbage  Owl,  etc. 
A  winter  visitor,  common  in  some  years, 
especially  those  in  which  the  short-tailed  field 
vole  (Microtus  agrestis)  is  abnormally  abundant, 
but  usually  uncommon.  Of  late  years  how- 
ever it  has  been  known  to  breed  on  the  Essex 
marshes  on  several  occasions — as  at  Little 
Oakley  from  1884  to  1897  (Kerry),  on 
Northey  Island  in  1896  (Fitch,  Zoologist, 
1896,  p.  233),  and  at  Bradwcll-on-Sca. 


115.  Tawny  Owl.     Syrnium  aluco  (Linn.). 
A   resident,   but    local   and    not   common, 

though  fairly  numerous  in  some  of  our  more 
extensive  woods,  where,  however,  it  is  much 
persecuted  by  game-preservers. 

1 1 6.  Tengmalm's  Owl.      Nyctala   tengmalmi 
(Gmelin). 

A  rare  and  accidental  straggler  to  Britain. 
One  was  killed  at  Poplar  at  the  end  of  January, 
1877  (Zoologist,  1877,  p.  176). 

117.  Little  Owl.      Athene  noctua  (Scopoli). 

A  rare  and  occasional  visitor  which  has 
occurred  several  times  in  the  county.  All 
now  met  with  must  be  regarded  with  sus- 
picion, as  many  have  been  turned  out  of  late 
years. 

1 1 8.  Snowy  Owl.    Nyctea  scandiaca  (Linn.). 
A  rare  and  occasional  winter  visitor  which 

is  said  to  have  been  seen  in  the  county  several 
times  (see  Birds  of  Essex,  p.  159). 

119.  Scops-Owl.     Scops  giu  (Scopoli). 

A  rare  and  occasional  visitor.  Some  five 
or  six  examples  are  recorded  as  having  occur- 
red in  the  county.  There  is  also  some  reason 
to  think  a  pair  may  have  bred  more  than 
once  between  the  years  1886  and  1889 
in  the  vicinity  of  Heydon,  but  the  evidence 
is  far  from  conclusive  (see  Essex  Natura- 
list, iii.  17). 

1 20.  Eagle-Owl.     Bubo  ignavus,  T.  Forster. 

Said  to  have  been  seen  in  the  county  (sec 
Birds  of  Essex,  p.  161).  The  individuals 
observed  had  perhaps  escaped  from  confine- 
ment. 

121.  Egyptian  Vulture.    Neophron  percnopterus 
(Linn.). 

An  occasional  straggler  to  Britain.  On 
September  28,  1868,  an  immature  individual 
was  shot  at  Peldon  (Zoologist,  1868,  p.  1456). 

1 22.  Marsh  -  Harrier.        Circus      teruginosus 
(Linn.). 

Formerly  a  common  resident,  breeding  in 
numbers,  especially  in  the  marshy  districts 
near  the  coast  :  now  only  an  occasional  visi- 
tor though  not  very  rare. 

1 23.  Hen-Harrier.     Circus  cyaneus  (Linn.). 
As  the  preceding. 

124.  Montagu's    Harrier.      Circus   cintraceus 
(Montagu). 

Also  as  above,  but  less  often  met  with. 


243 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


125.  Buzzard.     Buteo  vulgaris,  Leach. 
Locally,  Puttock. 

Formerly  a  common  resident,  breeding  in 
all  parts  of  the  county.  In  the  Epping  dis- 
trict it  was  practically  exterminated  by  the 
year  1830,  but  at  that  time  it  still  bred  in 
the  extensive  woodlands  in  Rochfbrd  Hundred 
and  elsewhere.  Fields  in  many  parts  of  the 
county  still  known  as  '  Puttock's  Lees ' 
attest  its  former  prevalence.  Now  it  is  no 
more  than  a  casual  visitor,  usually  seen  when 
passing  on  migration. 

126.  Rough-legged  Buzzard.       Buteo  lagopus 
(Gmelin). 

An  uncommon  and  irregular  visitor,  chiefly 
during  autumn  and  winter. 

127.  Spotted  Eagle.      Aqulla  maculata  (Gme- 
lin). 

A  very  rare  straggler  to  Britain.  One  was 
captured  alive  in  a  very  exhausted  state  at 
Elmsteadon  October  29,  1891  (see  Zool.  1891, 
p.  470  and  Essex  Nat.  v.  2 1 8),  and  another, 
also  much  exhausted,  was  shot  five  days  later, 
on  November  3,  at  Leigh  (see  Essex  Nat.  \. 
2 1 8,  and  Zool.  1892,  p.  76).  An  eagle  which 
was  seen  about  Bardfield,  Lindsell  and 
Thaxted  throughout  the  month  of  December 
following  was  probably  of  the  same  species. 
At  least  one  other  individual  was  shot  and 
another  seen  about  the  same  time  in  Suffolk, 
showing  that  the  eastern  counties  must  have 
been  visited  by  something  like  a  small  flock 
of  these  birds — blown  out  of  their  way 
probably  by  a  severe  gale  which  occurred  just 
before  they  were  seen. 

128.  Golden  Eagle.  Aqulla  chrysa'etus  (Linn.). 
An  occasional  winter  visitor. 

129.  White-tailed  Eagle.     Haliaetus  albidlla 
(Linn.). 

A  winter  visitor,  seen  not  very  uncom- 
monly on  the  coast,  especially  during  severe 
weather. 

130.  Goshawk.     Astur  palumbarius  (Linn.). 
A  rare  straggler  which   has  been   reported 

once  or  twice  as  occurring  in  the  county,  but 
under  somewhat  doubtful  circumstances  (see 
Birds  of  Essex,  p.  168). 

131.  Sparrow- Hawk.     Accipiter  nisus  (Linn.). 
A  resident  and  still  fairly  common,  though 

steadily  decreasing  through  constant  persecu- 
tion. 

132.  Kite.     Milvus  ictinus,  Savigny. 
Locally,  Crotch-tailed  Puttock. 

Formerly  a  common  resident.  It  bred  in 
the  county  in  some  numbers  up  to  about  the 


year  1830,  and  has  done  so  occasionally  since 
then.  A  pair  is  said  to  have  nested  at  Mer- 
sea  about  1845,  and  I  have  seen  a  fine  male 
said  to  have  been  shot  at  Sampford  about 
1870  in  the  middle  of  summer  (see  Birds  of 
Essex,  p.  170).  As  no  Essex  specimen  has 
been  reported  for  many  years  it  may  be  re- 
garded as  extinct  in  the  county,  though  its 
occurrence  as  a  casual  visitor  would  not  be 
surprising. 

133.  Honey-Buzzard.    Perms  apivorus(L,inn.). 
Formerly  a  not  uncommon  summer  visitor. 

There  is  no  record  of  its  having  bred  in  the 
county  for  many  years,  but  it  has  not  improb- 
ably done  so,  as  individuals  have  occurred 
from  time  to  time  in  the  height  of  sum- 
mer. Now  however  it  is  with  us  not  more 
than  a  passing  migrant,  usually  seen  during 
September  when  passing  southward. 

134.  Gyr-Falcon.     Fa  lea  gyrfalco  (Linn.). 

A  rare  winter  visitor.  A  falcon  shot 
beside  the  lake  in  Hatfield  Forest  about  nine 
years  ago  by  the  late  forest  ranger  is,  I  believe, 
a  male  of  this  species  (or  race),  and  leading 
authorities  who  have  examined  it  have  held 
the  same  view,  though  others  have  pronounced 
it  a  large  female  peregrine.  It  is  exceedingly 
dark  in  colour,  the  back  being  almost  black 
and  the  breast  darkly  striped.  Another  gyr- 
falcon,  shot  near  Coggeshall  in  1855,  but  no 
longer  in  existence,  may  have  belonged  also 
to  this  or  the  nearly  allied  species  (or  race) 
known  as  the  Greenland  gyr-falcon  {Falco 
candicans). 

135.  Peregrine     Falcon.        Falco     peregrinus, 
Tunstall. 

Formerly  no  doubt  resident  in  small  num- 
bers, and  a  pair  is  said  to  have  nested  in  a 
tree  at  Sampford  in  the  summer  of  1843 
(see  Birds  of  Essex,  p.  173).  Now  however 
it  is  only  a  winter  visitor,  though  un- 
doubtedly commoner  than  is  usually  supposed. 

136.  Hobby.     Falco  subbuteo,  Linn. 

Once  a  fairly  common  summer  visitor, 
breeding  regularly  in  the  county.  It  nested 
at  Felstead  in  1877,  near  Belhus  Park  in 
1879,  at  Great  Waltham  about  1885,  and 
near  Bishops  Stortford  in  1887.  Doubtless  it 
has  done  so  since,  but  no  instance  has  come 
under  my  notice.  Individuals  still  occur 
however  from  time  to  time. 

137.  Merlin.      Falco  <ssalon,  Tunstall. 

Now  no  more  than  an  uncommon  autumnal 
or  winter  visitor ;  but  it  is  said  to  have  bred 
formerly  on  the  marshes  near  the  coast  in 
Rochford  Hundred  (see  Birds  of  Essex,  p.  176). 


244 


BIRDS 


138.  Red-footed    Falcon.       Fain    vespertinus, 
Linn. 

A  rare  straggler.  One  was  shot  at  Alresford 
on  May  31,  1873  (Zoologist,  1873,  pp.  3615 
and  3688)  :  another  at  Buttons,  Stapleford 
Tawney,  on  May  21,  1897  (Hope) ;  another 
at  Bradwell-on-Sea  on  October  17,  1901 
(J.  H.  Gurney  in  lift.). 

139.  Kestrel.     Fain  tinnunculus,  Linn. 
Perhaps  our  commonest  hawk,  but  nowhere 

abundant  and  certainly  decreasing.  Though 
harmless,  or  nearly  so,  seldom  touching  game 
of  any  kind,  it  is  a  '  hawk,'  and  as  such 
comes  in  for  a  share  of  the  relentless  perse- 
cution directed  against  all  '  hawks,'  good  and 
bad  alike. 

140.  Osprey.      Pandion  halialtus  (Linn.). 

A  scarce  and  irregular  spring  and  autumn 
or  winter  visitor,  met  with  chiefly  in  the 
estuaries  of  our  rivers,  but  occasionally  further 
inland. 

141.  Cormorant.     Phalacrocorax  carbo  (Linn.). 
A    common    visitor    to    our    coast     from 

autumn  to  spring  :  occasionally  met  with 
inland  after  severe  storms. 

142.  Shag.      Phalacrocorax  graculus  (Linn.). 
As  the  foregoing,  but  less  common. 

143.  Gannet.      Sula  banana  (Linn.). 

Not  very  uncommon  off  our  coast  from 
autumn  to  spring  :  sometimes  found  inland 
after  very  rough  weather. 

144.  Heron.     Ardea  cinerea,  Linn. 
Locally,  Frank,  Frank-hern,  and  Hernshaw. 

A  common  resident,  seen  frequently  at 
nearly  all  seasons  of  the  year  on  the  marshes 
near  the  coast.  There  are  however  only 
four  regular  heronries  in  the  county.  By  far 
the  most  important  is  that  at  Birch  Hall  (the 
Rt.  Hon.  James  Round,  M.P.),  numbering 
some  two  hundred  nests.  It  is  believed  to 
have  been  started  by  a  pair  which  came  from 
Brightlingsea  some  thirty-five  years  ago,  when 
the  Magens  estate  there  was  sold  and  the  pur- 
chasers persecuted  the  herons  which  had  long 
nested  there.  The  first  pair  nested  on  a 
large  oak  tree  in  Chess  Wood.  By  the  year 
1877,  there  were  about  one  hundred  nests. 
In  1878,  owing  to  the  cutting  down  of  some 
trees,  the  herons  removed  to  Calves  Pasture 
Wood,  where  they  again  increased  largely. 
Later  they  returned,  for  a  similar  cause,  to 
Chess  Wood,  where  they  now  remain,  care- 
fully protected  by  Mr.  Round.  Our  next 
largest  heronry  is  that  in  Wanstead  Park,  the 
property  of  the  Corporation  of  the  City  of 


London.  It  has  been  established  for  a 
century  or  more  and  is  most  carefully  pre- 
served by  the  Conservators,  the  nearest  public 
footpaths  being  closed  during  the  nesting 
season.  It  has  been  increasing  steadily  for 
some  years,  and  now  numbers  about  fifty 
nests,  which  are  placed  in  some  tall  elms 
growing  on  an  island  in  the  largest  sheet  of 
water  in  the  park.  Next  in  importance  stands 
the  heronry  at  St.  Osyth  Priory  (Sir  John 
H.  Johnson,  Kt.).  It  was  established  by  a 
single  pair  which  came  from  Brightlingsea  in 
1872,  when  the  heronry  there  was  destroyed  ; 
and,  being  protected,  they  increased  steadily. 
There  are  now  from  thirty  to  forty  nests, 
built  for  the  most  part  in  trees  growing  on 
two  small  islands  in  one  of  the  ponds  in  the 
Nun's  Wood.  The  smallest  Essex  heronry  is 
that  at  Boreham  House  (Lieut. -Col.  Tufnell- 
Tyrrel).  It  has  been  established  thirty  or 
forty  years,  but  has  been  removed  more  than 
once  during  that  time  from  one  site  in  the 
park  to  another,  and  has  been  several  times 
almost  destroyed  by  shooting  the  young  birds. 
Recently,  however,  it  has  been  protected,  and 
in  the  spring  of  1901  there  were  about 
twenty-five  nests. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  there  were 
formerly  many  other  heronries  in  Essex. 
Thus  Norden  speaks  (i  594)  of  one  at  Tolles- 
hunt  D'Arcy,  and  Holman  (about  1710)  of 
another  at  Belhus,  Aveley.  The  names  Heron 
Hall  and  Herongate  at  East  Horndon  imply 
the  former  existence  of  a  heronry  there.  A 
heronry  existed  for  many  years,  as  stated  above, 
in  Heronry  Wood,  near  the  church,  at 
Brightlingsea  ;  but,  when  the  estate  was  sold, 
about  1870,  the  heronry  was  destroyed  by  the 
purchasers,  and  the  present  proprietor  (Mr. 
John  Bateman)  has  failed  in  his  efforts  to 
re-establish  it.  Formerly,  too,  there  was  a 
heronry  on  Walton's  Hall  Farm  at  Mucking. 
Isolated  nests  occur  not  infrequently. 

145.  Purple  Heron.     Ardea  purpurea,  Linn. 
An  accidental  straggler,  which  has  occurred 

in  the  county  at  least  once — namely  in  a 
wood  near  Maldon  in  April  1839  (Essex 
Literary  "Journal,  1839,  p.  126). 

146.  Great  White  Heron.    Ardea  alba,  Linn. 
A  very  rare  straggler.     One  was  observed 

on  several  occasions  in  and  around  the 
estuary  of  the  Stour  on  October  3,  1823 
(Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  xv.  40).  Another  (which 
seems  to  have  been  identified  correctly)  was 
seen  on  many  occasions  in  June  and  July 
1901,  beside  a  small  lake  close  to  the  house 
in  Lexden  Park,  near  Colchester  (Sir  M.  E. 
Grant  Duff). 


245 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


147.  Night-Heron.    Nycticorax  griseus  (Linn.). 
A    rare    straggler.     An    immature    female 

was  shot  at  Dovercourt  on  November  29, 
1880  (Zoologist,  1881,  p.  68),  and  a  young 
male  at  Brightlingsea  on  December  5,  1891 
(see  Essex  Standard,  Dec.  17,  1891). 

148.  Little  Bittern.     Ardetta  minuta  (Linn.). 
A  rare  and  irregular  visitor.     Six  or  eight 

individuals  are  known  to  have  occurred  in 
the  county,  most  of  them  in  the  autumn,  but 
two  were  obtained  in  the  middle  of  June, 
1867,  when  it  is  just  possible  they  were 
breeding. 

149.  Bittern.     Botaurus  stellaris  (Linn.). 
Formerly,  without  doubt,  a  common  resi- 
dent, but  now  an   uncommon  and  irregular 
winter    visitor    only,    though    a   good    many 
specimens    have    been   met   with.      Probably 
some    of    these   would    prove,    if    examined 
critically,  to  be  the  American  Bittern  (B.  len- 
tiginosus],  which  has  occurred  not  unfrequently 
in  Britain. 

150.  White  Stork.     Ciconia  alba,  Bechstein. 
An  occasional  visitor.      Two  were  taken 

at  Tillingham  in  January  1879  (Chelmsford 
Chronicle,  January  31,  1879). 

151.  Black  Stork.     Ciconia  nigra  (Linn.). 
Another  accidental  straggler.     A  fine  fe- 
male   was    shot   beside   the    Stour   at   Stoke- 
by-Nayland  on  or  about  April  12,  1881  (see 
Birds  of  Essex,  p.  1 88). 

152.  Glossy  Ibis.     Plegadis  fakinellus  (Linn.). 
Another    accidental    straggler.       An    im- 
mature  individual  was  shot  as  it  rose  from 
the  old  decoy  pond  on  the  South  Hall  Mar- 
shes, Paglesham,  on  October  15,   1872    (see 
Birds  of  Essex,  p.  189). 

153.  Spoonbill.      Platalea  leucorodia,  Linn. 
Once   without  doubt  a  resident,  breeding 

in  the  county,  though  there  is,  I  believe,  no 
actual  record  of  its  having  done  so.  Now  it 
is  only  an  occasional  visitor,  chiefly  during 
spring  and  autumn. 

[Flamingo.     Phcenicopterus  roseus,  Pallas. 

An  exceedingly  rare  straggler  to  Britain. 
One  seen  on  our  coast  was  afterwards  shot 
in  the  isle  of  Sheppey  on  August  16,  1873. 
It  was  probably  one  which  had  escaped  shortly 
before  from  the  Zoological  Society's  Gardens.] 

154.  Grey-lag  Goose.    Anser  cinereus,  Meyer. 
A  winter  visitor  to  our  coast  during  severe 

weather.     Occasionally  seen  inland. 


155.  White-fronted   Goose.      Anser  albifrons 

(Scopoli). 
A  not  uncommon  winter  visitor. 

156.  Bean  Goose.      Anser  segetum  (Gmelin). 
An  uncommon  winter  visitor. 

157.  Pink-footed  Goose.      Anser  brachyrhyn- 

chus,  Baillon. 
An  occasional  winter  visitor. 

158.  Red-breasted   Goose.     Bernicla  ruficollh 
(Pallas). 

An  exceedingly  rare  straggler  to  Britain. 
One  was  shot  out  of  a  flock  of  brent  geese 
on  the  Main,  off  Tillingham,  near  the  Ray 
Sands,  on  January  6,  1871  (Essex  Naturalist, 
»i.  35). 

159.  Barnacle  Goose.     Bernicla  leucopsis  (Bech- 

stein). 
A  rather  uncommon  winter  visitor. 

1 60.  Brent  Goose.     Bernicla  brenta  (Pallas). 
An   abundant  winter    visitor    to   the    seas 

around  our  coast,  especially  during  severe 
winters,  arriving  usually  early  in  October  : 
seldom  seen  inland  except  when  wounded. 
The  vast  numbers  formerly  seen  now  come 
however  no  longer.  The  numbers  killed 
by  the  discharge  of  a  single  punt  gun  or  by 
the  discharge  of  a  number  of  such  guns  fired 
simultaneously  into  a  flock  are  often  aston- 
ishingly large — as  many  as  fifty  in  the  former 
case  and  seven  hundred  in  the  latter  (see 
Birds  of  Essex,  p.  193).  The  light-bellied 
North  American  race  (the  B.  brenta-glauco- 
gaster  of  some  writers)  occurs  not  infrequently 
in  small  numbers. 

161.  Whooper  Swan.     Cygnus  musicus,  Bech- 

stein. 

A  winter  visitor  to  our  coast,  and  occa- 
sionally seen  inland.  Its  numbers  with  us 
depend  largely  upon  the  severity  of  the 
weather. 

162.  Bewick's  Swan.    Cygnus  bewicki,  Yarrell. 
Locally,  Little  Swan. 

As  the  foregoing. 

163.  Mute  Swan.      Cygnus  olor  (Gmelin). 
Common   in  a  more  or  less  domesticated 

condition  :  probably  met  with  occasionally 
during  winter  in  a  genuinely  wild  state. 

164.  Sheld-Duck.      Tadorna   cornuta    (S.   G. 

Gmelin). 
Locally,  Bar-goose. 

A  resident  on  our  coast,  though  very  much 
less  common  than  formerly  and  decreasing  as 
a  breeding  species  :  more  often  seen  in  winter. 


246 


BIRDS 


165.  Ruddy   Sheld-Duck.       Tadorna   casarca 

(Linn.). 

A  rare  and  occasional  visitor.  One  is  said 
to  have  been  shot  about  twenty-five  years 
ago  on  the  Main,  outside  the  estuary  of  the 
Blackwater  (Birds  of  Essex,  p.  200). 

1 66.  Mallard  or  Wild    Duck.     Anas  boscas, 

Linn. 

A  fairly  common  resident,  breeding  in  in- 
creasing numbers  on  the  marshes  round  the 
coast  and  in  private  parks  containing  sheets 
of  ornamental  water.  In  winter  the  resident 
birds  are  however  greatly  recruited  by  ar- 
rivals from  elsewhere.  At  this  season  con- 
siderable numbers  are  taken  in  our  decoys. 

167.  Gad  wall.      Anas  strepera,  Linn. 
Locally,  Sand  Wigeon. 

A  scarce  winter  visitor. 

1 68.  Shoveler.      Spatula  clypeata  (Linn.). 

A  scarce  resident  breeding  in  small  but 
increasing  numbers  at  several  spots  on  the 
marshes  round  our  coast.  Fairly  common, 
especially  near  the  coast,  during  the  winter. 

169.  Pintail.     Dafila  acuta  (Linn.). 
A  scarce  winter  visitor. 

170.  Teal.     Ntttion  crecca  (Linn.). 

A  resident,  breeding  in  small  numbers  on 
the  marshes  round  our  coast  and  occasionally 
inland.  Better  known  however  as  a  fairly 
common  winter  visitor. 

171.  Garganey.     Querquedula  circia  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Summer  Teal. 

A  scarce  visitor,  chiefly  when  on  migra- 
tion. Not  improbably  it  has  bred  in  the 
county,  but  I  know  of  no  instance  of  a  nest 
having  been  found,  though  a  bird  shot  at  St. 
Osyth  on  May  24,  1890,  belonged  probably 
to  a  breeding  pair,  and  on  July  1 7,  1 896,  nine 
(probably  a  family  party)  were  seen  together 
on  a  fleet  at  Paglesham  (Hope). 

172.  Wigeon.      Mareca  penelope  (Linn.). 

A  very  common  winter  visitor  on  our  coast : 
less  often  seen  inland.  Adults  have  been  seen 
occasionally  in  the  county  during  summer 
and  young  birds  early  in  autumn.  Probably 
therefore  it  has  bred  with  us,  but  there  is 
no  conclusive  record  of  its  having  done  so. 
Prodigious  numbers  were  taken  formerly  in 
our  decoys,  and  fair  catches  are  still  made. 

[American    Wigeon.      Martca    americana 
(Gmelin). 

A  female  is  said  to  have  been  shot  on  the 
Essex  coast  in  January  1862,  but  the  record 


requires    further    substantiation   (see  Birds  »f 
Essex,  p.  20l).] 

173.  Red-crested     Pochard.      Netta     rufina 
(Pallas). 

A  rare  and  casual  visitor.  One  was  killed 
near  Colchester  about  January  1 844. 

174.  Pochard.      Fuligula  ferina  (Linn.). 

A  common  winter  visitor  to  our  coast. 
Vast  numbers  were  taken  formerly  in  the 
decoys.  Early  in  last  century  a  few  bred 
occasionally  on  the  marshes,  but  for  a  long 
period  none  were  known  to  do  so  until  within 
the  last  seventeen  years.  It  is  now  resident 
in  small  but  steadily  increasing  numbers  at 
several  spots  round  our  coast,  chiefly  on 
the  Old  Hall  Marshes,  Tollesbury,  where  it 
first  bred  (so  far  as  is  known)  in  1886. 

175.  Ferruginous    Duck.       Fuligula    nyroca 
(Gdldenstadt). 

An  occasional  straggler  during  winter.  One 
was  obtained  at  the  Marsh  House  Decoy, 
Tillingham,  about  the  year  1880  (see  Birds 
of  Essex,  p.  209). 

1 76.  Tufted  Duck.    Fuligula  cristata  (Leach). 
A  somewhat  uncommon  winter  visitor  to 

our  coast  :  occasionally  met  with  inland.  Not 
improbably  it  has  bred  in  the  county  (for 
instance,  at  the  Wade,  in  Steeple  parish,  in 
1888  :  see  Birds  of  Essex,  p.  206),  but  there  is 
no  authentic  recorded  instance. 

177.  Scaup-Duck.      Fuligula  marila  (Linn.). 
A  fairly  common  winter  visitor,  principally 

to  the  coast. 

178.  Goldeneye.      Clangula  glaudon  (Linn.). 
As  the  foregoing. 

179.  Long-tailed   Duck.       Hare/da   gladalis 
(Linn.). 

A  rare  winter  visitor. 

1 80.  Eider  Duck.  Somateria  mollissima  (Linn.). 
An  uncommon  winter  visitor  to  our  coast 

during  severe  weather. 

18 1.  Common  Scoter.    (Edemia  nigra  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Black  Duck. 

A  very  abundant  winter  visitor  to  the  seas 
round  our  coast  :  very  rarely  seen  inland.  A 
few  non-breeding  birds  remain  through  the 
summer. 


182.   Velvet-Scoter.     (Edemia  fitted  (Linn.). 
A  scarce  winter  visitor  to  our  coast. 


247 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


183.  Goosander.     Mergus  merganser,  Linn. 
Locally,  Saw-bill. 

An  uncommon  winter  visitor. 

184.  Red-breasted  Merganser.      Mergus  ser- 

rator,  Linn. 

A  not  uncommon  winter  visitor  to  our 
coast.  A  pair  frequented  the  shores  of  Nor- 
they  Island  during  the  summer  of  1888,  but 
apparently  did  not  breed  (Fitch). 

185.  Smew.     Mergus  albellus,  Linn. 
A  scarce  winter  visitor. 

1 86.  Ring-Dove  or  Wood-Pigeon.      Columba 
palumbus,  Linn. 

A  very  abundant  resident,  especially  in 
wooded  districts. 

187.  Stock-Dove.      Columba  aenas,  Linn. 

A  fairly  common  resident  throughout  the 
county  and  apparently  increasing  in  numbers. 

[Rock-Dove.     Columba  livia,  Gmelin. 

Occurs  in  all  probability  from  time  to 
time  as  a  straggler ;  but  it  is  practically  im- 
possible to  discriminate  between  genuinely 
wild  birds  and  those  which  have  escaped 
from  domestication.] 

1 88.  Turtle-Dove.      Turtur  communis,  Selby. 
A    common    summer    visitor,   apparently 

increasing  in  numbers. 

189.  Passenger-Pigeon.      Ectopistes  migratorius 

(Linn.). 

A  very  rare  straggler  to  Britain  from 
America.  An  adult  male,  apparently  wild, 
was  killed  on  the  very  border  of  the  county, 
between  Chrishall  and  Royston,  in  July  1844 
(see  Birds  of  Essex,  pp.  215  and  281).  It  is 
now  in  the  museum  at  Saffron  Walden. 

190.  Pallas's  Sand-Grouse.      Syrrhaptes  para- 

doxus  (Pallas). 

A  resident  on  the  steppes  of  Asia,  whence 
it  occasionally  migrates  westward  across 
Europe  in  a  most  erratic  and  unaccountable 
manner.  A  few  have  reached  Britain  on 
several  occasions,  while  in  1863  and  1888 
large  numbers  arrived.  On  both  occasions 
small  flocks  spread  themselves  over  the  county, 
and  not  a  few  individuals  were  shot,  es- 
pecially in  1888.  A  few  are  reported  to 
have  remained  at  Barkingside  through  the 
summer  of  1889  (Crouch  :  see  Birds  of  Essex, 
p.  217). 

[Red  Grouse.     Lagopus  scoticus  (Latham). 

It  is  difficult  to  regard  two  specimens  shot 
respectively  at  Little  Tey,  in  the  spring  of 
1864,  and  at  Ulting,  one  autumn  about  1885, 


otherwise  than  as  individuals  which  had  been 
turned  out.] 

191.  Pheasant.      Phasianus  cokhicus,  Linn. 
An  abundant  resident  wherever  sufficiently 

preserved. 

192.  Partridge.      Perdix  cinerea,  Latham. 
An  abundant  resident. 

193.  Red-legged    Partridge.       Caccabh    rufa 
(Linn.). 

Locally,  French  Partridge  or  Red-leg. 
As  the  foregoing,  though  originally  intro- 
duced. In  some  of  the  upland  parts  of  the 
county  it  appears  to  be  as  abundant  as  the 
common  partridge.  The  idea  that  its  pre- 
valence is  inimical  to  the  other  species  seems 
to  have  no  foundation  in  fact,  at  least  in 
Essex. 

194.  Quail.     Coturnix  communis,  Bonnaterre. 
Formerly  fairly  common,  but  now  scarce 

and  becoming,  apparently,  more  so.  It  still 
breeds  however  occasionally  in  the  county. 

195.  Land-Rail.     Crex  pratensis,  Bechstein. 
An   uncommon    summer  visitor,   breeding 

occasionally  in  most  parts  of  the  county,  but 
far  less  often  than  formerly.  It  is  however 
best  known  as  a  passing  migrant  in  spring 
and  autumn,  and  is  killed  not  infrequently 
by  partridge-shooters  in  September.  Occa- 
sionally it  occurs  in  winter. 

196.  Spotted     Crake.        Porzana     maruetta 
(Leach). 

A  rare  and  local  summer  visitor,  though 
probably  commoner  than  is  usually  supposed. 
It  stays  occasionally  well  into  the  winter. 
Undoubtedly  it  breeds,  or  has  bred,  in  Essex, 
but  I  know  of  no  authentic  instance  of  its 
eggs  having  been  taken.  Mr.  Fitch  has, 
however,  an  egg  taken  from  the  body  of  a 
female  shot,  many  years  ago,  on  Northey 
Island. 

197.  Little  Crake.      Porzana  parva  (Scopoli). 
Rare.       One    was    shot    during    October 

about  the  year   1885  at  Paglesham  (Birds  of 
Essex,  p.  224). 

198.  Baillon's      Crake.          Porzana     bailloni 

(Vieillot). 

Rare.  One  was  shot  on  October  3,  1874, 
in  a  reedy  ditch  adjoining  '  Dagenham  Gulf,' 
and  another  on  December  i,  1891,  beside  the 
river  Lee,  near  Waltham  Abbey. 

199.  Water-Rail.     Rallus  aquaticus,  Linn. 

A  resident,  but  scarce  and  seldom  seen  on 
account  of  its  skulking  habits.  During  hard 


248 


BIRDS 


frosts  it  sometimes  becomes  fairly  abundant. 
It  breeds  sparingly  in  suitable  spots,  such  as 
the  marshes  round  the  coast  and  the  lake 
near  Holficld  Grange,  Coggeshall. 

200.  Moor-Hen.     Gallinula  chloropus  (Linn.). 
A  very  abundant  resident.     During  winter 

large  numbers  arrive  from  elsewhere. 

201.  Coot.      Fultca  atra,  Linn. 

An  abundant  resident  on  and  near  the 
coast.  Inland  it  is  not  often  met  with,  but 
it  appears  occasionally  on  sheets  of  ornamental 
water  in  private  parks  and  sometimes  breeds 
in  such  situations.  It  is  with  us  a  decreasing 
species,  and  the  vast  flocks  which  used  to 
appear  on  our  coast  during  winter  have  now 
largely  disappeared. 

202.  Crane.     Grus  communis,  Bechstein. 
Once  probably   common  on    the  marshes, 

but  now  a  rare  and  occasional  straggler  only. 
On  November  9,  1888,  one  was  shot  out  of 
a  flock  of  eight  which  settled  in  a  field  at 
Elmstead  near  Colchester.  In  the  following 
year  one  frequented  Hamford  Water  and  the 
adjacent  mudflats  for  several  weeks — from 
the  end  of  September  till  towards  the  end  of 
October. 

203.  Great  Bustard.     Otis  tarda,  Linn. 
Now  only  a  very  rare  and  occasional  strag- 
gler, but  formerly  a  resident,  though  probably 
never  common  in  Essex,  unless  on  the  exten- 
sive open  downs  around  Heydon  and  Chris- 
hall.     A  female  was  shot  at  Woodham  Ferris 
on  December  5,  1879,  dunng  a  severe  frost. 
On  the  6th  of  the  following  February  another 
was  killed  on  the  border  of  the  county  near 
West  Wickham,  while  a  third  is  said  to  have 
been  killed  about  the  same  time  near  Man- 
ningtree.     A  female  was  shot  at  Tillingham 
about  the  middle    of   December    1890,  and 
an    individual    has    been    reported   to    me   as 
having  been  seen  at  Hat  field   Broad  Oak  on 
October  31,  1899,  during  frosty  weather. 

204.  Little  Bustard.     Otis  tetrax,  Linn. 

A  rare  and  occasional  straggler.  It  has 
occurred  at  least  nine  times  in  Essex — always 
during  winter. 

205.  Stone  -  Curlew.        (Edicntmus     scolopax 

(S.  G.   Gmelin). 

A  scarce  summer  visitor,  usually  met  with 
when  on  migration  ;  but  a  few  pairs  breed 
still  (or  endeavour  to  do  so)  on  the  elevated 
downland  in  the  extreme  north-west  corner 
of  the  county. 

206.  Pratincole.      Glareola  pratinco/a,  Linn. 
A  rare  straggler.     A  female  was  shot  about 


the  middle  of  August  1861,  on  the  Old 
Hall  Marshes,  Tollesbury  (see  Birds  of  Essex, 
P-  233)- 

207.  Cream  -  coloured     Courser.      Cunorius 
gallicus  (Gmelin). 

A  rare  straggler  to  Britain.  An  example 
was  shot  on  October  19,  1858,  when  in  a 
very  exhausted  condition  on  the  Temple 
Mills  Marshes  beside  the  river  Lea  near 
Stratford. 

208.  Dotterel.      Eudromias  morinellus  (Linn.). 
A  rare  passing  migrant  in  spring  and  autumn. 

The  open  chalk  downs  in  the  extreme  north- 
west corner  of  the  county  were  formerly  a 
favourite  halting-place. 

209.  Ringed     Plover.        sEgialitis     hiaticola 
(Linn.). 

A  resident  on  the  coast,  breeding  sparingly 
in  suitable  localities.  Large  arrivals  take  place 
in  the  autumn. 

210.  Kentish     Plover.       /Egialitis     cantiana 

(Latham). 
A  rare  passing  migrant  in  spring  and  autumn. 

211.  Golden    Plover.       Cbaradrius  p/uvia/is, 

Linn. 

A  common  winter  visitor,  appearing  in 
small  flocks  in  all  parts  of  the  county  after 
strong  easterly  gales  and  hard  weather,  and 
sometimes  remaining  till  the  beginning  of 
April,  by  which  time  many  have  assumed 
their  full  breeding  plumage. 

212.  Grey      Plover.        Squatarola      helvetica 

(Linn.). 

A  fairly  common  visitor  to  our  coast  from 
autumn  to  spring. 

213.  Peewit  or  Lapwing.      Panel/us  vulgaris, 

Bechstein. 

Locally,  Green  Plover,  Black  Plover,  etc. 
A  common  but  by  no  means  abundant  resi- 
dent, breeding  on  the  marshes  and  in  fields  near 
the  coast  and  at  a  few  spots  inland.  Its 
numbers  have  been  much  reduced  however  by 
systematic  'egging.'  From  the  inland  parts 
of  the  county,  where  it  bred  formerly  not  un- 
commonly, it  has  been  almost  banished,  pro- 
bably by  high  farming.  During  winter, 
especially  after  rough  weather,  large  flocks 
frequent  the  large  open  fields  inland. 

2 1 4.  Turnstone.  Strepsitas  interpret  (Linn.). 
A  fairly  common  passing  migrant  in  spring 

and  autumn,  but  individuals  have  been  met 
with  occasionally  on  our  coast  at  almost  all 
seasons  of  the  year. 


249 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


215.   Oyster-Catcher. 
Linn. 


Heematopus  ostralegus, 


Locally,  Olive,  Olaf,  and  Sea-pie. 
A  scarce  resident  on  our  coast,  where  it  used 
to  breed    commonly,  but  now  does  so   only 
occasionally.      Fairly    common    as   a    winter 
visitor. 

2 1 6.  Avocet.      Recurvirostra  avocetta,  Linn. 
Now  only  a  rare  and  accidental  straggler, 

but  formerly  a  not  uncommon  summer  visitor. 
An  old  record  leaves  no  doubt  that  in  1700 
it  bred  on  Northey  Island  (Dale  :  History  of 
Harwich  and  Dovercourt,  1730,  p.  402). 

217.  Black-winged  Stilt.     Himantopus  candi- 

dus,  Bonnaterre. 

A  very  rare  straggler.  One  was  seen  near 
Saffron  Walden  about  the  year  1820  (see 
Birds  of  Essex,  p.  240). 

2 1 8.  Grey   Phalarope.      Phalaropus  fulicarius 

(Linn.). 

An  uncommon  and  irregular  visitor,  gener- 
ally when  on  its  autumn  migration.  In  some 
years  it  appears  in  numbers. 

219.  Red  -  necked     Phalarope.       Phalaropus 

hyperboreus  (Linn). 

An  uncommon  passing  migrant  in  spring 
and  autumn. 

220.  Woodcock.     Scolopax  rusticula,  Linn. 

A  resident,  breeding  occasionally  in  suitable 
localities  throughout  the  county.  It  is 
better  known  however  as  a  fairly  common 
winter  visitor,  much  more  abundant  in  some 
years  than  others. 

221.  Great  Snipe.     Gallinago  major  (Gmelin). 
A  scarce  visitor,  generally  when  on  migra- 
tion  in  autumn,  though  one  was  shot  near 
Waltham  Abbey  on   February   27,   1897. 

222.  Common     Snipe.        Gallinago     caelestis 

(Frenzel). 

A  resident,  but  in  very  small  numbers, 
breeding  on  the  marshes  at  various  spots 
round  our  coast  and  perhaps  in  Epping 
Forest.  Much  better  known  however  as  a 
common  winter  visitor,  appearing  singly  or 
in  small  parties,  usually  before  or  during  hard 
weather. 

223.  Jack  Snipe.     Gallinago  gallinula  (Linn.). 
A  not  uncommon  winter  visitor. 


224.  Dunlin.      Tringa  alpina,  Linn. 

Locally,  Oxbird. 

A  very  abundant  visitor  to  our  coast  from 
early  autumn    to    late    spring  :    rarely    seen 

250 


inland.      Non-breeding  birds  remain  occasion- 
ally through  the  summer. 

225.  Little  Stint.      Tringa  minuta,  Leisler. 
Not  uncommon  on  the  coast  when  migra- 
ting in  spring  and  autumn. 

226.  Temminck's   Stint.      Tringa   temmincki, 

Leisler. 

A  scarce  straggler,  seen  occasionally  when 
on  migration. 

227.  Curlew-Sandpiper.      Tringa    subarquata 

(Goldenstadt). 

Not  rare,  especially  in  some  years,  on  the 
coast  during  autumn  migration. 

228.  Purple  Sandpiper.    Tringa  striata,  Linn. 
A  regular  though  scarce  winter  visitor. 

229.  Knot.      Tringa  canutus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Male  or  Marie. 

A  very  common  visitor  to  our  coast  from 
autumn  to  spring. 

230.  Sanderling.     Calidrh  arenaria  (Linn.). 
A  not  uncommon  visitor  to  our  coast  from 

autumn  to  spring. 

231.  Ruff.      Machetes  pugnax  (Linn.). 
Formerly  a  resident  breeding  on  our  coast : 

now  known  only  as  a  scarce  passing  migrant 
in  spring  and  autumn. 

232.  Common  Sandpiper,     lot  anus  hypoleucus 

(Linn.). 

Not  rare  as  a  passing  migrant  in  spring  and 
autumn,  but  not  recorded  as  having  bred  in 
the  county. 

233.  Wood     Sandpiper.       Totanus     glareola 

(Gmelin). 

A  scarce  visitor,  seen  occasionally  when  on 
migration. 

234.  Green     Sandpiper.       Totanus     ochropm 

(Linn.). 

An  occasional  visitor,  met  with  singly  or 
in  small  parties  irregularly  at  almost  all  sea- 
sons of  the  year,  most  frequently  on  the 
coast  but  occasionally  inland. 

235.  Redshank.      Totanus  calidris  (Linn.). 
An  abundant  resident  on  our  coast,  breed- 
ing in  all  suitable  localities  among  the  marshes 
and  saltings,  but  rapidly  decreasing,  owing  to 
persistent  'egging.'     Its  numbers  are  largely 
increased  in  winter  by  arrivals  from  elsewhere. 

236.  Spotted      Redshank.        Totanus     fascus 

(Linn.). 

A  rare  visitor,  seen  occasionally  when  on 
migration. 


BIRDS 


237.  Greenshank.    Tetanus  canescens  (Gmelin). 
Not  uncommon    as   a  passing  migrant  in 

spring  and  autumn. 

238.  Red  -  breasted    Snipe.     Afacrorhamphus 
griseus  (Gmelin). 

A  rare  straggler.  One  is  said  to  have  been 
seen  near  Harwich  in  April  1882  (Birds  of 
Essex,  p.  254). 

239.  Bar-tailed    Godwit.       Limosa    lapponica 

(Linn.). 

Locally,  Prine  or  Preen. 

Fairly  common  on  the  coast  when  on 
migration. 

240.  Black  -  tailed    Godwit.     Limosa    belgica 

(Gmelin). 
As  the  foregoing,  but  less  common. 

241.  Curlew.   Numenius  arquata  (Linn.). 
Very  common    on    the    coast   from    early 

autumn  to  late  spring.  A  few  non-breeding 
birds  remain  throughout  the  summer.  Occa- 
sionally seen  inland  when  migrating. 

242.  Whimbrel.      Numeniui  phteopus  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Titterell. 

Common  on  our  coast  during  autumn, 
winter  and  spring. 

243.  Black      Tern.        Hydrochelidon      nigra 

(Linn.). 

Now  only  an  uncommon  visitor  when  on 
migration,  but  formerly  a  regular  summer 
visitor,  breeding  in  the  county.  Individuals 
still  occur  occasionally  however  in  the  county 
during  spring  and  summer.  For  instance, 
a  pair  was  shot  at  Paglesham  in  the  middle 
of  May  1 890,  and  another  pair  seen  at  Colne 
Point  about  the  same  time. 

244.  Sandwich  Tern.  Sterna  cantiaca,  Gmelin. 
Now  only    a  scarce   passing  migrant,  but 

formerly  a  regular  summer  visitor,  breeding 
on  our  coast.  A  few  pairs  continued  to  nest 
within  the  last  twenty  years,  but  they  do  so 
no  longer. 

245.  Roseate  Tern.  Sterna  dougalli,  Montagu. 
A  rare  summer  visitor. 

246.  Common  Tern.    Sterna  fluviatllts,  Nau- 

mann. 

Locally,  Sea-Swallow. 

Formerly  a  fairly  common  summer  visitor, 
nesting  regularly  in  the  county.  Now  it  is 
scarce  and  nests  with  us  no  longer. 

247.  Arctic  Tern.   Sterna  macrura,  Naumann. 
An  uncommon  passing  migrant  in  spring 

and  autumn. 


248.  Little  Tern.      Sterna  minuta,  Linn. 
Locally,  Little  Sea-Swallow. 

Formerly  a  fairly  common  summer  migrant, 
breeding  at  various  suitable  spots  round  our 
coast.  A  couple  of  small  colonies  at  most 
now  exist. 

249.  Sooty  Tern.     Sterna  fuliginosa,  Gmelin. 
A  very  rare  straggler.     One  is  recorded  to 

have  been  killed  near  Colchester  in  the  winter 
of  1880-1  (Field,  April  23,  1881). 

250.  Lesser  Sooty  Tern.      Sterna  antrstheta 

(Scopoli). 

Another  very  rare  straggler.  The  only 
specimen  known  to  have  occurred  in  Britain 
was  obtained  on  one  of  the  lightships  at  the 
Nore  in  September  1875  (Zoologist,  1877, 
p.  213). 

251.  Sabine's  Gull.    Xema  sabinii  (J.  Sabine). 
A  very  rare  straggler.     One  was  shot  on 

the  Thames   in   September    1862  (Harting  : 
Birds  of  Middlesex,  p.  252). 

252.  Little  Gull.      Larus  minutus,  Pallas. 

An  uncommon  winter  visitor.  Most  of 
the  individuals  which  occur  are  immature. 


253. 


Gull. 


ridibundus, 


Black-headed 
Linn. 

Locally,  Peewit  Gull  (formerly)  or  Cob. 
A  resident,  though  in  much  smaller  num- 
bers than  formerly.  There  are  on  our  coast 
(as  already  stated)  at  least  three  islands  which 
have  derived  the  name  of  '  Pewit  Island,'  and 
several  which  have  derived  the  name  of  'Cob 
Island,'  from  the  former  breeding  of  this  gull 
upon  them.  It  is  now  the  only  species  of  gull 
which  breeds  in  the  county.  It  has  at  present 
only  one  or  two  comparatively  small  breeding 
colonies  among  the  marshes  and  saltings  on  our 
coast  in  place  of  the  many  large  colonies  it  had 
formerly.  There  appears  to  be  no  record  of 
it  having  ever  bred  inland  in  Essex. 

Mediterranean     Black  -  headed     Gull. 
Larus    melanocephalus,    Natterer. 
A  very  rare  straggler.     One  was  shot  near 
Barking  Creek  in  January  1866  (Seebohm  : 
British  Birds,  iii.  315). 

255.  Common  Gull.     Larus  canus,  Linn. 

A  common  winter  visitor.  A  record  that 
it  formerly  bred  on  our  coast  seems  question- 
able (see  Birds  of  Essex,  p.  263). 

256.  Herring-Gull.  Larus  argentatus,  Gmelin. 
Locally,  Great  Cob. 

A  common  winter  visitor,  especially  on  or 
near  the  coast. 


254. 


251 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


257.   Lesser  Black-backed  Gull.    Larus  fuscus,      270.   Puffin.   Fratercula  arctica  (Linn.). 


Linn. 

Locally,  Great  Cob  or  Saddleback. 


An   uncommon  winter   visitor   to  the  sea 
round    our    coast    from     autumn    to    spring. 


As  the  foregoing.      Some   remain   during     Occasionally    found    far    inland    after    rough 


the  summer  but  do  not  breed. 

258.  Great     Black  -  backed     Gull.      Larus 

marinus,  Linn. 

As  the  foregoing.  A  record  that  it  formerly 
bred  in  the  county  seems  doubtful  (see  Birds 
of  Essex,  p.  264). 

259.  Glaucous  Gull.    Larus  glaucus,  Fabricius. 
A  rare  and  occasional  winter  visitor. 

260.  Iceland  Gull.     Larus  leucopterus,  Faber. 
A  scarce   winter  visitor.      One  was  shot 

near  Brightlingsea  on  January  i,  1887,  and 
another  in  Harwich  Harbour  on  December  3, 
1892  (Kerry). 

261.  Kittiwake.      Rtssa  trtdactyla  (Linn.). 

A  winter  visitor.  Common  on  the  coast 
and  often  driven  inland  by  storms. 

262.  Great    Skua.       Megalestrts    catarrhactes 

(Linn.). 

Locally,  Turd-bird  or  Dung-eater. 
A  rare  winter  visitor  to  our  coast. 

263.  Pomatorhine   Skua.      Stercorarius  poma- 

torhinus  (Temminck). 
An  occasional  winter  visitor  to  our  coast. 

264.  Richardson's    Skua.      Stercorarius    crepi- 

datus  (Gmelin). 
An  uncommon  winter  visitor  to  our  coast. 

265.  Buffon's   Skua.      Stercorarius   parasiticus 
(Linn.). 

An  occasional  winter  visitor  to  our  coast. 

266.  Razorbill.     Aka  torda,  Linn. 

Fairly  common  at  sea  round  our  coast  from 
autumn  to  spring.  There  are  in  the  county 
no  breeding  sites  suited  to  its  needs. 

267.  Guillemot.      Uria  troile  (Linn.). 

As  the  foregoing.  The  '  ringed  '  variety  is 
met  with  occasionally. 

268.  Black  Guillemot.      Uria  grylle  (Linn.). 
A  rare  winter  visitor.     One  was  shot  at 

Mersea  in  December  1869. 


weather. 

Great  Northern  Diver.     Colymbus  glacia- 
Ks,  Linn. 

Locally,  Loon  or  Sprat-loon. 
Fairly  common  at  sea  off  our  coast  during 
winter. 

272.  Black-throated  Diver.    Colymbus  arcticus, 

Linn. 

As  the  foregoing,  but  less  common.  After 
severe  storms  individuals  are  sometimes  found 
far  inland. 

273.  Red-throated    Diver.      Colymbus    septen- 

trionalis,  Linn. 
Locally,  Sprat-loon. 

As  the  foregoing,  but  very  much  more 
abundant. 

274.  Great  Crested  Grebe.      Podicipes  cristatus 

(Linn.). 

An  uncommon  winter  visitor  to  our  coast. 
It  has  bred  in  the  county,  so  far  as  is  known, 
on  one  occasion  only — near  Walton-on-the- 
Naze  in  1888  (see  Birds  of  Essex,  p.  275). 

275.  Red-necked  Grebe.      Podicipes  griseigena 

(Boddaert). 

An  uncommon  visitor  to  our  coast  from 
autumn  to  spring. 

276.  Slavonian     Grebe.        Podicipes     auritus 

(Linn.). 
As  the  foregoing. 

277.  Eared       Grebe.        Podicipes      nigricollis 

(Brehm). 
As  the  foregoing. 

278.  Little    Grebe    or    Dabchick.      Podicipes 
ftuviatilis  (Tunstall). 

A  resident,  I  believe,  in  all  or  nearly  all 
parts  of  the  county,  but  scarce  everywhere 
except  on  and  near  the  coast,  where  it  breeds 
in  decreasing  numbers  in  the  marsh  ditches. 

279.  Storm-Petrel.    Procellaria  pelagica,  Linn. 
A    winter    visitor,    generally    seen    when 

blown  in  towards  the  coast  by  severe  storms, 
by  which  it  is  often  driven  far  inland. 

280. 


269.   Little  Auk.      Mergulus  alle  (Linn.).  280.   Leach's  Fork-tailed  Petrel.    Oceanodroma 

An    irregular    winter    visitor  :    sometimes  leucorrhoa  (Vieillot). 

not  uncommon,  especially  after  severe  storms,          A  rare  straggler,  occasionally  blown  inland 
by  which  it  is  occasionally  driven  far  inland.        by  severe  storms  during  winter. 

252 


BIRDS 


281.  Wilson's     Petrel.         Oceanitet    oceanicus 

(KM). 

A  petrel,  bought  at  Doubleday's  sale, 
which  Mr.  Hope  has  (see  Birds  of  Essex,  p. 
271),  is  of  this  species  :  not  Leach's.  There 
is  nothing  to  prove  that  it  is  the  example, 
found  dead  in  a  field  near  Epping  after  a 
storm,  about  the  middle  of  November  1840, 
which  Doubleday  seems  to  speak  of  as  a 
Leach's  petrel  ;  but  this  is  probable,  as  the 
bird  is  believed  to  be  an  Essex  specimen. 

282.  Great     Shearwater.        Puffinm     gravii 

(O'Reilly). 

An  occasional  autumn  and  winter  visitor. 

283.  Manx    Shearwater.      Puffinus    anglorum 

(Temminck). 

As  the  foregoing.  Sometimes  driven  by 
storms  far  inland. 

284.  Fulmar.     Fulmarut  glacia/ls  (Linn.). 

An  occasional  winter  visitor,  seldom  seen 
except  when  driven  ashore  by  severe 
storms. 


ADDENDA 

285  (470).  Grey-headed     Yellow     Wagtail. 

Motacilla  barea/ist  Sundevall. 
A  very  rare  straggler  to  Britain.  An 
example  was  taken  by  some  bird  catchers  in  a 
nightingale  trap,  set  in  the  fields  between 
Southend  and  Shoeburyness,  early  in  May, 
some  six  or  eight  years  ago  (Keulemans). 

286  (ilia).  Lesser   Golden    Plover.     Char- 
adrius  dominicus^  P.  L.  S.'  Muller. 

A  very  rare  straggler  to  Britain,  which  has 
occurred  once  only  in  Essex.  An  example, 
believed  to  be  an  adult  male,  was  shot  on 
August  6,  1896,  at  Shellhaven  Point,  in  the 
Fobbing  marshes,  by  Mr.  H.  Nunn  (Zoo/. 
1897,  p.  330). 

287  (2430).  Gull-billed  Tern.  Sterna  ang/ica, 

Montagu. 

A  rare  straggler  to  Britain.  An  example, 
one  of  five  which  flew  over  Ashdon  on 
May  21,  1901,  was  shot  by  Mr.  Howe,  a 
gamekeeper,  who  still  has  it.  I  have  not  yet 
been  able  to  examine  it.  It  has  been  sub- 
mitted to  Mr.  G.  N.  Maynard,  curator  of 
the  museum  at  Saffron  Walden,  who  believes 
that  its  identification  is  correct. 


SUMMARY 

The  287  species  of  birds  admitted  into  the  foregoing  list  as  belong- 
ing to  the  county  of  Essex  may  be  classified  roughly  as  follows  : — 

Residents 67 

Summer  visitors 35 

Winter  visitors 89 

Passing  migrants 18 

Occasional  stragglers 7^ 


Total 


287 


253 


MAMMALS 

The  highly  cultivated  condition  of  the  county  of  Essex  has  been 
unfavourable  to  the  continued  existence  of  several  of  the  larger  mammals, 
though  Epping  Forest  has  been  a  haven  of  refuge  for  some  species 
that  would  otherwise  have  been  extinct.  The  list  of  Essex  mammals 
(forty-eight  in  number)  compares,  however,  very  favourably  with  the 
total  number  of  recognized  British  mammals,  viz.  seventy-two — forty- 
five  terrestrial  and  twenty-seven  marine. 

Of  bats  the  list  is  larger  than  those  of  most  counties,  for  we  have 
eight  out  of  the  sixteen  described  by  Bell,  who  credits  Essex  with  one 
species,  the  greater  horse-shoe  bat,  apparently  in  mistake.  This  bat  does 
not  exist  anywhere  in  the  county,  certainly  not  in  the  locality  Bell  men- 
tions. If  it  did  exist  some  later  record  would  be  found,  for  it  could  hardly 
escape  observation  either  on  the  wing  or  when  in  the  hand,  its  characters 
being  so  very  distinct  and  unlike  any  other  of  the  family. 

The  badger,  marten  and  polecat  are  now  rare,  especially  the  last 
two,  yet  up  to  the  present  time  individuals  have  continuously  existed. 
Evidence  satisfactorily  shows  that  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  nineteenth 
century  all  of  them  were  fairly  abundant. 

Deer,  in  a  wild  condition,  exist  to-day  in  very  few  English  coun- 
ties. Yet  in  consequence  of  the  survival  in  Essex  of  the  virgin  woods 
of  Epping  Forest,  we  are  enabled  to  claim  these  interesting  animals  as 
members  of  our  fauna,  as  they  have  undoubtedly  been  from  time  imme- 
morial. Fallow  deer  remain  until  the  present  time ;  red  deer  were 
known  until  the  early  years  of  the  nineteenth  century,  when  the 
surviving  members  of  the  wild  herd  were  removed  to  Windsor,  but 
stags  lingered  in  the  Forest  at  least  as  late  as  1827  (Proc.  Essex  Field 
Club,  i.  p.  xlviii.).  A  few  red  deer  have  since  been  re-transferred  to  the 
forest  in  the  hope  of  restoring  the  original  stock,  but  they  proved  so 
destructive  to  the  crops  of  the  neighbouring  farmers  that  they  had  to  be 
destroyed.  A  herd  was  also  introduced  into  Weald  Park  between 
twenty-five  and  thirty  years  ago.  Roe  deer,  which  appear  to  have  been 
by  no  means  rare  in  late  mediaeval  times,  became  extinct  for  many  years  ; 
but  this  species  has  also  been  re-introduced  from  Dorsetshire  and  is 
doing  well. 

Wild  swine  (Sus  scrqfa)  appear  to  have  existed  in  Essex  until  the 
sixteenth  century,  if  not  later.  Amongst  the  muniments  of  Colne  Priory 
is  this  passage  : — 

'The  surveye  of  the  Lordshipps  and  Manors  of  Earls  Colne  and  Colne  Priory, 
parcels  of  the  possession  of  Richard  Harlackenden,  made  in  anno  domini  1598  by 
Israel  Amyse,  Esq., — Chalkney  Wood — this  wood  in  tymes  past  was  impaled  and  the 
Erles  of  Oxcnforde  in  former  times  (for  their  pleasur  bredd  and  maintayned  wilde 

254 


MAMMALS 


swync  in  the  same  untill  the  reigne  of  King  Henry  the  Eight.  About  which  time 
they  were  destroied  by  John  then  Erie  of  Oxenford,  for  that  he  understode  that  the 
inhabitants  thereabout  sustained  by  them  very  great  loss  and  damage.'  (Eisex  Note 
Boot  and  Suffolk  Gleaner,  Nov.  1885,  p.  136.) 

The  large  estuaries  which  form  so  considerable  a  part  of  the  shores 
of  Essex,  and  the  numerous  sand-banks  and  creeks,  are  traps  for  the  capture 
of  a  considerable  number  of  marine  mammals  which  from  time  to  time 
are  stranded  on  their  shores  or  become  entangled  amongst  these  banks. 
The  list  of  these  accidental  visitors  is  much  above  the  average  of  most 
of  the  maritime  counties  of  England  where  such  facilities  for  their 
capture  do  not  exist.  Ten  marine  mammals,  out  of  a  total  list  of 
twenty-seven  recognized  as  British  species,  have  been  recorded  for 
Essex.  These  include  the  porpoise  and  the  bottle-nose  dolphin,  both 
of  which  may  be  seen  frequently  off  this  coast  and  may  therefore  count 
as  regular,  not  accidental,  visitors. 

CHEIROPTERA 


1.  Long-eared  Bat.     Plecotus  auritus,  Linn. 
One  of  the  commonest  bats  in  Essex,  and 

the  one  which  is  most  frequently  found  enter- 
ing open  windows.  Its  haunts  are  usually 
under  the  roofs  of  buildings  ;  sometimes,  but 
not  so  commonly,  in  hollow  trees. 

2.  Barbastelle.  Barbastel/a        barbattellus. 

Schreber. 

Bell — Barbaitellui  daubentmii. 
This  bat  is  not  nearly  so  rare  as  it  is 
generally  considered  to  be.  Its  habits  and  its 
haunts  in  woods  and  hollow  trees  prevent 
its  coming  so  frequently  under  observation. 
When  seen  it  is  usually  flitting  up  and  down 
under  the  lee  of  a  hedge  or  plantation,  and 
its  size  at  this  time  causes  it  to  be  passed  over 
as  a  pipistrelle. 

3.  Serotine.     Vespertilio  serotlnus,  Schreber. 

Bell — Scotophilus  sentinus. 
Twice  only  has  this  bat  been  captured  in 
Essex,  on  one  occasion  near  Chelmsford  by 
Mr.  Miller  Christy.  It  must  therefore  be 
very  rare  in  Essex,  a  rather  extraordinary 
circumstance  considering  the  number  that 
have  been  taken  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  metropolis. 

4.  Great  Bat  or  Noctule.     Pipistrellus  noctula. 

Schreber. 

Bell — Scotophllut   noctula;    White,    l^eipertiKo 
altivolani. 

This  is  a  common  bat  throughout  Essex, 
but  by  its  high-flying  habits  frequently  eludes 
observation.  It  has  its  home  very  frequently 
in  buildings  but  more  commonly  in  hollow 
trees,  and  is  frequent  in  those  within  the  town 
of  Colchester.  White,  in  his  account  of  this 
bat,  allowed  it  a  very  short  period  of  activity, 


but  in  this  district  it  has  a  similar  period  to 
other  bats  and  is  very  frequently  to  be  seen 
as  late  as  the  middle  of  November  flying 
through  the  streets  of  Colchester  hardly  above 
the  houses.  It  is  also  commonly  to  be  seen 
any  autumn  evening  hunting  for  its  prey  low 
down  in  the  valley  of  the  Colne. 

5.  Pipistrelle.   Pipistrellui  pipiitrellus,  Schreber. 

Bell — Scotophilus  pipiitrellut. 
A  common  bat  everywhere,  resting  in  houses 
or  buildings  as  well  as  in  hollow  trees. 

6.  Natterer's  Bat.     Myotis  natter er't.     Kuhl. 

Bell — VeipertiRo  nattereri. 
One  of  the  commonest  bats  in  the  Col- 
chester district,  and  found  frequently  through- 
out Essex.  Cellars,  caverns  (as  those  under 
Colchester  Castle)  and  similar  places,  are 
generally  chosen  as  hibernacula.  Crevices 
in  the  brickwork  of  the  deep  wells  in  Col- 
chester district  would  also  appear  to  be  fre- 
quently selected  for  the  same  purpose,  as  in 
the  late  autumn  these  bats  are  frequently 
drawn  up  in  buckets  with  the  water. 


7.  Daubenton's    Bat. 
Leisler. 


Myotis     daubentoni. 


Bell — fespertiRo  daubentonli. 
Is  not  rare  throughout  the  county  in  suit- 
able localities.  It  may  often  be  found  flying, 
or  rather  flitting,  over  water,  generally  only  a 
short  distance,  sometimes  a  few  inches,  above 
it.  A  small  pond  nicely  sheltered  appears 
to  be  a  sufficient  hunting  ground  for  a  whole 
evening.  It  is  rarely  seen  except  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  water.  It  chooses  similar 
positions  for  the  winter  to  those  selected  by 
Natterer's  bat. 


255 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


8.  Whiskered  Bat.    Myotis  mystacinus,  Leisler.      Essex,   its    habits    in    every   way    resembling 

those  of  that   species.     Both   these  bats  are 
Bell — Vesperttho  mystacmus.  .    '  f        ,         .  .       ,,      , 

constantly   mistaken    for    the  pipistrelle,  but 

Found,  like    Daubenton's  bat,   throughout      they  are  neither  of  them  so  plentiful. 

INSECTIVORA 


1.  Hedgehog.      Erinaceus  europ&us,  Linn. 
Everywhere  common,  in  spite  of  the  con- 
stant persecution  of  all  game  preservers.     Fre- 
quently killed  and  eaten  by  foxes. 

2.  Mole.      Talpa  europtea,  Linn. 
Common  everywhere. 

3.  Common  Shrew.      Sorex  araneus,  Linn. 
Generally  distributed  and  common  every- 
where. 

4.  Pigmy  Shrew.      Sorex  mtnutus,  Linn. 

Bell — Sorex  pygmaus. 


Nearly,  if  not  quite,  as  common  as  the 
preceding  species. 

5.  Water  Shrew.     Neomys  fodiens,  Pallas. 
Bell — Crossopus  fodiens. 

Very  common  in  the  ditches  and  pools  of 
the  marshes,  but  it  is  not  confined  to  these, 
as  it  may  be  found  not  uncommonly  in  all 
streams  and  ponds  throughout  the  county.  It 
is  also  found  at  some  distance  from  water.  A 
most  interesting  animal  to  watch  when  hunt- 
ing in  a  shallow  pool. 


CARNIVORA 


1 .  Fox.     Pulpes  vulpes,  Linn. 

Bell — Vulpes  vulgaris. 
Common  throughout  the  county. 

2.  Marten.     Mustela  martes,  Linn. 

Bell — Martes  abietum. 

The  Rev.  R.  Lubbock  in  his  Fauna  of 
Norfolk  (1845)  says  this  animal  is  still  occa- 
sionally found  in  Essex.  It  was  formerly 
very  common,  and  I  have  heard  old  sportsmen 
speak  of  shooting  it  from  the  deserted  nests  of 
magpies. 

Mr.  H.  M.  Wallis  says  (Zoologist,  1879,  p. 
264):  'In  1822  one  was  killed  at  Waltham 
Woods  near  Chelmsford. 

Mr.  Harting,  writing  in  1880,  says  (Trans. 
Essex  Field  Club,  i.  95),  the  last  killed  in  Essex, 
so  far  as  could  then  be  ascertained,  was  trapped 
in  April,  1853,  by  Mr.  Luffman,  head  keeper 
to  Mr.  Maitland,  in  one  of  that  gentleman's 
covers  at  Loughton. 

From  all  accounts  it  appears,  however,  that 
the  marten  still  exists  in  Essex.  Mr.  E.  A. 
Fitch  of  Maldon,  records  (Essex  Nat.  iv.  153) 
the  existence  of  undoubted  martens  in  Haze- 
leigh  Hall  Wood,  although  he  had  failed  to 
capture  an  individual. 

The  late  Mr.  English  of  Epping  recorded 
(Journal  of  Proc.  Essex  Field  Club,  iv.  64) 
having  seen  one  near  Ambresbury  Banks,  in 
the  Forest,  on  July  30,  1883.  And  there  are 
accounts  from  other  observers  corroborating 
his  statements. 

3.  Polecat.      Putorius  putorius,  Linn. 

Bell — Mustela  putorius. 

Another  member  of  the  mammalian  fauna 


of  England  which  is  rapidly  disappearing  in 
consequence  of  the  great  attention  which  is 
being  paid  to  the  preservation  of  game.  In 
the  earlier  half  of  the  century  just  passed  it 
was  not  at  all  uncommon  in  many  parts  of 
Essex,  and  was  well  known  to  most  of  the 
country  lads  before  1830.  In  the  writer's 
boyhood  it  was  a  very  common  occurrence  to 
disturb  a  polecat  in  a  day's  rabbiting  in 
Paglesham  and  district,  and  there  were  very 
few  of  the  country  lads  who  had  not  experi- 
enced the  truth  of  the  saying  'stinks  like  a 
polecat.'  It  is  probably  not  yet  extinct. 

Mr.  Reginald  Christy  reports  (Essex  Nat. 
ii.  37):  'The  last  specimen  known  to  have 
been  killed  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Roxwell 
was  trapped  on  the  Boyton  Hall  farm  in 
or  about  the  year  1855.' 

4.  Stoat.      Putorius  ermineus,  Linn. 

Bell — Mustela  erminea. 
Still  abundant. 

5.  Weasel.      Putorius  nivalis,  Linn. 

Bell — Mustela  vulgaris. 
Very  common. 

6.  Badger.     Meles  meles,  Linn. 

Bell — Meles  taxus. 

The  badger  is  by  no  means  extinct  in  Essex. 
Some  were  liberated  in  Epping  Forest  by 
Mr.  E.  N.  Buxton  in  1886  and  arc  doing 
well.  In  all  probability  they  were  not  ex- 
tinct there  even  before  these  were  introduced. 
They  certainly  have  never  been  extinct  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Stanway.  In  the  Essex 
Naturalist  (i.  183)  are  records  of  captures  in 
woods  adjoining  Epping  Forest  in  1850  and 
1874,  and  this  appears  to  support  the  idea 


256 


MAMMALS 


that  the  badger  was  not  extinct  in  the  Epping 
district  when  Mr.  Buxton  liberated  some  in 
1886. 

In  1842  there  were  some  badgers'  earths 
or  burrows  on  the  sides  of  the  hill  near  the 
woods  at  South  Bemfleet. 

In  Benton's  History  of  Rochford  Hundred 
(i.  197),  is  a  record  of  one  being  captured  in 
1841  on  Foulness  Island,  and  another  on  New 
England.  Another  was  unearthed  at  Asheld- 
ham  Hall  in  May,  1 891  (Essex  County  Chronicle, 
May  29).  In  1894,  eleven  were  captured 
near  Braintree  (London  Standard,  May  17). 
One  was  shot  in  Brooke's  Wood,  Stisted, 
early  in  May,  1897  (Essex  County  Chronicle, 
May  14,  1897). 

7.  Otter.     Lutra  lutra,  Linn. 

Bell — Lutra  vulgarts. 

Some  years  ago  this  was  a  very  rare  animal 
and  seemed  approaching  extinction,  but  lately 
it  has  become  much  more  common  in  all 
parts  of  the  county.  Most  Essex  rivers 
are  now  haunted  by  otters,  and  they  are  also 


to  be  found  in  the  reed  beds  and  fleets  of 
the  marshes. 

8.  Common  Seal.     Phoca  vitulina,  Linn. 
Occurs  sparingly  on  all  parts  of  the  Essex 

coast,  but  is  not  seen  every  year.  Properly 
speaking  all  the  seals  taken  on  the  shores  of 
this  county  can  only  be  considered  as  stragglers. 

9.  Hooded  Seal.   Cystophora  cristata,  Erxl. 
Mr.  W.  B.  Clark  records  (Zoologist,  1847, 

p.  1870)  the  capture  of  a  specimen  of  this 
seal  in  the  Orwell.  It  is  now  in  the  Ipswich 
Museum.  As  the  Orwell  empties  itself  into 
Harwich  Harbour  we  are  entitled  to  place 
this  seal  in  our  catalogue  of  the  Essex  fauna, 
although  its  normal  habitation  is  within  the 
Arctic  Circle. 

10.  Grey  Seal.    Halichterus  gryphus,  Fabr. 

In  the  Annah  and  Magazine  of  Natural 
History  for  1841  is  a  record  of  the  capture  of 
an  example  of  this  seal  in  the  Colne.  The 
specimen  is  now  in  the  Cambridge  Anatomical 
Museum. 


RODENTIA 


1.  Squirrel.     Sciurui  leucourus,  Kerr. 

Bell — Sciurus  vulgarts. 
Common  throughout  the  county. 

2.  Dormouse.  Muscardinus  avellanarius,  Linn. 

Bell — Myoxtu  avellanariu. 
The  distribution  of  this  animal  in  Essex, 
as  throughout  England,  is  very  unaccount- 
able. In  some  parts  of  the  county  appa- 
rently suitable  to  its  habits  it  is  not  found. 
In  others  of  exactly  similar  character  it  is 
common.  Generally  it  may  be  said  to  be 
found  in  Essex  where  oak  and  hazel  abound, 
or  where  there  is  sufficient  woodland  or  over- 
grown hedgerow  to  protect  it. 

3.  Brown  Rat.     Mus  decumanus,  Pallas. 
Much  too  abundant. 

4.  Black  Rat.     Mus  rattus,  Linn. 

Not  uncommon  in  those  parts  of  the 
county  bordering  on  the  docks.  It  is  a 
question  whether  all  these  are  not  importa- 
tions. Probably  extinct  in  the  inland  parts 
of  Essex. 

5.  House  Mouse.     Mus  musculus,  Linn. 
Abundant  everywhere. 

6.  Long-tailed  Field  Mouse  or  Wood  Mouse. 

Mm  syhiaticus,  Linn. 
Abundant  everywhere. 


7.  Harvest  Mouse.     Mus  minutus,  Pallas. 

Until  the  last  three  years  this  mouse  had 
been  frequent  throughout  Essex.  The  close 
cutting  of  the  stubble  has  been  assigned  as 
a  cause  of  the  present  infrequency  of  it,  but 
this  can  scarcely  be  the  case  as  the  closely 
cut  stubble  has  been  the  rule  here  for  years. 

8.  Water    Vole    or    Water    Rat.      Mtcrotus 

amphibius,   Linn. 
Bell — Arvicola  ampbibius. 
Common  wherever    there    are  streams  or 
pools.     Black  varieties  occasionally  are  found. 

9.  Field  Vole.     Microtus  agrestis,  Linn. 

Bell — Arvicola  agrestis. 
Abundant  in  all  grass  lands. 

10.  Bank  Vole.    Evotomys  glareolus,  Schreber. 
Bell — Arv'uola  glareolus. 

Does  not  appear  to  be  very  frequent  in 
Essex,  although  it  was  from  this  county  that 
Yarrell  obtained  the  first  British  specimen 
recorded.  Probably  it  may  be  much  more 
common  than  supposed  if  all  voles  captured 
were  examined  more  carefully. 

1 1 .  Common  Hare.     Ltpus  europaus,  Pallas. 
Bell — Lepus  timiJiu. 

Formerly  very  frequent,  but  now  in  some 
districts  approaching  extinction  in  consequence 


257 


33 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


of  persecution    and   want  of  protection,  the 
results  of  the  Ground  Game  Act. 


12.  Rabbit.     Ltpus  cuniculus,  Linn. 
Much  too  abundant  everywhere. 


UNGULATA 


1.  Red  Deer.     Cervus  elaphus,  Linn. 

Mr.  J.  E.  Harting  quotes  (Essex  Nat.  i. 
55)  from  a  manuscript  note  by  Gary  himself 
in  a  copy  of  Gary's  Survey  of  the  Country 
fifteen  miles  round  London,  1786  (owned  by 
Mr.  B.  S.  Cole),  the  statement  that  the 
Crown  had  an  unlimited  right  to  keep  deer 
in  Epping  Forest,  of  which,  duringCary's  time, 
and  also  when  Norden  wrote  his  Description 
of  Essex,  1594  (ed.  1840,  p.  9),  there  was  a 
goodly  stock  both  of  red  and  fallow  deer. 

About  1827,  according  to  Mr.  J.  E. 
Harting  (Trans.  Essex  Field  Club,  i.  79), 
the  last  red  deer  were  removed  from  Epping 
Forest  to  Windsor.  Until  that  date  this 
species  had  continuously  from  the  earliest 
times  been  a  resident  in  a  wild  condition  in 
this  county,  as  the  various  mention  of  red 
deer  in  the  Forest  records  attest.  It  is  stated 
(Fisher's  Forest  of  Essex,  1887,  p.  220)  that 
an  effort  had  been  made  a  few  years  previously 
to  restore  red  deer  to  the  Forest  by  bringing 
back  some  from  Windsor.  The  experiment, 
however,  was  not  very  successful,  and  so  many 
complaints  were  made  of  the  damage  they 
caused  that  it  was  considered  desirable  to 
remove  them,  and  orders  were  given  for  them 
to  be  destroyed.  It  is  said  (Zoologist,  1888,  p. 
74)  that  some  still  exist  in  the  Forest,  but 
whether  there  are  any  remaining  or  not  the 
species  may  with  justice  be  added  to  the  list, 
for,  with  the  exception  of  perhaps  fifty  years 
of  the  last  century,  the  Forest  has  never  been 
without  wild  red  deer.  Professor  Flower 
records  (Zoologist,  1887,  p.  344)  the  existence 
of  a  small  herd  in  Takeley  Forest  near  Hat- 
field  Broad  Oak,  the  progeny  of  a  single 
hind  lost  by  the  hounds  during  a  chase. 

2.  Fallow  Deer.     Cervus  dama,  Linn. 

This  animal  is  probably  an  introduction 
into  Britain,  but  as  it  has  been  many  cen- 
turies truly  feral  in  Epping  Forest,  we  may 
fairly  claim  it  as  an  Essex  animal.  Although 
fossil  or  semi-fossil  remains  of  the  red  and 
roe  deer  are  not  infrequently  discovered,  none 
of  the  fallow  deer  have  yet  come  to  light. 

The   judicial    decision    which    fortunately 


placed  Epping  Forest  under  the  charge  of 
the  Corporation  of  London  came  just  in 
time  to  save  the  remnant  of  the  Epping 
fallow  deer,  as  in  1870  the  stock  of  the 
Forest  had  dwindled  down  to  only  five  or 
six  brace  of  deer  and  one  buck  (Fisher's 
Forest  of  Essex,  p.  221  ;  the  Field,  August 
5,  1876,  p.  156;  and  Zoologist,  1888,  p. 
74)- 

Mr.  J.  E.  Harting  says  (Essex  Nat.  i.  46) : 
'  The  fallow  deer  have  held  their  own  in 
spite  of  all  difficulties  until  the  present  time, 
and  have  strangely  preserved  their  ancient 
character  in  regard  to  size  and  colour.  They 
are  comparatively  small  in  size,  of  a  uniform 
dark  brown,  almost  black  colour,  in  which 
respect  they  vary  from  herds  in  other  parts 
of  the  country,  and  with  very  attenuated 
antlers  ' — characters  which  he  considers  show 
by  their  persistency  the  probable  antiquity  of 
the  stock. 

There  are  now  at  least  200  fallow  deer 
in  Epping  Forest,  all  apparently  with  the 
same  characteristics  as  above  described. 

3.  Roe  Deer.     Capreolus  capreolus,  Linn. 
Bell — Capreolus  caprea. 

Mr.  Harting  shows  (Essex  Nat.  i.  58)  con- 
clusively from  charters,  court  rolls,  and  other 
satisfactory  proofs,  some  of  them  geological, 
that  the  roe  was  formerly  an  inhabitant  of 
Essex.  It  disappeared  from  the  forest  of 
Essex  apparently  before  Norden  wrote  his 
Description  of  Essex  in  1594. 

Mr.  Harting  also  details  the  active  part  he 
took,  in  company  with  Mr.  E.  N.  Buxton, 
one  of  the  verderers  of  Epping  Forest,  in 
successfully  reintroducing  to  the  Forest  in 
1884  this  interesting  and  beautiful  creature, 
and  we  are  thereby  enabled  to  add  this  species 
to  the  Essex  list  (see  also  Field,  April  5,  1884, 
pp.  487-8).  In  1897  the  Field  further 
reported  that  the  roes  were  doing  well,  and 
are  supposed  to  number  over  twenty. 

In  excavating  the  remains  of  a  Roman 
building  at  West  Mersea,  in  1897,  bones  and 
antlers  of  the  roe  deer,  were  found,  with 
those  of  the  sheep  and  the  small  Celtic  ox. 


CETACEA 


I.  Common  Rorqual.      Baleenoptera  musculus, 
Linn.     (Baleenoptera  physalis).1 


There  are  numerous  records  of  the  capture 
or  of  the  stranding  of  this  whale  on  various 

1  The  names  in  brackets  are  those  advocated  by  Dr.  F.  W.  True,  of  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
in  his  revision  of  the  names  of  the  European  whalebone  whales  (Pne.  U.S.  Nat.  Mus.  xxi.  617—35). 

258 


MAMMALS 


parts  of  our  coasts.  If  there  may  be  room  for 
doubt  concerning  the  identification  of  many 
of  the  specimens,  there  can  be  none  with 
reference  to  that  captured  at  Burn  ham  on 
February  12,  1901,  as  this  was  examined  and 
fully  described  by  Mr.  Walter  Crouch  (Essex 
Nat.  v.  124). 

2.  Rudolphi's  Rorqual.     Balanopttra  borealis, 

Lesson. 
Bell — Baltenoptera  laticepi. 

This  whale,  said  to  be  rare  on  the  British 
coasts,  has  been  four  times  captured  in  Essex 
water  within  the  last  few  years.  The  first 
record  of  this  whale  as  an  Essex  species  is  by 
Dr.  J.  E.  Gray  (Proc.  Zoo/.  Sac.  1864,  p.  218), 
who  mentions  one  being  found  in  Hope  Reach, 
in  the  Thames  near  Gravesend,  in  the  year 
1859.  The  second  was  stranded  and  killed 
near  Cricksea,  in  the  river  Crouch,  on  Novem- 
ber 8,  1883.  It  was  identified  by  Professor 
Flower  and  described  by  him  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc. 
1883,  p.  514).  The  third  was  found  dead 
at  Tilbury,  and  was  identified,  drawn  and 
described  by  Mr.  Walter  Crouch  (Essex  Nat. 
ii.  41).  The  fourth  was  captured  in  the 
Medway,  and  having  passed  through  the 
Thames  estuary  must  have  been  in  Essex 
waters.  This  also  was  identified  and  de- 
scribed by  Mr.  Walter  Crouch  in  the 
Rochester  Naturalist  for  1888,  where  a  figure 
and  measurements  are  given. 

3.  Lesser    Rorqual.       Baltenoptera     rostrata, 

Fabricius      (Baltenoptera      acuto-rostra, 

Lacep.). 

This  is  one  of  the  best  marked  and  most 
easily  distinguished  species  of  the  family,  and 
at  the  same  time  one  of  the  most  common  on 
our  coasts.  It  has  occurred  in  the  Thames 
several  times.  One  is  recorded  and  figured 
(Zoologist,  1843,  p.  33),  and  is  now  preserved 
in  the  British  Museum.  Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch 
records  (Zoologist,  Nov.  15,  1900)  the  capture 
of  a  small  female  in  Mayland  Creek. 

4.  Sperm    Whale.       Physeter     macrocephalus, 

Linn. 

This  tropical  whale  has  occasionally 
wandered  to  the  shores  of  our  island.  A 
live  one  ran  ashore  in  the  Thames  in  1788 
(Bell's  Brit.  Quad.  ed.  2,  p.  417).  Dale 
(Hist,  of  Harwich,  ed.  2,  1732,  p.  413) 
mentions  one  caught  in  the  Thames. 

An  original  manuscript  letter  from  Wal- 
berswick,  Suffolk,  dated  March  7,  1788,  pre- 
served in  the  British  Museum  copy  of  the 
volume  of  the  Philosophical  Transactions  for 
1787,  records  the  appearance  of  twelve 


sperm  whales  after  a  hard  gale  of  northerly 
winds  in  February,  1763.  Two  of  these 
were  driven  ashore  dead  on  the  coast  of 
Essex — the  writer  does  not  say  at  what 
point.  He  cut  up  however  more  than  one 
of  the  twelve,  and  gives  the  dimensions  of 
some  of  the  animals. 

5.  Bottle-Nose  or  Common  Beaked  Whale. 

Hyperoodon  rostratus,  Chemnitz. 
A  well-known  and  easily  distinguished 
species.  There  are  several  records  of  its  cap- 
ture on  the  Essex  coasts.  Hunter  records 
one  captured  in  the  Thames  in  1783,  above 
London  Bridge  (Bell's  Brit.  Quad.  ed.  2, 
p.  423).  Dale  (Hiit.  of  Harwich,  ed.  2, 
p.  412)  mentions  one  captured  in  the  Black- 
water,  and  in  July,  1891,  two  males  occurred 
in  the  Thames  (Essex  Nat.  v.  170). 

6.  Grampus.      Orca  gladiator,  Lacepcde. 
Hunter  records  the  capture  of  three  speci- 
mens in  the  Thames  towards  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth    century   (see    Bell's    Brit.  Quad. 
ed.   2,   p.    446).     There    is    in    the    British 
Museum    the    skull    of    one    taken    on    the 
Essex  coast  (Zoologist,   1873,  P-   3429)>  ant^ 
Dale   (Hist,  of  Harwich,   p.   412)   mentions 
another  specimen. 

7.  Risso's  Grampus.    Grampus  griseus,  Cuvier. 

One  of  this  species  was  found  stranded  in 
the  Crouch  about  September  5,  1885,  just 
above  the  spot  where  Rudolphi's  rorqual, 
previously  mentioned,  was  stranded.  The 
remains  of  the  skull  and  lower  jaw  were 
deposited  in  the  British  Museum,  and  Pro- 
fessor Flower,  after  examining  them,  con- 
firmed the  identification  (see  Zoologist,  1888, 
p.  260). 

8.  Porpoise.      Phoctena  communis,  Cuvier. 
Very    common    on    the    coasts  and    often 

seen  in  the  rivers. 

9.  Bottle-Nosed    Dolphin.       Tursiops    tursio, 

Fabricius. 

Bell — Delphlnus  tursio. 

Generally  considered  rare,  but  it  is  not  so 
on  the  Essex  coasts,  where  it  may  often  be 
seen.  There  are  records  of  many  captures 
(Zoologist,  1882,  pp.  147-351). 

10.  White-beaked   Dolphin.     Delphinus  albi- 

rostris,  J.  E.  Gray. 

On  September  n,  1889,  a  school  of  nine 
specimens  of  this  rare  cetacean  visited  the 
Colne  ;  five  of  them  were  captured  (see 
Zoologist,  1889,  p.  382). 


259 


HISTORY  OF  KSSEX 


PRE-HISTOI 


THE    VICTORIA    HISTORY'; 


ID    REMAINS. 


_~   PatoOlllhlo  Implement! 

A    Neolithic  C*IU,  Ae. 

X    Ironie  Wemponi  and  Implement* 


HE    COUNT  US    Of     tNGLANO 


EARLY   MAN 


REGARD   being  had   to   the  necessarily  uncertain   date  of  the 
various  archaeological  remains  of  early  man,  the  period  covered 
by  this  section  of  the  local  history  cannot  be  arbitrarily  limited, 
but  may  broadly  be  said  to  include  the  vast  succession  of  ages 
between  the  appearance  of  man,  as  evidenced  by  his  earliest  handiwork, 
and  the  dawn  of  British  history  faintly  traced  in  the  writings  of  Roman 
historians.     Nor  can   a   terminal  limit  be  fixed   at  the   advent  of  the 
imperial  power,  for  many  stone,  bronze  and  iron  implements  and  much 
rude  pottery  must  necessarily  be  classed  as  prehistoric,  some  of  which 
may,  for  ought  we  know,  have  been  fabricated  in  Romano-British  days, 
while  British  coins  were  struck  long  after  the  Romans  first  attempted 
the  conquest  of  the  island. 

THE    PALEOLITHIC    PERIOD 

In  Essex  few  finds  have  been  unearthed  which  raise  the  question  of 
the  existence  of  human  beings  in  preglacial  days '  ;  nevertheless,  to  ages 
so  remote  that  no  approximation  of  date  is  possible  must  be  assigned  the 
first  traces  of  man's  presence. 

Our  land  was  then  separated  from  the  north-west  of  Europe  only 
by  the  waters  of  a  great  river  flowing  northward,  occupying  a  minute 
part  of  the  space  now  covered  by  the  North  Sea,  and  no  channel 
separated  the  chalk  hills  of  Dover  from  Cape  Gris  Nez. 

The  waters  which  flowed  through  ancient  valleys  have  left  deposits 
of  loam,  sand  and  gravel,  forming  the  strata  yielding  the  major  part  of 
the  implements  of  palaeolithic  man. 

Some  of  these  valleys  remain,*  but  so  altered  by  geological  changes 
since  that  period  that  the  gravel  terraces,  once  below  water,  now  form 
the  building  ground  of  (for  example)  parts  of  Leyton,  Walthamstow, 
Clapton  and  Stoke  Newington. 

It  was  from  these  terraces  that  Mr.  Worthington  G.  Smith  obtained 
many  specimens  which  now  enrich  the  British  Museum,  and  from  that 
source  came  numerous  finds  presented  by  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy 
to  the  Essex  Field  Club  collections.  The  Thames  valley  has  yielded 
evidence  of  the  presence  of  man  at  many  points  on  its  old  terraces. 

1  Mr.  J.  E.  Greenhill  expressed  the  opinion  that  there  was  proof  of  the  presence  of  man  in  both 
interglacial  and  preglacial  ages,  and  referred  specially  to  an  implement  found  below  chalky  boulder 
drift  at  Newport  in  Essex  (Eistx  Field  Club  Journal,  iv.  95). 

*  The  broad  rivers  which  eroded  the  valleys  are  now  represented  by  narrower  streams  flowing  at 
lower  levels. 

261  33  A 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Other  Essex  examples  have  been  found  in  the  Roding  and  smaller 
river  valleys,  while  some  finds  have  been  made  in  the  gravel  on  higher 
ground. 

Coeval  with  the  mammoth  and  Rhinoceros  tichorkinus,  now  long 
extinct,  and  with  the  reindeer,  hippopotamus,  bison,  hyaena  and  other 
animals  no  longer  habitant  in  England,  man  waged  war  against  beasts 
of  forest  and  fen,  his  weapons  being  of  wood  or  stone. 

The  paucity  in  variety  of  weapons  indicates  a  savage  condition  in 
which  man's  wants  were  few  ;  while  the  chipped,  but  never  ground  or 
polished,  tools  show  the  narrow  limit  of  his  ideas  of  fabrication  ;  but 
within  those  lines  his  works  were  excellent  for  their  purpose,  and  dis- 
play judgment  in  the  selection  of  material  and  skill  in  shaping  it. 

Flint  was  in  most  cases  the  material  used  for  the  palaeolithic  weapons 
which  have  survived,  and  the  varieties  consist  mainly  of  flakes,  oval 
cutters  and  tongue  or  pear-shaped  pointed  implements  ;  no  relics  which 
can  with  certainty  be  described  as  arrowheads  have  been  discovered,  but 
the  sharply-pointed  little  triangular  flints  may  have  been  used  for  arrow- 
heads or  served  as  javelin  points. 

The  flakes,  which  probably  were  used  as  scraping  and  cutting 
instruments,  are  of  much  the  same  character  as  those  of  the  neolithic 
period  to  be  presently  mentioned,  but  generally  speaking  they  may  be 
described  as  larger,  coarser,  thicker  and  broader.1 

The  tools  referred  to  as  oval  cutters  partake  sometimes  of  more 
circular  shape  ;  they  are  flat  in  form  and  usually  carefully  chipped 
round  the  edge.  It  has  been  suggested  that  they  were  frequently  used 
as  missiles,  but  probably  their  use  was  multiplex  (fig.  i). 

The  implements  which  are  best  described  as  tongue-shaped  or  pear- 
shaped  are  the  most  characteristic  weapons  of  palaeolithic  man,  serving 
probably  as  his  constant  companions  in  war,  the  chase  and  everyday  life. 
They  vary  considerably  in  size,  as  in  gradations  of  form,  though  all  may 
be  regarded  as  pointed  implements.  Most  of  our  examples  have  a 
rounded  butt,  from  which  the  sides  taper.  Some  were  probably  hafted 
to  handles,  others  possibly  fixed  to  the  end  of  wooden  spears,  but  most 
would  be  suitable  for  use  in  the  hand  alone.  Though  not  exactly  of 
the  celt  or  chisel  form,  these  weapons  may  have  been  the  embryo  of 
the  neolithic  celt,  which  in  its  turn  was  the  parent  of  bronze  and  iron 
axes,  hatchets  and  adzes  (fig.  2). 

A  '  palaeolithic  floor  '  at  Little  or  East  Thurrock  provided  Mr. 
Worthington  G.  Smith  with  a  fossilized  antler,  showing  an  artificial 
fracture  produced  by  the  straight  edge  of  a  palaeolithic  weapon,  but  it  is 
rare  to  find  relics  of  man  of  this  period  in  any  material  other  than  stone.2 

Cave  dwellings  of  later  palaeolithic  men  have  in  some  parts  of  the 
kingdom  yielded  a  great  variety  of  weapons  of  stone  and  of  bone,  and 
examples  of  rudimentary  art  in  incised  pictures,  but  we  have  discovered 

1  Evans'  Ancient  Stone  Implements  (1897),  p.  642. 

2  Wood  has  been  found  on  the  palaeolithic  ground  of  the  Lea  gravels,  and  may  have  been  used 
for  stakes,  clubs,  hut  roof  timbers  or  other  purposes. 

262 


Fie.  i.     Sole  | 

PALEOLITHIC  WEAPON  OF  OVAL  FORM 
FROM  THE  LEA  VALLEY. 

(Forest  Museum,  Chingford) 


Fic.  2.     Scale  J 

PALEOLITHIC  WEAPON   FROM  THE  LEA 
VALLEY. 

(Foreit  Museum,  Chingford) 


Fiot  j.     Scale  J 
NEOLITHIC  CELT  FROM   INXVORTH. 

(Mr.  Beaumont'i  Collection) 


FIG.  4.     Scale  § 

NEOLITHIC  CELT  FROM  STISTED. 
(Mr.  Beaumont's  Collection) 


To  fat  pegt  262. 


EARLY    MAN 

no  traces  of  cave-dwellers  in  Essex,  though  it  is  possible  that  the  chalk 
range  of  the  north-west  or  the  outcrop  on  the  south  afforded  opportunity 
for  excavating  such  homes.1 

THE    NEOLITHIC    PERIOD 

Ere  neolithic  man  appeared  great  geological  changes  occurred, 
separating  our  lands  from  the  continent  by  a  channel.  How  long  a 
time  elapsed  before  the  new  race  occupied  the  land  we  know  not,  nor 
where  the  continuity  of  the  human  species  was  maintained.  We  do 
know  that  man  survived  in  more  favoured  regions  of  the  earth,  if  not 
here,  and  migrated  thence,  bringing  with  him  a  higher  civilization  than 
had  existed  in  the  older  times. 

That  he  was  far  in  advance  of  his  palaeolithic  predecessors  is  amply 
evidenced  by  the  greater  variety  of  implements,  the  higher  finish  of 
many,  and  the  introduction  of  pottery.  The  most  prolific  sources  of 
relics  have  been  burial  barrows  (generally  long  in  shape  and  with 
skeleton  remains,  showing  that  the  practice  of  inhumation  prevailed), 
the  sites  of  lake  or  mere-dwellings,  and  those  of  neolithic  manufac- 
tories. 

That  the  characteristic  long  barrows  of  neolithic  man  have  existed 
in  Essex  is  likely,  but  probably  in  the  days  of  prosperous  agricultural 
operations  every  example  was  destroyed,  and  we  can  only  surmise  the 
possibility  of  their  existence  at  places  where  many  relics  have  been 
found  together.  Nor  have  we  yet  discovered  any  example  of  a  pile  or 
fascine  dwelling  of  undoubted  neolithic  date,  though  it  seems  possible 
that  the  recently-discovered  traces  of  early  habitation  in  the  hollow  of 
the  Brain  or  Pod  river  near  Braintree  are  of  very  early  origin  (see  p.  270). 

It  is  tolerably  certain  that  a  '  factory '  existed  near  Walton-on-the- 
Naze,  where  so  many  neolithic  weapons  have  been  unearthed,  as  chips 
and  waste  are  also  found. 

The  wide  range  of  articles  of  the  neolithic  period  makes  it  necessary 
to  refer  to  the  principal  forms  only. 

Typical  neolithic  celts  are  of  well-polished  flint  or  other  hard  stone, 
but  some  which  we  know  to  be  of  the  same  period,  from  the  circumstances 
of  the  discoveries,  are  rough-hewn  or  chipped,  as  were  the  palaeolithic 
weapons. 

The  celts  were  used  as  hatchets,  adzes  or  axes,  the  cutting  end  of  the 
weapon  being  sharpened  to  an  efficient  edge  by  grinding.1  Stone  imple- 
ments of  similar  form  are  still  used  by  the  North  American  Indians  as 
skinners  for  removing  the  hides  of  animals  from  the  flesh  (figs.  3,  4). 

Wheresoever  neolithic  man's  traces  are  observable,  we  find  flakes  of 
flint — some  mere  wasters  thrown  aside  when  the  parent  block  was  struck 

1  The  Hon.  R.  C.  Neville  (afterwards  Lord  Braybrooke)  in  1848  opened  a  chamber  at  Heydon 
on  the  extreme  north-west  of  Essex,  which  contained  Roman  remains.  The  chamber  may  possibly 
have  been  excavated  long  before  Romano-British  days,  though  used  in  that  period. 

*  A  remarkable  example  from  Walton,  of  greenstone,  with  grooves  worked  vertically  to  its  cutting 
edge,  is  in  Dr.  Layer's  collection. 

263 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

in  manufacturing  knives,  scrapers,  etc.1 — others  carefully  chipped  at  the 
edge,  suggesting  their  use  as  cutting  or  rasping  instruments. 

Small  circular  or  oval  implements  chipped  to  a  sharp  edge  are 
frequently  found.  It  is  generally  thought  that  these  were  used  as 
scrapers  in  preparing  the  skins  of  animals  for  clothing,  for  shaping 
wood  for  implements,  etc.  (fig.  5). 

In  arrowheads  our  Essex  collections  are  poor,  though  some  have 
been  found  (figs.  6,  7).  To  the  legends  and  folklore  gathered  round 
these  '  fairy  weapons '  space  will  not  allow  us  to  refer  ;  suffice  it  to  say 
that  even  to  this  day  a  certain  or  uncertain  power  of  preservation  from 
evil  is  in  some  quarters  attributed  to  them.  The  use  of  arrowheads 
of  flint  and  obsidian  continued  long  after  the  neolithic  period,  and  has 
hardly  yet  died  out  in  certain  remote  parts  of  the  world. 

Longer  pieces  of  flint,  pointed  and  chipped  to  a  cutting  edge,  served 
as  spearheads,  or  maybe  were  hafted  to  handles  for  use  as  daggers  and 
knives  (figs.  8,  9,  10). 

Pestles  for  pounding  or  grinding  corn  and  food  are  occasionally 
found,  but  as  their  use  extended  to  later  days  it  is  impossible  to  say 
with  certainty  that  all  appertain  to  the  neolithic  age.  From  the  sur- 
roundings there  can  be  no  doubt  that  an  example  in  Mr.  Spalding's 
collection  belongs  to  the  period,  but  a  remarkable  implement  from 
Epping  Forest  (Loughton  parish)  may  have  been  fashioned  by  those 
Late  Celtic  men  who  built  the  earthwork  fort  near. 

It  is  composed  of  hornblendic  granite,  or  hornblendic  gneiss, 
12^  inches  long,  tapering  from  a  diameter  of  2  inches  to  if  inches, 
and  has  been  pecked  and  partially  ground  into  shape.  It  is  fully 
described  by  Mr.  Worthington  G.  Smith  in  the  Essex  Naturalist 
(1888,  vol.  ii.),  and  may  be  seen  in  the  Forest  Museum  at  Chingford. 

Occasionally,  holed  hammerheads,  axes,  or  maces  of  hard  stone  are 
found3  (figs.  11,  12).  A  fine  hammerhead,  discovered  at  Epping,  is 
illustrated  in  the  Essex  Naturalist,  viii.  1 64. 

The  discovery  of  spindle-whorls  indicates  a  knowledge  of  that 
primitive  method  of  spinning,  while  finds  of  weavers'  weights  show 
that  weaving  was  practised,  at  all  events,  in  the  later  part  of  the  period. 

Of  neolithic  pottery  Essex  has  few  or  no  recorded  examples, 
though  doubtless  in  the  recent  dark  ages  of  archaeology  many  an  urn 
may  have  been  smashed  by  the  plough  or  the  spade.3 

Though  the  advent  of  a  people  who  understood  the  art  of  smelting 
metals  stopped  the  exclusive  use  of  stone  and  bone  for  weapons,  it  must 
be  remembered  that  stone  implements  were  used  for  a  long  period  after 

1  In  the  shed  of  one  of  the  present-day  workers  of  gun  flints  at  Brandon  a  bushel  of  such  wasters 
was  heaped. 

2  Sir  John  Evans  considers  that  perforated  implements  belong  to  the  very  late  neolithic  or  early 
bronze  ages.     An  example  in  Saffron  Walden  Museum  of  basaltic  stone  has  a  clean-cut  hole,  apparently 
bored  with  a  metal  tool. 

3  Near  Birdbrook  two  tumuli  were  levelled  to  the  ground,  when,  according  to  the  testimony  of  an 
agricultural  labourer,  '  some  rubbishy  pots  were  found  instead  of  gold.'     The  tumuli  may  have  been 
Romano-British,  but  their  shape  was  suggestive  of  the  neolithic  period. 

264 


FIG.  5.     Scale  } 
SCRAPER  FROM   WALTON. 

(Dr.  Layer's  Collection) 


FIG.  8.     Scale  ij 
WEAPON   FROM   SHOEBURY. 

(Dr.  Layer's  Collection) 


FIG.  6.      Scale   \ 

LEAF-SHAPED  ARROWHEAD 
FROM   WALTON. 

(Dr.  Laver's  Collection) 


FIG.  9.     Scale  | 
KNIFE   FROM   DOVERCOURT. 

(Dr.  Layer's  Collection) 


FIG.  7.     Scale  \ 
BARBED  ARROWHEAD   FROM 

WALTON. 
(Dr.  Layer's  Collection) 


Fie.  10.      Scale  'J 
SPEARHEAD   FROM   WALTON. 
(Mr.  Spalding's  Collection) 


FIG.  u.     Scale  | 

FROM  THE  BLACKWATER  NEAR  STANSGATE. 
(Dr.  Layer's  Collection) 


FIG.  12.     Scale  | 

FROM  COLCHESTER. 

(Dr.  Layer's  Collection) 

To  Jaft 


2  *».(  . 


FIG.  13.      5  inches  high. 

FROM   CHESTERFORD. 

(Saffron  Walden  Museum) 


FIG.  14.      5^  inches  high. 
FROM   GREAT  CLACTON. 

(Colchester  Museum) 


FIG.  i  5.      5  inches  high. 
FROM   GREAT  CLACTON. 

(Colchester   Museum) 


FIG.  1 6.     4|  inches  high. 
FROM   GREAT  OAKLEY. 

(Colchester  Museum) 


FIG.  17.     22.J  inches  high. 
FROM  COLCHESTER. 

(Colchester  Museum) 


To  face  page  265. 


EARLY    MAN 

the  passing  away  of  the  neolithic  age,  and  indeed  have  been  fashioned 
and  used  to  the  present  day  by  uncivilized  races.1 

THE   BRONZE   PERIOD 

It  is  tolerably  certain  that  the  introduction  of  the  use  of  metals 
here  was  accomplished  by  the  advent  of  an  alien  race. 

They  practised  a  different  mode  of  sepulture,  generally  burning 
the  body  instead  of  burying  it,  as  was  usually  the  neolithic  habit. 
They  reared  round  instead  of  long  barrows  over  the  dead,  and  their 
osseous  remains  indicate  a  broader-headed  people  than  is  shown  by  the 
skulls  of  neolithic  men. 

Though  the  two  races  continued  to  a  large  extent  co-existent,  the 
strangers  (who  are  generally  recognized  as  the  first  of  '  Celtic '  race  to 
touch  our  shores)  drove  neolithic  men  from  the  more  temperate  and 
fruitful  parts  of  the  land. 

Sir  John  Evans  thinks  that  the  bronze  period  may  have  com- 
menced here  c.  1200  to  1400  years  B.C.  and  endured  for  not  less  than 
eight  or  ten  centuries,  which  would  bring  it  down  to  about  500  B.C.  ; 
but  weapons  to  some  extent,  and  ornaments  more  largely,  were  made  of 
bronze  long  after  the  introduction  of  iron.*  Swords  and  beautiful  orna- 
ments of  this  material  are  found  in  many  collections  of  Romano-British 
relics,  and  it  has  been  said  that  even  at  the  battle  of  Hastings  (1066  A.D.) 
some  use  was  made  of  bronze  weapons.  This  however  is  open  to  grave 
doubt,  the  notion  being  based  upon  an  expression  in  Wace's  poem,  writ- 
ten in  the  twelfth  century. 

It  is  to  the  bronze  age  we  must  assign  the  dawn  of  decorative  art. 
It  gave  vast  variety  of  weapons,  implements,  ornaments  and  pottery, 
while  some  of  the  hill  fortresses  of  our  land  owe  their  creation  to  that 
period. 

The  antiquities  are  too  numerous  to  admit  of  more  than  the  brief- 
est reference  ;  they  include  pottery,  celts  or  hatchets  and  adzes,  spear- 
heads, gouges,  sickles,  knives  and  other  implements  of  bronze,  and 
personal  ornaments  and  domestic  articles  of  metal,  stone,  bone  and  horn. 

Pottery  was  made  and  decorated  with  an  art  in  advance  of  neolithic 
efforts.  We  give  illustrations  of  four  vessels  probably  of  the  earliest 
part  of  the  bronze  period  (figs.  13,  14,  15,  16). 

Among  the  various  vessels  of  this  age  in  the  Colchester  Museum  is 
the  large  example  which  we  illustrate.  It  was  found  in  the  town  in 
1889,  is  ^^\  inches  high  and  15  inches  wide  at  the  top,  and  is  of  a 
pale  red  colour  roughly  decorated  in  the  manner  shown.  The  chevron 
pattern  on  the  upper  band  is  formed  of  three  rows  of  distinct  impres- 
sions ;  below  this  is  a  raised  cordon  ornamented,  while  the  body  is 
covered  with  simple  indentations  (fig.  17). 

Workers  in  bronze   (a  mixture  of  copper  and  tin)   seem  to  have 

1  In  Borneo  timber  is  still  felled  with  adzes  of  stone,  though  the  natives  possess  beautifully  finished 
and  decorated  steel  weapons  (Ironwork,  by  J.  Starlde  Gardner,  1893). 

1  Some  scholars  are  inclined  to  an  earlier  date  and  estimate  it  at  about  2000  B.C.  Dr.  Schrader 
considers  that  it  is  to  Babylonia  we  owe  the  discovery  of  the  art  of  making  bronze  (Athenaeum,  June  8, 1 90 1 ). 
i  265  34 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

travelled  the  land,  carrying  their  material  and  casting  it  into  weapons 
as  required.  Though  isolated  celts  have  occasionally  been  found,  it  is 
mainly  to  the  hoards  of  the  workers  that  we  are  indebted  for  the  finds 
of  bronze  weapons  in  Essex,  a  county  devoid  of  traces  of  such  burial 
mounds  of  that  age  as  have  in  other  counties  yielded  a  harvest  of  anti- 
quities. 

Some  of  the  hoards  may  have  been  the  property  of  dealers  or 
merchants  rather  than  founders,  but  when  we  discover  lumps  of  raw 
metal  and  broken  weapons  (with  or  without  the  finished  articles),  there 
can  be  little  doubt  that  they  were  the  stock-in-trade  of  a  bronze  founder. 

The  founder's  hoard  discovered  on  Lord  Rookwood's  estate  in  Hat- 
field  Broad  Oak  parish  in  1893  included  not  only  the  metal  for  fusing 


FIG.  i 8. 
PENANNULAR  ARMLET  FROM  SnoEBURY.1 


FIG.  19. 
PALSTAVE  FROM  SnoEBURY.1 


but  the  remains  of  the  earthen  pot  in  which  the  hoard  was  contained. 
In  addition  to  perfect  socketed  celts,  broken  weapons,  cauldron  handles, 
etc.,  a  noticeable  socketed  hammer  and  the  rim  of  a  vessel  decorated 
with  line-ornament  were  discovered  (figs.  22,  23,  26,  27,  28,  29,  32,  33). 
This  valuable  hoard  was  presented  by  Lord  Rookwood  to  the  Essex 
Archaeological  Society,  and  is  exhibited  in  the  museum  at  Colchester, 
where  may  also  be  seen  a  smaller  hoard  found  at  Southchurch,  including 
a  handle  with  rivet-holes  (possibly  of  a  sickle). 

Shoebury  was  the  source  of  discovery  in  1891  of  a  hoard  which  is 
now  exhibited  in  the  British  Museum,  consisting  of  socketed  celts,  pal- 
staves, part  of  a  sword  blade,  etc.  A  penannular  armlet  decorated  with 
diagonal  hatching  is  of  exceptional  interest  from  the  rarity  of  such  dis- 
coveries, and  is  illustrated,  together  with  a  palstave  showing  details  not 
usual  on  British  examples  (figs.  18,  19). 

1   Cast  from  blocks  kindly  lent  by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 
266 


FIG.  20.      Scale  jj 

PALSTAVE  FROM   SHOEBURY. 

(British  Museum) 


FIG.  21.    Scale  | 

PALSTAVE   FROM   PLESHEY. 

(Dr.  Laver's  Collection) 


FIG.  22.      ;  J  inchet  high. 

BRONZE  SOCKETED  CELT  FROM   HATFIELO 

BROAD  OAK. 

(Colcheiter  Museum) 


FIG.  23.     44  inches  high. 

BRONZE  SOCKETED  CELT  FROM 

HATFIELD   BROAD  OAK. 

(Colchester  Museum) 


Ti  fact  fmgf  266. 


FIG.  24.      Scale  £ 

BRONZE   SPEARHEAD   FROM   PLAISTOW   MARSHES. 
(British  Museum) 


FIG.  25.       Scale  J 

BRONZE   SPEARHEAD   FROM   WALTHAMSTOW. 
(British  Museum) 


FIGS.  26,  27.     Scale  £ 

BRONZE  SPEARHEADS  FROM   HATFIELD   BROAD  OAK. 
(Colchester  Museum) 


To    face  fagt  267. 


EARLY    MAN 

A  hoard  found  at  High  Roding,  exhibited  at  the  British  Museum, 
consists  of  twelve  socketed  celts  and  eight  lumps  of  metal  for  fusing. 
In  the  same  collection  is  part  of  a  hoard  from  Chrishall  containing  some 
socketed  celts,  a  broken  sword  blade,  a  spearhead,  etc. 

At  Arkesden  many  weapons  were  found,  also  masses  of  metal  and  a 
mould  used  in  casting  a  socketed  celt.1 

A  small  hoard  from  Romford  is  in  the  Saffron  Walden  Museum. 
Hoards  of  bronze  have  also  been  found  at  Baddow,  Elmdon,  Danbury, 
Grays,  Fyfield,  Thundersley  and  Wendon.  Fifty  or  more  celts  were 
discovered  together  in  a  cleared  portion  of  Hainault  Forest  near  Hog 
Hill. 

Thanks  mainly  to  the  works  of  Sir  John  Evans,  the  evolution  of 
the  bronze  celt  is  generally  known.  The  earliest  type  is  that  of  the  flat 
celt,  a  copy  in  metal  of  the  most  advanced  axe  of  the  stone  age. 

The  second  or  palstave  type  has  wings  at  the  side,  and  is  usually 
provided  with  a  stop-ridge  to  regulate  the  position  of  the  weapon  in  its 
handle,  while  some  are  also  provided  with  a  loop  at  the  side  for  attach- 
ment (figs.  19,  20,  21).  Occasionally,  though  rarely,  a  loop  is  on  each 
side. 

The  third  and  latest  development  has  a  hollow  socket  for  insertion 
of  the  haft  and  a  loop  for  attachment  (figs.  22,  23). 

In  decoration  of  their  celts  the  workers  in  bronze  occasionally  dis- 
played considerable  art,  but  for  illustrations  of  this  fact  and  for  minor 
developments  and  variations  of  form  we  must  refer  our  readers  to  Sir 
John  Evans'  Ancient  Bronze  Implements,  wherein  the  subject  is  so  fully 
and  lucidly  treated. 

In  addition  to  those  already  mentioned,  celts  are  recorded  from 
Barking,  Brentwood,  Chelmsford  (3),  Felstead  (3),  Navestock,  Panfield 
(5),  Rayne  (with  spearheads)  and  Shoebury. 

A  sword  about  2  feet  in  length  discovered  in  the  river  Lea  has 
rivet-holes  for  attachment  to  the  haft,  and  is  in  the  British  Museum 
collection,  together  with  a  dagger  from  Bow  Bridge  and  a  knife  from 
Walthamstow. 

Barking  yielded  a  leaf-shaped  sword  1 8  inches  long  with  four 
rivet-holes,  and  at  Grays  Thurrock  there  was  found  a  bayonet-shaped 
blade  15^  inches  long  and  i  inch  broad 

In  the  British  Museum  is  a  bronze  spearhead  from  Plaistow  Marshes 
curiously  barbed  and  riveted  (fig.  24).  At  Walthamstow,  in  addition 
to  the  specimen  shown  (fig.  25),  a  leaf-shaped  spearhead  was  discovered 
having  a  broad  socket  extending  only  an  inch  below  the  blade.  A 
spearhead  is  also  recorded  from  Hull  bridge  in  the  parish  of  Hockley. 

In  the  Cambridge  Museum  of  Archaeology  is  a  spear  or  dagger- 
head  of  uncommon  form,  found  at  Saffron  Walden.  It  is  perfectly  flat, 

1  The  late  Joseph  Clarke,  F.S.A.,  added  an  illustrated  account  of  the  Arkesden  finds  to  his  paper, 
entitled,  'Notes  on  Objects  in  the  Mayer  Collection  (Liverpool)  relating  to  Essex'  (1891).  This 
hoard  unfortunately  got  scattered ;  a  portion  is  in  the  Saffron  Walden  Museum  and  three  of  its  celts  are 
in  Mr.  Edward  Taylor's  collection,  but  we  are  unable  to  discover  the  whereabouts  of  the  mould  and 
many  other  articles. 

267 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

of  lozenge  shape,  and  provided  with  a  flat  tang  ;  the  blade  is  3!  inches 
in  length  by  i^  inches  in  width  at  the  widest  point,  the  tang  being  i| 
inches  long  by  \  inch  in  width. 

A  very  fine  sword  or  dagger  of  bronze  was  found  on  Cains  farm  in 
North  Weald.  It  is  15!  inches  in  total  length  and  is  illustrated  in  the 
Essex  Naturalist  (viii.  163). 

Space  will  not  allow  mention  of  the  numerous  other  weapons  and 
implements  of  the  bronze  age,  but  we  may  note  in  conclusion  the 
remains  of  a  fine  bronze  bowl  from  Walthamstow  in  the  British  Museum. 
It  is  of  about  1 6  inches  diameter,  and  retains  the  heads  of  the  rivets  by 
which  the  plates  were  attached. 

THE  LATE   CELTIC  PERIOD   OR   IRON  AGE 

At  a  date  which  may  be  approximated  at  about  400  B.C.  a  fresh 
swarm  of  invaders  came,  bringing  knowledge  of  the  preparation  of  iron, 
and  the  habit  of  using  the  metal,  which  caused  this  period  to  be  known 
as  the  '  early  iron  age.' 

Iron  did  not  entirely  supplant  bronze,  indeed  the  latter  continued 
long  in  use,  sometimes  in  conjunction  with  iron,  as  in  knives  or  swords, 
of  which  the  blades  were  of  iron  and  the  handles  of  bronze,  sometimes 
alone,  as  in  body  armour  of  Roman  soldiers — the  first  armour  known 
to  British  archaeologists. 

Finds  of  early  iron  are  comparatively  rare  notwithstanding  the 
enormous  use  to  which  the  metal  was  doubtless  put,  for  unfortunately 
iron  is  as  perishable  as  it  is  useful. 

In  Neville's  Sepulchra  Exposita  (p.  10)  is  an  account  of  the  dis- 
covery at  Wendon  *  of  iron  spearheads  and  the  iron  boss  of  a  buckler, 
together  with  a  vase  of  unbaked  clay,  apparently  of  early  iron  age. 
Belonging  probably  to  the  same  period  were  the  finds  on  Fambridge 
farm,2  where  in  1851  a  hand-made  urn  was  found  on  a  crescent  of 
burnt  flints,  together  with  other  vessels  in  fragmentary  condition.3 

In  the  marshes  of  the  Lea  by  Walthamstow  relics  have  been  found 
which  indicate  the  existence  of  settlements  in  the  iron  age  ;  notable 
among  these  is  the  iron  celt  with  loop,  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

Its  form  is  peculiar,  while  its  interest  is  increased  by  the  fact  that 
fragments  of  its  wooden  handle  remain  in  the  socket  (fig.  34). 

Celts  of  iron  are  rare,  but  Sir  John  Evans  records  one  5^  inches 
long,  with  a  rounded  socket  and  no  loop,  found  at  Grays  Thurrock  in 
Essex.4 

Two  coarse  cylindrical  urns  thought  to  belong  to  this  age  and 
found  at  Great  Bentley  are  in  the  Colchester  collection.  They  stand 
about  9!  inches  high  with  a  diameter  of  7  inches. 

Associated  with  fragments  of  early  pottery,  coarse,  heavy  rings  of 

1  It  is  not  clear  whether  Wendon  Lofts  is  intended  or  Wendens  Ambo. 

8  This  farm  is  partly  in  Cressing  and  partly  in  White  Notley  parish. 

8  Essex  Arch.  Soc.  Trans,  ii.  240. 

4  Ancient  Bronze  Implements,  p.  144. 

268 


FIGS.  28,  29.     Scale 
Two  HANDLES  OF  A  BRONZE   CAULDRON  OR  LARGE  VESSEL. 
(Part  of  the  HatticM  Broad  Oak  hoard  in  Colchester   Museum) 


Fics.  30,  31.     Scale  J 

PART  OF  THE    Box  OF  A   CHARIOT  WHEEL  FOUND  AT  SHOEBURV,  TOGETHER   WITH 
THREE   BRONZE  NAILS  PROBABLY  USED   FOR   HOLDING  THE  TIRE. 

(Dr.  Laver's  Collection) 


FIGS.  32,  33.      Scale 

PARTS  OF  THE   RIM  OF  A  LARGE  VESSEL,   DECORATED  WITH   PUNCHED  LINES, 
AND  SOCKETED  BRONZE  HAMMER. 

(From  the  HatfieM  Broad  Oak  hoard) 

To  fact  faft  268. 


FIGS.  35,  36,  37,  38.     Scale  J 
LATE  CKLTIC  VESSELS  FOUND  AT  SHOKBURY. 

(Colchester  Museum).      From  negative  kindly  lent  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Shenstone. 


FIG.  40.     4^  inches  high. 

LATE  CELTIC  VESSEL. 
(Colchester  Museum) 


FIG.  42.     Full  size. 

FOUND  AT  COLCHESTER. 

(British  Museum) 


FIG.  39.     8$  inches  high. 
LATE  CELTIC  VESSEL  FOUND 

AT  COLCHESTER. 
(Colchester  Museum) 

To  face  page  269. 


FIG.  41.    15  inches  high. 
LATE  CELTIC  VESSEL  FOUND  AT 

COLCHESTER. 
(Colchester  Museum) 


FIG.  34.      Scale  ^ 

IRON  CELT  FROM  WALTHAMSTOW. 

(British  Museum) 


EARLY    MAN 

burnt  clay  have  been  found  at  Southminster  and  other  places.  These 
are  usually  styled  '  net  sinkers,'  but  it  is  open  to  question  whether  they 
were  not  used  to  support  pots  in  burning  in  the  kiln.1 

Other  collections  contain  articles  found  in  Essex  appertaining  to 
the  early  iron  age,  but  the  exigences  of  space  compel  us  to  pass  to  the 
later  portion  of  the  period  under  consideration,  the  time  that  produced 
those  vessels  upon  which  so  much  light  has  been  shed  by  Dr.  Arthur 
Evans  in  his  paper  on  a  late  Celtic  urn  field  at  Aylesford,  Kent.1  Dr. 
Evans  lucidly  shows  how  this  late  (probably  Belgic-Celtic)  pottery  was 
developed  from  bronze  models,  both  in  decoration  and,  in  some  instances, 
in  shape  also,  and  the  course  of  the  migration  from  northern  Italy  is 
indicated.  We  may  not  dwell  on  this,  but  use  for  illustration  the  vessels 
now  in  Colchester  Museum  which  came  from  the  rich  ground  of  Shoe- 
bury  in  i896s  (figs.  35,  36,  37,  38). 

In  the  same  museum  we  see  an  urn  of  this  period  8|  inches  in 
height  which  was  found  in  Colchester  ;  this  we  illustrate  (fig.  39),  as 
well  as  a  beautifully  turned  vessel  4^  inches  high  discovered  in  the 
neighbourhood  (fig.  40).  These  are  of  dark  grey  colour. 

In  the  Joslin  collection  at  Colchester  may  be  seen  examples  of  this 
late  Celtic  workmanship,  showing  sometimes  by  their  juxtaposition  that 
the  earlier  tradition  of  this  form  had  survived  in  Romano-British  days. 
Fragile  bronze  fibulas  of  remarkable  beauty  accompanied  an  earthenware 
vase  of  polished  red  surface  with  a  handle  and  the  *  carinated  '  form 
suggestive  of  a  bronze  model*  (fig.  41). 

Lord  Braybrooke  has  some  late  Celtic  pottery  at  Audley  End,  and 
it  is  not  difficult  to  find  examples  in  other  Romano-British  collections. 
Chigwell  has  provided  some  fragments,  and  one  vessel  found  at  Southend 
is  preserved  in  the  Technical  Schools  in  that  town. 

To  the  late  Celtic  period  is  assigned  work  in  gold  and  some 
enamel  decorations  found  in  various  counties,  but  in  Essex  we  have  no 
definite  record  of  such  finds,  though  possibly  the  beautifully  enamelled 
vase,  discovered  in  one  of  the  Bartlow  Hills  in  1835,  and  attributed  to 
the  Romans,  was  the  work  of  Celtic  enamellers  to  a  Roman  design.8 

In  the  British  Museum  is  a  small  wheel-like  article  of  unknown 
purpose,  which  (judging  from  somewhat  similar  forms  found  in  Gaulish 
contemporary  cemeteries)  is  of  the  late  Celtic  period.  It  is  I  \  inches  in 
diameter,  has  four  spokes,  and  is  not  pierced  in  the  centre  of  the  hub, 
as  would  be  the  case  were  it  part  of  a  toy.  This  was  found  at  Col- 
chester some  years  since  (fig.  42). 

Here  it  may  be  well  to  refer  to  the  recent  discovery  of  a  British 
dug-out  boat  or  canoe,  near  Walthamstow,  in  the  course  of  excavations 

1  See  similar  articles  from  continental  lake  dwellings  in  British  Museum. 

1  Arthttotogia  (1890),  lii. 

8  Essex  Arch.  Sor.  Trant.  n.s.  vi.  222. 

*  Group  30,  No.  178,  Joslin  collection,  Colchester  Museum. 

1  This  vase  was  greatly  injured  in  the  fire  which  destroyed  Easton  Lodge  in  1847.  A  portion  of 
it  is  in  the  British  Museum,  and  a  facsimile  of  the  whole  vessel  stands  by  its  side.  It  was  illustrated  in 
colours  in  Arckteologia  (1836),  xxvi.  A  facsimile  is  also  in  Saffron  Walden  Museum. 

i  269  34  A 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

carried  on  in  forming  new  reservoirs  for  the  East  London  Water  Com- 
pany.1 Though  not,  strictly  speaking,  found  within  the  county  of 
Essex,  as  now  understood,  its  discovery  in  the  border  river  bed  may 
excuse  reference  here. 

It  is  hollowed  out  of  a  piece  of  oak,  is  nearly  15  feet  long  by  2 
feet  4  inches  in  extreme  breadth,  and  is  i  foot  4  inches  in  its  extreme 
depth.  A  rib  is  left  across  (6  inches  wide  and  7  inches  deep)  at  8  feet 
from  the  stern,  while  nearer  the  bow  a  smaller  rib  has  been  left. 

These  measurements  are  quoted  from  a  note  in  the  Reliquary  (vol. 
vii.).  In  the  Essex  Naturalist  (vol.  xii.),  is  a  full  page  illustration  of  the 
boat  in  situ  at  the  excavations,  with  some  particulars  as  to  the  geological 
conditions  of  the  valley  of  the  Lea. 

Our  sketch  of  antiquities  would  not  be  complete  without  a  chronicle 
of  the  British  coins  found  in  Essex,  or  relating  to  the  county,  were  not 
that  subject  dealt  with  by  another  writer.  In  a  separate  chapter  will  be 
found  our  notes  on  the  Ancient  Earthworks. 

So  far  as  those  relics  of  antiquity  are  concerned  which  can  be 
classed  as  palaeolithic,  neolithic,  bronze  or  late  Celtic  our  task  is 
accomplished,  but  it  remains  to  notice  the  antiquities  from  the  fascine 
dwellings  at  Braintree,  which  it  is  impossible  at  present  to  assign  to  a 
definite  period,  the  question  of  its  date  awaiting  the  result  of  further 
examination. 

Our  thanks  are  due  to  C.  H.  Read,  Esq.,  F.S.A.  ;  W.  Cole,  Esq., 
F.L.S. ;  to  the  curators  of  Colchester,  Saffron  Walden  and  Chingford 
Museums  and  others  for  permission  to  photograph  objects  ;  and  espe- 
cially to  H.  Laver,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  for  ever-ready  access  to  his  valuable 
collection. 

FASCINE  DWELLINGS  AT  BRAINTREE 

Near  to  the  town  of  Braintree  a  mere  or  lake  was  in  early  times 
formed  by  the  silting  up  of  the  stream  now  known  as  the  Pod  or 
Brain,  and  there  below  the  accumulated  alluvial  soil  traces  of  '  fascine  ' 
dwelling  places  have  been  found.  To  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy, 
vicar  of  Braintree,  we  are  indebted  for  much  information  published  in 
the  Essex  Naturalist  (vol.  xi.)  as  the  result  of  some  years  watching 
of  the  excavations  carried  on  for  obtaining  brickearth  from  the  site.2 
It  appears  that  an  artificial  floor  was  raised  in  the  manner  usual  with 
fascine  dwellings.  '  To  support  and  secure  this  artificial  concretion, 
wooden  stakes  were  driven  into  the  ballast  of  the  lake  or  river.  Out- 
side the  raised  platform  there  was  still  water,  in  which  the  peaty  mud 
has  accumulated  until  it  has  levelled  all  up  ;  and  it  was  no  doubt  into 
this  water  which  surrounded  the  floor  on  which  the  huts  were  built  that 
numerous  relics  fell  or  were  swept  by  the  dwellers.  So  large  was  the 

1  This  valuable  relic  has  been  secured  for  the  British  Museum. 

2  In  addition  to  Mr.  Kenworthy's  paper  the  journal  contains  valuable  supplements — archaeological 
by  Mr.  F.  W.  Reader  and  geological  by  Mr.  T.  V.  Holmes,  F.G.S. 

270 


Fic«.  45,  44,  45.     Scale  | 

THREE   IMPLEMENTS  MADE   FROM   RED  DEER  ANTLERS,  FROM  SITE 

OF  FASCINE   DWELLINGS. 
(From  blocks  kindly  lent  by  the  Essex  Field  Club) 


FIG.  4.6. 

VIEW  op  THE  SITE  OF  THE  FASCINE  DWELLINGS  AT  BRAINTREE. 
(From  block  kindly  lent  by  the  Eurx  Field  Club) 


To  fact  fugi  170. 


EARLY    MAN 

quantity  of  wood  and  other  material  used  to  construct  this  platform  that 
in  the  course  of  years  some  tons  have  been  dug  out.' ' 

The  relics  discovered  include  the  bones  of  the  ox  (Bos  longifrons) 
and  those  of  a  larger  ox,  the  bones  and  antlers  of  the  red  deer  (Cervus 
elaphus),  the  roe  deer  (Capreolus  caprea)  and  other  animal  remains,  burnt 
bones  and  charcoal,  an  arrowhead  of  finely  chipped  flint,  numerous 
worked  flakes,  a  sandstone  sharpener,  bone  and  horn  implements,  of 
which  some  are  perforated  artificially,  three  picks  made  from  deer's  ant- 
lers, etc. 

Of  pottery  it  is  difficult  to  say  that  the  relics  came  from  the  fas- 
cine strata,  as  the  site  has  been  occupied  in  after  ages. 

The  great  question  of  the  date  of  this  settlement  is  still  sub  judice^ 
and  must  so  remain  till  further  explorations  throw  more  light  on  the 
point  ;  the  absence  of  metal  weapons  (even  of  the  almost  imperishable 
bronze)  suggests  neolithic  origin,  but  on  the  other  hand  there  has  not 
been  discovered  a  single  relic  which  is  incompatible  with  a  Late  Celtic 
origin,  while  some  of  the  sawn  antlers  and  wood  indicate  the  use  of 
metal  tools  unknown  to  neolithic  man.  Whatever  the  date  may  be,  it 
must  be  acknowledged  that  archaeologists  owe  a  deep  debt  to  the  inde- 
fatigable exertions  of  the  vicar  of  Braintree. 

INDEX   AND   SUMMARY 

The  following  abbreviations  are  used  to  indicate  the  principal  publications  referred  to  in 
this  index  : — 

A.  =  Archteologia. 

A.J.  =  Archieological  'Journal. 

A.B.I.  =  Evans'  Ancient  Bronze  Implements. 

A.S.I.  =  Evans*  Ancient  Stone  Implements  (ed.  2). 

B.B.  =  Britton  and  Brayley's  Beauties  of  England  and  (Fales. 

B.A.A.  =  British  Archaeological  Association  Journal. 

B.R.H.  =  Benton's  Rochford  Hundred. 

C.B.G.  =  Camden's  Britannia  (Cough's,  ed.  2). 

E.A.T.  =  Essex  Archteohgical  Society's  Transactions. 

E.F.C.J.  =  Essex  Field  Club  Journal  of  Proceedings. 

E.F.C.T.  =  Essex  Field  Club  Transactions. 

E.N.  =  Essex  Naturalist. 

E.R.  =  Essex  Review. 

G.M.  —  Gentleman's  Magazine. 

G.M.L.  =  Gentleman's  Magazine  Library. 

N.S.E.  =  Neville's  Sepulchra  Exposita. 

S.S.  =  Surtees  Society. 

P.S.A.  =  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 


ABBERTON. — Palaeolithic  implement :  Colchester  Museum. 

ARDLEIGH. — Palaeolithic  implements  :  Colchester  Museum. 

ARKESDEN. — Palaeolithic  implements :  Saffron  Walden  Museum.    Bronze  hoard  :   p.  267  ante. 

ASHDON. — Palaeolithic  implements  :  Saffron  Walden   Museum.     Neolithic  weapons  :  Saffron 

Walden  Museum  [A.J.  xxi.  178]. 
BADDOW  (GREAT  and  LITTLE). — Neolithic  implement  [E.N.  x.  306].     Bronze  finds  :  p.  267 

ante  [A.  ix.  378  ;  A.B.I.  43  ;  E.A.T.  \.  199  ;  E.F.C.T.  ii.  31]. 

1  Etitx  Naturalist,  xi.  100. 
271 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

BARKING. — Palaeolithic  implements  [E.F.C.T.  iii.  1 1 1  ;  E.N.  ii.  262].    Neolithic  implements 

[A.S.I.   603].     Bronze  celt  [A.B.I,  no].     Bronze  sword:  p.  267  ante   [A.B.I.  284; 

P.S.A.  ser.  2,  i.  144]. 

BARLING. — Late  Celtic  pottery  :  Colchester  Museum. 
BENTLEY  (GREAT). — Early  iron  age  vessels  :  Colchester  Museum. 
BERECHURCH. — Bronze  socketed  celt  :  Dr.  Layer's  collection. 
BERGHOLT  (WEST). — Palaeolithic  implements  :  Dr.  Laver's  collection. 
BOXTED. — Neolithic  celt :  Colchester  Museum. 

BRADWELL-ON-SEA. — Celtic  '  ring  money '  of  gold  :  British  Museum  (Franks  Bequest). 
BRAINTREE. — Palaeolithic   implements  [E.F.C.J.  iv.  177].     Fascine  dwelling  relics:  p.  270 

ante  [E.N.  xi.  94-126].     Bronze  celts,  etc.  :  Saffron  Walden  Museum. 
BRENTWOOD. — Bronze  palstave  :  British  Museum. 

BROOMFIELD. — Palaeolithic  implements:  Mr.  Mothersole's  collection  [E.N.ji.  305]. 
BURNHAM. — Palaeolithic  implement  :   Mr.  Mothersole's  collection. 
BURSTEAD  (GREAT). — In  Norsey  Wood,  near  Billericay,  have  been  found  stone  implements 

of  palaeolithic  and  later  times,  as  well  as  British  pottery,   probably  of  pre-Roman  date. 

A  bronze  ring  or  rim  was  discovered,  which  was  decided  to  be  of  the  late  Celtic  age, 

and  much  material  of  the   Roman  period.     [Information  supplied    by  General  B.   R. 

Branfill.] 
CHELMSFORD. — Palaeolithic    flakes :      Mr.     Mothersole's    collection.       Neolithic    spearhead 

[E.F.C.T.  ii.  30].     Bronze  celts  [A.B.I.  90  ;  E.N.  x.  306]. 
CHESTERFORD. — Palaeolithic  and   neolithic    implements  :    Saffron   Walden   Museum.     Holed 

stone  hammerhead  :    Saffron    Walden    Museum     [B.A.A.    xxv.    272].      Bronze    age 

pottery  :  Saffron  Walden  Museum.     Bronze  palstave  [B.A.A.  xxii.  451]. 
CHIGNAL. — Neolithic  implement  [E.F.C.T.  ii.  30]. 
CHIGWELL. — Neolithic  flakes  [E.F.C.J.  iv.  19]. 

CHRISHALL. — Bronze  hoard  :  p.  267  ante  [A.B.I.  117,  283  ;  N.S.E.  2]. 
CLACTON  (GREAT). — Bronze  age  pottery  :  p.  265  ante  ;  Colchester  Museum. 
CLAVERING. — Bronze  celts,  etc.  :  Saffron  Walden  Museum. 

COGGESHALL. — Neolithic  celts  :  Mr.  Beaumont's  collection  and  Stratford  Museum. 
COLCHESTER. — Palaeolithic  implement  [E.N.  ii.  187].      Neolithic   implement :  Dr.  Laver's 

collection  [A.S.I.  578].    Bronze  age  pottery:  p.  265  ante  ;  Colchester  Museum.    Bronze 

article  (wheel)  :  p.  269  ante  ;  British  Museum.     Late  Celtic  pottery  :  p.  269  ante  ; 

Colchester  Museum. 

COLNE  ENGAINE. — Neolithic  whetstone  :  Colchester  Museum. 
DANBURY. — Bronze  hoard  :  p.  267  ante  [A.  v.  116  ;  E.A.T.  i.  199]. 
DOVERCOURT. — Palaeolithic  implements  :   Dr.  Laver's  collection.      Neolithic  implement  :  p. 

264  ante. 

DUNMOW  (GREAT). — Neolithic  implements  [A.S.I.  351]  :  Saffron  Walden  Museum. 
EASTON  (GREAT). — Neolithic  pick  [A.S.I.  173]. 
ELMSTEAD. — Neolithic  implements  :  Dr.  Laver's  collection. 

EPPING. — Holed  stone  implement :  p.  264  ante  [A.S.I.  229  ;  E.N.  vi.  17  ;  viii.  164]. 
FARNHAM. — Neolithic  implement :  Saffron  Walden  Museum. 
FELSTEAD. — Palaeolithic  implements  [E.F.C.J.  iv.  97].    Neolithic  celt  [E.N.  i.  62].    Bronze 

celts  [P.S.A.  ser.  2,  v.  428]. 

FINGRINGHOE. — Bronze  age  pottery  :  Colchester  Museum. 
FOREST  GATE. — Neolithic  implements  [E.N.  iv.  17]. 
FYFIELD. — Bronze  hoard  :  p.  267  ante   [A.  v.  116  ;  A.B.I.  424  ;  B.A.A.  iii.  322  ;  B.B.  v. 

423  ;   C.B.G.  ii.  130  ;  S.S.  Ixxvi.  157]. 
GRAYS  THURROCK. — Palaeolithic  implements  [E.N.  xii.  52].      Bronze  hoard  :   p.  267  ante 

[P.S.A.  ser.  2,  xvi.  327].     Bronze  blade  :  p.  267  ante  [A.B.I.  254  ;  A.J.  xxvi.   191  ; 

P.S.A.  ser.  2,  iii.  406].     Iron  celt  [A.B.I.  144]. 
HAINAULT  FOREST  (Dagenham  Parish). — Hoard    of   bronze    celts    discovered   about    1883. 

[Information  supplied  by  Mr.  G.  P.  Hope  of  Havering  Grange.] 
HALLINGBURY  (LITTLE). — British  urns  [E.N.  iii.  226]. 
HALSTEAD. — Bronze  mass  :  Colchester  Museum. 

HAM  (EAST). — Palaeolithic  implements  [E.F.C.T.  iii.  in].     Bronze  celt :  British  Museum. 
HAM  (WEST). — Palaeolithic  implements  [E.F.C.T.  iii.  in]. 
HATFIELD  BROAD  OAK. — Bronze  hoard  :  p.  266  ante  [E.A.T.  n.s.  iv.  301,  vi.  172  ;  E.R. 

iii.  273  ;  P.S.A.  ser.  2,  xvi.  96]. 

272 


EARLY    MAN 

HENHAM. — Neolithic  implement  :  Saffron  Walden  Museum. 

HORKESLEY  (GREAT). — Palaeolithic  implements  :  Colchester  Museum. 

HOCKLEY. — Bronze  spearhead  :  p.  267  ante  [B.A.A.  iv.  74]. 

HORNCHURCH. — Palaeolithic  implement  of  ovate  form  about  6^  inches  long  by  3^   inches  at 

widest  part.     [Information  supplied  by  Mr.  G.  P.  Hope.] 
ILFORD. — Palaeolithic  implements  [E.N.  xii.  52]. 
INWORTH. — Neolithic  celt  :   Mr.  Beaumont's  collection. 
K.ELVEDON. — Neolithic  celts  and  leaf-shape  javelin  head  :  Stratford  Museum. 
LEXDEN. — Palaeolithic  implement  :  Dr.  Layer's  collection. 
LEYTON. — Palaeolithic   implements   [E.F.C.T.  iii.  in]  ;  British    Museum.     Neolithic  celts  : 

Capt.  J.  M.  Knight's  collection. 
LITTLEBURY. — Palaeolithic  implements  [A.S.I.  538]. 
LOUGHTON. — Stone  pestle  :  p.  264  ante  [E.N.  ii.  4].     Neolithic  implement  [E.A.T.  n.s.  viii. 

229]. 

MALDON. — Palaeolithic  and  neolithic  finds  [Fitch's  Maldon,  p.  3]. 
MISTLEY. — Neolithic  implements  :   Mr.  Brook's  collection. 
MUCKING. — Palaeolithic  implements  [A.S.I.  603  ;  E.F.C.T.  iii.  in]. 
NAVESTOCK. — Bronze  celt  [S.S.  Ixxvi.  164]. 
NEWPORT. — Palaeolithic  implements  [E.F.C.jf.  iv.  95]. 
NOTLEY  (WHITE). — Neolithic  flakes  [E.A. T.  n.s.  vii.  340]. 
OAKLEY  (GREAT). — Neolithic  implements  :  Dr.  Laver's  collection.     Bronze  age  pottery  : 

p.  265  ante. 

ORSETT. — Palaeolithic  implements  [E.F.C.T.  iii.  1 1 1]. 
PANFIELD. — Bronze  celts  (5)  [A.B.I.  468  ;  P.S.A.  ser.  2,  v.  428]. 
PARNDON  (GREAT). — Neolithic  implement  [E.F.C.J.  ii.  58]. 
PLAISTOW. — Palaeolithic    implements   [E.F.C.T.   iii.   ill].     Bronze  spearhead:   p.  267  ante 

[A.B.I.  338]. 

PLESHEY. — Bronze  celts  :  Dr.  Laver's  collection. 
PRITTLEWELL. — Neolithic  implements  :  late  Mr.  Benton's  collection. 
QUENDON. — Palaeolithic   implements :    Saffron   Walden    Museum    [A.S.I.    538].      Neolithic 

celt  :    Saffron  Walden  Museum. 
RAINHAM. — Palaeolithic  implement  [A.S.I.  603]. 

RAYNE.— Bronze  celt,  etc.  [G.M.  (1844)  i.  299  ;  G.M.L.  Arch.  \.  74  ;  G.M.L.  Top.  164]. 
RIVENHALL. — Bronze  socketed  celts  :   Mr.  Mothersole's  collection. 

ROCHFORD. — Palaeolithic  implement  lent  to  Stratford  Museum  by  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Kenworthy. 
RODING  (HIGH). — Bronze  hoard  :  p.  267  ante  [A.B.I.  109,  1 16,  424  ;  P.S.A.  ser.  2,  xvi.  328]. 
ROMFORD. — Bronze  hoard  :  p.  267  ante  [A.B.I.  86,  172,  424  ;  A.J.  ix.  303], 
ROYDON. — Neolithic  weapon  :  Stratford  Museum. 

SAFFRON  WALDEN. — Palaeolithic  implements  :  Saffron  Walden  Museum.     Neolithic  imple- 
ments :   [A.S.I.  254,  336]  ;   Saffron   Walden  Museum.      Bronze  spear  or  daggerhead  : 

Archaeological  Museum,  Cambridge. 

ST.  OSYTH. — Palaeolithic  implements  :  Dr.  Laver's  collection. 
SAMPFORD. — Neolithic  implement  :  Saffron  Walden  Museum. 
SHOEBURY. — Neolithic  implements  :  p.  264  ante.  Bronze  hoard  :  p.  266  ante  [E.R.  ii.  101  ; 

P.S.A.  ser.  2,  xiv.  174].      Bronze    implements,  etc.  p.   266    ante   [E.A.T.   iv.  120] 

Early  Celtic  pottery  :  Colchester  Museum.     Late  Celtic  pottery  :  p.  269  ante  [E.A.T. 

n.s.  vi.  222].     Weaver's  weight  :  Colchester  Museum. 
SOUTHCHURCH. — Celtic  pottery  :  Colchester  Museum.     Bronze  hoard  :  p.  266  ante  [E.A.T. 

n.s.  vi.  173]. 

SOUTHEND. — Palaeolithic  implements  [E.F.C.T.  iii.  III].     Celtic  pottery  :  p.  269  ante. 
SOUTHMINSTER. — Net  sinkers  (?)  :  p.  269  ante.     Celtic  pottery  :  Colchester  Museum. 
STANSTED. — Palaeolithic  implements  :  Saffron  Walden  Museum. 
STANWAY. — Palaeolithic  implements :   Dr.  Laver's  collection.     Neolithic  implements  :    Dr. 

Laver's  collection. 

STEEPLE  (STANGATE). — Holed  stone  implement  :  p.  264  ante. 
STIFFORD. — Neolithic  celt  [A.S.I.  93].  Circular  hammerhead  [A.S.I.  229].  Bronze  sword 

[E.A.T.  iv.  120]. 

STISTED. — Neolithic  celt :  Mr.  Beaumont's  collection. 
TEY  (GREAT). — Bronze  socketed  celt :  Dr.  Laver's  collection. 

THAXTED. — Celtic  penannular  ring  ornament  of  gold  :   British  Museum  [A."J.  vi.  56]. 
i  273  35 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

THUNDERSLEY. — Bronze  hoard  :  p.  267  ante  [B.R.H.  771]. 

THURROCK  (£AST). — Palaeolithic  relic  :  p.  262  ante  [E.N.  i.  129]. 

TILBURY. — Palaeolithic  implements  [E.F.C.T.  iii.  in]. 

TIPTREE  HEATH. — Neolithic  implements  :  Dr.  Laver's  collection  and  Stratford  Museum. 

WAKERING. — Celtic  pottery  :  Colchester  Museum. 

WALTHAM  ABBEY. — Neolithic  flakes  [E.F.C.y.  iv.  19]. 

WALTHAM  (GREAT). — Neolithic  implement  :  Stratford  Museum. 

WALTHAMSTOW. — Palaeolithic  implements  [E.F.C.T.  iii.  in].  Bronze  implements  :  p.  267 
ante  [A.B.I.  317].  Bone  implements  [E.F.C.T.  iii.  147].  Iron  celt  :  p.  268  ante. 

WALTON-ON-THE-NAZE. — Palaeolithic  implements  :  Dr.  Laver's  collection.  Neolithic  im- 
plements :  pp.  263,  264  ante. 

WANSTEAD. — Palaeolithic  implement  [E.F.C.T.  iii.  in].     Neolithic  axe  [E.F.C.y.  iv.  95]. 

WEALD  (NORTH). — Bronze  weapon  :  p.  268  ante  [E.N.  viii.  163]. 

WENDENS  AMBO. — Palaeolithic  implements  :  Saffron  Walden  Museum. 

WENDON  LOFTS. — Bronze  hoard  :  p.  267  ante  ;  Clarke's  Mayer  collection,  p.  9.  Iron  age 
finds  :  p.  268  ante. 

WICKEN  BONANT. — Palaeolithic  implements  :  Saffron  Walden  Museum. 

WITHAM. — Neolithic  celt  [A.S.I.  75].     Celtic  vessels  [B.A.A.  ix.  60]. 

WORMINGFORD. — Curious  implement  of  a  stag's  antler,  about  13  inches  long  and  if  inches 
broad.  A  hole  is  perforated  at  one  end,  the  other  end  is  cut  and  rubbed  to  a  chisel  shape. 
Now  in  Stratford  Museum  [E.N.  x.  310]. 

WRITTLE. — Neolithic  hammerhead  [E.F.C.T.  ii.  30]. 


274 


HISTORY  OF  ESSEX 


EARTh 


so' 


JO' 


ILr  1  dmlmrgU  GrogL-.pliic*!  tnjtitnl. 


THE    VICTORIA    HISTORY    C 


/ORKS . 


REFERENCE 

I      Barrows.  Tumuli,  and  "  Red  Hill    " 
A     Moated  Mounds 
—M    "  CampK,"  Enclosures  and  Dykei 

Doubtful  Mound* 
LJJ   Doubtful ' '  Camp*  " 
•     Denehole* 
O    Traces  of  Moated  Village  Enclosures 


Homtittad  Moat*  an  not  tmdicattd. 
Tht  nriaftoournoodt  in  w*ic*   thr   "ffvrf  Hilli  "  an 
found  an  marked  with  tht  lymbo/  for  Barmuit   ttiu* 
I  .  but  no  atttmpt   ft   madt   to  indicatt    individual 
mpttt. 

Seal*  of  HtU, 


—  3D' 


HE    COUNTIES   OF    ENGLAND 


ANCIENT 
EARTHWORKS 


UNDER  this  heading  we  include  both  defensive  earthworks, 
and  those  constructed  for  other  purposes,  but  as  interest  largely 
centres  upon  the  former,  we  confine  our  notes  mainly  thereto, 
mentioning  tumuli,  etc.,  in  brief,  among  miscellaneous  works. 

Throughout  the  large  county  of  Essex,  we  find  no  examples  of  the 
earliest  defensive  works  such  as  can  be  attributed  to  the  stone  age  or 
bronze  period  ;  perhaps  the  marshy  nature  of  the  low-lying  districts  and 
the  thickly-wooded  character  of  the  other  parts  were  not  favourable  to 
the  settlements  of  early  man,  or  it  may  be  that  long  years  of  cultivation 
have  swept  away  all  traces  of  the  earliest  defences. 

In  the  succeeding  periods  of  time,  from  the  earliest  part  of  the  iron 
age,  our  land  has  been  cultivated,  and  homes  have  been  established,  but 
of  purely  defensive  works  we  have  no  example  which  can  with  cer- 
tainty claim  earlier  date  than  the  Celtic  iron  age. 

Of  that  time,  or  about  the  period  of  the  Roman  invasions,  we 
have  important  fortified  positions,  but  of  demonstrably  Roman  '  camps,' 
perhaps  none. 

Passing  to  later  days,  Essex  can  boast  of  some  of  the  most  charac- 
teristic examples  of  the  '  mount  and  court '  type  of  castles  ;  the  earth- 
works of  these  we  may  describe,  but  the  castles  of  masonry  which  in 
some  instances  afterwards  occupied  the  same  sites,  will  be  referred  to  by 
other  writers. 

In  the  following  notes  the  aim  has  been  to  group  defensive  works 
of  each  class  or  character  together,  with  but  little  attempt  at  chronolo- 
gical order  ;  for  it  must  be  remembered  that  some  of  the  earliest  types 
of  works  were  repeated  in  after  days,  and  that  it  is  therefore,  in  the 
absence  of  the  invaluable  aid  of  spade-labour,  impossible  to  judge  the  age 
by  the  form  of  earthwork. 

On  account  of  the  simplicity  of  its  plan,  rather  than  of  evidence  of 
early  construction,  we  mention  Gryme's  Dyke  first  among  the  defensive 
earthworks  of  Essex,  passing  next  to  enclosures  defended  by  rampart 
and  fosse.  Such  defensive  works  are  usually  known  as  *  camps,'  but 
the  word  is  not  to  be  regarded  as  signifying  temporary  occupation  only, 
as  in  many  instances  these  fortified  positions  may  have  been  intended  for 
permanent  use. 

275 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

GRYME'S   DYKE   AND    OTHER    RAMPARTS 
NEAR  COLCHESTER 

Gryme's  Dyke,  which  forms  the  subject  of  an  interesting  paper 
by  Dr.  H.  Laver,  F.S.A.,1  is  to  be  traced  through  the  greater  portion 
of  its  original  length,  still  retaining  in  parts  the  rampart  with  deep 
fosse  on  its  western  side. 

It  was  about  3!  miles  long,  extending  from  the  Colne  on  the 
north  to  the  Roman  river  on  the  south,  forming  a  defence  to  the 
west  of  the  British  oppidum,  the  side  which  was  unprotected  by 
water.2  Though  there  is  no  positive  proof,  we  are  probably  safe  in 
assigning  a  Celtic  origin  to  this  work,  for  as  Dr.  Laver  says  : — 

There  is  no  recorded  instance  of  anything  later  than  the  British  period  ever 
having  been  found  under  any  portion  of  this  dyke,  although  Roman  remains  abound 
on  the  eastern  side,  and  quite  up  to  it. 

A  very  large  part  of  what  has  been  destroyed  has  been  levelled  during  the  last 
forty  years ;  and,  as  several  observers  have  during  this  period  sought  carefully  for  relics 
of  the  Roman  period  and  never  found  anything  that  could  be  identified  with  that 
people,  it  may  fairly  be  concluded,  that  this  work  was  raised  before  they  came, 
especially  if  it  is  borne  in  mind  that  fragments  of  pottery  of  a  distinctly  British 
character  have  been  unearthed  at  various  points. 

Though  the  remains  vary  in  section,  Gryme's  Dyke  consists  mainly 
of  a  fosse  on  the  west,  about  1 2  feet  deep,  with  a  rampart  on  the  east, 
raised  some  20  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the  fosse.  The  work,  which 
otherwise  runs  north  and  south,  has,  at  Butcher's  Green,  a  rectangular 
break  j-l  throwing  the  southern  portion  of  the  defence  more  westward  ; 
this  curious  break  may  represent  the  site  of  a  fort  on  the  long  line  of 
rampart,  but  the  traces  of  further  work  are  very  indistinct. 

Another  line  of  entrenchment,  about  a  mile  in  length,  extends 
nearly  parallel  with  Gryme's  Dyke  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  latter, 
but  is  so  much  destroyed  that  it  is  impossible  to  speculate  upon  its  age 
or  purpose. 

Lexden  Park  Ramparts  which  lie  still  more  to  the  east,  extend  far 
beyond  the  limits  of  the  park  on  the  north  and  south,  being  traceable 
for  about  two  miles  from  the  Bergholt  road  on  the  north,  passing  the 
ancient  moated  enclosure  (now  occupied  by  Lexden  Lodge),  across  the 
river  Colne,  up  the  slope  to  Lexden  Park,  where  the  rampart  is  carried 
along  the  brow  of  a  steep  slope,  forming  a  picture  of  great  beauty  in 
this  well-timbered  domain,  then  southward  to  the  old  London  road. 

For  the  greater  part  of  its  length,  this  un-named  work  (which  we 
have  called  Lexden  Park  Ramparts)  is  similar  in  construction  to  Gryme's 
Dyke,  but  there  is  no  evidence  of  its  age.  Dr.  H.  Laver  has  admirably 
summed  up  all  that  has  been  said  of  it,  but  commits  himself  to  no 
theory  on  the  subject.3 

1  Essex  Arch.  Soc.  Trans,  n.s.  vi.  1 7. 

2  It  should  be  noted  that  entrenchments  are  partly  traceable  on  the  south  side  of  the  Roman  river, 
suggesting  an  extension  of  Gryme's  Dyke  in  that  direction. 

3  Essex  Arch.  Soc.  Trans,  n.s.  viii.  108. 

276 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 


CAMPS,  ETC. 

LOUGHTON  CAMP.  —  Among  those  which  retain  sufficiently  definite 
form  to  be  classed  as  early  defensive  earthworks  we  place  Loughton  first, 
as,  like  Ambresbury,  it  has  the  advantage  of  having  been  scientifically 
examined  by  means  of  excavation.  It  is  in  the  heart  of  the  old 
Forest  of  Waltham,  now  known  as  Epping  Forest,  and  is  situated  about 
a  mile  and  a  half  from  Loughton  railway  station. 

The  position  of  the  camp  is  remarkable  ;  and,  considered  from  a  military  point 
of  view,  it  is  perhaps  the  most  advantageous  in  the  whole  Forest  district.  It  occupies 
the  southern  headland  of  an  elevated  plateau,  many  parts  of  which  are  densely  wooded. 
From  the  southern  side  of  the  camp  an  extensive  view  may  be  had  looking  towards 
the  south-east,  bounded  by  the  Kentish  hills  beyond  the  Thames  .  .  . 

At  the  northern  angle  of  the  camp,  the  elevation  is  about  310  feet  above  the 
Ordnance  datum.  The  ground  gradually  trends  away  towards  the  southern  rampart, 
and  then  suddenly  dips  down  to  Debden  Slade,  a  low  marshy  valley  distant  about 
i,OOO  feet  to  the  south,  and  the  level  of  which  is  only  160  feet  above  datum,  show- 
ing a  fell  of  about  120  feet  from  the  southern  aspect  of  the  camp,  or  150  feet  from 
the  higher  plateau  ground  at  the  northern  end.  From  the  western  side  the  ground 
descends  even  more  abruptly  to  form  a  smaller  valley,  the  levels  showing  a  fall  of 
about  70  feet.  * 


tni'i 

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^L  <(Wf  I1*  I J 
^    iiiW^fe' ' 

la&^iSS^ 

J^""     " 


.^^ 


1  I 

:1\ 


•4 


\ 


^ 


The  investigations  of  the  Euex  Field  Club  proved  that  *  fowe  between  6  and  7  t'eet 
deep  existed  at  A,  but  hai  been  entirely  lilted  up.  The  Cone  on  the  north  tide,  now 
4  feet  below  the  counterscarp,  wai  originally  nearly  5  feet  deeper.  The  tectiont  show  the 
present  condition.  Our  plan  ii  bated  upon  one  iiiued  in  the  Tram,  of  ibt  Euex  FiclJ 
Glut. 

1  Eisex  field  Club  Tram.  iii.  zia. 
277 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

In  1882  four  cuttings  were  made  by  the  Essex  Field  Club  through 
or  into  the  bank,  and  one  of  them  was  carried  to  the  bottom  of  the 
ditch.  The  ditch,  like  that  of  Ambresbury,  was  found  to  be  pointed. 
Many  flint  flakes,  a  flint  chisel  or  celt,  and  fragments  of  pottery  were 
found  in  the  excavations.  From  the  evidence  obtained  in  these  explora- 
tions, General  Pitt-Rivers  was  of  opinion  that  the  camp  was  pre-Roman. 

Pits  of  various  shapes  and  size  exist  on  the  enclosed  area,  and  more 
numerously  on  the  plateau  adjoining  on  the  northern  side.  These  may 
have  been  the  result  of  digging  for  sandy  material,  or,  as  some  think,  the 
regular  circular  form  of  many  may  indicate  habitations  of  early  men. 

Personally  we  incline  to  think  their  material  was  excavated  as  an 
ingredient  of  the  plaster  so  commonly  and  long  used  in  wattle-and-daub 
houses 


379 


*~      «..    XT.. 

...    j_  ./_   ,<:       ^ 
^362   " 


»«.-.\,wvs^V\s,«.V\\V*. 


8 

.v^~-*vvt"»"-Vx. 

<«**"  ^^vx,. 


^vx. 


A,  7  feet  of  silt  had  accumulated  here  since  fosse  was  cut. 

B,  Present  summit  of  rampart,  originally  higher.     The  shaded  line  indicates  present  surface. 
c,  D,  Position  at  which  the  trench  was  cut  for  examination  by  the  Essex  Field  Club. 

E,  T,  Banks  cut  in  the  sixteenth  century  to  form  a  roadway.     The  figures  indicate  feet  above  sea  level. 
The  section  is  copied  from  Essex  Field  Club  Transactions,  1881. 

278 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

AMBRESBURY  BANKS. — This  fortified  position,  lying  about  2  miles 
from  Loughton  Camp,  we  may  next  describe,  although  its  relics  show  it 
to  be  somewhat  later  in  date. 

Variously  known  as  Amesbury,  Ambersbury  and  Ambresbury,1  it  is 
situated  in  the  forest,  but  close  to  the  modern  high  road  at  the  fourteenth 
milestone  on  the  way  from  London  to  Epping,  partly  in  the  latter  parish 
and  partly  in  that  of  Waltham  Holy  Cross. 

Although  at  one  time  this  earthwork,  from  its  somewhat  angular 
form  was  supposed  to  have  been  constructed  by  the  Romans,  the  exca- 
vation which  was  carried  out  by  the  Essex  Field  Club  in  1881  under  the 
direction  of  the  late  General  Pitt-Rivers  led  that  eminent  authority  to 
conclude  that  the  camp  was  of  British  origin,  but  whether  it  was  erected 
before  or  after  the  Roman  conquest  he  considered  could  only  be  decided 
by  further  exploration.  The  excavation  which  was  made  consisted  of 
a  section  near  the  centre  of  the  north-western  side  of  the  camp.  The 
objects  found  comprised  several  fragments  of  imperfectly-baked  pottery 
without  ornamentation  and  a  few  flint  flakes.*  The  original  ditch  was 
found,  like  that  of  Loughton  Camp,  to  be  triangular  and  pointed  at  the 
bottom,  a  feature  somewhat  unusual  in  ditches  of  British  camps.  The 
escarp  rises  at  an  angle  of  45°  and  the  counter-scarp  probably  at  the 
same  angle  ;  the  fosse  was  22  feet  wide  at  the  top  and  10  feet  deep, 
and  as  the  annexed  plan  shows  has  become  silted  up  7  feet  from  the 
bottom.* 

NAVESTOCK  :  Fortification  Wood. — About  4  acres  are  enclosed  by 
a  low  bank,  with  shallow  moat  traceable  on  three  sides  and  part  of  the 
fourth.  At  the  southern  end  of  the  enclosure  is  a  deep  excavation 
forming  a  pond  nearly  across  from  east  to  west,  possibly  more  recent 
work  than  the  banks. 

During  some  period  long  past,  the  bank  was  more  exposed  to 
weather  and  it  is  consequently  reduced  in  height,  while  its  moat  or  fosse 
has  been  partially  filled  up  by  the  deposit  of  leaves  of  many  summers. 
The  dense  growth  of  tangled  wood  has  of  late  prevented  further 
destruction  of  the  bank,  but  at  the  same  time  it  renders  detailed  exam- 
ination of  the  work  very  difficult. 

The  late  Rev.  S.  Coode  Hore,  in  a  paper  read  before  the  Essex 
Field  Club  in  1894,  said  he  was  'strongly  inclined  to  think  this  earth- 
work and  wood  may  be  identified  with  a  certain  wood  known  in  the 
year  1222  as  The  Defence  of  Navestock.  .  .  .'  We  find  in  an  eccle- 
siastical visitation  of  that  date  known  as  the  Domesday  of  St.  Paul's4 
the  following  entry  :  *  Stephen  son  of  Robert  holds  .  .  .  half  an  acre, 
juxta  defensum  de  Nastok  .  .  .' 

The  expression  might  suggest  the  existence  of  some  military  work 

1  Some  local  guides  add  to  the  attraction  of  the  camps  by  styling  this  the  Roman  Camp,  and  the 
Loughton  earthwork  Boadicea's  Camp,  but  there  is  no  authority  for  either  statement. 
1  The  flakes  may  have  belonged  to  the  soil  when  the  rampart  was  constructed. 
8  See  Essex  Field  Club  Transactions,  ii.  55-68. 
«  Domes  Jay  of  St.  PauPs,  Camden  Soc.  1858. 

279 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

in  Navestock,  but  that  the  word  defensum  was  applied  to  any  enclosure 
or  fenced  ground  (see  Bailey's  Dictionary,  1733). 

We  may  fairly  conclude  that  so  long  ago  as  1222  the  area  was 
producing  timber,  but  whether  the  earthwork  had  previously  an  inde- 
pendent existence  or  was  simply  formed  to  protect  the  wood  is  not 
apparent. 

SAFFRON  WALDEN  :  The  Repell  or  Faille  Ditches. — The  Faille, 
Repell,  Peddle  or  Paigle  Ditches  which  are  the  remains  of  a  Roman 
camp  or  of  a  British  oppidum  are  situated  on  ground  gently  rising  from 
the  course  of  the  Slade,  a  stream  once  of  sufficient  volume  to  give  added 
security  to  the  north  of  the  earthworks.  On  all  sides  was  probably  a 
rampart  of  earth  with  its  ditch  or  moat  outside  and  a  slighter  ditch 
within.  Of  this  defensive  work  only  part  remains,  about  480  feet  on 
the  west  and  500  feet  on  the  south  sides.  Buildings,  gardens,  etc.,  have 
largely  destroyed  the  inner  ditch  and  altered  the  levels  of  the  interior 
space  ;  the  eastern  side  of  the  oppidum  is  completely  covered  with  build- 
ings. Within  the  area  was  found  a  large  number  of  skeletons  and 
many  objects  which  had  been  buried  or  subsequently  thrown  aside  on 
the  site.1 

The  antiquities  discovered  when  the  skeletons  were  unearthed  do 
not  fall  within  our  province  to  describe,  as  the  cemetery  is  generally 
thought  to  belong  to  the  Saxon  period,  although  we  consider  some  of 
the  pottery  indicates  '  late  Celtic '  days,  or  at  all  events  the  influence  of 
the  art  of  that  period,  in  its  decoration.  However  that  may  be,  there  is 

no  doubt  of  the  important 
fact  that  beneath  the  burials 
referred  to  were  found  traces 
of  earlier  occupants  of  the 
site,  probably  the  men  who 
made  the  early  defensive  ram- 
part and  moat. 

LITTLEBURY  :  Ring  Hill 
Camp.  —  The  earthwork  is 
about  1,100  yards  in  circum- 
ference, occupies  the  eastern 
end  of  a  chalk  range  on  the 
western  side  of  Lord  Bray- 
brooke's  park  at  Audley  End, 
and  covers  about  1 8  acres  of 
ground.  It  is  an  oval  fortifi- 
cation originally  provided  with 
rampart  and  exterior  fosse,  but 
the  construction  of  a  drive 
above  the  fosse  has  largely  obliterated  the  inner  bank.  Though  known  to 

1  H.  Ecroyd  Smith  in  Essex  Arch.  Soc.  Trans,  n.s.  vol.  ii.  gives  a  full  account  of  the  discoveries,  a 
plan  of  the  cemetery  and  numerous  illustrations  of  the  finds. 

280 


Hill  Camp 

l.i|-Heburi|  . 

near  Audleij    End 

ESSEX 


u  ^sg^sg  -v  • 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

antiquaries  of  the  early  eighteenth  century,1  and  apparently  referred  to 
long  before  in  Holinshed's  Chronicles  (1577),*  no  careful  survey  has 
been  published  and  no  record  of  explorations  exists. 

We  need  not  enter  into  the  views  and  opinions  expressed  by 
Stukeley,  Salmon  and  others  as  to  its  date  and  origin,  but  it  is  well  to 
note  the  fact  that  Roman  coins  have  been  recorded  as  found  on  the  spot, 
although  this  of  course  shows  only  that  the  place  was  occupied  in  the 
time  of  the  imperial  domination  of  Britain. 

UPHALL  ENTRENCHMENTS  NEAR  BARKING. — These  entrenchments 
were  described  by  Smart  Lethieullier,  about  1750,*  as  'not  regular  but 


uphaii  Enrrtnchmtnrt 
near  Barking 

ESSEX 


From  plan  by  Mr.  Walter  Crouch,  F.Z.S. 

tending  to  a  square  ;  the  circumference  is  1792  yards  .  .  .  enclosing 
an  area  of  forty-eight  acres,  one  rood,  and  thirty-four  perches.  On  the 
north,  east  and  south  sides  it  is  single-trenched  ;  on  the  north  and  east 
sides  the  ground  is  dry  and  level  (being  arable  land),  and  the  trench  from 
frequent  ploughing  almost  filled  up  ;  on  the  south  side  is  a  deep  morass  ; 
on  the  west  side,  which  runs  parallel  with  the  river  Roding,  and  at  a 
short  distance  from  it,  is  a  double  trench  and  bank  ;  at  the  north-west 
corner  was  an  outlet  to  a  very  fine  spring  of  water,  which  was  guarded 
by  an  inner  work  and  a  high  keep  or  mound  of  earth.'  By  far  the  best 

1  See  reference  to  Dr.  Stukeley's  and  Roger  Gale's  opinions  in  Cough's  Additions  to  Cam  Jen. 
'  The  reference  in  Holinshed  is  to  '  Starbirie  hils."     Ring  Hill  was  locally  known  as  Starberry 
Hill  long  after  Holinshed's  time.  8  Lyson's  Envinmt  of  London  (1796),  vol.  iv. 

I  28l  36 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

modern  account  of  this  camp  is  that  by  Mr.  Walter  Crouch,  F.Z.S.,1  who, 
from  its  form  and  position  and  by  comparison  with  other  early  works,  was 
of  opinion  that  it  was  probably  a  British  settlement  subsequently  occu- 
pied during  the  Roman  period,2  though  others  regard  it  as  of  Danish 
origin,  the  view  eloquently  maintained  by  Mr.  F.  J.  Norris.8 

The  peculiar  position  of  the  mound  on  the  rampart  is  suggestive  of 
the  much  smaller  work  at  Tempsford,  Bedfordshire,  which  the  Saxon 
Chronicle  leads  us  to  believe  was  Danish  and  it  is  quite  possible  the 
Danes  altered  an  existing  work  at  Uphall  and  added  the  mound. 

It  is  with  sadness  we  have  to  record  that  little  is  left  of  the  ancient 
defences  except  the  fragment  of  the  rampart  with  the  mound  as  shown 
at  the  north-west  end  on  plan.  On  the  side  facing  the  river  Roding,  the 
rampart  rises  about  15  feet  from  the  marsh,  the  mound  being  some  14 
feet  higher. 


WALLBURY,  GREAT  HALLINGBURY. — Wallbury  is  of  somewhat  simi- 
lar form  to  Loughton  Camp  in  Epping  Forest,  but  is  of  much  larger 
extent,  containing  about  35  acres,  and  instead  of  depending  upon  a  single 
bank  and  ditch,  is  mainly  protected  by  a  double  rampart  and  two  ditches. 

1  Essex  Naturalist,  vol.  vii.  131. 

3  This  view  is  strengthened  by  the  recent  discovery  of  Roman  remains  within  the  camp. 

3  Gentleman's  Magazine,  1888,  p.  370. 

282 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

On  part  of  the  west  side,  a  steep  natural  slope  to  the  valley  of  the 
Stort  rendered  much  ramparting  unnecessary,  though  even  here  we  find 
traces  of  the  outer  rampart  in  places. 

The  camp  seems  to  have  been  made  in  the  later  period  of  pre- 
Roman  days,  when  men  had  learned  to  dispense  with  tortuous  entrances, 
and  required  forts  not  for  defence  alone  but  rather  as  places  in  which  a 
body  of  fighting  men  could  be  protected  and  rapidly  issue  thence  to 
attack  an  opposing  force  in  strength.  Cultivation  has  destroyed  all 
trace  of  huts  or  houses,  but  probably  this  and  other  of  these  late  level- 
surfaced  enclosures  had  many  such. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  this  great  earthwork,  which  stands  on  the 
high  ground  overlooking  the  valley  of  the  Stort,  was  an  oppidum  of  the 
Trinobantes,  as  a  defence  against  the  Catuvellauni,  their  neighbours  on 
the  west.  Though  likely,  if  already  in  existence,  to  have  been  occupied 
by  the  imperial  soldiers,  no  Roman  antiquities  are  recorded  as  having 
been  found  within  the  camp,  but  this  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that  very 
little  excavation  has  been  made  within  its  area.1 

It  should  be  noted  that  Sir  James  H.  Ramsay*  suggests  the  identi- 
fication of  Wallbury  with  the  position  '  established  '  by  Hasten  the  Dane 
in  A.D.  894  (?  895).  This  shows  the  need  for  keeping  an  open  mind 
upon  the  question  of  the  date  of  the  creation  of  such  earthworks.8  Of 
one  thing  we  may  be  sure  :  whensoever  made,  this  was  one  of  the  largest 
and  most  important  fortresses  of  these  eastern  lands. 

SOUTH  WEALD  CAMP. — The  camp  occupies  an  elevated  position 
partly  within  the  bounds  of  Weald  Hall  Park,  and  partly  on  cultivated 
land  to  the  east.  The  area  enclosed  was  about  7  acres. 

It  is  difficult  to  trace  the  lines  of  the  work — excepting  the  bank 
within  the  confines  of  the  park,  all  have  been  mutilated  or  destroyed  ; 
but  it  is  still  possible  by  careful  examination  of  the  ground  east  of  the 
road  which  adjoins  the  park  to  ascertain  where  the  rampart  and  fosse 
were  carried.  There  is  nothing  in  its  form  inconsistent  with  Celtic 
work,  but  Salmon*  thought  this  of  Roman  origin  '  too  small  to  contain 
an  army  and  fit  only  for  castra  exploratorum? 

Of  the  majority  of  the  following  '  camps  '  but  faint  traces  exist, 
while  some  have  disappeared  since  their  mention  by  our  old  historians. 
In  form  they  approximate  to  the  class  of  works  under  consideration. 

ASHDON. — An  ancient  entrenchment  is  to  be  seen  parallel  with  the 
Bourne  stream  near  the  Bartlow  Hills,  consisting  of  bank  and  ditch  over 
300  feet  long  measuring  about  30  feet  across.  The  bank  is  now  about 
4  or  5  feet  in  height  and  the  ditch  which  is  V-shaped  is  of  corre- 
sponding depth,  but  was  originally  5  feet  deeper.  There  is  a  rectangular 

1  Mr.  G.  E.  Pritchett,  F.S.A.,  about  the  year  1876  reported  the  discovery  of  at  least  seven  ossuary 
urns  and  ampulla:  in  a  gravel-pit  near  the  encampment. 

*  Foundations  of  England  (1898). 

3  It  may  be  that  the  Danish  work  was  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Lea  at  Hertford.  Vallans  wrote 
in  the  sixteenth  century  :  '  There  remayneth  yet  the  ruines  of  an  old  castel  or  fort  bctweene  Hartford 
Castel  and  the  Mill,  which  I  doe  undoubtedly  beleeve  was  the  verie  selfe  same  fort  that  the  Danes 
builded  '  (see  Lcland,  Hearne's  ed.  1744,  v.  zz).  *  History  ofEsiex,  p.  z6j. 

283 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

enclosure  at  one  end.  Mr.  A.  R.  Goddard  in  an  account  of  this  earth- 
work 1  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  fosse  is  on  the  interior  side  of 
the  enclosed  space  and  the  agger  beyond  it.2 

ASHELDHAM. — Entrenchments  for  the  most  part  levelled  but  ap- 
parently originally  of  somewhat  oval  form,  enclosing  about  16  acres 
near  Asheldham  church  at  the  corner  of  the  road  to  Southminster. 
From  the  remains  there  is  not  sufficient  to  justify  more  than  a  con- 
jecture that  the  works  may  have  been  British. 

BILLERICAY  :  Elunfs  Walls. — Salmon  speaks  of  the  earthworks 
here  as  consisting  of  a  ditch  and  rampart  surrounding  about  4  acres, 
one  part  of  which  was  once  separated  by  ditches  within  which  enclosure 
there  were  several  artificial  mounds,  then  for  the  most-  part  levelled. 
Since  Salmon's  time,  the  ditch,  ramparts  and  mounds  have  disappeared. 

BILLERICAY  (Norsey  Wood). — General  B.  R.  Branfill  has  drawn 
attention  to  entrenchments  surrounding  this  wood,  and  to  a  number  of 
excavations  which  may  have  been  ancient  habitations. 

The  protecting  bank  is  reported  to  be  about  5  to  6  feet  high, 
with  a  ditch  outside,  completely  surrounding  the  wood  of  about  195 
acres  area.  Towards  the  southern  end  are  remains  of  ancient  dams 
where,  by  the  fall  in  the  level,  water  naturally  accumulates. 

It  is  suggested  that  the  extensive  banks  surrounding  the  wood  may 
be  due  to  the  great  rising  of  the  peasants  in  the  time  of  Richard  II. 
when,  according  to  John  Stow  the  historian,  *  a  new  multitude  at 
Byllerica '  seem  to  have  'fortified  themselves  with  ditches  and  carriages.' 

BIRCH. — *  Birch  Castle,'  as  it  is  called,  is  a  small  much-destroyed 
enclosure,  partly  protected  by  a  rampart  and  trench.  Morant  said  it  was 
connected  with  the  earthworks  on  Lexden  Heath,  but  there  is  no  trace 
of  the  connection  to  be  found  at  the  present  day.3 

BIRDBROOK. — At  Watsoe  Bridge  the  ancient  road  from  Colchester 
to  Cambridge  crosses  a  stream  which  flows  into  the  Stour  from  the 
south  ;  here  was  situated  an  earthwork,  probably  of  Roman  origin. 

Few  traces  remain,  there  are  deep  depressions  here  and  there  which 
may  indicate  the  line  of  the  fosse,  and  there  is  a  rectangular  corner,  but 
the  plough  has  left  little  to  mark  the  spot.  Thomas  Walford,  in  a 
communication  published  by  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1801,  shows 
the  camp  or  station,  but  even  in  his  day  all  that  remained  to  be  recorded 
was  a  part  of  the  west  vallum,  that  '  at  the  north-west  end  was  taken 
down  in  January,  1793.' 

Many  Roman  coins  were  discovered  near  by,  and  the  site  of  a 
cemetery  was  found.  Morant  refers  to  the  spot  (under  Bumpsted  Steple) 
and  thinks  a  tower  of  some  sort  stood  here. 

Wright  suggests  that  there  had  been  a  camp  on  the  summit  of 
Bailey  Hill,  Birdbrook  parish,  but  his  evidence  is  not  satisfactory. 

BRAINTREE. — An  embankment  with  fosse  stands  on  the  south  side 

1   Trans.  Essex  Arch.  Sot.  vii.  349.  *  A  plan  of  the  work  appeared  in  Archtfohgia,  xxv.  3. 

8  It  should  be  recorded  that  a  field  adjoining  the  enclosure  is  locally  known  by  the  suggestive  name 
'  the  bailey.' 

284 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

of  Stane  Street.  Cottages  occupy  part  of  the  fosse,  the  rampart  is  in  the 
grounds  of  Mount  House,  and  there  is  no  doubt  that  we  have  here  part 
of  one  side  of  a  large,  otherwise  destroyed  camp. 

CANEWDON. — There  is  said  to  have  been  a  camp  here  of  oblong 
form,  which  enclosed  about  6  acres.  At  the  beginning  of  last  century 
the  vallum  had  been  levelled,  but  the  fosse  was  still  visible.  Mr.  Benton 
considered  that  '  Duckett's  Mead,'  which  adjoins  the  fosse  before  men- 
tioned, and  had  a  ditch  a  rod  wide  on  its  northern  side,  probably  occu- 
pied the  site  of  the  camp. 

HARWICH. — No  remains  of  a  camp  are  now  to  be  seen,  but  from 
Morant  we  learn  that  in  his  day  traces  existed  at  least  half  a  mile  long, 
one  side  of  the  work  running  southerly  from  without  the  Town-gate 
to  the  Beacon  Hill  field,  in  the  midst  of  which  was  a  tumulus.  The 
rampart  was  in  many  places  12  feet  high,  and  the  ditch,  though  chiefly 
filled  up,  at  least  6  feet  deep  and  40  feet  wide.  The  sea  had  devoured 
the  rest.  On  the  top  of  the  hill  another  work  ran  across  from  the 
former  in  an  easterly  direction.  The  Essex  historian  considered  the 
camp  a  work  of  the  Romans. 

HORKESLEY  (GREAT). — Here  are  some  remains  of  an  earthwork 
known  as  '  Pitchbury  '  or  '  Pitsbury  Ramparts.'  When  the  late  Rev. 
Henry  Jenkins  described  the  camp  in 

1841,  he  stated  that  it  was  of  oval  shape,  X!^'3SS^*  t 

and  contained  about  6   acres.       Most  of  ^^^^("\'''w'\\yl!^ 


*"V<^  (|i"'\^n'" 

it  was  levelled  for  agricultural  operations  /!^>*'«X* 

ffffjr 
^^JUfXf        Pirch 


about  fifty  years  ago,  but  there  are  still     A    fafjjr 

J  .J  •    .  c  *~^/f*        Pihchbury 

some   remains,   consisting    or    two    banks 

with  their  accompanying  ditches.  The 
lines  moreover  of  that  part  which  was 
destroyed  can  be  partially  traced  in  the 
adjoining  fields.  Gretrf  Horkesley 

LAYER    MARNEY. — The    Rev.    H. 

Jenkins   writing  in    1863   said  that  until  /•\--B 

lately    there    were     at     Haynes     Green,      ~^*/*tr^"J-        „,       2?t.      s,t; 
between  Layer  Marney  Wood  and  Pods-        From  measurement,  kindly  .uPPucd  \>Y 
wood,   the  remains  of  a  double-trenched 

Roman  camp,  which  was  then  gradually  disappearing  beneath  the 
encroachments  of  the  plough.1  Its  condition  is  now  so  fragmentary 
that  it  is  impossible  to  guess  its  purpose.  It  has  not  the  slightest 
appearance  of  ever  having  formed  part  of  the  entrenchments  of  a 
Roman  camp. 

LEYTON. — In  the  grounds  of  Rukholt  Manor  there  were,  in  the 
early  part  of  last  century,  the  remains  of  an  ancient  entrenchment  on  a 
small  eminence  rising  from  the  river  Lea,  which  appeared  to  consist  of 
a  square  embankment  enclosing  a  circular  one.  The  latter  was  about 
33  feet  in  diameter,  surrounded  by  a  moat  about  6  yards  in  width  ;  the 

1  The  remains  are  doubtless  the  same  as  those  a  plan  of  which  was  published  in  the  Traniaetiotii 
a/  the  Essex  Arc hfo  logical  Society  in  1895. 

285 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

former  had  traces  of  a  double  rampart  divided  by  a  ditch.  Nothing 
now  remains  of  this  work. 

ORSETT. — According  to  Morant  there  were  in  his  time  some 
ancient  entrenchments  enclosing  4  or  5  acres,  but  it  is  possible  he  was 
misled  by  the  appearance  of  the  remains  of  moats,  banks  and  fishponds 
appertaining  to  the  site  of  a  mansion  of  Bishop  Bonner. 

PRITTLEWELL. — There  are  remains  of  an  entrenchment  on  Fossett's 
farm.  The  enclosure  is  situate  upon  rising  ground,  and  is  of  somewhat 
oval  shape,  having  on  two  sides  the  bank  well  denned,  with  outer  fosse 
in  part.  It  embraced  about  8  acres,  and  can  still  be  traced  in  several 
fields.  At  one  point  of  the  work  was  possibly  a  circular  mound,  but  it 
has  been  lowered,  now  rising  only  about  8  feet  above  the  surrounding 
land. 

SAFFRON  WALDEN. — Grimsditch  Wood  has  a  fosse  along  what  was 
probably  one  side  of  a  camp  or  station,  a  purpose  for  which  the  com- 
manding site  would  render  it  suitable.  Of  other  sides  of  the  fortress 
there  are  traces,  but  nearly  all  the  banks  have  been  partially  destroyed 
and  the  ditches  correspondingly  lessened  in  importance. 

Though  the  features  of  the  following  five  earthworks  are,  or  were, 
in  the  main  similar  to  those  of  camps  such  as  we  have  been  considering, 
it  seems  well  to  separate  them  therefrom  and  to  group  them  together  as, 
happily,  the  period  of  their  construction  may  be  assumed  with  confidence. 

BENFLEET. — In  the  Saxon  Chronicle,  under  the  date  of  A.  894, 
we  hear  of  Beamfleote  having  been  already  constructed  by  Hasten,  the 
Danish  leader  (Hcefde  Hasten  cer  geworbt  beet  geiveorc  <zt  Beamfleote).  The 
Chronicle  tells  of  his  treachery,  and  of  the  conquest  of  his  fort  by  part 
of  King  Alfred's  army,  aided  by  the  townsmen  of  London — an  interesting 
story  with  a  noble  sequel,  but  one  upon  which  we  may  not  dwell. 

We  seek  in  vain  for  satisfactory  traces  of  Hasten's  fort  at  Benfleet. 
It  has  been  thought  that  it  occupied  the  high  ground  above  the  railway, 
but  as  Dr.  H.  Laver,  F.S.A.,  says  in  an  admirable  summary1:  '  There 
is  quite  enough  remaining  around  the  churchyard  to  mark  out  one 
corner  of  the  fortress.' 

Assuming  this  to  be  correct,  the  fort  occupied  a  position  by  the 
side  of  the  creek.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  when  the  railway  was 
being  constructed  remains  of  burnt  vessels  were  found  in  the  waterway  ; 
valuable  evidence  when  we  remember  that  the  Saxon  Chronicle  thus  tells 
us  the  deeds  of  King  Alfred's  men  :  '  And  all  the  ships  they  either  broke 
in  pieces  or  burned  or  brought  to  London  or  to  Rochester.' 

SHOEBURY. — The  Danish  work  here  is  historically  linked  with  that 
of  Benfleet,  for  we  learn  from  the  Saxon  Chronicle  that  in  894,  the 
year  in  which  Alfred's  forces  drove  Hasten's  army  out  of  that  fort,  the 
Danes  constructed  a  fortress  at  Shoebury  (fra  bergas  waeron  }>a  gegaderode 
begen  to  Sceobyrlg  on  Eastseaxum  &  freer  geweorc  worhtun).  As  there  are  no 
traces  of  other  earthworks,  it  may  be  assumed  that  those  fragments 

1  Essex  Arch.  Trans,  n.s.  viii.  233. 
286 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

which    remain    on   the    coast   are    of  Hasten's    construction.     Though 
originally  an   inland   fortress,  as  is   proved  in   Mr.   F.  C.  J.  Spurrell's 
papers,1  the  sea  has 
washed  away  about 
half  of  it,  and  the 


„ 


Shoeiarynta 
Essex. 


banks  of  the  re- 
maining portion 
have  been  sadly  mu- 
tilated by  the  War 
Office  authorities, 
who  now  occupy 
the  site. 

Rampart  and 
ditch  remain  on  the 
south  side  while 
Rampart  Street 
marks  the  north  line. 
A  fraction  exists,  or 
did  till  recently,  on 
the  west  side,  show- 
ing a  ditch  40  feet  wide  outside  a  bank  of  about  12  feet  in  height. 

In  the  words  of  Dr.  H.  Laver2 : — 

It  is  probable  that  the  few  remains  of  this  historical  camp  will  soon  disappear, 
unless  an  effort  is  made  to  enlist  the  help  of  the  War  Office  authorities  in  its  preserva- 
tion, a  matter  which  should  not  be  difficult,  seeing  its  value  as  an  historical  monument, 
and  that  the  cost  of  preservation  would  be  next  to  nothing. 

MALDON. — If  any  reliance  can  be  placed  upon  the  plan  shown  by 
Strutt,3  the  earthwork  at  Maldon  must  have  been  of  the  most  simple 
form — a  rampart  with  a  wide  moat,  surrounding  an  open  space  ;  but  it 
is  practically  certain  that  in  Strutt's  days  it  was  by  no  means  so  complete 
as  indicated,  for  Salmon,  who  wrote  earlier  (1740),  speaks  of  part  being 
built  upon  and  defaced.  In  his  day  three  sides  of  the  fortification 
remained  ;  but  now,  alas  !  Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch  in  his  description  of  Maldon 
(1898)  can  only  say  :  *  The  site  of  this  Saxon  camp  can  still  be  faintly 
traced.' 

Salmon  *  says  : — 

There  are  the  remains  of  a  camp  on  the  west  side  of  the  town,  through  the 
middle  of  which  the  Road  to  Chelmsford  goes  ;  three  sides  of  the  Fortification  are 
visible.  The  ground  within  the  Vallum  seems  to  be  of  about  twenty-two  Acres  .  .  . 
We  see  three  sides  of  a  Square  or  Oblong,  the  rest  being  built  upon  and  defaced. 

This  has  a  fair  Pretence  to  be  Roman  ;  but  as  Edward  the  elder  encamped  here, 
it  is  not  certain  whether  he  fortified  it,  or  found  it  ready  done  to  his  hands. 

There    are    two    references   in    the    Saxon  Chronicle.  The    first 

(A.  913)  simply  states   that  King   Edward  went  to  Maldon  with  some 

of   his    force    and    encamped    while    his    burb    at    Witham  was    being 
constructed. 


1  Essex  Naturalist,  iv.  and  Artbtrokgical  Journal,  xlii. 
'  Manneri,  Customs,  etc.  (1774). 

287 


*  Essex  Arch.  1 'rani.  n.s.  vi.  97. 
4  History  of  Essex  (1740),  p.  419. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


N 


(pa  flr  Eadweard  cyn'mg  mid  sumum  his  fultume  on  Eastseaxe  to  Mteldune  £«f  wlcode 
peer  }>a  hwile  J>e  man  pa  burh  worhte  y  getimbrede  tet  Witbam?) 

(Then  went  King  Edward  with  some  of  his  force  to  Maldon  in  Essex,  and  there 
encamped,  while  the  burh  at  Witham  was  being  wrought  and  built.) 

The  second  (A.  920)  reference  is  as  follows  : — 

(Her  on  pys  gere  foran  to  middum  sumera  for  Eadweard  cyn'mg  to  Mteldune  & 
getimbrede  j)a  burg  is"  gestaffolode  <sr  he  ponon  fore.) 

(In  this  year,  before  Midsummer,  King  Edward  went  to  Maldon,  and  built  and 
established  the  burg,  ere  he  went  thence.) 

WITHAM  BURY. — Some  sixty  years  ago,  when  little  interest  was 
taken  in  such  relics  of  past  history,  the  Eastern  Counties  railway  was 
cut  through  the  heart  of  this  fortress,  which  is  second  to  none  to  those 
who  are  interested  in  England's  story  unfolded  in  the  pages  of  the  Saxon 
Chronicle  ;  for  there  we  read  of  King  Edward  staying  in  Maldon  in 
A.  9 1 3  while  this  burb  was  being  constructed. 

Road-makers  and  gravel-diggers  have  for  long  aided  in   the  work 

of  its  destruction,  till  only 
fragments  remain  of  the 
burh  that  Edward  ivorbte  & 
getimbrede  at  Witham. 

The  best  modern  ac- 
count of  this  earthwork  was 

i         //  T^  \  \       written    by    Mr.    F.    C.   J. 

/  I  /*  \  I      Spurrell.1    His  paper  gives  a 

plan  showing,  in  addition  to 
the  ramparts  which  are  plain 
to  the  eye  of  the  passer-by, 
the  course  of  the  destroyed 
works,  traced  by  Mr.  Spurrell 
when  in  winter  visits  he  was 
able  to  follow  their  line. 

The  original  fort  seems 
to  have  consisted  of  a  large 
enclosure  of  about  400  by 
350  yards, with  an  inner  ward 
or  keep  200  by  175  yards. 

If  this  could  be  regarded  as  the  typical  form  for  a  royal  military 
burh  of  the  period,  much  importance  would  be  added  to  traces  thereof. 

Mr.  Spurrell  (to  whose  courtesy  we  are  indebted  for  the  basis  of 
our  plan,  in  which  the  black  lines  signify  banks)  says  : — 

On  the  south-west  side,  or  that  on  which  the  River  Panta  runs,  the  hillside  is 
very  steep  ;  on  the  other  sides  the  land  slopes  gently  from  the  middle  of  the  camp. 
.  .  .  The  ditches  were  dry  ;  about  thirty  feet  wide,  and  of  slight  depth.  ...  I 
should  think  that,  measured  from  the  inside,  the  average  height  [of  the  banks]  was 
seven  feet. 

1  Essex  Naturalist,  1887,  i.  19. 
288 


Enhances? 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

It  must  however  be  noted  that  the  sketch  given  by  Strutt  *  differs 
materially  from  Mr.  Spurrell's  plan,  showing  a  low  circular  mound  with 
bank,  fosse  and  rampart. 

All  that  a  cursory  examination  now  shows  of  this  royal  fortress  are 
the  ramparts  on  the  south-west,  standing  high  above  the  river,  and  these 
mutilated  by  the  intersection  of  the  Great  Eastern  railway. 

DANBURY. — Here  we  have  not  the  advantage  of  any  Chronicle 
references  nor  of  early  plans  of  the  defences  before  they  were  mutilated 
or  destroyed  by  buildings,  roads  and  cultivation. 

There  seems  ground  to  believe  it  was  occupied,  if  not  constructed, 
by  the  Danes,  who,  it  may  be,  simply  adapted  an  older  work.  The 
situation,  upon  the  top  of  a  hill  rising  high  above  the  valleys,  suggests 
British  rather  than  either  Roman,  Saxon,  or  Danish  origin. 

The  Danes  seem  to  have  added  considerably  to  the  interior  arrange- 
ments, so  far  as  can  be  judged  by  the  plan  in  Mr.  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell's 
paper.8  The  attempt  is  made  to  compare  the  detail  of  this,  with  its 
(?)  three  wards,  with  the  Saxon  burh  at  Witham,  but  no  very  marked 
similarity  is  apparent. 

The  southern  part  of  the  outer  earthwork  is  shown  in  Morant's 
Essex  and  in  Cough's  edition  of  Gamderis  Britannia,  with  a  note  in 
Morant  that  the  '  glacis  is  30  feet  or  more.' 

Mr.  Spurrell  found  the  banks  in  this  part  clearly  defined,  and  in 
some  other  portions  traceable  upon  careful  examination. 

MOATED    MOUNDS   AND    COURTS 

Under  this  head  we  include  the  simple  moated  mounds  and  mounds 
with  base-courts.  This  is  not  the  place  in  which  to  discuss  the  vexed 
question  of  period  of  origin  of  '  mound  and  court '  castles  ;  here  we 
must  generally  be  content  to  record  their  existence  and  present  appear- 
ance. 

BERDEN. — Three  quarters  of  a  mile  south  of  Berden   church,  at 
Stock's   farm,  is  a  small 
moated  mound   unmen-    Befden  Mound 

tioned     in     our    county 

i  • 

histories. 

The  depth  of  the 
moat  suggests  serious 
defensive  purpose,  but 
the  mound  does  not 
attain  any  considerable 

height  ;  it  is  however  furnished  with  a  bank  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
moat — an  important  feature  of  early  defences.  On  the  south  and  east 
sides  the  moat,  now  dry,  has  been  partially  filled  in,  being  but  10  feet 
below  the  interior  bank,  while  on  the  west  and  north  sides  the  moat 
still  contains  water  and  is  about  6  feet  deeper. 

1  Manntn,  Cuitoms,  etc.  (1774).  *  Eiiex  NaturaRit,  1890,  iv.  138. 

i  289  37 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

BURES  MOUNT. — The  parish  has  from  early  date  been  distinguished 
as  Mount  Bures,  in  contradistinction  from  the  adjoining  Bures  St.  Mary 
in  Suffolk. 

The  mount  with  its  surrounding  moat  covers  about  an  acre  and  a 
half,  there  are  no  distinct  remains  of  outer  works,  and  the  fort  seems  to 
have  consisted  mainly  of  the  defenced  mount,  which  Gough  considered 
the  keep  of  a  castle  of  the  Sackvilles. 

The  land  to  the  west  slopes  rapidly  to  a  brook,  and  on  that  side 
the  moat  has  been  partially  destroyed  by  excavation  for  sand.  On  other 
sides  the  moat  remains  about  10  feet  deep,  the  great  mound  rising 
48  feet  on  the  west  and  38  feet  on  the  east  above  the  present  level  of 
the  moat. 

CANFIELD  (GREAT). — All  antiquaries  may  be  thankful  for  the  state 
of  preservation  in  which  the  earthworks  of  Canfield  Castle  remain. 


Cteaf  Canfie/tt.  fssex. 


The  work  is  second  to  none  as  an  example  of  the  methods  of  defence 
adopted  in  its  construction — a  great  mound  of  earth,  no  doubt  origin- 
ally furnished  with  rings  of  wooden  barrier  defences,  surrounded  by 
a  deep  moat  fed  with  water  by  the  diversion  of  a  little  stream  from 
its  natural  course,  the  mound  still  showing  where  one  or  more 
courses  of  palisading  surrounded  it,  and  showing  too  breaks  in  its 
ring,  where  probably  approach  and  exit  were  effected  by  drawbridges  ; 

290 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

while  appended  to  the  mound,  but  separated  from  it  by  the  moat,  is  the 
horseshoe-shaped  bailey,  defended  by  its  own  deep  moat,  still  retaining 
the  greater  part  of  a  rampart  on  its  outer  side. 

The  plan  shows  a  dam  on  the  east,  by  means  of  which  the  waters 
of  the  Roding  could  be  added  to  those  of  the  little  diverted  stream, 
forming  a  never-failing  body  of  water  as  an  added  defence  to  the  mound 
on  its  eastern  face. 

Faithful  to  our  promise  not  to  discuss  dates,  we  will  not  express 
our  own  views,  but  will  show  with  how  open  a  mind  our  old  historian, 
Salmon,  treated  the  question  : — 

When  this  was  erected  nothing  shows  [he  states  that  some  had  implied  it  to 
be  of  Roman  times].  There  is  room  for  other  Guesses,  which  may  be  indulged, 
since  we  can  arrive  at  no  Certainty. 

Fair  Eddeva  might  fortify  here  before  the  Conquest  .  .  .  or  de  Ver  might  do  it 
during  the  war  between  Maud  and  Stephen  .  .  .  or  de  Vtr  might  fortify  here  upon 
King  John's  destroying  the  Bishop's  Castle  of  Weytemore. 

Moating  is  projected  forward  at  two  points  on  the  west  ;  this  may 
indicate  extension  to  form  a  second  court  or  bailey,  but  it  seems  hardly 
likely,  as  the  land  rises  considerably  and  shows  no  traces  of  continuation 
of  the  fosse. 

CHRISHALL. — On  the  southern  edge  of  a  wood  north-east  of 
Chrishall  church  is  a  circular  work  with  moat,  a  low  broad  bank  or 
rampart  surrounding  the  outer  edge  of  the  moat,  save  on  the  south-west, 
where  it  has  been  destroyed,  or  where  possibly  a  natural  declivity 
rendered  additional  protection  unnecessary. 

Owing  to  the  density  of  the  undergrowth  we  were  unable  to  make 
a  reliable  plan,  nor  does  the  work  appear  in  the  25-inch  ordnance 
survey  map,  but  it  is  approximately  of  1 50  feet  diameter,  with  moat  of 
about  i  o  feet  depth,  excepting  on  the  south-west,  where  it  is  5  or  6  feet 
deeper.  The  outer  bank  above  mentioned,  being  intersected  by  ditches 
from  the  surrounding  wood,  assumes  somewhat  the  form  of  a  succession 
of  mounds,  hence  Salmon's  statement — copied  by  Morant  and  subsequent 
writers — that  mounds  'are  raised  at  four  places  near  the  verge.'1 

CLAVERING. — The  principal  part  of  the  remains  here  consists  of  an 
oblong  mound  with  a  summit  area  of  about  300  by  185  feet,  elevated 
some  1 6  or  17  feet  above  its  surrounding  moat.  On  the  north  is  a 
long  rampart  outside  the  moat,  and  further  earthworks,  to  which  we 
presently  refer. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  character  of  the  castle  earthworks  incon- 
sistent with  a  pre-Norman  origin,  but  Suene  of  Essex  held  the  lordship 
at  the  time  of  the  Domesday  survey,  and  possibly  by  him,  or  by  those 
holding  under  him,  the  mound  was  erected,  or  we  may  owe  it  to  Robert 
Fitz  Wimarc,  who  was  lord  in  Edward  the  Confessor's  time.* 

1  There  is  another  work  in  the  wood,  but  we  think  it  was  probably  merely  an  ornamental 
adjunct  to  the  gardens  of  a  mansion  built  in  the  seventeenth  century  by  Sir  John  James  when  this  great 
wood  was  the  park  of  Chrishall  Hall. 

*  Mr.  J.  H.  Round  is  inclined  to  identify  Clavering  with  '  Robert's  castle,'  to  which  the  Saxon 
Chronicle  tells  us  that  certain  Normans  fled  in  A.D.  1052  (see  p.  345  below). 

291 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Morant  speaks  (1768)  of  castle  walls  'not  long  since  in  being.' 
No  masonry  remains  above  ground  to  tell  the  story,  nor,  so  far  as  we 
know,  have  excavations  brought  anything  to  light. 

Mention  must  be  made  of  the  great  banks  adjoining  on  the  north. 
The  plan  shows  the  Stort,  here  but  a  small  stream,  flowing  between 
deep  precipitous  banks,  and  forming  a  bend  on  the  north-east,  with  a 
high  and  wide  embankment  on  its  southern  side  ;  below  this  bank  is  a 
low  hollow  area,  about  70  feet  wide,  ending  southward  against  the 
bifurcated  rampart  immediately  north  of  the  castle  moat.1 


100' 


C  L  AVERING.  ESSEX. 


A  careful  examination  of  the  extension  of  the  banks  up  the  valley 
westward  enables  us  to  understand  their  purpose.  It  is  evident  that  the 
waters  of  the  Stort  flowed  in  part  through  the  hollow  area  ;  the  great 
banks  keeping  the  water  back  formed  a  reservoir,  probably  for  use  in 
part  to  work  a  mill  which  may  have  stood  at  G  where  the  banks  divide. 

But  evidence  is  visible  of  further  use  for  this  reserve  of  water — at 
E  on  plan  there  is  an  inlet  through  the  banks,  high  enough  to  flood  the 
whole  moat  surrounding  the  castle. 

The  bifurcation  of  the  rampart  close  by  the  inlet  E  was  no  doubt 
furnished  with  sluices,  which  allowed  the  water  to  be  carried  away  out- 

1  The  Rev.  E .  A.  Downman  is  of  opinion  that  these  works  have  no  connection  with  the  castle 
enclosure,  but  whenever  made  they  involved  an  immense  amount  of  labour,  and  we  incline  to  consider 
them  part  and  parcel  of  the  whole. 

292 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

side  the  works  or  to  be  retained  when  needed.  The  castle  moat  proper 
could  be  relieved  of  its  surplus  water  by  a  sluice  at  F,  a  point  much 
lower  than  the  inlet  E. 

Close  to  and  on  the  east  of  the  present  footbridge  over  the  Stort 
will  be  noticed  a  break  in  the  embankment,  now  partially  filled  up, 
through  which  the  river  water  could  be  led  into  the  reservoir  ;  but 
examination  of  the  ground  further  west  shows  that  at  some  time  a 
stream  flowed  along  the  bottom,  indeed  it  is  most  probable  that  the 
Stort  itself  flowed  here  and  was  artificially  diverted.  Banking  is  evident 
to  the  west  of  the  ground  shown  on  the  plan,  and  there  are  two  mys- 
terious little  banks  on  the  east  which  we  indicate. 

We  have  devoted  much  space  to  these  outer  earthworks,  because 
they  appear  to  form  an  interesting  example  of  hydraulic  engineering  of 
an  early  date. 

EASTON  (GREAT). — The  moated  mound  here  though  insignificant 
when  compared  with  the  large  work  at  Mount  Bures  is  like  thereto  in 
giving  a  distinctive  name 
to  its  parish,  for  there 
can  be  little  doubt  that 
the  Norman  place-name 
Easton  ad  Montem  was  de- 
rived from  this  artificial 
mount  as  Bures  ad  Mon- 
tern  from  that. 

Some  would  assign 
the  mound  to  Roman  or 
pre-Roman  days,  but  it 
may  well  have  been  a 
lonely  little  fortified  work 
in  a  clearing  of  the  great 
woodland  in  Saxon  times, 
or  it  may  represent  part  Creaf  £ars/v/r.  £ssex 

of   the    defensive  WOrk   of  ^  ''ne  'rom  *  to  •  »how>  t  moat  about  8  feet  in  depth,  the  mound 

of  about  zo  feet  altitude  and  the  moat  again. 

the  grantee  in   Norman 

William's  reign.     This  view  is  perhaps  strengthened  if  we  can  regard 

the  scanty  traces  of  outer  work  on  the  south  as  part  and  parcel  of  the 

whole. 

ELMDON. — Close  to  Elmdonbury,  now  the  chief  manor-place  of  this 
parish,  is  a  wood  for  generations  past  known  as  Castle  Grove  ;  within  it 
is  a  circular  moated  mound,  to  which  no  reference  is  made  in  our 
county  histories.  It  may  have  been,  probably  was,  the  first  site  of  the 
castle  or  manor-house  of  the  manor  mentioned  in  Domesday,  then  held 
of  Count  Eustace  of  Boulogne  by  Roger  de  Sumeri.1 

1  It  may  be  well  to  note  that  the  present  house  of  Elmdonbury,  though  of  some  antiquity, 
is  not  on  the  site  of  the  late-mediaeval  manor  house,  it  occupied  the  square  moated  enclosure  about 
400  yards  to  the  west. 

293 


W  £  2;         /|i  5 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

The  mound  with  its  surrounding  moat  is  only  about  1 50  feet  in 
diameter,  and  the  moat  has  been  lessened  in  depth  by  centuries  of 
accumulation  of  leaves  and  decayed  vegetation.  Along  the  inner  edge 

of  the  moat  runs  a  bank,  as  at  Berden, 
giving  a  saucer-like  form  to  the  top  of 
the  mound. 

Tw  =  =i      /«=5  E.  FELSTEAD. — There  is  a  small  mound 

%^/jijf^^  at  Bannister  Green  known  as  the  Quakers' 

Mount.  Mr.  J.  French  writes 1:  'It 
is  from  15  to  20  feet  high  and  some- 
what oval,  with  a  flat  top,  being  about 
20  paces  long  at  the  top  and  18  broad. 
Its  sides  incline  at  an  angle  of  45°,  and 
it  was  formerly  surrounded  by  a  moat 

Mound  in   Castle  Grove  *  J 

about  o  or  10  feet  broad.  Not  quite 
half  of  this  moat  still  exists,  the  rest 
having  been  filled  in  in  great  part  by 
earth  removed  from  one  end  of  the 

mound.     The  original  symmetry  can  be  well  made  out  in  spite  of  this 

mutilation.' 

HEDINGHAM    (CASTLE). — The    noble    twelfth    century    tower    of 

Hedingham  Castle  has  been  the  subject  of  artists'  pencils  and  antiquaries' 


ELMDON    ESSEX. 


tee' 


900' 


too' 


AMttStipS**^^ 

wi'A^V^x\\f*w%/mvr  «^"^iP 

^mfa?;,,.^  ^Pf  ...r,^'-,.,W«p  -^^ , 

•""'"%,  te\«-            v--\c\  ^m 


\WM 


goo'          300 


Mecf/ny/tam  Cersf/e,  Sssex. 


pens,  but  the  great  fosse  and  ramparts  have  seldom,  if  ever,  been 
depicted  or  described.  That  they  were  here  long  before  the  stone  keep 
is  probable,  but  how  long  before  we  may  not  assert. 


1  Essex  Naturalist,  vi.  loo. 
294 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

A  natural  hill  projecting  towards  the  west,  near  the  junction  of 
two  roads  of  ancient  importance,  was  seized  upon  as  a  suitable  site 
for  defence. 

Across  the  promontory  was  cut  a  fosse  (c),  separating  the  high 
west  end  from  the  rest  ;  this  fosse  remains,  but  partially  filled  up  and 
spanned  by  a  Tudor  bridge. 

Then  a  great  dyke  was  scored  around  the  steep  sides  of  the  high 
ground,  and  the  material  largely  thrown  outwards,  forming  a  protecting 
rampart.  Either  at  the  same  time  or  probably  later,  a  base-court  or 
bailey  was  formed  on  the  east  of  the  mound,  protected  by  its  own  high 
rampart  and  deep  fosse. 

The  fosse  of  the  bailey  is  discontinued  on  its  north-west  at  a  point 
where  a  sheet  of  water  appears  to  have  existed. 

It  is  noteworthy  that  in  exactly  the  same  relative  position  at  the 
castle  of  Canfield,  water  was  provided  in  abundance  if  needful. 

At  the  west  end  of  the  earthworks  a  narrow  pass  is  cut  through 
the  outer  rampart,  the  banks  being  continued  outwards  for  its  defence. 
Down  this  pass  water  trickles,  probably  the  overflow  of  that  which 
supplies  the  castle  well  on  the  height  above,  and  the  path  here  is  the 
only  existing  original  entrance  to  the  works.  The  terracing  of  the 
gardens  in  front  of  the  mansion  long  ago  destroyed  traces  of  the  bailey 
rampart  and  fosse  on  the  south,  but  probably  it  was  there  that  the  main 
entrance  to  the  castle  was  placed. 

LATTON. — Within  the  parish  of  Latton,  but  close  to  Harlow 
station,  is  a  low  hill  rising  about  23  feet  above  the  general  level  of 
meadows.  It  is  an  open  question  whether  man's  handiwork  is  traceable 
on  this  hill,  which  has  been  long  associated  by  local  tradition  with  a 
fort  of  some  sort. 

So  long  ago  as  1821  tradition  found  voice  in  the  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine^ and  in  Archceologia,  where  very  strong  walls  are  said  to  have  been 
found  a  few  feet  below  the  surface. 

The  hill  or  mound  was  practically  an  island  in  early  days,  as  the 
waters  of  the  Stort  gave  a  morass-like  character  to  the  surrounding 
valley. 

The  opinion  that  some  modifications  have  been  made  of  the  natural 
form  of  the  hill,  that  relics  of  Roman  occupation  have  been  found,  and 
that  the  deep  trackway  to  the  hill,  coupled  with  local  tradition,  points 
to  some  defensive  work  having  existed,  will  be  found  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  Essex  Archaeological  Society.1 

The  view  that  the  whole  hill  is  of  unmodified  natural  creation  is 
expressed  by  Mr.  T.  V.  Holmes,  F.G.S.1 

The  riddle  must  remain  unsolved,  unless  perchance  the  pick  and 
shovel  some  day  throw  light  on  the  matter. 

NAVESTOCK. — Early  in  the  eighteenth  century  Dr.  Stukeley,  the 
celebrated  antiquary,  discovered  somewhere  on  Navestock  Common ' 

1  Eitex  Arch.  Tram.  n.s.  v.  95  ;  viii.  239.  *  Eitex  NaturaRit,  ix.  59. 

1  Then  waste  land,  but  enclosed  and  cultivated  since  1768. 

295 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

an  earthwork  which  he  imagined  to  be  an  'Alate  Temple  of  the 
Druids.' 

Extracts  from  Stukeley's  diary1  show  that  he  was  at  his  Alate 
Temple  at  least  four  times  (from  1725  to  1761). 

The  entry  of  August  5,  1761,  says  :  '  'Tis  much  overgrown  with 
fern,  and  but  lately,  so  that  'tis  difficult  fully  to  discern  it.  They  have 
dug  gravel  there  lately.' 

Fortunately  Stukeley  not  only  specifically  described  the  position  of 
the  earthwork  but  also  made  a  sketch  of  its  form,2  and  we  may  recognize 
in  the  main  the  lines  of  a  '  mound  and  court '  fortress  such  as  we  have 
some  splendid  examples  of  in  Essex,  though  here  the  mound  by  Stukeley's 
time  had  lost  some  of  its  altitude  or  he  could  not  have  found  it  '  diffi- 
cult fully  to  discern.' 

The  late  Rev.  S.  Coode  Hore  of  Navestock  and  Professor  Meldola, 
F.R.S.  (of  course  without  any  faith  in  Stukeley's  Druid  theory),  deter- 
mined to  discover  the  site,  and  after  a  prolonged  search  they  arrived  at 
the  conclusion  that  the  excavation  by  the  roadside  near  Princes'  Gate  is 
part  of  the  work. 

The  solitary  remnant  of  an  excavation  fails  to  convey  any  definite 
impression,  but  its  position  tallies  with  Stukeley's  description  of  the 
site. 

ONGAR. — The  altitude  and  bulk  of  the  great  mound  of  Ongar 
Castle,  the  depth  and  width  of  the  moat,  the  solid  rampart  round  the 
bailey,  and  its  height  above  its  moat,  tell  us  that  we  have  here  the  remains 
of  a  once  important  fortress. 

Part  of  the  rampart  and  fosse  of  a  second  bailey  extends  for  about 
400  feet  on  the  west,  the  rest  having  been  mainly  destroyed  in  the 
growth  of  the  town  of  Ongar,  though  here  and  there  further  traces  of 
the  sweep  of  the  defences  may  be  found. 

There  are  indications  also  of  a  court  to  the  east  of  the  mound,  and 
perhaps  of  a  second  beyond,  or  possibly  of  an  outwork  cutting  off  the  site 
of  the  fortress  on  that  side. 

Careful  examination  is  necessary  to  realize  the  physical  conditions 
of  the  site  in  the  days  when  it  was  first  fortified — a  promontory  project- 
ing southward  from  the  tableland  above,  with  the  then  marshy  valley  of 
the  Roding  on  the  east,  a  narrower  stretch  to  the  south,  and  the  little 
valley  on  the  west,  through  which  the  Cripsey  flowed  to  meet  the  Rod- 
ing.  Only  on  the  north  was  natural  protection  entirely  lacking,  and 
across  that  side  the  earliest  occupiers  seem  to  have  constructed  some 
slight  protective  work. 

It  was  probably  long  subsequent  to  the  first  occupation  of  the  site 
that  the  great  earthworks  of  Ongar  Castle  were  constructed. 

Without  going  into  detail  as  to  their  date,  we  may  say  that  our 
view  is  that  though  there  may  have  been  works  here  in  pre-Norman 
days  which  had  fallen  into  disuse  when  Count  Eustace  of  Boulogne 

1  Essex  'Naturalist,  viii.  221,  222. 
2  Reproduced  in  facsimile  in  Essex  Naturalist,  ix.  214. 

296 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

obtained  the  grant  and  probably  made  Ongar  the  *  caput '  of  his  great 
Essex  fief,1  he  materially  altered  the  defences,  and  that  it  was  not  till 
Richard  de  Luci's  lordship  in  the  twelfth  century  that  the  final  develop- 
ment took  place,  a  development  which  made  Ongar  Castle  a  huge 
fortress. 

The  plan  shows  all  that  is  left  of  the  ramparts,  but  it  is  necessary 
to  add  that  solidly  built  rubble  and  tile  masonry  occurs  at  e,  probably  the 
only  gateway  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  bailey. 

The  earthen  ramparts  were  mainly  crowned  with  stockades  or 
palisading  of  timber,  but  here  and  there  towers  of  masonry  may  have 
been  erected,  as  rubble  is  found  at  one  or  two  points  on  the  bank.  The 


Sff 


ON  CAR  CASTLE. 

I  r,  Remains  of  tile  and  rubble  masonry. 

old  local  idea  was  that  the  masonry  which  is  exposed  at  e  ran  round, 
forming  a  core  to  the  bailey  rampart,  but  excavations  have  proved  that 
chalky  boulder-clay,  gravel  and  sand  rammed  together  are  the  main 
constituents  of  the  wall. 

PLESHEY. — It  has  usually  been  considered  that  the  construction  of 
the  outer  entrenchment  at  Pleshey  took  place  long  anterior  to  the  time 
when  the  great  mound  and  court  castle  was  thrown  up,  perhaps  destroy- 
ing a  portion  of  the  older  work  on  the  southern  side.  The  outer  work 
consisted  of  a  rampart  of  earth  with  a  fosse  or  moat  without,  both  are 
well  defined  in  a  portion  of  the  circuit  but  much  reduced  in  the  height 

1  See  Mr.  J.  H.  Round  in  Essex  Arch.  Tram.  n.i.  vii.  143,  and  Chisenhale-Marsh's  Domesday,  be. 
1  297  38 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

of  the  bank,   and   correspondingly  lessened    in  the   depth    of  the   fosse, 
while  in  some  parts  the  rampart  has  been  levelled. 

Its  complete  circuit  was  doubtlessly  much  longer,  but  about  1,100 
yards  remain.  Though  numerous  finds  of  early  pottery  and  some  bronze 
implements  have  been  made  within  the  area  enclosed  by  the  outer 


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Chufth. 


entrenchment  there  is  no  positive  evidence  as  to  its  date.  Mr.  J. 
Horace  Round  has  shown  that  the  parish  takes  its  name  from  the  old 
French  word  Plaisseis  or  P/aisseiz,  signifying  an  enclosure.1  This  it 
would  seem  cannot  but  refer  to  the  rampart  and  ditch  surrounding  the 
village.  From  it's  general  appearance  it  seems  probable  that  the  work 
was  one  of  British  origin.2 

The  great  castle  mound,  with  its  appendant  court  on  the  south,  is 

1  Essex  Arch.  Trans,  n.s.  v.  83-6. 

2  The  Rev.  E.  A.  Downman,  who  possesses  probably  an  unequalled  acquaintance  with  the  earth- 
works of  England,  is  inclined  to  think  the  outer  works  of  the  same  date  as  the  castle  mound  and  court. 

298 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

far  better  known  than  the  outer  entrenchment  to  which  we  have  referred, 
and  has  the  advantage  of  having  played  a  part  in  Shakespeare's  magic 
pages.  Other  hands  will  take  up  the  story  of  Pleshey  Castle  in  historic 
times,  for  us  it  is  left  to  record  the  remains — the  bare  earthen  skeleton, 
parent  of  the  towers  and  walls  and  halls  of  masonry  which  subsequently 
formed  the  castle  home  of  the  high  constables  of  England. 

We  find  now  a  great  keep-mound,  somewhat  oval  in  form,  rising 
nearly  50  feet  above  its  surrounding  moat,  a  brick  bridge  connecting  it 
with  the  base-court  or  bailey,  which  is  protected  by  a  high  rampart 
with  its  own  proper  moat  30  to  40  feet  below,  and  some  indication  of  a 
second  bailey  on  the  north  of  the  mound.  Back  Lane  seems  to  follow 
the  course  of  the  moat  to  this  second  or  outer  bailey. 

Some  say  masonry  runs  through  the  length  of  the  southern  bailey 
rampart,  but  we  think  that,  as  at  Ongar,  masonry  was  used  only  at  the 
gateways,  timber  being  a  sufficient  protection  for  the  summit  of  the 
ramparts  standing  high  above  the  water-filled  moat. 

The  masonry  indicated  at  p  on  plan  consists  of  two  rubble  walls, 
the  space  between  being  filled  with  clay  and  sand.  The  outer  wall  is 
3!  feet  thick,  the  inner  2  feet.  The  latter  has  red  tiles  with  the  rubble. 

PURLEIGH. — There  is  an  entrenched  mound  here  slightly  raised 
above  the  surrounding  surface  level.  It  apparently  gives  name  to  a 
manor  at  Purleigh  known  as  '  Le  Howe,'  formerly  a  member  of  the 
manor  of  '  Lalling,'  or,  as  it  is  now  known,  '  Lawling.'  It  was  possibly 
a  moot  hill  or  law  hill. 

Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch1  describes  it  as  probably  Saxon  or  Danish,  circular, 
about  55  yards  in  diameter,  and  surrounded  by  a  ditch  about  12  feet  wide. 

RAYLEIGH  CASTLE. — The  commanding  position  it  occupies  renders 
Rayleigh  Castle  in  some  respects  the  most  striking  of  Essex  earthworks. 

A  short  spur  projects  from  the  range  of  hills  running  high  above 
the  wide  lowlands  to  the  west,  overlooking  a  great  extent  of  country,  a 
point  of  strategic  importance  in  early  days.' 

This  spur  has  been  boldly  modified  into  a  typical  mound  and  court 
fortress  ;  the  keep  mound  occupies  the  westward  end,  and  is  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  a  deep  dry  fosse,  which  on  its  east  divides  it  from  the 
bailey,  an  enclosure  furnished  with  its  own  proper  fosse.  Of  the  second 
or  outer  bailey  some  effort  is  necessary  to  enable  us  now  to  trace  the 
lines,  owing  to  alterations  for  houses  and  gardens  of  the  little  town  of 
Rayleigh,  and  to  some  levelling  of  the  pastures  which  has  taken  place 
within  the  last  hundred  years  or  so.8 

Pre-Roman  or  British  origin  has  been  claimed  for  all  or  part  of  the 
earthworks  by  some  of  our  eminent  antiquaries,  while  Weever,  writing 

1  MaUon  and  the  River  Blacktaater. 

*  With  sorrow  we  have  to  advise  those  who  wish  to  see  Rayleigh  Castle  to  do  so  speedily,  for  the 
destroyer  is  at  hand  ;  already  roads  are  marked  out  on  the  western  slope,  and  soon  the  grand  view  will 
(thanks  to  modern  vandalism)  be  changed  to  a  prospect  of  back  premises  of  villas  and  cottages. 

8  A  plan  of  about  1789  in  Kerrich's  collection  (British  Museum  Add.  MS.  6735)  shows  a  second 
bailey.  There  are  traces  of  further  works  around,  for  which  see  plan  (opposite  p.  172,  Essex  Arch.  Sec. 
Trans,  iv.  n.s.). 

299 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

in  1631,  says,  '  Swein  de  Essex  .  .  .  built  the  ruined  castle  in  this 
towne,  in  the  raigne  of  Edward  the  Confessor.' l 

Mr.  J.  H.  Round  has  expressed  the  view  that  the  Domesday  words 
'  in  hoc  manerio  Suenus  fecit  suum  castellum,'  imply,  though  they  may  not 
prove,  that  Suene  raised  the  mound  in  William's  reign.2 

We  think  however  that  the  words  would  equally  apply  though 
Suene  had  simply  utilized  the  site  of  already  existing  but  ruined  works 
for  his  castellum.  No  sign  of  the  use  of  stone  is  apparent  on  any  part 


RAYUEIGH  MOUNT,  ESSEX. 

of  the  site,  though  one  may  speculate  that  Weever's  reference  to  the 
ruined  castle  implies  an  existence  of  masonry  at  his  time. 

RICKLING  MOUND. — In  the  pages  of  Morant's  History  is  a  short 
pleasing  description  of  Rickling  Hall,  which  we  would  quote,  but  that 
our  section  of  the  Victoria  History  deals  with  earlier  work  than  the 
remnants  of  this  once  important  mansion,  which,  by  the  way,  is  well 
described  and  illustrated  by  Mr.  C.  R.  B.  Barrett.3 

Traces  of  extensive  moating  remain  around  the  hall,  suggesting  the 
existence  here  of  some  earlier  well-defended  abode. 

Our  concern  however  is  with  the  mound  adjoining  the  hall  enclo- 
sure on  the  south,  for  though  the  moats  of  the  hall  may  have  existed 
contemporaneously  with  the  mound,  we  are  inclined  to  think  the  latter 

1  Weever,  Ancient  Funeral!  Monuments,  p.  603. 

2  See  pp.  345—6  below. 

3  Barrett,  Essex  :  Highways,  Byways,  and  Waterways,  ser.  2,  p.  21, 

300 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

earlier,  mainly  because  the  fosse  or  moat  proper  to  it  has  been  at  some 
period  obliterated  by  the  southern  moat  of  the  hall,  which,  though  now 
filled    up,   is   easily    detected.       The 
mound-keep,   never    large,   has   been 
mutilated,  but  the  plan   and   section 
show  its  present  condition. 

The  size  of  the  banking  outside  A 
the  keep-fosse,  on  the  south-west 
side,  indicate  considerable  protective 
work,  and  for  the  greater  part  of 
the  circumference  the  moat  or  fosse 
is  still  in  evidence. 

SAFFRON  WALDEN. — Traces  of 
earthwork  defences  are  around  the 
castle  of  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville  on  • —  — 3" 

Bury  Hill,  the  highest  point  in  the 

town  ;  they  are  however  too  slight  to  warrant  detailed  mention  here. 
The  interest  of  the  place  centres  in  the  ruined  castle  of  the  Norman 
lords  rather  than  in  the  possibly  earlier  earthworks. 


RICKLING. 


«TANSTED.  ESSEX. 


STANSTED  MONTFITCHET. —  To  tell  the  story  of  the  Norman  Gernons 
or  of  the  Montfitchets  would  be  trespassing  on  ground  to  be  covered 
by  other  writers,  but  we  may  mention  that  it  is  thought  that  the  castle 

301 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

was  destroyed  during  its  possession  by  Richard  de  Montfitchet  in  1215, 
and  that  it  never  was  rebuilt  ;  its  walls  of  masonry  proving  a  quarry  for 
building  operations  throughout  the  neighbourhood.  Just  a  few  feet  of 
stone  walling  remain  on  the  keep  at  H  on  plan,  but  foundations  of  other 
portions  may  exist,  long  hidden  beneath  the  turf.  Some  antiquaries  have 
thought  that  an  older  mound  fort  existed  previously,  but  from  some  points 
in  the  castrametation  we  incline  to  think  this  one  of  the  latest  mound 
and  court  forts  in  Essex.  Here,  as  at  Rayleigh,  advantage  was  taken  of 
a  naturally  strong  position,  though  here  the  spur  of  hill  is  in  a  little  valley 
in  place  of  being  a  bold  promontory  overlooking  an  open  country. 

The  existing  earthworks  show  a  strongly  situated  keep,  defended 
in  part  by  the  steepness  of  the  slope  and  in  part  by  a  deep  fosse  (the 
eastern  side  of  this  fosse  separating  the  keep  from  the  slightly  higher 
bailey)  and  the  bailey  or  base  court  with  high  rampart  and  remains  of 

N 


t 


100 


-fi'STEBBING   MOUNT  ESSEX. 


fosse.  Unfortunately  the  bailey  rampart  and  fosse  has  been  destroyed  all 
along  its  southern  side,  where  no  doubt  gravel  has  been  excavated. 
Ancient  houses  occupy  part  of  the  fosse  on  the  west  of  the  keep,  and  a 
road  has  destroyed  its  extension  on  the  north  of  the  bailey. 

It  is  hoped  that  no  further  mutilation  of  this  interesting  little  castle 
will  be  allowed. 

STEBBING  MOUND. — The  mound  is  raised  artificially  some  38  feet 
above  its  surrounding  moat,  which  is  well  filled  with  water  from  a 
spring.  The  manor  of  Stebbing  Hall  was  held  by  the  Ferrers  and 
Peverells  at  the  great  survey,  when  probably  the  main  building  was  on 
the  summit  of  the  mound,  which  is  flat,  with  a  surface  area  of  60  feet 
by  25  feet. 

Whether  thrown  up  by  one  of  these  Norman  holders,  by  Siward 
who  owned  the  land  in  Edward  the  Confessor's  time  or  by  earlier  occu- 
pants, we  cannot  say. 

The  History  of  Essex,  by  a  Gentleman  (1769),  says:  '  Here  are  two 

302 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

hills  or  mounts,  on   the   highest  of  which,  as   tradition   goes,  a  castle 
formerly  stood.'     If  ever  there  was  a  second  mound  it  has  disappeared. 

HOMESTEAD    MOATS 

We  thus  denominate  the  level-surfaced,  small,  watermoated  enclosures 
which  abound  in  the  eastern  and  some  other  counties  of  England. 
Though  usually  the  site  of  an  ancient  manor  house  or  hall,  grange  or 
farmhouse,  in  some  cases  church,  hall  and  hamlet  were  included  in  the 
protecting  sweep  of  the  moat,  as  at  Mundon,  Hazeleigh  and  Canewdon. 

As  Essex  possesses  between  300  and  400  examples  of  homestead 
moats,  needless  to  say  we  do  not  propose  to  enumerate  them,  but  may 
briefly  mention  some  peculiarities  of  construction. 

As  a  rule  the  works  are  rectangular,  the  only  defence  a  deep  moat, 
varying  in  Essex  from  12  or  15  feet  to  60  feet  in  width  (Botelers  in 
Basildon  has  one  over  60  feet  wide),  the  earth  dug  from  the  moat  being 
thrown  inwards  and  spread,  the  surface  of  the  island  thus  created  is 
made  higher  than  the  surrounding  ground. 

Occasionally  we  find  circular  moated  enclosures  ;  these  almost 
always  exhibit  evidence  of  early  and  more  defensive  work,  for  example 
at  North  Weald,  where  the  little  unoccupied  circular  site  has  remnants 
of  a  low  rampart  on  the  inner  verge  of  the  water. 

Here  and  there  we  have  moats  with  the  island  intersected  by  a 
channel,  dividing  it  into  two  defensible  parts,  as  at  Warish  Hall  (Takeley), 
Shellow  Bowells,  etc. 

There  are  some  with  secondary  moated  enclosures  added  irregularly 
to  the  main  island,  as  at  Berwick  Berners,  Fingreth  Hall  (Blackmore), 
Stock  Hall  (Matching)  and  others. 

Sometimes  the  extension  of  the  waterworks  created  three  such 
islands,  for  example,  Essex  Hall  (Stambourne),  and  Colchester  Hall 
(Takeley). 

At  Helions  Bumpstead  and  Pierce  Williams  (Hatfield  Broad  Oak) 
are  curious  stirrup-shaped  works,  one  side  straight,  the  remainder  curved.1 
A  nearly  similar  one  is  at  Bolding  Hatch  (Roxwell). 

It  is  interesting  to  find  examples  of  double  moating  one  within 
the  other,  the  outer  generally  slight  and  at  some  considerable  distance, 
allowing  space  for  pasture,  as  at  Edwin's  Hall  (Woodham  Ferrers), 
Mardens  Tye  (High  Easter),  Warish  Hall  (Takeley)  and  elsewhere. 

At  Good  Easter,  by  the  church,  is  a  batch  of  four  moated  enclo- 
sures close  together,  but  not  conjoined,  apparently  independent  one  of 
another,  and  each  the  site  of  an  ancient  home. 

The  exigencies  of  space  will  not  permit  of  much  discussion  of  the 
question  ;  when  was  this  simple  form  of  defensive  earthwork  first 
adopted  ? 

We  point  to  examples  at  the  head  or  on  the  sides  of  creeks  and 

1  Curiously  enough  on  the  inner  verge  of  the  moat  of  each  of  these  are  (or  were)  one  or  two 
small  mounds  or  tumuli. 

3<>3 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

rivers,  up  which  Danish  raiders  doubtless  passed,  and  ask  ourselves 
whether  it  was  not  for  defence  against  those  marauders  that  these 
homestead  moats  were  made,  or  in  some  instances  by  landing  parties  of 
the  Scandinavians  themselves  ? 

At  no  subsequent  period  could  it  have  been  necessary  to  defend  a 
whole  village,  as  in  the  case  of  Mundon  and  others  already  mentioned. 

Great  moats  guard  the  site  of  the  eleventh-century  homestead  of 
the  priory  of  St.  Valery,  where  Warish  Hall  stands  with  its  double 
island,  water-girded,  and  its  traces  of  the  outer  moat.  Tiptofts,  in 
Wimbish,  has  thirteenth-century  oaken  columns,  door  and  stud  work, 
within  its  modern  casing. 

We  find  moats  surrounding  fifteenth  century  halls,  such  as  Cammas 
in  the  Roothing  country  (a  district  abounding  with  homestead  moats) 
and  others,  while  of  sixteenth  century  homes  thus  water-guarded  we 
have  far  too  many  to  name  here. 

The  moated  enclosures  may,  of  course,  have  been  ready  to  hand 
when  the  houses  were  reared,  but  we  incline  to  think  that  such  moats 
were  made  from  an  early  time  down  to  the  late  period  when  barns 
and  stacks  needed  protection  from  beasts  of  the  forests  rather  than  from 
human  foes. 

MISCELLANEOUS    EARTHWORKS 

[Under  this  heading  are  included  tumuli,  barrows,  boundary  banks,  and  such  early  works 
as  cannot  be  definitely  classified.] 

ASHDON  :  'The  Eartlow  Hills. — Although  named  after  the  parish  in 
Cambridgeshire  to  which  they  are  contiguous,  these  fine  tumuli  are 
situate  in  the  parish  of  Ashdon  in  Essex.  There  were  originally  seven 
of  these  mounds,  the  height  of  the  largest  being  45  feet  and  its  diameter 
147  feet.  The  remainder  were  of  somewhat  smaller  dimensions.  There 
are  now  only  four  of  the  hills  remaining.  Those  which  were  situate 
near  the  road  were  removed  in  1832  for  the  purpose  of  clearing  the 
ground  for  agricultural  use,  but  their  contents  were  duly  recorded  and 
their  sites  are  still  indicated  by  slight  elevations  of  the  surface.  Between 
the  years  1835  and  1840  three  tumuli  were  opened  up  and  examined. 
Drawings  and  plans  with  full  reports  of  the  excavations  are  given  in 
Archceologia.  As  these  works  were  erected  during  the  Roman  occupation, 
reference  to  them  will  be  found  in  the  chapter  devoted  to  that  period  and 
it  is  therefore  unnecessary  to  add  more  here. 

CHRISHALL. — In  1847  the  Hon.  R.  C.  Neville  (afterwards  Lord 
Braybrooke)  opened  a  barrow,  apparently  in  this  parish,  though  there  is 
some  difficulty  in  identification  of  the  neighbourhood  from  the  writer's 
description. 

Of  relics  the  tomb  was  *  rich  only  in  poverty,'  but  it  was  of 
exceptional  interest  insomuch  as  the  one  barrow  contained  '  two 
different  modes  of  interment  .  .  .  one  Roman  the  other  British.' 

COLCHESTER. — The  earthworks  (still  in  part  surrounding  the  castle 
bailey)  cover  much  Roman  masonry.  It  is  only  necessary  here  to  men- 

304 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

tion  the  fact  of  the  banks  having  been  thrown  up  at  some  period  subse- 
quent to  the  construction  of  the  Roman  building1  now  hidden  beneath, 
and  the  existence  of  a  deep  and  wide  fosse  or  moat  on  the  north  side 
and  partly  on  the  east. 

DUNMOW  (LITTLE). — Wright  refers  to  '  a  square  area,  surrounded 
by  earthworks  which  are  very  high  on  the  southern  side  '  to  the  south 
of  the  church.  We  judge  these  to  be  simply  remains  of  the  Dunmow 
Priory  fishponds. 

In  a  field  sloping  towards  the  Stane  Street  were  found  some  pits 
containing  numerous  fragments  of  pottery  and  much  charred  matter. 

EPPING. — Remains  of  mounds  exist  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
town,  but  in  the  absence  of  proper  exploration  it  is  impossible  to  say 
that  they  are  other  than  hillocks  thrown  up  in  modern  times,  though  the 
opinion  has  been  expressed  that  they  are  ancient  tumuli. 

FELSTEAD. — Here  is  an  ancient  dam  across  a  valley  about  a  mile 
north  of  the  village.  It  is  intersected  by  the  Dunmow  and  Braintree 
branch  of  the  Great  Eastern  railway  and  is  about  150  yards  long,  about 
35  feet  broad  at  its  base,  10  feet  at  its  top  and  20  high  at  its  highest 
part.  It  has  been  suggested  that  it  forms  the  dam  of  a  lake  constructed 
in  prehistoric  times. 

HATFIELD  BROAD  OAK. — Within  the  forest,  at  or  near  Portingbury 
Hill,  there  are  the  remains  of  a  defensive  enclosure  (now  little  more  than 
ditches  and  a  slightly  raised  platform  with  shallow  moat)  so  indistinct 
in  parts  that  it  is  difficult  to  classify  the  work.  Salmon,  writing  in  1740, 
says  of  it:  '  In  Beggars-Hall  Coppice  on  the  Forest,  in  the  Way  to  Stane- 
Street,  is  a  small  Spot  of  Ground  called  Porting-Hills,  and  Portingbury- 
Hills.  At  a  little  Distance  from  that,  the  traces  of  a  larger  circular 
Entrenchment,  with  what  Intention  made  does  not  appear.' 

HOCKLEY. — Plumborough  Mount  has  been  claimed  to  be  of  Danish 
origin,  owing  its  existence  to  Canute's  great  victory  over  Edmund  Iron- 
side in  1016.  The  memorable  fight  took  place  at  Assandun,  now  Ash- 
ingdon,  the  neighbouring  parish. 

In  Benton's  Rochford  Hundred  an  alternative  suggestion  is  made  that 
the  mound  '  may  have  been  thrown  up  for  the  purpose  of  signals  in  con- 
nection with  the  comes  littoris  Saxonici'  in  Roman  days. 

A  careful  examination  might  tell  whether  to  either  of  these  or  to 
earlier  days  this  barrow  belongs. 

It  appears  wholly  artificial,  its  base  being  about  90  feet  in  circum- 
ference and  its  summit  though  lowered,  16  feet  above  the  round  hill 
upon  which  it  stands,  forming  a  conspicuous  landmark. 

Partly  in  this  parish  but  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Crouch  are 
groups  of  small  barrows  ;  for  description  of  these  see  Woodham  Ferrers. 

MALDON. — A  tumulus  situated  in  Mountfield  is  described  by 
Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch,1  who  says  it  is  '  doubtless  Saxon  or  Danish,  and  stands 

1  Possibly  it  is  to  these  banks  the  following  entry  in  the  Pipe  Roll  refers:  ',£50  ad  faciendum 
Ba/fiam  etna  Caittllum  de  Coltcntria'  (19  Hen.  II.  1172-3);  but  it  may  relate  to  an  outer  bailey 
being  then  constructed. 

1  MaUon  and  tht  River  Blot/Heater,  p.  37,  ed.  3  (1898). 

I  3°5  39 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

in  a  commanding  position  between  the  Saxon  camp  at  Maldon,  and 
within  sight  of  the  Danish  camp  and  settlement  at  Danbury  (Danes' 
town)  ;  it  is  probably  contemporaneous  with  these  and  with  Purleigh 
Mount.' 

Other  tumuli  which  existed  in  this  part  of  the  county  have  been 
ruthlessly  destroyed,  though  traces  of  some  are  indicated  on  the  25-inch 
Ordnance  Survey  map1  while  one  on  Northey  Island  in  the  parish 
of  St.  Mary,  Maldon,  remains  intact. 

STOW  MARIES  :  Barrows. — See  Woodham  Ferrers. 

TILBURY  (WEST). — South  of  the  hall  garden  is  a  fosse  or  ditch  with 
a  broad  bank  on  its  outer  side  formed  by  the  ridge  of  a  steep  hillside 
rising  abruptly  above  the  Thames  valley. 

This  fosse,  about  250  feet  long,  and  a  return  piece  of  72  feet  on  the 
west,  are  the  only  vestiges  of  antiquity  that  we  see  here. 

Some  assert  that  a  Roman  '  camp  '  was  here,  while  others  have 
claimed  that  the  work  was  constructed  as  a  defence  to  the  camp  of 
Elizabeth,  when  that  queen  rested  at  West  Tilbury  the  night  before  her 
celebrated  review  of  her  troops  on  August  9,  1588.  As  Mr.  Thorne 
indicates  *  a  contemporary  chart  exists,  which  shows  the  camping 
ground  to  have  been  adjacent  to  the  church  and  hall. 

Mr.  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell,  writing  in  1885,  referred  to  outer  earthworks 
and  a  slight  ridge  bordering  the  hilltop  '  which  may  have  been  of  a 
very  early  date,'  but  these  evidences  seem  to  have  disappeared,  owing 
perhaps  to  the  gravel-digging  which  is  in  progress. 

TOTHAM  (GREAT). — On  the  southern  tongue  of  this  parish  and  in 
Heybridge  (on  the  northern  side  of  the  Blackwater)  were  tumuli  known 
as  the  Barrow  or  Borough  Hills  ;  few  or  no  traces  remain,  though  the 
mounds  were  formerly  considerable  in  number. 

Salmon  thought  them  the  graves  of  Saxons  or  Danes  slain  in  war- 
fare, but  nothing  was  found,  or  at  all  events,  recorded,  to  enable  us  to  fix 
an  approximate  date. 

WIGBOROUGH  (GREAT). — Salmon  and  all  his  copyists  mention  the 
small  tumulus  near  the  church  as  possibly  thrown  up  to  cover  those  who 
were  slain  in  some  battle  which  may  have  taken  place  here,  and  he  sur- 
mised that  the  wasting  of  their  bodies  caused  the  mound  to  sink  to  its 
low  level  ! 

WOODHAM  FERRERS,  STOW  MARIES  AND  HOCKLEY. — A  large  group 
of  barrows  or  mounds  remains  on  the  northern  side  of  the  river  Crouch, 
within  the  parishes  named.  Gough  mentions  '  24  barrows  grouped  in 
pairs  and  most  of  them  surrounded  by  a  ditch,'  erroneously  assigning 
them  to  Woodham  Mortimer  parish.  Upon  examination  in  about 
1868,  Mr.  (now  Sir  John)  Evans  inclined  to  think  them  comparatively 
modern,  and  the  late  Mr.  H.  W.  King  wrote  :  '  If  the  earthworks  were 
really  what  Mr.  Evans  regards  them,  they  were  probably  hastily  thrown 

1  Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch  expresses  the  opinion  that  two  tumuli  shown  on  the  Ordnance  Survey  are  of 
quite  recent  construction. 

3  Environs  of  London,  p.  614. 

306 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

up  during  the  middle  of  the  i7th  century,  when  the  Dutch  attempted 
more  than  once  a  landing  on  the  neighbouring  coast.' 

Mr.  E.  A.  Fitch  thinks  that  they  date  back  at  least  to  Saxon  or 
Danish  times. 

WORMINGFORD. — The  Rev.  Henry  Jenkins,  writing  in  1842,  speaks 
of  a  high  artificial  mound  on  which  the  farm  house  at  Garnons  was  built 
and  which  he  conjectured  formerly  protected  the  passage  or  ford  of  the 
river  Stour,  and  that  from  it  the  parish  of  Wormingford,  anciently 
Withermundford,  took  its  name.1  In  a  footnote  in  Archeeologia  he  men- 
tions that  a  large  mound  in  this  parish,  close  to  the  Decoy  and  to  the 
banks  of  the  river  Stour,  was  moved  about  1836  in  order  that  the  earth 
might  be  spread  over  the  lower  part  of  the  field,  and  many  hundreds  of 
urns  were  then  discovered,  placed  in  parallel  rows  like  streets. 

Other  tumuli,  barrows,  etc.,  than  those  above-mentioned  remain, 
but  not  generally  of  sufficient  size  or  importance  to  need  detailed 
reference — among  these  are  examples  at  Birdbrook,  Little  Canfield,  East 
Donyland,  Latton,  Lawford,  Margaretting,  Messing  (in  Coneyfield 
Wood),  Mersea  Island  (about  a  mile  from  the  ancient  causeway  '  The 
Strood,'  which  connects  the  island  with  the  mainland),  Ockenden, 
Prittlewell,  Sturmer,  Tendring  and  Tolleshunt  Major. 

Two  low  tumuli,  which  proved  to  have  been  used  as  burial  places 
in  Romano-British  time,  formerly  existed  in  Norsey  Wood  near  Billericay, 
and  are  fully  described  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Essex  Archaeological 
Society. 

Boundary  banks  and  dykes  of  ancient  date  are  occasionally  found, 
as  the  Devil's  Ditch  at  Wethersfield,  or  recorded  by  place-names,  but 
these  we  cannot  here  enumerate. 

It  remains  only  to  record  two  most  interesting  groups  of  works, 
viz.  the  Red  Hills  and  the  Deneholes — with  these  our  task  is  con- 
cluded. 

THE  '  RED   HILLS  ' 

Under  this  cognomen  are  known  the  mysterious  low  mounds  which 
abound  on  the  borders  of  creeks  and  rivers  of  the  Essex  coast. 

They  rise  to  the  height  of  from  2  to  5  feet,  have  an  area  vary- 
ing from  rather  less  than  half  an  acre  to  about  30  acres,  and  are  clearly 
artificial,  as  the  material  is  largely  of  burnt  earth,  while  mingled  therein 
we  find  pieces  of  coarse  pottery  and  some  broken  brick. 

That  they  were  of  early  date  is  manifest,  as  one  is  intersected  by  a 
creek  formed  since,  while  another  has  yielded  Samian  ware  and  other 
remains  of  the  Roman  period,*  and  a  Roman  coin  was  found  on  one  on 
Wallasea  Island.  Another  evidence  of  great  age  may  be  the  fact  that 
the  artificial  material  extends  through  the  accumulated  surrounding 

1  Mr.  J.  H.  Round  (Commune  of  London  and  other  Studies')  says  that  the  'Domesday  name  it  Wide- 
mondcfort,  obviously  derived  from  Widemond,  the  name  of  an  individual.' 

1  See  fragments,  found  in  a  Red  hill  at  Burnham,  now  in  Stratford  Museum. 

307 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

alluvium  down  to  the  London  Clay1;  it  may  possibly  be  that  this 
shows  only  that  the  makers  cleared  away  the  soil,  but  considering  the 
enormous  size  of  some  sites,  this  would  have  been  an  herculean  task  for 
which  it  is  difficult  to  suggest  a  motive.  Is  it  not  more  conceivable 
that  the  mounds  were  formed  before  the  deposition  of  the  alluvium  ? 

The  use  of  these  mounds  is  as  uncertain  as  their  age,  though  their 
position  in  relation  to  the  tide  ought  perhaps  to  throw  some  light  on 
the  subjects  ;  Mr.  H.  Slopes 2  to  whom  we  are  mainly  indebted  for  our 
information,  states  that  '  they  lie,  as  a  rule,  just  above  the  average  high- 
water  mark,  or  its  level,  where  the  saltings  3  have  been  inclosed,  as  after 
conversion  into  marshes,  the  saltings  always  shrink,  chiefly  from  loss 
of  water,  to  much  below  their  original  level.'  It  must  however  be 
noted  that  some  of  these  mounds  are  above  the  level  referred  to,  near 
streams  containing  no  other  than  fresh  water. 

Mr.  W.  H.  Dalton,  F.G.S.,  suggests  that  they  were  camp  sites  or 
places  of  refuge  '  when  the  surrounding  country  was  densely  covered 
with  forest,  except  the  belt  between  normal  high  water  and  the  storm 
range  of  spring  tides.' 

The  late  Rev.  J.  C.  Atkinson  regarded  them  as  relics  of  salt  works  * 
for  the  evaporation  of  salt  from  sea  water. 

The  burning  of  kelp  or  seaweed  for  the  sake  of  the  ashes  in  the 
manufacture  of  glass  is  also  suggested,  but  indications  point  to  an  age 
prior  to  the  knowledge  or  great  use  of  glass. 

The  more  popular  and  possibly  correct  notion  is  that  of  Mr.  W. 
Cole,  F.L.S.,  who  believes  them  the  sites  of  potters'  works. 

This  belief  is  strengthened  by  the  discovery  of  wedge-shaped  pieces 
of  hard  burnt  pottery  about  4  inches  high,  similar  to  those  now  used  in 
Staffordshire  for  supporting  articles  in  the  course  of  firing.8  Occasion- 
ally these  supports  (if  such  was  their  purpose)  are  found  of  a  cylindrical 
form  with  a  flat  base  or  top  somewhat  of  T  shape  and  about  j\  inches 
high. 

The  hills  are  scattered  through  various  parishes,  including  Burn- 
ham,  Clacton  (G.),  Fambridge  (S.),  Fingrinhoe,  Foulness,6  Goldhanger, 
Langenhoe,  Mersea  (E.  and  W.),  Mundon,  Pagglesham,  Peldon,  St. 
Osyth,  Salcott,  Southminster,  Steeple,  Tilbury  (E.),  Tillingham,  Tolles- 
bury,  Virley,  Walton-on-Naze  and  Wigborough  (L.).  No  accurate 
computation  has  been  made  of  the  number  of  those  remaining  ;  many 
have  been  removed  for  the  sake  of  their  material,  which  is  found  useful 
as  a  dressing  upon  clay-lands,  others  have  been  so  lowered  as  to  be  scarce 
noticed,  but  it  is  believed  that  from  1 50  to  200  yet  exist,  affording  a  fine 

1  Mr.  H.  Slopes  in  Essex  Naturalist,  1887,  i.  99. 
*  'The  Salting  Mounds  of  Essex,'  Essex  Naturalist,  1887,  i.  96. 

8  'Saltings'  are  areas  of  land  between  the  range  of  high  water  at  spring  and    neap  tides  respec- 
tively. 

4  Arch.  Journ.  1880,  vol.  xxxvii. 

5  In  the  Museum  at  Stratford  Mr.  Cole  shows  such  modern  wedges  side  by  side  with  those  from 
the  Red  hills. 

8  Mr.  W.  H.  Dalton  does  not  consider  this  to  have  been  a  true  '  Red  hill.' 

308 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

field  for  archaeological  exploration  which  may  set  at  rest  the  long-debated 
question  as  to  their  age  and  purpose. 

THE   'DENEHOLES' 

Hangman's  Wood  near  Grays1  contains  the  curious  pits  known  as 
'  deneholes,'  which  have  been  a  mystery  to  enquirers  from  the  days  of 
Camden*  to  the  present  time. 

Many  writers  have  in  modern  days  issued  papers  on  the  subject,  but 
the  gist  of  the  information  will  be  found  in  the  Essex  Naturalist,  edited 
by  Mr.  W.  Cole,  who,  with  Mr.  T.  V.  Holmes,  has  devoted  much  time 
and  attention  to  the  examination  of  the  pits  in  the  course  of  explora- 
tions undertaken  by  the  Essex  Field  Club  with  a  view  to  the  elucidation 
of  the  mystery  surrounding  their  age  and  purpose.* 


^HP??4 


••     •   V  J  i  •»     -*  *     ..  »     '*  • 

fr?t'$rai  &'*•••-•&. 
Hy*&l8&  ifc'&'Ji* 

W^ 


Section  of  a  Denehole  in  present  condition, 

ihowing  ihaft  widened  by  weather,  and 

a  heap  of  debris  below. 


Section  of  a  Denehole  in  original  condition, 
showing  walling  of  flinti  round 
entrance  of  shaft. 


SECTIONS  OF  A  DENEHOLE  AND  GROUND  PLAN  OF  CHAMBERS. 

(Based  upon  plan  and  description  by  Mr.  T.  V.  Holmes,  F.G.S.) 

Seventy-two  deneholes  have  been  counted  within  4  acres  of 
Hangman's  Wood — mostly  near  together  and  consisting  each  of  a  ver- 
tical shaft  carried  down  from  50  to  100  feet  through  Thanet  Sand  into 
the  Chalk.  The  shafts  are  from  3  to  4  feet  in  diameter  and  end  in 
caves  or  excavations  branching  into  chambers  of  about  20  feet  in  length. 

The  shafts  have  become  more  or  less  closed  up  by  soil  and  debris 
from  above,  those  pits  which  were  cleared  by  the  Essex  Field  Club  in 
their  explorations  showing  each  a  great  heap  of  sand  and  soil  at  the  base. 

1  The  wood  is  partly  in  the  parish  of  East  Thurrock  and  partly  in  Orsett.     Deneholes  appear  also 
to  have  been  found  in  the  adjoining  parish  of  Chadwell  St.  Mary. 

*  Britannia  (1586). 

*  In  the  index  will  be  found  references  to  various  papers  and  notices  which  have  appeared  from 
time  to  time.     We  may  here  mention  some  notable  essays  which   have  been  published  :  '  Report  of 
Explorations,'  by  T.  V.  Holmes  and  W.  Cole,  Essex  Nat.  1887  ;  'Deneholes  and  Bell  Pits,'  by  T.  V. 
Holmes,  Gtol.  Mag.  1898  ;  'Deneholes  and  Artificial  Caves,'  by  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell,  Arth.  Journ.  1881  ; 
'On   Deneholes,'  by  Miller  Christy,  Reliquary,   1895  ;  'Deneholes,'  by  J.  G.  Waller,  Refyuary,  1896  ; 
'  The  Origin  of  Deneholes,'  by  A.  R.  Goddard,  Essex  Artb.  Trans.  \  899  ;  Note  by  J.   H.  Round  on 
the  same,  Essex  Arch.  Tram.  1899. 

309 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

The  chambers  (which  show  bands  of  flints  in  the  chalk  walls)  are 
of  varying  height,  the  floor  of  one  referred  to  by  Mr.  Miller  Christy 
being  about  25  feet  from  the  base  of  the  shaft.  In  some  shafts  are  still 
traceable  '  foot-holes  '  formed  in  the  hard  sand,  by  which  it  may  have 
been  easy  to  descend  and  ascend  with  the  aid  of  guide-ropes. 

Darkness  and  doubt  surround  the  age  and  purpose  of  the  deneholes ; 
those  who  desire  to  form  an  opinion  upon  these  points  cannot  do  better 
than  study  the  papers  above  named,  but  we  may  briefly  say  that  the 
Essex  Field  Club  exploration  '  has  made  the  post-Neolithic  age  of  the 
Hangman's  Wood  pits  almost  certain.'1  Pick-marks,  evidently  made  by 
metal  tools,  show  construction  at  later  date  than  the  stone  age,  while  a 
somewhat  indefinite  reference  by  Mr.  R.  Meeson2  suggests  the  use  of 
one  pit  for  a  Roman  burial,  though  this  of  course  would  not  prove  con- 
struction in  Roman  times.  Of  the  immense  age  of  the  pits  there  can 
be  no  doubt,  but  to  what  period  they  can  be  assigned  is  '  not  proven.' 

Space  will  not  allow  us  to  say  much  as  to  their  possible  use.  Dr. 
Plot,  writing  upon  the  natural  history  of  Oxfordshire  (1705),  refers 
incidentally  to  these  pits  as  '  the  gold  mine  of  Cunobeline  in  Essex  dis- 
covered again  temp.  Henry  IV.'  Absurd  as  the  gold-mine  theory  is,  it 
was  not  too  absurd  for  a  wild  attempt  during  the  '  South  Sea  Bubble  ' 
(c.  1720)  to  float  a  company  to  rework  the  pits  for  gold. 

Mr.  J.  G.  Waller,3  Mr.  Charles  Dawson*  and  many  others  consider 
the  pits  to  have  been  made  simply  for  the  excavation  of  chalk,  a  view 
which  is  energetically  opposed  by  Messrs.  Cole  and  Holmes.6 

If  the  primary  wish  of  the  excavators  was  to  obtain  chalk  they  knowingly  and 
wilfully  concentrated  their  efforts  of  every  kind  so  as  to  ensure  the  least  and  worst 
possible  return  for  their  labour — a  thing  which  no  people,  ancient  or  modern,  ever  did 
or  will  do. 

Mr.  Miller  Christy  is  equally  forcible  in  his  remarks8: — 

It  can  hardly  be  conceived  that  any  community,  if  wanting  chalk,  would 
have  dug  down  through  nearly  60  feet  of  superimposed  strata  to  obtain  it,  when  an 
unlimited  supply  could  have  been  obtained  actually  at  the  surface  within  a  mile.  To 
suppose  any  race  of  people  capable  of  such  absurdity  is  to  discredit  their  sanity. 

Moreover,  if  merely  chalk  pits,  why  should  all  the  Deneholes  have  been  excavated 
upon  the  same  symmetrical  plan  ?  And  why,  above  all  things,  should  care  have  been 
exercised  (as  it  most  clearly  had  been)  to  avoid  any  underground  communication 
between  the  different  pits. 

Mr.  A.  R.  Goddard7  suggests  the  use  of  the  pits  as  lairs  for 
ambushment  or  refuge  in  very  early  days. 

Others  suggest  mining  for  flints,  search  for  iron  pyrites,  wells  for 
water,  etc.,  but  all  of  these  suggestions  are  combated  in  the  papers  men- 
tioned, and  we  feel  that  the  amount  of  our  present  information  is  summed 
up  in  the  words,  '  the  hypothesis  that  the  Hangman's  Wood  Deneholes 
were  mainly  used  as  secret  storehouses  for  grain,  furnishes  perhaps  the 

1  Essex  NaturaKst,  i.  245.  *  Arch.  Journ.  xxvi.  191. 

3  Reliquary,  1896,  p.  36.  4  Geological  Mag.  1898,  pp.  293,  447. 

5  Essex  'Naturalist,  i.  251.  6  Reliquary,  1895,  p.  80. 

7  Essex  Arch.  Sue.  Trans,  n.s.  vii.  252,  400. 
310 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

most  probable  explanation  of  their  existence,'  though  it  must  be  ad- 
mitted that  '  the  mystery  surrounding  the  origin  of  the  Deneholes  and 
the  purposes  of  their  makers  still  constitutes  one  of  the  most  interesting 
and  perplexing  problems.' 

INDEX   AND   SUMMARY 

The  following  abbreviations  are  used  to  indicate  the  principal  publications  referred  to  in 
this  index  : — 

A.  =  Archteologia. 

AJ.  =  Archteological  'Journal. 

B.A.A.  =  British  Archaeological  Association  "Journal. 

B.B.  =  Britton  &  Brayley's  Beauties  of  England  and  Wales. 

B.R.H.  =  Benton's  Rochford  Hundred. 

C.A.  =  C.  Roach  Smith's  Collectania  Antiqua. 

C.B.G.  =  Camden's  Britannia  (Cough's  2nd  edition). 

E.A.T.  =  Essex  Archteological  Society's  Transactions. 

E.E.  =  Excursions  in  Essex. 

E.F.C.J.  =  Essex  Field  Club  Journal  of  Proceedings. 

E.F.C.T.  =  Essex  Field  Club  Transactions. 

E.G.  =  Essex.     By  a  Gentleman. 

E.N.  =  Essex  Naturalist. 

E.R.  =  Essex  Review. 

G.M.  —  Gentleman's  Magazine. 

G.M.L.  =  Gentleman's  Magazine  Library. 

M.E.  =  Morant's  Essex. 

N.A.E.  =  Neville's  Antigua  Explorata. 

N.S.E.  =  Neville's  Sepulchra  Exposita. 

O.E.  =  Ogborne's  Essex. 

O.S.  =  Ordnance  Survey  (6-inch  scale). 

P.S.A.  =  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 

S.E.  =  Salmon's  Essex. 

S.P.E.  =  Suckling's  Papers  :  Essex. 

W.E.  =  Wright's  Essex. 

Others  are  mentioned  with  full  title. 


AMBRESBURY  BANKS  (near  Epping). — p.  279  ante  [E.F.C.T.  ii.55  ;  E.F.C.J.  ii.  28  ;  A.J.  xxxiii. 

89,  244  ;  O.E.  217  ;    E.E.   ii.   25  ;    W.E.  ii.  467  ;    B.B.  \.  431  ;    C.B.G.  ii.  127  ; 

Brit.  Assoc.  Rep.  (1881)  697  ;  O.S.  Iviii.]. 

ASHDON. — Entrenchment  near  the  Bartlow  Hills :  p.  283  ante  [A.  xxv.  3  ;  E.A.T.  n.s.  vii.  353]. 
ASHELDHAM. — Entrenchment  :  p.  284  ante  [E.A.T.  n.s.  vi.  350]. 
BARKING. — See  Uphall. 
BARTLOW  HILLS,  ASHDON. — p.  304  ante  [E.A.T.  n.s.  vii.  349  ;  Wright's  Celt,  Roman  &  Saxon, 

377  ;  E.N.  iii.   288  ;    A.  xxv.    1-23,  xxvi.    300-17,   462,   xxviii.  i,  xxix.  i,  xxxiii. 

343;  N.A.E.  30;  M.E.  ii.   539;    W.E.  ii.  98;    S.E.  167;    E.G.  ii.  309;  G.M. 

(1822)  ii.  305  ;  G.M.L.  Top.  79  ;  B.B.  v.  380  ;  O.S.  iii. ;  G.M.  (1832)!.  162  ;  G.M.L. 

Rom.  i.  66  ;   C.B.G.  ii.  140]. 
BENFLEET. — Site  of  earthwork  :    p.  286  ante  [E.A.T.  ii.  75  ;    viii.  n.s.  233  ;   E.N.  iv.  150  ; 

B.R.H.  54  ;  A.J.  xlii.  294]. 

BERDEN. — Moated  mound  :  p.  289  ante  [E.A.T.  n.s.  iv.  289  ;  O.S.  xiii.]. 
BILLERICAY. — Blunt's  Walls  :  p.  284  ante  [E.E.  i.  129  ;  ff.E.  ii.  544  ;  S.E.  335  ;  E.G.  v.  31  ; 

B.B.  v.  489;  S.P.E.  145;  M.E.  i.  196;   E.A.T.   ii.   70;  P.S.A.  ser.  2,  vii.  370]. 

Norsey  Wood,  Tumuli,  etc.  :  p.  307  ante  [E.A.T.  v.  212  ;  n.s.  v.  226]. 
BIRCH  'CASTLE.' — p. 284  ante  [B.A.A.  xix.  277  ;  E.G.  vi.  151  ;  E.N.  viii.  204  ;  M.E.  ii.  182  ; 

W.E.  i.  391  ;  O.S.  xxxvi.]. 

BIRDBROOK. — Camp  :  see  Watsoe.     Tumuli  ;   [O.S.  iv.]. 
BRAIN  TREE. — Camp  ;  p.  284  ante  [E.N.  x.  405  ;   O.S.  xxv.]. 

3H 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

BURES. — Moated  mound  :  p.  290  ante  [A.  xxix.  250  ;  M.E.  ii.   224  ;  E.E.  ii.  159  ;   W.E. 

i.  435;  E.G.  vi.  214;  B.B.v.  359;  C.A.  ii.25;  E.N.  x.  155;  C.B.G.  ii.  139;  0.5.  xvii.]. 
BURNHAM. — '  Red  hill.'     Relics  in  Stratford  Museum. 

CANEWDON. — Site  of  camp  ;  p.  285  ante  [A.  ix.  379  ;  B.B.  v.  496  ;  B.R.H.  90  ;  0.5.  Ixx.]. 
CANFIELD  (GREAT). — Castle  mound  ;  p.  290  ante  [M.E.  ii.  460  ;   W.E.  ii.  264  ;   S.E.  217  ; 

B.B.  v.  415;  E.A.T.  n.s.  vi.  225  ;  E.N.  x.  151  ;  O.S.  xxxii.]. 
CANFIELD  (LITTLE). — Tumulus ;  [O.S.  xxiii.]. 
CHADWELL  ST.  MARY. — '  Deneholes  '  :  see  Thurrock  (East). 
CHRISHALL. — Circular  moated  enclosure  :  p.  291  ante  ;  [E.E.  ii.  133  ;  E.G.  iii.  91  ;  M.E.  ii. 

603  ;  S.E.  122].     Barrow  :  p.  304  ante  [N.S.E.  27]. 
CLACTON  (GREAT). — '  Red  hill '  :  p.  308  ante. 
CLAVERING. — Castle  mound,  etc.  :  p.  291  ante  [E.A.T.  n.s.  iv.  289  ;  E.G.  iii.  104  ;  M.E.  ii. 

611  ;  W.E.  ii.  195  ;  0.5.  xiii.]. 
COGGESHALL. — Interments  [E.N.  vii.  68]. 
COLCHESTER. — Castle  bailey  banks  :  p.  304  ante  [E.A.T.  n.s.  iii.  i  ;  O.5.   xxvii.].     See  also 

Gryme's  Dyke. 
DANBURY. — Earthwork:  p.  289  ante  [E.N.  iv.   138;    O.S.  liii.  ;    E.F.C.J.  ii.  54;  A.  ix. 

379  ;  W.E.  i.  126  ;  B.B.  v.  270  ;  M.E.  ii.  30  ;  C.B.G.  ii.  134]. 
DENEHOLES. — See  Thurrock  (East). 
DONYLAND  (EAST). — Tumulus  [O.S.  xxxvii.]. 

DUNMOW  (LITTLE). — Embankments,  etc.  :  p.  305  ante  [E.N.  vii.  130  ;   W.E.  ii.  222]. 
EASTON  (GREAT). — Moated  mound  :    p.   293  ante  [E.A.T.  n.s.  viii.  324  ;  M.E.   ii.   433  ; 

O.S.  xxiii. ;  W.E.  ii.  229]. 
ELMDON. — Moated  mound  :    p.  293  ante  [O.S.  ii. ;  Elmdonbury,  S.E.  129  ;   M.E.  ii.  598  ; 

E.A.T.  vii.  198]. 

EPPING. — Tumuli  :  p.  305  ante.     See  also  Ambresbury  Banks. 
FAMBRIDGE  (SOUTH). — '  Red  hill '  :  p.  308  ante. 
FELSTEAD. — Moated  mound  :  p.  294  ante  [E.N.  vi.  100].  Ancient  dam  :  p.  305  ante  [E.N. 

vi-  34]- 

FINGRINGHOE.— '  Red  hills'  [E.N.  i.  181]. 
FOULNESS.— ' Red  hills'  [B.R.H.  175]. 
GOLDHANGER. — '  Red  hills '  :  p.  308  ante. 
GRYME'S  DYKE,  ETC.  (near  Colchester). — p.  276  ante   [A.  xxix.  244  ;  E.A.T.  n.s.  iii.  133  ; 

vi.  17,  87  ;  E.N.  ii.  120  ;  W.E.  i.  353  ;  B.B.  v.  295  ;   C.B.G.  ii.  138;  O.S.  xxvii.]. 
HALLINGBURY  (GREAT). — See  Wallbury. 
HARWICH. — Site  of  camp  :  p.  285  ante  [M.E.  i.  499  ;  E.E.  i.  106  ;  W.E.  ii.  814  ;  C.B.G. 

ii.  139  ;  B.B.  v.  330]. 
HATFIELD  BROAD  OAK. — Entrenchment :  p.  305  ante  [E.A.T.  n.s.  viii.  241  ;  E.N.  ii.  226  ; 

O.S.  xxxii.  ;   S.E.  91]. 

HEDINGHAM. — Castle  earthworks  :  p.  294  ante  [Clark's  Med.  Mil.  Arch.  i.  17  ;  O.S.  xi.]. 
HEYBRIDGE. — Barrows  :  see  Totham  (Great). 
HOCKLEY. — Barrows  north  of  the  Crouch  :  see  Woodham  Ferrers.     Plumborough   Mount  : 

p.  305  ante  [B.R.H.  280  ;  E.A.T.  ii.  80  ;  O.S.  Ixx.]. 
HORKESLEY  (GREAT). — Pitchbury  :  p.  285  ante  [A.  xxix.  250  ;  E.A.T.  n.s.  vii.  109  ;  E.N.  i. 

82  ;  M.E.  ii.  238  ;  W.E.  i.  449  ;  E.G.  vi.  237  ;  O.S.  xviii.]. 
LANGENHOE. — 'Red  hills' :  [E.N.  i.  103]. 
LATTON  (near  Harlow  Station). — p.  295  ante  [A.  xix.  410  ;  G.M.  (1821)  i.   66  ;  E.A.T. 

n.s.  v.  95  ;  viii.  239  ;  E.N.  ix.  59].     Tumulus  :   [0.5.  1.]. 
LAWFORD. — Tumulus  [O.S.  xix.]. 
LAYER  MARNEY. — Fosse  near  Haynes  Green  :  p.  285  ante  [A.  xxix.  252  ;  B.A.A.  xix.  277  ; 

E.A.T.  n.s.  v.  100  ;  O.S.  xxxv.]. 

LEXDEN. — Park  ramparts  [E.A.T.  n.s.  viii.  108  ;  O.S.  xxvii  ;  and  see  Gryme's  Dyke]. 
LEYTON. — Site  of  earthwork  :  p.  285  ante  [E.E.  ii.  62  ;   W.E.  ii.  500]. 
LITTLEBURY.— Ring  Hill  near  Audley  End  :  p.  280  ante  [E.F.C.J.  iv.  85  ;  S.E.  132  ;  E.E. 

ii.  132  ;  B.B.  v.  396  ;  O.S.  viii.  ;  C.B.G.  ii.  140  ;  Stukeley  (Itin.  Cur.)  i.  79,  pi.  45  ; 

Braybrooke's  Audley  End,  136  ;  M.E.  ii.  594]. 

LOUGHTON  CAMP. — p.  277  ante  [E.F.C.T.  iii.  212  ;  E.F.C.J.  iii.  51  ;  A.J.  xxxiii.  88,  244.]. 
MALDON. — Earthwork  :  p.  287  ante  [E.N.  ii.  234  ;    S.E.  419  ;  M.E.  i.  328  ;  E.E.  i.  27  ; 

W.E.  ii.   639  ;  Strutt's  Manners  and  Customs,  i.  24  ;  C.B.G.  ii.   135  ;  Fitch's  Ma/dan, 

ecl-  3>  5]-     Tumuli  :  p.  306  ante  [Fitch's  Ma/don,  ed.  3,  37  ;  0.5.  liv.]. 

312 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

MARGARETTING. — Tumulus  [Christy's  Handbook  for  Essex,  152;  S.P.E.  10]. 
MERSEA  (£AST).— '  Red  hills'  [E.N.  i.  103;  A.J.  xxxvi.  369]. 

(WEST).— Tumulus  :   p.  307  ante  [O.S.  xlvii.].     'Red  hills'  [E.N.  j.  103  ;  A.J. 

xxxvi.   369]. 

MESSING. — Tumulus  [O.S.  xxxv.]. 
MUNDON. — '  Red  hill '  :  p.  308  ante. 
NAVESTOCK. — Fortification    wood  :     p.  279  ante    [E.N.   viii.    217—22  ;     Hale's    St.    Paul's 

Domesday,  78  (Camden  Soc.)  ;  O.S.  lix.].     Stukeley's  Temple  of  the  Druids :  p.  295  ante 

[E.A.T.  n.s.  viii.  327  ;  E.N.  viii.  213,  22O  ;  S.S.  Ixxvi.  157,  164  ;  W.E.  ii.  419]. 
OCKENDEN  (SOUTH). — Tumuli  [0.5.  bcxv.]. 
ONGAR. — Castle  earthworks  :  p.  297  ante  [M.E.  i.  128  ;   C.B.G.  ii.  129  ;  E.E.  ii.  3  ;  W.E. 

ii.  330;  B.B.  v.  423;  O.S.  Ii. ;  E.N.  x.   155;  E.A.T.  n.s.  vii.    137;  G.M.   (June, 

1890).] 

ORSETT. — 'Deneholes' :  see  Thurrock  (East).    Entrenchments  :  p.  28.6  ante  [M.E.  i.  222]. 
PAGGLESHAM. — '  Red  hills '  :  p.  308  ante. 

PELDON. — 'Red  hills'  [A.J.  xxxvi.  369,  xxxvii.  196  ;  E.N.  i.  103]. 
PLESHEY. — Earthworks  :  p.  298  ante  [M.E.  ii.  451  ;  E.E.  ii.  79  ;  W.E.  ii.  255  ;  S.E.  226  ; 

C.B.G.   ii.   133;  E.N.  x.   152;   E.A.T.  n.s.  v.  83;   Strutt's  Chron.  of  Eng.  i.  299; 

Cough's  Hist,  of  Pleshey  ;   O.S.  xliii.  xxxiii.]. 
PRITTLEWELL. — Tumulus  (destroyed)  [B.R.H.  476].     Earthwork  :  p.  286  ante  [B.R.H.  ii. 

498  ;  E.A.T.  n.s.  v.  71]. 

PURLEIGH. — Moated  mound  :  p.  299  ante  [E.A.T.  n.s.  vii.  409  ;  O.S.  Ixii.]. 
RAYLEIGH. — Castle  works  :  p.  299  ante  [A.  ix.  380  ;  S.E.  353  ;  C.B.G.  ii.  120  ;  E.A.T.  n.s. 

iv.    172  ;  v.  41  ;   E.N.   x.  152  ;   M.E.   i.  277  ;    W.E.  ii.  595  ;  Strutt's  Manners  and 

Customs,  i.  93  ;  O.S.  Ixix.] 
RICKLING. — Keep  mound  :  p.  300  ante  [S.E.  113  ;  M.E.  ii.  582  ;  E.G.  iii.  37  ;  E.E.  ii.  104  ; 

O.S.  xiii.]. 
SAFFRON  WALDEN. — The  Repell  Ditches :  p.  280  ante  [E.A.T.  n.s.  ii.  284,  311  ;  E.F.C.J. 

iv.  85,  89,  201  ;  E.E.  ii.  128;  W.E.   ii.  122  ;  B.B.  v.  389;  C.B.G.  ii.  140;  O.S. 

ix.].     Grimsditch  :  p.  286  ante.     Bury  Hill  :  p.  301  ante. 
ST.  OSYTH.— '  Red  hill '  :  p.  308  ante. 
SALCOTT.— '  Red  hills'  [E.N.  i.  103]. 
SHOEBURY. — Camp  :  p.  286  ante  [E.A.T.  ii.  76  ;  vi.  n.s.  97  ;   E.N.  iv.  150  ;   W.E.  ii.  612  ; 

E.G.  v.  216  ;  B.B.  v.  493  ;  A.J.  xlii.  294,  xlvii.  78  ;  C.B.G.  ii.  130 ;  O.S.  Ixxix.] 
SOUTHMINSTER. — '  Red  hills ' :  p.  308  ante. 
STANSTED  MONFITCHET. — Earthworks  :   p.  301  ante  [A.  xix.  Iii. ;  S.E.  95  ;  M.E.  ii.  576  ; 

C.B.G.  ii.  142  ;   W.E.  ii.  157  ;  E.N.  x.  152  ;  E.A.T.  n.s.  viii.  141  ;  O.S.  xxii.]. 
STANWAY. — See  Gryme's  Dyke. 

STEBBING. — Moated  mound:  p.  302  ante  [E.G.  i.  460  ;  W.E.  ii.  49  ;  E;N.  x.  155  ;  O.S.  xxiv.]. 
STEEPLE.—  '  Red  hill ' :  p.  308  ante. 
STOW  MARIES. — Barrows  :  see  Woodham  Ferrers. 
STURMER. — Tumulus  [A.  xiv.  72  ;  O.S.  iv.]. 
TENDRING. — Tumulus  [O.S.  xxix.]. 
THURROCK   (£AST). — 'Deneholes':  or  ' Daneholes,'  p.  309  ante  [A.J.  xxvi.  191,  xxxviii. 

391-409,  xxxix.  1-22;  C.A.  vi.  243  ;  C.B.G.   ii.   130;   E.A.T.  n.s.  vii.   252,  400; 

E.F.C.J.  iii.  28-41,  56-60,  iv.  20  ;  E.F.C.T.  iii.   48,  iv.   87  }  E.G.  v.   84  ;    E.R. 

viii.  45  ;  E.N.   i.  225  ;  M.E.   i.   229  ;  S.E.    297  ;    W.E.  ii.  561  ;  Geol.  Mag.  (1898), 

293,    447  ;     Idler    (1898)     163  ;    Leisure    Hour    (Nov.    1882)  ;    Palin's   Stifford,   41  ; 

Palin's  More  about  Sti/ord,  38  ;   Reliquary  (1895)  65,  (1896)  36]. 
TILBURY  (£AST). — '  Red  hill '  :  p.  308  ante. 

(WEST) — Fosse  :  p.  306  ante  [A.J.  xlii.  296  ;  C.B.G.  ii.  130]. 
TII.UNGH AM. — '  Red  hills ' :  p.  308  ante. 
TOLLESBURY.— '  Red  hills '  [E.N.  i.  97]. 
TOLLESHUNT  MAJOR. — Tumulus  [O.S.  xlv.]. 
TOTHAM  (GREAT). — Tumuli :  p.  306  ante  [W.E.  ii.  709  ;  S.E.  460  ;  E.G.  v.  379  ;  G.M. 

(1840)  ii.  114  ;  G.M.L.  Arch.  i.  129  ;  Fitch's  Maldon,  ed.  3,  51]. 
UPHALL  ENTRENCHMENTS  (near  Barking). — p.  281  ante  [B.B.  v.  453;    M.E.  i.  i  ;  W.E. 

ii.  474  ;  O.E.  41  ;  E.N.  vii.  131  ;  E.G.  iv.  271  ;  E.N.  x.  374  ;  E.R.  viii.  51  ;  B.A.A. 

n.s.   iv.   291  ;  C.B.G.  ii.  129;  A.J.  xlii.  297  ;  G.M.  (Oct.  1888)  ;  Lysons'  Environs 

of  London,  iv.  57  ;  O.S.  Ixxiii.]. 
I  313  40 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

VIRLEY.— '  Red  hills'  [E.F.C.J.  iv.  113  ;  E.N.  i.  103]. 

WALLBURY  (GREAT  HALLINGBURY). — p.  282  ante  [S.E.  91  ;  M.E.  ii.  514  ;  E.F.C.J.  iii.  5  ;  A. 

xix.  411  ;   W.E.  ii.  323  ;  E.G.  iv.  135  ;  E.A.T.  i.   198,  n.s.  viii.   139  ;   G.M.L.  Arc. 

i.  274;   G.M.   (1865)  ii.  760;  E.N.  ii.  225;  N.S.E.  47;  B.B.  v.  413;   C.B.G. 

ii.  142  ;  C.A.  vii.  76  ;   O.S.  xxxi.  ;  Strutt's  Manners  and  Customs,  i.  14]. 
WALTON-ON-THE-NAZE. — '  Red  hill ' :  Relics  in  Colchester  Museum. 
WATSOE  (BIRDBROOK). — Camp  :  p.  284  ante  [A.  xiv.  70  ;  M.E.  ii.  348  ;  W.E.  i.  607]. 
WEALD  (SOUTH). — Camp :  p.  283  ante  [M.E.  i.  117  ;  E.G.  v.  7  ;  B.A.A.  iii.  318,  xvi.  142  ; 

W.E.  ii.  538  ;  S.E.  263,  303  ;  E.N.  iii.  211  ;  O.S.  Ixvii.]. 
WETHERSFIELD. — Devil's  Ditch  [O.S.  xvi.]. 
WIGBOROUGH  (GREAT). — Tumulus:  p.  306  ante  [S.E.  438  ;  M.E.  i.  419  ;  E.G.  v.  438  ; 

E.E.  i.  89  ;  W.E.  ii.  738]. 

WIGBOROUGH  (LITTLE). — 'Red  hills'  :  p.  308  ante  [E.N.  i.  103]. 
WITHAM. — Earthwork  :  p.  288  ante  [E.A.T.  n.s.  ii.  208  ;  M .E.  ii.  105  ;  E.N.  i.  19  ;   W.E. 

i.  216;    B.B.  v.   281;    O.S.  xlv.  ;    C.B.G.    ii.    134;   Strutt's  Manners  and  Customs, 

i.   24]. 
WOODHAM  FERRERS. — Barrows  :  p.  306  ante  [B.A.A.  iii.  323  ;  B.R.H.  289  ;  C.B.G.  ii.  131  ; 

E.A.T.  iv.  276,  n.s.  vii.  406  ;   W.E.  ii.  628]. 
WORMINGFORD. — Earthworks  :   p.  307  ante  [A.  xxix.  250  ;  E.N.  i.  82]. 

[The  majority  of  the  references  are  kindly  supplied  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Beaumont,  F.S.A.] 


HISTORY  OF  ESSEX 


ANGLO-SA: 


3O' 


TU  IdhAtu^  G«^«piioia  Lurtitnt* 


THE    VICTORIA    HI  STORY 


REMAINS. 


4O' 


SO' 


10' 


40' 


10' 


E    COUNTIES    OF    ENGLAND 


ANGLO-SAXON 
REMAINS 


WERE  it  not  for  the  unmistakable  evidence  afforded  by  the 
county  name,  it  would  be  difficult  to  identify  the  founders  of 
Essex  with  any  particular  branch  of  the  Teutonic  race  that 
migrated  westward  as  the  Roman  power  declined.  A  natural 
course  would  have  been  to  assign  the  conquest  and  occupation  of  this 
part  of  Britain  to  the  Anglian  tribesmen  who  spread  themselves  over  the 
region  between  the  central  east  coast  and  the  Fens  ;  and  there  would 
have  been  little  or  nothing  in  the  physical  features  of  the  country  to 
preclude  such  a  possibility.  The  river  Stour,  which  forms  the  greater 
part  of  the  county  border  on  the  north  would  not  have  been  a  serious 
obstacle  to  intercourse  between  the  dwellers  on  either  bank,  much  less 
to  a  hostile  advance  in  one  direction  or  the  other.  Fourteen  centuries 
ago  there  was  no  doubt  much  more  marsh  and  woodland  along  its  course 
than  at  the  present  time  ;  but  practised  seamen  ascending  the  river 
would  easily  effect  a  landing,  while  their  skill  as  boat  builders  would 
render  such  forest  clearing  as  was  necessary  a  matter  of  little  difficulty. 

What  actually  happened  however  may  well  have  been  quite  dif- 
ferent. So  long  as  Britain  remained  part  of  the  Empire,  the  police  of 
our  narrow  seas  was  doubtless  one  of  the  first  duties  of  the  Roman 
authorities;  while  the  career  of  the  usurper  Carausius  and  the  fortification 
of  the  Saxon  shore  combine  to  show  the  necessity  then  felt  of  guarding 
the  natural  approaches  to  south-east  Britain.  Such  an  inlet  as  the  mouth 
of  the  Stour  would  not  have  been  left  unsecured  so  long  as  the  province 
retained  means  of  self-defence  ;  but  it  will  perhaps  always  remain  doubt- 
ful how  long  the  forts  of  the  Saxon  shore  were  maintained  in  an  efficient 
state. 

The  prime  importance  of  London,  the  Augusta  of  Britain,  had  been 
fully  recognized  by  those  responsible  for  the  safety  of  the  province  ;  but 
it  must  be  remembered  that  Colchester  was  another  of  the  chief  military 
centres  in  the  early  days  of  the  Roman  dominion,  and  was  doubtless 
included  in  the  scheme  of  defence  evolved  some  centuries  later  for  the 
protection  of  the  coast-line  most  exposed  to  piratical  attacks.  The 
havoc  wrought  by  Boadicea  in  the  year  62,  so  far  from  permanently 
ruining  Colchester  as  a  point  of  vantage,  probably  led  to  the  erection 
of  its  walls  ;  and  here  an  organized  force  could  stand  sentinel  over  the 
Colne  waterway  as  well  as  the  system  of  roads  that  converged  at  this 
point  and  connected  the  eastern  stronghold  with  London  and  the  north. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Facing  the  mouth  of  the  Colne  and  guarding  the  estuary  of  the 
Blackwater  was  the  fortress  of  Othona  or  Ithanceaster,  now  located  with 
general  approval  at  Bradwell-on-Sea.  So  long  as  the  Count  of  the  Saxon 
shore  had  garrisons  and  ships  at  his  disposal,  this  approach  to  the  interior 
would  not  have  been  available  ;  and  it  was  not  till  the  central  govern- 
ment had  collapsed,  that  the  Teutonic  immigrants  who  were  pouring 
inland  all  along  the  eastern  coast  from  Kent  to  the  Firth  of  Forth 
would  be  able  to  penetrate  the  swampy  belt  that  formed  the  Essex  shore, 
and,  ascending  the  rivers,  plant  their  settlements  inland. 

Implicit  confidence  cannot  be  placed  in  the  tradition  professing  to 
date  the  arrival  of  the  East  Saxons,  and  practically  nothing  is  known  of 
the  course  of  affairs  in  this  part  of  Britain  during  the  fifth  and  sixth 
centuries.  No  territory,  says  Lappenberg,1  ever  passed  so  obscurely  into 
the  hands  of  an  enemy  as  the  north  bank  of  the  Thames  where  the 
kingdom  of  the  East  Saxons  comprised  the  counties  of  Essex  and 
Middlesex.  The  year  527*  is  mentioned,  he  continues,  as  that  of  the 
first  landing  of  the  Saxons  there  under  ./Escwine,  whose  name  reminds 
us  of  ./Esc,  the  prince  of  the  Teutons  on  the  south  shore  of  the  Thames. 
His  father's  name,  OfFa,  points  however  to  a  connection  with  the  royal 
house  of  Mercia. 

Another  account  makes  Sleda  the  first  king  of  the  East  Saxons  in 
587,*  and  this  is  a  much  more  likely  date  for  the  settlement  of  the  people 
whose  relics  are  described  in  the  following  pages,  though  it  is  just 
possible  that  there  were  Teutonic  colonists  on  the  coast  before  the 
departure  of  the  Romans  and  that  the  Saxon  shore  was  so  called  on  this 
account.  If  they  differed  to  any  extent  from  the  Romanized  Briton, 
their  remains  have  yet  to  be  discovered. 

An  interesting  piece  of  evidence  is  however  afforded  by  the  coinage 
of  the  post-Roman  period.  It  was  not  until  about  600  that  the  English 
replaced  their  feeble  copies  of  Roman  and  Merovingian  coins  by  a 
creation  of  their  own  called  the  sceatta,  and  this  denomination  was 
current  till  the  close  of  the  eighth  century,  when  the  penny  was  intro- 
duced. Yet  of  all  the  sceattas  those  with  the  name  Lundonia  are  alone 
in  being  of  silver  so  base  that  it  becomes  a  question  whether  they  should 
not  be  described  as  copper  coins.  Gold  pieces  also  occur,  and  it  is 
significant  that  the  two  classes  of  Roman  coins  current  in  this  country 
were  of  these  two  metals,  whereas  the  preference  for  silver  coins  was  in 
some  sort  a  badge  of  the  Teutonic  nations.*  It  would  seem  therefore  that 
London  retained  some  degree  of  autonomy  while  the  various  Anglo- 
Saxon  kingdoms  were  growing  up  in  other  parts  of  the  country  ;  and  it 
is  fairly  certain  that  the  East  Saxons  were  supplied  with  coined  money 
from  London  till  the  days  of  ./Ethelred  II.,  who  set  up  local  mints'  at 
Maldon  and  Colchester. 

1  History  of  England  under  4ngh-Saxon  Kings  (Thorpe's  translation),  i.  112. 

*  Henry  of  Huntingdon.  3  William  of  Malmesbury. 

4  Catalogue  of  Anglo-Saxon  Coins  (British  Museum),  i.  p.  xx. 

6  Others  were  established  later  at  Horndon,  Harwich  (?)  and  Witham. 

316 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

The  general  priority  of  the  Saxon  invasion  is  suggested  by  the 
early  entries  of  the  Chronicle,  and  is  to  some  extent  borne  out  by 
archaeological  research  ;  but  in  the  absence  of  direct  testimony  there  are 
reasons  for  supposing  the  Anglian  conquest  north  of  the  Stour  to  have 
preceded  the  Saxon  occupation  of  the  district  between  that  river  and 
the  Thames.  The  finds  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  are  not  entirely  homo- 
geneous, but  cremation  is  throughout  a  preponderating  element  which 
may  safely  be  considered  Anglian,  and  has  so  far  been  conspicuously 
absent  in  Essex.  Should  future  discoveries  confirm  this  distinction, 
archaeology  will  have  provided  a  touchstone  whereby  the  mythical 
alloy  of  the  historical  records  may  be  impartially  estimated. 

For  our  present  purpose  the  test  may  be  provisionally  accepted, 
and  it  will  be  seen  that  independent  testimony  from  more  than  one 
quarter  justifies  the  view  that  the  Stour  represents  the  great  gulf  fixed 
between  Angle  and  Saxon  in  these  parts. 

First,  it  may  be  gathered  from  the  continuous  record  of  the  Church 
that  the  early  kingdom  of  Essex  formed  in  Christian  times  a  diocese. 
As  the  king's  chaplain,  the  bishop  would  have  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction 
throughout  the  realm  of  his  sovereign  ;  and  there  can  be  little  diffi- 
culty therefore  in  determining  the  extent  of  the  East  Saxon  rule,  at 
least  in  the  seventh  century.  How  long  before  that  date  the  East  Saxons 
had  been  recognized  as  a  political  unit  and  their  frontiers  respected  by 
their  neighbours  there  is  little  to  show  ;  but  Mr.  Green  was  confident 
that  the  conquest  of  this  district  was  not  secured  long  before  500  ;  and 
the  first  king  that  can  be  regarded  as  historical  was  contemporary  with 
^thelberht  of  Kent. 

It  is  clear  from  their  charters  that  the  Anglo-Saxons,  like  other 
early  communities,  availed  themselves  of  the  more  striking  and  per- 
manent natural  features  of  the  country  as  boundary  marks  of  public 
or  private  property  ;  and  it  may  be  taken  for  granted  that  the  Stour 
has  always  bounded  Essex  to  the  north.  Of  this  there  are  other  pos- 
sible indications.  Apart  from  its  utility  as  a  natural  barrier  the  river 
seems  to  have  served  also  as  a  linguistic  frontier.  The  Essex  speech 
has  retained  to  this  day  peculiarities  enough  to  stamp  it  as  distinct  from 
the  Anglian  dialect  of  Suffolk  ;  and  even  if  the  test  of  language  be 
regarded  as  fallacious  or  at  best  inadequate,  the  physical  traits  of  the 
inhabitants,  till  recent  times  a  trustworthy  indication  of  origin,  confirm 
the  distinction  already  drawn  from  other  observations. 

Dr.  Beddoe,1  whose  investigations  in  this  field  have  extended  over 
many  years,  is  of  opinion  that  there  was  a  considerable  survival  of  the 
Romano-British  population  in  Essex  ;  and  that  though  the  invading 
Saxons  preponderated  near  the  coast,  the  case  was  otherwise  in  the  forest 
tracts  of  the  interior,  traces  of  which  survive  to-day  in  Epping  and 
Hainault.  To  our  own  day  the  inhabitants  of  inland  Essex  are  more 
usually  dark-haired  than  those  of  Kent  and  East  Anglia  ;  and  it  seems 
probable  that  here  more  than  elsewhere  there  was  a  mixed  native  and 

1  TAe  Races  of  Britain,  pp.  254,  33,  49,  62,  65. 
317 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Saxon  population.  While  there  are  indications  that  the  East  Saxon 
settlement  was  comparatively  late,  actual  remains  discovered  in  the 
graves  of  their  kinsmen  to  the  west  show  that  the  upper  valley  of  the 
Thames  was  reached  and  occupied  by  a  Teutonic  people  before  the  bar- 
barian craftsman  had  quite  forgotten  the  artistic  methods  and  designs  of 
Roman  civilization.  Continental  archaeologists  agree  in  referring  a 
somewhat  realistic  treatment  of  the  favourite  animal  forms  to  the  fifth 
century,  and  undoubted  specimens  of  the  kind  have  occurred  in  the 
Berkshire  cemeteries  as  well  as  in  the  more  Romanized  district  of  the 
Cantware. 

The  loose  employment  by  the  early  historians  of  the  term  Saxon  to 
denote  any  or  all  of  the  roving  Teutonic  bands  that  for  centuries  infested 
the  northern  seas,  does  not  affect  the  supposed  connection  between  the 
peoples  east  and  west  of  London  ;  and  there  still  remains  a  distinction 
between  Saxon  and  Angle  that  is  certainly  not  accidental,  but  amply 
confirmed  by  dialect  and  archaeology.  On  the  imperfect  data  as  yet 
available  is  therefore  based  a  belief  that  Essex  was  founded  by  a  branch 
of  the  Saxon  race  that  passed  over  from  the  continent  some  time  after 
the  Gewissae  had  found  a  new  home  in  this  country,  but  probably  not 
while  the  Angles  were  founding  Norfolk  and  Suffolk. 

A  study  of  the  map,  with  some  consideration  of  the  early  condition 
of  the  county,  must  give  the  impression  that  Essex  as  a  kingdom  was 
compact  and  powerful  out  of  all  proportion  to  its  size.  Its  ability  to 
maintain  the  northern  frontier  against  a  population  more  numerous  and 
probably  hostile,  may  be  in  part  explained  by  the  inclusion  of  Colchester 
and  London  with  their  Romanized  inhabitants  under  the  rule  of  Uffa's 
line;  and  partly  perhaps  by  an  understanding  with  their  powerful  and 
progressive  neighbours  to  the  south.  Whether  there  is  any  justification 
for  Dr.  Beddoe's  identification  of  the  East  Saxons  with  the  Jutes  l  may 
indeed  be  open  to  question,  but  in  any  case  Essex  first  appears  in  his- 
tory as  a  sub-kingdom  forming  part  of  the  Kentish  dominions  which, 
however,  at  that  time  stretched  from  the  English  Channel  to  the  Hum- 
ber,  and  included  East  Anglia. 

A  natural  frontier  better  than  the  Stour  was  afforded  by  the  forest 
of  Middlesex  that  stretched  in  a  continuous  belt  from  the  Chilterns 
through  south  Hertfordshire  into  the  western  half  of  the  present  county 
of  Essex.  This  tract  was  indeed  crossed  by  the  Watling  Street  that 
connected  St.  Albans  with  the  Thames,  but  the  Roman  township  was 
beyond  the  forest  and  probably  retained  its  independence  till  in  course 
of  time  a  growing  Teutonic  population  spread  north  and  west,  even 
through  woodlands  that  had  prevented  the  Roman  engineers  from  con- 
tinuing the  Ermine  Street  to  London.  Ethnological  observations  seem 
to  show  that  the  Saxons  settled  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  London,  at  least  in  Middlesex,  but  it  is  open  to  question 
whether  they  ever  destroyed  the  city.2  The  Chronicles  are  significantly 
silent  on  this  point,  and  it  may  be  that  no  Teutons  gained  a  footing 

1  Beddoe,  Races  of  Britain,  p.  42.  *  Ibid.  p.  254. 

318 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

there  till  the  rapine  and  slaughter  of  the  pagan  period  had  given  place 
to  peaceful  settlement. 

Seeing  that  for  cogent  geographical  reasons  Essex  cannot  be  re- 
garded as  the  starting  point  of  the  Saxon  settlements  in  Britain,  it  is  not 
surprising  to  find  very  few  relics  of  the  pagan  period  in  this  part  of  the 
country.  It  is  perhaps  to  the  Romano-Britons  rather  than  to  their  Saxon 
conquerors  that  we  must  attribute  a  deposit  of  bronze  vessels  discovered 
nearly  a  century  ago  3  feet  below  the  surface  in  the  village  of  Sturmere 
on  the  Suffolk  border  and  not  far  from  a  Roman  station.  These  nine 
bowls1  had  been  packed  one  inside  the  other,  with  a  large  flat  pan  on 
the  top  ;  and  all  are  now  preserved  in  the  museum  at  Saffron  Walden. 
Their  forms  as  well  as  the  circumstances  of  their  discovery  recall  a 
series  of  eight  discovered  at  Irchester,'  comprising  both  Roman  and 
Anglo-Saxon  forms,  and  pointing  to  the  transition  period  of  the  fifth 
century.  Some  have  the  rim  turned  abruptly  inwards,  and  slightly 
thickened,  while  others  have  a  projecting  top  which  is  quite  horizontal. 
Their  use  is  quite  uncertain  ;  but  as  some  of  them  are  of  very  thin 
metal,  they  were  probably  intended  for  ceremonial  use.  In  neither  case 
was  there  any  sign  of  an  interment  in  the  vicinity  ;  in  fact,  cemeteries 
of  the  early  Anglo-Saxon  period  are  very  rare  in  Essex,  and  what  there 
are  have  not  been  thoroughly  explored.  Experience  warns  us  against 
expecting  complete  uniformity  in  the  grave  furniture  and  funeral  rites 
met  with  in  any  particular  district,  however  strong  the  tradition  of  its 
occupation  by  a  single  race  ;  and  Essex  is  no  exception  to  the  rule 
though  there  remains  but  little  material  for  purposes  of  comparison. 
It  has  been  already  remarked  that  the  distinctive  Anglian  rite  stops 
short  at  the  Suffolk  border  ;  and  with  possibly  one  or  two  exceptions 
unburnt  burials  are  the  rule  among  the  East  Saxons. 

Among  the  sepulchral  pottery  found  in  the  county  there  does  not 
appear  to  be  any  undoubted  example  of  a  cinerary  urn  such  as  are  com- 
monly met  with  in  the  neighbouring  Anglian  district.  In  the  Col- 
chester Museum  there  is  indeed  one  such  urn,  but  it  formed  part  of  a 
collection  made  in  Suffolk  and  was  probably  discovered  in  that  county. 
One  vase  from  Peering,  also  preserved  at  the  Castle,  is  barely  3  inches 
high  and  is  certainly  not  of  the  size  usual  for  the  reception  of  calcined 
remains  ;  while  another  originally  twice  that  height  is  not  of  the  proper 
shape  and  was  moreover  found  with  two  skulls  on  the  same  site. 
Mr.  G.  F.  Beaumont,  who  excavated  the  Peering  site,  states  his 
belief  that  several  fragments  of  urns  were  found  in  the  same  field  on 
other  occasions,  but  cannot  remember  that  any  calcined  bones  were 
found  there  ;  and  his  opinion  that  burial  on  that  site  was  principally  by 
inhumation,  rather  confirms  the  suspicion  that  the  pottery  fragments 
belonged  not  to  cinerary  urns  but  to  ceremonial  vases  such  as  are  often 
found  with  unburnt  burials.  A  more  crucial  instance  is  perhaps  the 
Heybridge  urn,  6  inches  high,  now  preserved  at  Colchester  ;  but  in  spite 
of  its  close  resemblance  to  the  Anglian  type  no  record  can  be  found  at 

1  Four  are  figured  in  4rc6<ro/ogia,  vol.  xvi.  pi.  Ixix.         *  fiettria  History  of  Northants,  i.  239. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

the  museum  or  elsewhere  that  it  ever  contained  the  products  of  crema- 
tion. Nor  is  the  find  at  Witham  a  case  in  point.  There  was  exhibited 
to  the  Archaeological  Institute1  in  1844  a  collection  of  objects  from  the 
site  of  an  ancient  camp  there,  called  Temple  Field,  at  the  east  end  of  the 
town  ;  but  they  are  evidently  not  of  the  same  date,  and  indeed  were 
found  in  two  different  spots,  three  skeletons  being  taken  from  a  railway 
cutting,  and  parts  of  six  urns  being  turned  up  by  the  plough.  Bones 
and  ashes  were  found  inside,  but  the  dimensions  show  these  cremation 
urns  to  be  of  prehistoric  date  ;  while  the  skeletons  follow  what  appears 
to  have  been  the  rule  in  Essex,  though  the  objects  found  with  them  are 
of  an  indeterminate  character.  In  the  Chelmsford  museum  are  pre- 
served three  pieces  of  iron  from  this  site,  which  may  be  described  as 
spearheads,  but  of  themselves  are  unsatisfactory  evidence  of  date. 

There  is  but  slender  evidence  therefore  that  the  rite  of  burning  the 
dead  was  ever  practised  by  the  East  Saxons  ;  but  there  is  an  interesting 
case  in  which  fire  was  certainly  employed  at  the  funeral,  though  not  in 
the  manner  usual  with  the  Anglians. 

This  somewhat  puzzling  discovery  was  made  at  Broomfield  near 
Chelmsford,  and  the  following  account  is  based  on  a  paper  read  to  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries2  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Read,  who  was  invited  by  Mr. 
David  Christy,  the  owner  of  the  property,  to  undertake  the  exploration. 
In  digging  gravel  about  1888  in  a  pit  behind  Clobb's  Row  the  men 
came  upon  portions  of  a  sword,  a  spear,  knife  and  other  remains  about 
6  or  7  feet  below  the  present  surface  ;  but  no  particular  attention  was 
paid  to  them  or  to  the  site  till  six  years  later,  when  digging  was  resumed, 
and  it  was  then  found  that  the  northern  part  of  a  grave  lying  east-south- 
east and  west-north-west  had  been  cut  away.  It  was  there  that  the 
objects  already  mentioned  had  been  noticed,  and  these  may  be  described 
before  proceeding  to  the  principal  discoveries. 

'  The  sword,  though  much  broken,  is  nearly  complete,  and  in  one 
respect  is  of  uncommon  make.  The  decomposition  of  the  iron  has 
preserved  a  good  deal  of  the  wooden  sheath,  so  that  the  blade  itself  can 
only  be  seen  in  section,  where  sword  and  sheath  have  been  broken  across. 
It  is  of  the  usual  broad  two-edged  type,  nearly  3  feet  in  length,  the 
grip  being  represented,  as  is  generally  the  case,  by  the  tang  only.  The 
peculiar  feature  is  that  the  upper  part  of  the  sheath,  for  nearly  4  inches 
from  the  mouth,  is  covered  with  strips  of  a  finely-woven  material  like 
tape,  bound  upon  itself  from  the  mouth  downwards.'  Two  other  objects 
of  special  interest  were  found,  probably  in  close  proximity  to  the  sword. 
One  is  of  gold  (fig.  13,  A,  B)  in  the  form  of  a  four-sided  truncated 
pyramid,  the  base  being  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  square.  The 
top  and  sloping  sides  are  set  with  slices  of  garnet  or  ruby  glass  backed 
with  chequered  gold  foil  to  add  to  the  brilliancy,  and  enclosed  within 
gold  filagree  work  of  a  plaited  pattern. 

Comparison  with  a  few  other  specimens  of  this  kind  suggests 
the  manner  in  which  these  objects  may  have  been  used.  It  is  not  often 

1  Journal,  i.  393  ;  Essex  Review  (1900),  ix.  28.  2  Proceedings,  xv.  250. 

320 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

they  are  found  so  richly  ornamented,  but  there  are  a  few  notable 
examples  in  this  country  :  one  from  Tuddenham,  Suffolk,  now  in  the 
Cambridge  Archaeological  Museum  ;  and  another  from  Sarre,  Kent,  a 
full-size  drawing  of  which  is  published  in  Arcbeeologia  Cantiana,  vii.  311. 
These  buttons  or  caps  would  be  naturally  more  common  in  bronze,  and 
one  has  been  found  in  position  on  the  pommel  of  a  sword  at  Longbridge, 
Warwick,1  while  specimens  have  also  been  found  in  the  Burgundian 
graves  of  Charnay  and  figured  in  M.  Baudot's  sumptuous  volume.2  One 
found  at  Oberolm  in  Rhenish  Hesse  has  been  described3  as  a  stud  for 
leather.  Yet  another,  of  silvered  bronze  inlaid  with  stones,  was  found  at 
Beckum,  some  miles  south-east  of  Miinster,  Westphalia;  and  though  it  is 
described*  as  the  bezel  of  a  finger-ring,  the  presence  of  a  single  and 
double-edged  sword  in  the  grave  supports  the  above  view.  In  either 
case  it  would  be  natural  to  find  it  near  the  hand. 

The  most  complete  parallel  is  however  afforded  by  a  discovery  in 
Wiltshire.  On  the  Salisbury  race-course,  about  three  miles  south-west 
of  the  city,  a  small  grave-mound  adjoining  the  Roman  road  to  Dor- 
chester was  opened  by  Sir  Richard  Colt  Hoare,  who  published  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  find  in  1821.'  Previous  to  the  construction  of  the  mound, 
an  oblong  pit  had  been  cut  in  the  soil  to  the  depth  of  3!  feet,  and  on 
its  level  floor  were  found  an  iron  sword  29  inches  long  of  the  usual 
description,  three  iron  spearheads,  two  knife-blades,  a  shield-boss  and 
discs  probably  attached  to  the  shield,  a  buckle  with  traces  of  leather,  and 
other  small  buckles  of  iron.  The  chief  interest  however  lies  in  the 
further  discovery  of  two  glass  tumblers,  and  a  thin  bronze  vessel  with 
marks  of  gilding,  6|  inches  in  diameter  and  about  i£  inches  deep.  This 
object  resembles  a  modern  frying-pan,  but  was  found  fastened  to  a  bowl 
of  oak,  and  so  cannot  have  been  used  for  culinary  purposes.  Close  to 
this  and  the  shield-boss  already  mentioned  were  four  or  five  rings  of 
silver  wire  (rather  large  for  the  finger),  one  of  gold,  and  two  bronze 
ornaments  of  pyramidal  form,  almost  identical  with  the  Broomfield  and 
other  specimens  found  in  this  country,  ornamented  with  garnets  set  in 
white  enamel ;  but  though  their  use  is  as  yet  doubtful,  there  is  little 
warrant  for  classing  them  as  parts  of  bracelets.  A  detail  that  renders  the 
similarity  between  the  two  discoveries  still  more  striking  is  that  at  Salis- 
bury as  in  Essex,  not  the  slightest  marks  of  any  human  interment  could 
be  traced,  though  the  earth  was  thoroughly  examined. 

The  second  object  (fig.  14)  was  also  of  gold,  the  front  being 
entirely  covered  with  slices  of  garnet  and  blue  glass  set  in  gold  cells  very 
delicately  and  skilfully  made.  It  seems  to  have  been  found  in  company 
with  the  pommel  already  noticed,  and  in  all  probability  formed  part 
of  the  decoration  of  the  sword-handle.  In  the  absence  of  anything 

1  Journal  of  Brltith  Arch<eohgical  Aiioctation,  xxxii.  108. 

*  S/pulturei  mtrwinpennes  de  Charnay,  pi.  x.  fig.  zi,  and  pi.  xi.  fig.  32. 

*  Lindenschmit,  Handbucb  der  deutschen  Alterthumskundt,  p.  380. 

*  Zeitscbrift  JUr  vaterlUnditthe  Geicbickte  tmd  Alttrtbumskunde  (MUnster,  1865),  ser.  3,  vol.  v.  pi.  v. 
551.  p.  358. 

6  Ancient  Wiltihire  (Roman  JE,n),  pp.  26, 27  ;  all  but  the  iron  objects  are  figured  on  pis.  xxxvi.,  xxxvii. 

I  321  4* 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

exactly  comparable,  it  may  be  suggested  that  the  grip  was  enriched  with 
this  and  perhaps  other  jewelled  plates  somewhat  in  the  manner  observed 
on  a  remarkable  sword-handle  of  wood  from  Cumberland,  now  preserved 
in  the  British  Museum. 

After  an  interval  of  six  years,  further  excavation  revealed  the  grave, 
the  two  ends  of  which  were  clearly  defined  in  the  gravel  by  a  black  line 
starting  from  the  bottom  and  curving  irregularly  inwards  through  a 
vertical  space  of  about  3  feet.  At  the  extremities  of  the  grave  were 
rows  of  large  flint  nodules,  and  throughout  the  filling  were  numbers  of 
flints,  partly  calcined,  as  well  as  fragments  of  Roman  tiles.  Somewhat 

east  of  the  centre  lay  the 
fragments  of  a  circular 
bronze  pan  about  13 
inches  in  diameter,  with 
a  flat  projecting  rim  and 
two  swing-handles  of  iron 
working  in  loops  of  bronze. 
„  ,,  Beneath  was  a  mass  of 

BRONZE  PAN  FROM  ANGLO-SAXON  GRAVE  AT  BROOMFIELD.          ..  ,  ,     ,  -  _ 

folded    woollen    fabric    of 

two  distinct  qualities,  resting  on  logs  of  birchwood  ;  and  it  was  evident 
that  the  pan  had  originally  contained  part  of  a  cow's  horn  and  four 
vessels  that  claim  particular  attention.  Two  (fig.  19)  are  of  deep  sap- 
phire glass,  forming  a  pair  that  in  shape,  size  and  decoration  are  nearly 
identical  with  one  found  at  Cuddesdon,  Oxfordshire,  with  a  remarkable 
bronze  bucket.1 

In  the  pan  with  the  glass  vases  were  two  wooden  cups  turned  on 
the  lathe  and  furnished  with  thin  rims  of  gilt  bronze  at  the  lips.  Their 
exact  form  is  uncertain,  as  the  wood  which  was  about  one-eighth  of  an 
inch  in  thickness  had  not  retained  its  shape  ;  but  as  the  mouth  was 
about  2  inches  wide,  and  the  body  appeared  to  have  been  little  larger, 
it  is  not  unreasonable  to  suppose  that  these  cups  resembled  one  2  found  at 
Farthingdown,  Surrey,  which  originally  measured  -2.\  inches  at  the  mouth 
and  was  somewhat  barrel-shaped,  with  broad  gilt  bands  at  the  top  and 
bottom  embossed  with  a  serpentine  pattern.  A  very  similar  mount 3  was 
also  found  at  Faversham  in  the  King's  Field,  and  is  now  in  the  Gibbs 
collection  at  the  British  Museum.  As  cups  of  this  description  are  of 
rare  occurrence,  it  should  be  observed  that  the  examples  given  are  from 
the  south-east  of  England,  in  Kent  and  districts  that  must  have  been  in 
communication  with  that  kingdom  from  the  first  ;  and  another  feature 
that  points  to  contact  with  a  higher  civilization  south  of  the  Thames 
estuary  is  that  the  Broomfield  wooden  cups  were  turned  on  the  lathe,  a 
process  that  was  hardly  known  outside  Kent  in  the  pagan  period  when 
Anglian  potters  were  making  urns  to  contain  the  ashes  of  their  dead.4 

1  These  are  figured  in  colours  by  Akerman,  Pagan  Saxondom,  pis.  vi.  xiii. 
*  Figured  in  Surrey  Archceokgical  Collections,  vi.  113. 

3  Figured  in  Roach  Smith's  Collectanea  dntiqua,  vol.  vi.  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  I. 

4  It  is  pointed  out  by  Dr.  Sophus  MOller  that  during  the  Migration  period  in  Denmark  the  lathe 
was  used  for  wood  but  not  for  metal  or  pottery  (Nordiscbe  Altertumskunde,  ii.  1 1 1). 

322 


ACTUAL.    SIZE     EXCEPT     N°*  3   8f  IQ  ,  "§ 


ANGLO  SAXON  REMAINS  FROM  ESSEX 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

The  iron  pan  itself  also  finds  a  close  parallel  in  Kent,  and  a  passage 
from  Rev.  Bryan  Faussett's  record  may  here  be  of  interest.  In  1760  he 
excavated  a  woman's  grave  at  Gilton  near  Sandwich,  and  found  near  the 
feet  a  round  bronze  trivet  on  which  stood  a  flat  bronze  pan1  18  inches 
wide  and  about  4  inches  deep.  It  had  two  handles,  was  much  broken 
and  decayed,  and  had  been  patched  and  mended  in  several  places.  It  was 
plain  that  the  body  had  been  buried  in  a  large  and  very  thick  chest  or 
coffin,  which  had  either  been  excavated  by  fire  or  perhaps  been  burnt  to 
a  certain  degree  in  order  to  make  it  more  durable.  The  bones  were  greatly 
decayed,  and  there  were  many  shapeless  pieces  of  iron  near  the  head. 

Near  this  group  of  vessels,  but  towards  the  south  side  of  the  grave, 
were  found  two  wooden  buckets  with  iron  mounts,  sunk  in  the  earth  so 
that  the  upper  edges  were  level  with  the  floor  of  the  grave.     They  con- 
tained   nothing   of  interest,   but   iron   bands    were 
noticed  at  the  mouth,  the  middle  and  bottom,  and 
both   had  overarching  handles   of  the  same  metal. 
The  wooden  staves  were  clearly  visible  in  the  earth, 
and  showed  that  the  buckets  had  a  diameter  of  12 
inches  and  a  depth  of  10  inches. 

At  the  middle  of  the  south  side  was  found  a 
hemispherical  iron  cup  containing  a  compact  mass 
of  sand,  and  supported  on  a  tall  stem  terminating 
in  four  feet.  The  total  height  was  originally  just 
over  1 1  inches,  but  nothing  quite  similar  appears 
to  have  been  met  with  in  graves  or  elsewhere,  and 
that  it  was  a  lamp  or  brazier  is  merely  a  conjecture. 
In  the  south-west  corner  the  excavators  came  upon 
a  deep  cylindrical  cauldron  of  iron  with  a  stout  flat 
handle  and  a  capacity  of  about  2  gallons.  It  was 
much  broken,  and  though  of  unusual  size  no  doubt 
served  the  same  purpose  as  other  large  vessels 
found  in  graves  of  the  same  period  in  different 
parts  of  England. 

A  much  more  usual  article  of  sepulchral  furniture  is  the  iron  shield- 
boss  which  was  taken  from  the  east  end  of  the  grave  where  the  sword 
and  certain  other  objects  had  been  previously  found.  A  circle  of  a 
darker  colour  than  the  earth  showed  where  the  wooden  shield  had  been, 
but  was  not  definite  enough  to  prove  the  dimensions.  Scattered  about 
in  this  part  of  the  grave  were  fragments  of  a  vase  of  dense  grey  ware, 
well  baked  and  made  on  the  wheel,  the  ornament  consisting  of  impressed 
chevrons.  It  is  quite  unlike  the  ware  usually  found  with  such  interments 
in  Kent,  and  is  perhaps  more  nearly  related  to  the  Merovingian  than  to 
the  Roman  civilization,  which  is  not  indicated  by  any  other  object  in  the 
grave.  The  Merovingian  pottery  is  fairly  uniform  in  quality  and  size, 
and  is  quite  distinct  both  in  form  and  texture  from  Roman  and  Anglo- 

1  Both  are  figured  in  Inventorium  Sefukhrale,  pi.  xv.  figs,  i,  a  ;  for  description  of  the  grave,  see  p. 
1 6  and  reference  there. 

323 


IRON  STANDING-CUP  FROM 
GRAVE  AT  BROOMFIELD. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Saxon  specimens  ;  it  is  all  the  more  remarkable  therefore  that  almost  an 
exact  duplicate1  of  this  vase  was  found  at  Faversham,  Kent,  in  the  rich 
and  extensive  cemetery  known  as  the  King's  Field  ;  and  another,2  of  red 

earth,  with    the  famous    Kingston 
brooch  near  Canterbury. 

Nothing  further  was  noticed 
except  a  good  deal  of  very  dark 
matter,  charcoal,  fragments  of  wood 
and  parts  of  flat  iron  bars  and  angle- 
irons  with  rivets,  all  in  the  west- 
ern half  of  the  grave.  Though  no 
traces  of  bones  were  met  with,  it 
seemed  evident  that  the  body  had 
been  placed  in  a  stout  coffin  and 
burnt  as  it  lay  in  the  ground.  The 
appearance  of  the  sides  point  to 

POTTERY  VASE  FROM  GRAVE  AT  BROOMFIELD.       thig  conclusiori)  though  Combustion 

under  such  circumstances  must  have  been  slow  and  imperfect,  and  if 
any  bones  were  left  unconsumed  they  must  have  decayed  completely 
in  the  interval. 

According  to  the  plan  given  in  the  original  account  of  the  dis- 
covery, the  grave  was  8  feet  in  length  with  rounded  projections  at  each 
corner  ;  and  though  the  form  and  section  are  peculiar,  the  contents  are 
sufficient  to  show  that  this,  like  the  majority  of  graves  with  relics, 
belonged  to  the  pagan  period. 

Discoveries  in  Essex  have  not  been  plentiful  enough  to  decide 
whether  this  or  any  other  kind  of  burial  was  characteristic  of  the  East 
Saxons.  It  will  be  observed  that  the  discovery  at  Broomfield  presents 
several  novel  features  in  the  way  of  funeral  accessories  that  cannot  be 
classified  as  Anglian.  Whether  they  are  indeed  Saxon  in  the  strict 
sense  of  the  term  is  another  question  ;  but  further  discoveries  may  one 
day  point  to  a  connection  with  Kent  or  disclose  a  continental  trait  that 
may  justify  a  more  exact  attribution  of  these  important  relics  of  the  past. 
The  remarkable  size  and  variety  of  the  objects  discovered  in  the  Broom- 
field  grave  may  indeed  find  a  parallel  in  two  well-known  interments,  but 
the  treatment  of  the  body  differed  in  each  of  the  three  cases.  At  Bourne 
Park  near  Canterbury  was  found  a  grave,  nearly  14  feet  long  and  half  as 
wide,  cut  carefully  in  the  solid  chalk  and  filled  with  fine  mould  brought 
from  a  distance.  In  one  corner  had  stood  a  bucket  with  bronze  hoops, 
and  nearer  the  centre  a  shield,  with  horse's  bit,  buckle  and  several  nails  ; 
while  at  the  head  was  a  bronze  bowl,  thickly  gilt,  with  two  handles  of 
iron.  So  far  the  analogy  is  fairly  complete,  but  the  appearance  of  the 
grave  as  well  as  the  absence  of  the  sword  and  knife  showed  that  the 


1  In  the  Gibbs  Collection,  British  Museum  ;  figured  in  de  Baye's  Industrial  Arts  of  the  Anglo-Saxons, 
pi.  xvi.  fig.  6. 

8  Inventorium  Sefulcbrale,  p.  78  and  pi.  xx.  fig.  6. 

324 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

interment  of  the  body  had  never  taken  place,  and  that  this  was  in  fact 
a  Saxon  cenotaph.1 

The  other  instance  was  at  Taplow,  Bucks,  and  the  resemblance  here 
is  certainly  too  close  to  be  accidental.  To  judge  from  the  contents,  both 
were  the  graves  of  leaders  among  men  ;  and  in  spite  of  their  distance 
apart  and  the  difference  in  race  that  such  distance  would  otherwise 
suggest,  it  is  hard  to  believe  that  the  two  warriors  were  not  of  the 
same  race  and  period.  Of  the  two  the  Taplow  grave  is  the  richer,  and 
is  an  excellent  example  of  the  type  that  is  somewhat  imperfectly  repre- 
sented at  Broomfield.  Though  commonly  known  as  a  Viking's  grave,2 
the  Taplow  barrow  is  really  earlier  than  the  first  appearance  of  the 
Northmen  towards  the  middle  of  the  ninth  century  ;  and  a  comparison 
of  the  relics  with  others  in  the  same  room  at  the  British  Museum  will 
serve  to  fix  the  dates  within  fairly  narrow  limits.  Of  the  characteristic 
Viking  ornaments  there  is  not  a  trace,  and  the  gold  buckle  that  formed 
the  chief  treasure  of  the  discovery  finds  the  closest  of  parallels  in  the 
wonderful  jewellery  of  the  Kentish  graves. 

It  is  apparent  at  once  from  the  respective  ground-plans  that  the  two 
graves  were  cut  in  exactly  the  same  direction,  namely  east-south-east  and 
west-north-west  ;  and  both  were  of  ample  dimensions,  though  the  richer 
was  also  the  longer  by  about  4  feet.  For  the  sake  of  convenience  either 
grave  may  be  considered  to  be  in  a  line  running  east  and  west  ;  and  in 
the  north-west  corner,  where  a  shield-boss  was  found  at  Broomfield,  two 
shields  had  evidently  been  deposited  at  Taplow.  Very  near  these  must 
have  been  the  handle  of  the  sword  in  either  grave  ;  and  while  the  iron 
blade  alone  was  found  at  Taplow,  the  pommel  and  perhaps  another  part 
were  found  in  addition  at  Broomfield.  About  the  centre  in  each  case 
was  a  large  bronze  pan  or  bucket  containing  two  glass  drinking  vessels 
and  two  horns.  The  glasses  are  of  different  forms,  but  both  pairs  excel- 
lent of  their  kind  ;  but  the  cow's  horns  of  the  Essex  grave  are  but  poor 
substitutes  for  the  Taplow  drinking-horns  with  their  silver-gilt  mountings 
and  bountiful  capacity. 

Near  these  groups,  but  more  to  the  south,  were  a  pair  of  iron  buckets 
at  Broomfield,  and  one  of  bronze  at  Taplow  ;  and  a  little  to  the  west 
was  found  in  the  latter  case  a  remarkable  bronze  vase  standing  1 1  inches 
high,  with  vandyked  rim  and  drop-handles.  Nothing  of  quite  the  same 
kind  has  hitherto  been  found  in  the  country  ;  but  its  rarity  may  suggest 
an  explanation  of  the  equally  rare  object  found  in  the  corresponding 
place  at  Broomfield.  Though  of  iron  and  roughly  made,  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  this  was  intended  to  serve  the  same  purpose  as  the 
magnificent  bronze  vessel  that  it  equals  in  height  and  roughly  corresponds 
to  in  form. 

At  the  south-west  end  the  Taplow  grave  contained  fragments  of 
wood  and  iron  that  tally  well  with  the  iron  cauldron,  capable  of  holding 

1  Faussctt,  Inventorium  Stpulchrale,  p.  96. 

•  It  is  thus  described  in  the  Illustrated  LmJon  Newt,  Nov.  17,  1883  ;  the  Pictorial  H'orU,  Dec.  27, 
1883,  and  elsewhere. 

325 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

two  gallons,  in  the  other  interment.  As  the  northern  portion  of  the 
Essex  site  was  cut  away  without  proper  supervision,  it  is  now  impos- 
sible to  say  whether  the  other  vessels  found  at  Taplow  were  also  repre- 
sented ;  but  it  may  be  pointed  out  that  the  draughtsmen  found  at  the 
foot  of  the  latter  grave  remind  us  of  the  specimens  found  near  the  head 
of  the  skeleton  at  Bourne  Park. 

The  remarkable  coincidences  here  enumerated  may  justify  some 
further  conclusions.  An  examination  of  the  Broomfield  site  indicated 
that  the  body  had  been  enclosed  in  a  wooden  coffin  and  burnt  inside  the 
grave  ;  but  the  difficulty  of  combustion  in  these  circumstances  was  fully 
realized,  and  it  may  be  added  that  the  glass  and  especially  the  wooden 
vessels  that  must  have  been  in  close  proximity  to  the  fire,  show  no  trace 
of  contact  with  it.  There  can  be  little  doubt  that  in  both  cases  the  body 
was  protected  by  a  wooden  covering  ;  and  the  fact  that  very  few  bones 
remained  at  Taplow  is  not  to  be  accounted  for  by  supposing  all  but  these 
to  have  been  consumed  by  fire.  It  has  been  constantly  noticed,  as  in 
the  Salisbury  interment  above  described,  that  a  grave  which  must  have 
had  an  occupant,  preserved  not  a  trace  of  the  body  ;  and  that  this  is 
due  rather  to  decay  than  to  cremation  is  evident  from  the  extreme 
durability  of  calcined  bones. 

Enough  was  however  left  of  the  skeleton  at  Taplow  to  show  that 
the  head  lay  at  the  east  end,  contrary  to  the  Christian  orientation.  It  is 
therefore  probable  that  the  same  conditions  obtained  at  Broomfield  ;  and 
in  the  absence  of  later  and  Scandinavian  forms  of  ornament,  we  are 
entitled  to  fix  upon  the  seventh  century  as  the  latest  date  for  this  inter- 
ment in  East  Saxon  soil.  That  it  was  before  600  is  indeed  possible,  but 
as  there  are  indications  of  a  somewhat  late  settlement  of  Essex,  it  is  more 
prudent  to  refer  this  interment  to  the  years  immediately  preceding  the 
introduction  of  Christianity  into  these  parts. 

In  the  absence  of  very  precise  details  it  is  difficult  to  assign  any 
more  definite  date  to  the  Peering  (Inworth)  cemetery,  which  appears  to 
have  been  as  large  as  any  of  the  period  in  Essex.  A  small  series  of 
antiquities  was  exhibited  to  the  Essex  Field  Club  l  in  1888  ;  with  them 
were  found,  besides  the  vases  already  mentioned  as  not  being  cinerary 
urns,  several  skulls,  which  are  good  evidence  against  cremation.  There 
were  a  number  of  glass  and  amber  beads,  an  iron  sword  and  spearhead, 
and  a  peculiar  crescent  of  bronze.  Even  the  bronze  brooches,  which 
generally  have  a  tale  to  tell,  are  here  unimportant.  Six  of  these  were 
of  a  common  circular  form,  four  having  simple  punched  designs,  and 
two  ornamented  with  gilded  plates  applied  to  the  face,  but  now  in  a 
very  poor  condition.  Another  type  (figs.  17,  18)  is  common  enough, 
and  a  ring-brooch  with  chevron  ornament  is  equally  uninstructive. 
There  was  however  a  buckle  set  with  a  garnet  that  has  a  very  Kentish 
appearance. 

The  discovery  was  made  in  a  field  near  the  river  bridge,  not  far 
from  Kelvedon  station,  an  old  survey  dated  1758  preserving  the  name 

1  Essex  Naturalist,  ii.  1 24. 
326 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

of  '  Barrow  Field,'  while  in  the  adjoining  parish  of  Peering  the  '  Barrow 
Hills'  may  also  point  to  some  tradition  of  ancient  burials  there.  These 
remains  were  presented  to  the  Colchester  Museum  by  the  excavator, 
and  a  further  exploration  of  the  site  led  to  similar  results,  which  how- 
ever have  not  been  fully  published.  This  is  particularly  unfortunate,  as 
the  Peering  cemetery  included  several  Roman  or  Romano-British  burials, 
which  might  have  thrown  some  light  on  the  transition  period  of  the 
fifth  century.  One  of  them  was  of  special  interest,  as  showing  the 
sequence  of  events  in  Essex.1  Above  a  stone  coffin  now  in  the  Castle 
museum  a  Saxon  had  been  buried  unburnt  ;  but  it  would  be  idle-  to 
speculate  on  the  interval  that  separated  the  two  interments,  as  there 
were  no  characteristic  ornaments  in  the  upper  burial,  and  there  is  little 
to  indicate  the  latest  possible  date  for  the  sarcophagus. 

Isolated  discoveries  have  been  made  from  time  to  time  elsewhere 
in  the  county,  and  may  be  included  here  to  show  in  what  localities 
traces  of  the  pagan  Saxon  inhabitants  may  be  looked  for.  In  all  the 
Roman  cemeteries  in  and  around  Colchester  Saxon  burials  have  been 
discovered,*  and  from  one  of  them  came  a  pale  green  glass  cup  (fig.  3) 
of  peculiar  form  now  preserved  in  the  national  collection  ;  but  most 
have  been  found  at  St.  Botolph's  Gate,  the  southern  entrance  to  the 
Roman  town,  where  most  of  the  shield  bosses  in  the  Joslin  collection, 
now  preserved  at  the  Castle  museum,  were  discovered.  At  West 
Bergholt  near  Colchester  was  found  a  gold  ring  (fig.  1 2)  now  preserved 
in  the  British  Museum.  It  was  exhibited  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  J 
by  Rev.  J.  H.  Pollexfen  in  1863,  and  consists  of  two  tapering  strands, 
intertwined  with  which  is  a  slender  twisted  ribbon  of  the  same  metal 
in  a  manner  characteristic  of  the  Viking  period.  Another  gold  ring 
(fig.  1 6),  consisting  of  a  simple  twisted  ribbon,  has  been  found  at 
Colchester  itself,  and  is  now  in  the  museum  there.  To  these  may  be 
added  a  bracelet  (fig.  11)  of  the  same  metal,  now  in  the  collection  of 
Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B.  ;  it  was  found  at  Brightlingsea,  and  consists 
of  two  strands,  of  which  the  tapering  ends  are  rather  clumsily  joined 
together. 

A  finger-ring  of  a  different  character  is  described  *  from  Coggeshall 
(fig.  15);  it  is  of  pale  gold,  the  hoop  consisting  of  two  bands  of  finely 
plaited  wire,  like  that  on  the  Broomfield  jewel  (fig.  13),  expanding 
on  one  side  to  enclose  a  length  of  thicker  wire  arranged  in  a  series 
of  scrolls.  It  was  found  in  1851,  and  in  default  of  evidence  to  the 
contrary  may  be  referred  on  technical  grounds  to  some  time  before  the 
eighth  century,  while  the  other  gold  rings  here  enumerated  more  probably 
date  from  the  ninth  to  eleventh  century. 

Certain  graves  at  Shoeburyness  have  been  described  as  Saxon  ;  and 

1  References  to  other  examples  at  Colchester  are  to  be  found  in  Roach  Smith's  Introduction  to 
Inventorium  Sepukhrale,  p.  50  ;  T.  Wright,  Celt,  Reman  and  Saxon,  ed.  4,  p.  470. 

*  These  and  other  particulars  hitherto  unpublished  have  been  kindly  communicated  by  Dr.  Henry 
Laver,  F.S.A. 

•  Procttdingi,  ser.  z,  ii.  247  (fig.). 

4  Journal of  Britiib  Arclucokpcal  AitociaA<mt  xiii.  313,  pi.  39,  fig.  I. 

327 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

though  nothing  of  importance  was  found  in  them,  the  arrangement  in 
two  cases  was  remarkable.  The  bodies  were  disposed  in  a  ring,  and 
radiated  from  the  centre,  as  was  recently  found  to  be  the  case  at  New- 
port Pagnell,  Bucks.1  The  feet  were  in  both  cases  turned  towards  the 
centre,  and  parallels  are  thus  furnished  in  this  country  to  a  discovery 
made  some  years  ago  at  Vendhuile,  a  Merovingian  site  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  Aisne,  France.2 

Saxon  or  Danish  relics  are  said  to  have  been  discovered  some  years 
since  at  Goldhanger  when  several  small  grave  mounds  were  opened  on 
the  marshes  ;  and  several  burials  at  Leigh  near  Southend  were  dated 
approximately  by  numerous  silver  pennies  of  Alfred  (871-900)  and 
Plegmund,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  (890—914).  Specimens  of  these 
are  in  the  museum  at  Colchester. 

By  that  date  the  practice  of  burying  ornaments  and  weapons  with 
the  dead  had  been  abandoned  under  the  influence  of  the  Church,  and 
finds  in  graves  of  the  later  Anglo-Saxon  period  are  very  exceptional. 

Coins  of  the  ninth  and  tenth  centuries  have  seldom  any  other  than 
a  numismatic  importance,  and  there  are  only  a  few  recorded  discoveries 
in  Essex.  A  penny  of  Beornwulf,  King  of  Mercia,  found  at  Ashdon 
(Hadstock),3  throws  no  light  on  a  number  of  burials  placed  north  and 
south  and  accompanied  by  weapons  of  some  kind4  ;  nor  is  the  post- 
Roman  history  of  Ithanceaster  (Bradwell-on-Sea)  any  clearer  for  the 
discovery  of  a  silver  penny  and  sceatta  there.6  To  these  may  be  added 
various  coins  found  at  Leyton  6  and  Barking,7  but  no  further  details  of 
any  importance  survive. 

As  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the  archaeological  remains  in  the 
county  may  one  day  throw  some  light  on  the  extent  to  which  in  the 
post-Roman  period  Christianity  influenced  the  native  or  his  conqueror, 
the  few  details  recorded  of  missionary  effort  in  this  region  will  not  be 
out  of  place.  According  to  Bede,  who  wrote  early  in  the  eighth  century, 
London  was  the  metropolis  of  the  East  Saxons  ;  and  the  story  of 
Mellitus,  its  first  bishop,  is  too  well  known  to  be  repeated  here.  From 
the  archaeological  point  of  view  it  is  more  important  to  notice  that  at 
the  opening  of  Anglo-Saxon  history,  as  soon  as  the  records  became 
credible,  Essex  is  a  sub-kingdom  with  its  ruler  Sigeberht  bound  by  ties 
of  marriage  to  his  Kentish  overlord.  The  foundation  of  the  see  of 
London  was  no  doubt  one  of  many  ways  in  which  Kentish  influence  was 
exercised  north  of  the  river  ;  and  it  is  hard  to  imagine  that  along  their 
opposite  coasts  there  was  not  easy  communication  between  Jute  and 
Saxon,  or  whatever  races  owned  a  common  allegiance  to  the  throne  of 
^Ethelberht  at  the  opening  of  the  seventh  century. 

Traces  of  such   influence  may  be  noticed  in  the  Essex  finds,  but 

1  Antiquary,  1900,  xxxvi.  97. 

*  6.  Fleury,  Antiquitis  et  monuments  du  Deft,  de  r Aisne,  pt.  2,  p.  131. 

8  Journal  of  British  Archetologcal  Association,  v.  80. 

4  Essex  Archaeological  Transactions,  new  ser.  iv.  7.         B  Gentleman's  Magazine,  1865,  pt.  ii.  403. 

6  T.  Wright,  History  of  Essex,  ii.  500  ;  Cough's  edition  of  Camden's  Britannia,  ii.  50. 

7  Lyson's  Environs  of  London,  iv.  58. 

328 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

it  must  be  confessed  that  they  are  few  and  unimportant  and  are  perhaps 
no  more  conspicuous  here  than  in  other  counties  not  so  favourably 
situated  for  trading  in  continental  productions,  for  which  Kent  appears 
to  have  been  the  principal  depot  in  this  country. 

In  addition  to  the  Broomfield  jewels,  of  which  enough  has  already 
been  said,  there  belongs  to  this  category  a  handsome  jewelled  ornament 
(fig.  2)  that  was  probably  worn  by  some  wealthy  lady  as  the  head  of  a 
pin  for  the  hair  and  points  unmistakably  to  Kent  as  the  place  of  manu- 
facture. This  remarkable  relic1  was  found  at  Forest  Gate,  and  is  of 
massive  gold  with  four  sides  broadest  in  the  middle,  the  truncated  ends 
pierced  for  the  reception  of  the  pin,  probably  of  silver.  The  four  faces 
are  inlaid  with  garnets  and  blue  glass  arranged  in  step-pattern,  the  design 
being  the  same  on  opposite  pairs.  This  cell-work  is  characteristic  of 
Kentish  jewellery,  and  is  easily  distinguishable  from  foreign  examples  of 
the  art.1  At  the  other  end  of  the  county,  at  Dovercourt  near  Harwich, 
was  found  a  bronze  radiated  brooch  (fig.  i)  which  may  also  have  been 
manufactured  south  of  the  Thames.  It  is  of  the  usual  type,  rare  in  this 
country  outside  Kent  but  common  in  Switzerland,  Western  Germany, 
and  Normandy,  and  its  discovery  so  close  to  the  sea  can  throw  little  light 
on  the  nationality  or  origin  of  the  dwellers  inland  at  the  time  of  its 
deposit,  some  time  in  the  seventh  century.  Another  interesting  find 
near  the  coast  was  made  at  Great  Clacton  during  the  demolition  of  a 
mound  within  an  entrenchment.  A  glass  cup  was  discovered  with 
broken  tiles  and  charred  wood,  but  further  details  are  not  available,  and 
without  dwelling  on  the  apparent  similarity  to  graves  in  Kent  it  will 
suffice  to  notice  the  close  resemblance  of  the  cup  to  several  found  in 
that  county  as  well  as  certain  other  localities,  such  as  Wheathamp- 
stead,  Herts,  and  Desborough,  Northants.  Tumblers  of  this  mammiform 
type  were  perhaps  not  of  native  manufacture  ;  and  the  present  speci- 
men* is  evidently  contemporary  and  intimately  connected  in  origin 
with  continental  specimens  from  the  Rhine  district.  Of  three  bone 
combs  found  at  Great  Wakering  and  now  in  the  national  collection,  two 
are  of  a  type  fairly  common  in  Kentish  graves,  having  two  rows  of  teeth 
running  the  entire  length  ;  while  the  third  has  a  very  thick  cylindrical 
handle,  of  which  there  are  two  examples  in  the  same  collection  from  the 
Thames  and  one  from  the  county  of  Durham.  A  diminutive  axe-head 
of  iron*  found  at  Colchester  was  probably  intended  for  the  use  of  a  boy, 
as  the  '  francisca  '  was  one  of  the  commonest  weapons  among  the  Prank- 
ish peoples  across  the  Channel,  though  rarely  met  with  in  Anglo-Saxon 
graves. 

Of  quite   another  character  is  an   important  discovery   at   Saffron 

1  Now  in  the  possession  of  Sir  John  Evans,  who  hat  kindly  lent  it  for  illustration,  together  with  the 
radiated  brooch  (fig.  l)  and  gold  bracelet  (fig.  1 1). 

1  Pin-heads  of  similar  form  but  different  ornamentation  are  figured  in  Lindenschmit's  Altertktimtr 
umerer  htiJniichen  Porztit,  vol.  ii.  pt.  x.  pi.  vi.  figs.  13  (Andernach)  and  14  (Palatinate). 

•  Figured  in  Journal  of  British  Anhteohgical  diiociation,  ii.  99  ;  its  Kentish  character  is  noticed  at 
p.  54  of  the  same  volume. 

4  Figured  in  Akerman's  Pagan  SaxonJom,  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  2  ;  Hor<t  Feralet,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  18. 

I  329  42 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Walden,  which  probably  belongs,  at  least  in  part,  to  a  comparatively  late 
period,  as  was  indeed  pointed  out  at  the  time  of  its  first  publication. 
In  the  north-west  angle  of  the  British  '  camp '  fifty  or  sixty  human 
skeletons  were  dug  up  within  a  few  yards  of  the  western  bank  in  the  year 
1830,  and  traces  of  other  burials  noticed  in  other  parts  of  the  enclosure  ; 
but  it  was  not  till  1876  that  a  systematic  excavation  of  the  site  was 
undertaken  by  the  owner,  the  late  Mr.  G.  S.  Gibson,  with  the  assistance 
of  Mr.  Ecroyd  Smith  who  wrote  a  report  for  the  Essex  Archaeological 
Society.1  About  150  skeletons  were  met  with  on  this  occasion  at  various 
depths  owing  to  a  surface  alteration  in  later  times  ;  but  it  was  evident 
that  the  usual  practice  had  been  to  remove  the  upper  soil  to  a  depth  of 
2  to  3  feet,  and  then  to  excavate  the  solid  chalk  another  foot  for  the 
reception  of  the  body,  which  was  usually  placed  on  its  back  at  full  length, 
with  the  head  pointing  to  the  west.  In  most  cases  the  interments  had 
been  made  with  reverential  care,  but  no  remains  of  coffins  were  found 
and  only  a  few  traces  on  pottery  or  bronze  ornaments  of  the  cerecloth 
in  which  the  more  wealthy  seem  to  have  been  buried.  A  reference  to 
the  plan  published  with  the  report  shows  that  the  graves  had  been  cut 
for  the  most  part  in  rows  from  north-east  to  south-west,  and  in  some 
cases  the  intervals  are  so  regular  as  to  suggest  that  each  burial  was  dis- 
tinguished by  a  mound  or  some  other  mark  to  avoid  overlapping. 

It  may  here  be  mentioned  that  the  discovery  of  pits  in  the  chalk 
dug  prior  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  interments  shows  that  the  site  had  been 
occupied  in  the  remote  past  ;  and  a  very  systematic  and  laborious  super- 
intendence would  have  been  necessary  to  keep  the  relics  of  the  different 
periods  apart.  There  seems  no  doubt  however  that  Anglo-Saxon 
pottery,  made  without  the  wheel  and  ornamented  with  impressed 
devices,  was  plentiful,  but  whether  in  the  form  of  cinerary  or  domestic 
vessels  is  uncertain.  Closer  observation  of  such  particulars  would  in 
this  case  have  been  specially  welcome  as  bearing  on  the  question 
whether  the  Anglian  rite  of  cremation  prevailed  here  to  any  extent. 
The  East  Saxons  must  have  guarded  their  borders  jealously  indeed  if 
such  an  unimportant  river  as  the  Stour,  12  miles  from  Walden  and 
there  only  a  stream,  remained  throughout  a  barrier  between  the  Angle 
and  Saxon  whose  nationality  is  declared  not  only  by  the  territorial 
divisions  of  to-day,  but  by  the  difference  in  their  funeral  customs  estab- 
lished by  archaeological  inquiry. 

In  what  is  called  the  best  part  of  the  cemetery  the  graves  were 
close  together  and  arranged  with  some  system,  but  elsewhere,  especially 
to  the  south,  instances  occurred  that  imply  some  difference  of  race, 
condition  or  period.  Skeletons  were  here  found  sometimes  without  a 
grave  and  sometimes  lying  confusedly  in  pits  ;  while  others  had  been 
deliberately  buried  with  the  head  to  the  south,  the  contrast  to  the 
majority  being  very  noticeable  on  the  plan. 

Whether  the  orientated  graves  may  be  referred  to  Christians  and 
the  others  to  their  pagan  contemporaries,  or  whether  these  features 

1   Transactions,  new  ser.  ii.  284,  311. 
330 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

belong  to  different  periods  cannot  at  present  be  determined  ;  but  there 
are  grounds  for  attributing  the  best  part  of  the  cemetery  to  a  converted 
population  of  about  the  tenth  century.  The  paucity  of  ornaments  and 
weapons  is  itself  a  strong  argument  in  favour  of  such  a  view,  and  the 
peculiar  character  of  the  principal  relics  marks  these  interments  off  from 
the  generality  discovered  in  this  country.  Of  the  large  number  of 
skeletons1  discovered,  only  one  was  found  with  personal  ornaments  of  any 
kind.  A  woman  had  been  buried  with  bronze  anklets  and  beads  of 
crystal  (fig.  5),  carnelian  (fig.  7),  glass-paste  (fig.  4)  and  silver  (figs.  6,  8) 
apparently  strung  on  a  necklace  the  principal  ornaments  of  which  were 
a  pair  of  floriated  bronze  discs  (fig.  10)  and  a  plain  one  (fig.  9) 
with  four  circular  holes  in  it  perhaps  once  filled  with  imitation  gems, 
but  now  retaining  but  few  traces  of  a  tinned  surface.  The  pair  are 
of  more  especial  interest  as  the  design  is  one  that  puts  at  least 
one  limit  to  the  date  of  the  burial.  Neither  Saxon  nor  Anglian 
elements  are  to  be  distinguished  in  this  instance,  but  there  are  on  the 
other  hand  close  affinities  to  objects  of  the  Carlovingian  period  which 
have  been  found  in  Scandinavia,  where  the  heathen  practice  of  burying 
the  dead  in  full  dress  lasted  two  or  three  centuries  longer  than  elsewhere 
in  north-west  Europe.  Though  it  is  to  Viking  ornaments  that  one 
turns  for  the  closest  parallels,  the  design  of  the  two  discs  may  also  be 
seen  not  only  on  the  coinage  of  that  time  both  in  England  and  France, 
but  on  the  seal  of  ./Elfric '  now  preserved  in  the  form  of  a  brooch  in  the 
national  collection  and  ascribed  to  about  the  year  1000.  A  pendant  of 
the  same  character  is  published,*  with  hollow  silver  beads  that  forcibly 
recall  the  Walden  specimens. 

Further,  it  is  as  certain  as  any  deduction  from  the  evidence  avail- 
able can  be,  that  no  relic  ornamented  in  this  particular  style  would  ever 
be  found  in  an  interment  of  the  pagan  period  in  England.  The  Carlo- 
vingian Renaissance  of  Roman  art  began  about  the  year  800,  and  after 
reaching  its  zenith  about  850,  declined  during  the  next  century  and  a 
half;  and  the  conventional  foliage  of  the  Walden  pendants  has  only  to 
be  placed  side  by  side  with  the  grotesque  animals  and  geometrical 
designs  of  the  post-Roman  period  to  render  the  difference  of  date  and 
origin  apparent  to  the  most  casual  observer. 

1  Specimens  are  exhibited  in  Saffron  Walden  Museum. 

1  Figured  in  Victoria  History  of  Hampshire,  i.  398. 

3  Memoirei  de  la  Societe  Jts  antiqualrti  du  NorJ  (1890),  p.  217. 


DOMESDAY    SURVEY 


Assessment  of  the  county,  p.  333 — The  Crown  manors,  p.  336 — The  Church  lands,  p.  338 — 
The  barons'  fiefs,  p.  342 — Their  English  predecessors,  p.  351 — The  stamp  of  the  Conquest, 
p.  356 — The  peasantry,  p.  359 — Rents  and  values,  p.  363 — The  ploughs  and  livestock, 
p.  365 — The  sheep  in  the  marshes,  p.  369 — The  swine  in  the  woodlands,  p.  374 — 
Pasture,  mills  and  fisheries,  p.  378 — Saltpans,  vineyards  and  beehives,  p.  380 — The 
clergy  and  their  glebes,  p.  383 — Towns  and  their  houses,  p.  385 — Identification  of 
manors,  p.  387 — Corruption  of  place  names,  p.  398 — The  vill  and  the  parish,  p.  400— 
'  Ness '  and  '  Thorpe,'  p.  405 — The  Hundreds  and  their  boundaries,  p.  406 — Duplicate 
entries,  p.  410 — Domesday  pleas,  p.  411 — The  Domesday  volume,  p.  413. 

The  Survey  of  Colchester,  p.   414 — Holders  of  houses,  p.  417 — The  king's  ferm, 
p.  419 — The  mint,  p.  421 — Miscellanea,  p.  422. 


I 


position  occupied  in  Domesday  Book  by  the  county  of 
Essex  is  unique.  As  is,  no  doubt,  generally  known,  it  is  one 
of  the  three  counties  surveyed  in  '  Little  Domesday,'  that  is, 
in  the  smaller  of  the  two  volumes  which  enshrine  '  the  Survey 
of  England.'  The  record  therefore  of  its  lands  displays  those  peculiar 
features  by  which  this  smaller  volume  is  so  sharply  distinguished  from 
the  other,  its  contracted  forms,  its  inferior  workmanship,  and  its 
marvellous  wealth  of  detail.  On  the  other  hand,  although  the  survey 
of  Essex  appears  at  first  sight,  for  this  reason,  to  resemble  those  of 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  which  are  the  two  other  counties  comprised  in 
this  volume,  careful  examination  soon  reveals  a  system  entirely  distinct. 
Essex,  as  its  name  implies,  was  not  an  Anglian  but  a  Saxon  land  ;  this  is 
a  fact  which  lies  at  the  very  root  of  its  history.  And  it  is  because  it  was 
a  Saxon  land  that  we  find  it  in  Domesday  assessed  in  '  hides,'  like  Middle- 
sex, like  Sussex,  like  the  westward  counties  which  formed  part  of  Wessex, 
and  thus  proclaiming  its  affinity  with  the  rest  of  Saxon  England,  just  as 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  in  their  own  peculiar  assessment,  preserved,  even  on 
the  pages  of  Domesday,  the  traces  of  their  alien  existence  as  the  kingdom 
of  East  Anglia. 

It  is  needful  at  the  very  outset  to  insist  on  this  distinction,  for  it 
appears  from  the  words  of  Professor  Cunningham  to  be  occasionally 
overlooked.  Grouping  together  the  three  counties,  he  observes  that — 

A  vast  mass  of  interesting  detail  has  been  preserved  to  us  in  the  parts  of  Domesday 
which  deal  with  Norfolk,  Suffolk  and  Essex.  These  Eastern  Counties  were  assessed 
on  an  intricate  system  which  was  quite  different  from  that  prevailing  in  the  rest  of 
England  ;  its  difficulties  have  been  successfully  unravelled  by  Mr.  Corbett's  careful 
investigation.  Instead  of  assessing  each  vill  according  to  the  number  of  hidts,  every 

333 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

hundred  was  regarded  as  responsible  for  the  payment  of  £i  ;  and  the  share  of  each 
village  is  given  by  stating  the  number  of  pence  it  would  contribute  to  make  up  j£i 
for  the  whole  hundred,  etc.,  etc.1 

The  East  Anglian  system  of  assessment,  which  is  here  somewhat 
inaccurately  stated,  has  been  explained  by  me  in  another  place.2  It  is 
radically  distinct,  as  I  have  said,  from  that  of  Essex,  although  the 
three  counties  are  surveyed  in  the  same  volume.  The  great  under- 
lying principle  of  '  the  five-hide  unit,'  on  which  was  constructed  the 
system  of  assessment  in  all  hidated  counties,  is  peculiarly  prominent  in 
Cambridgeshire  and  Beds  ;  is  recognizable,  though  less  distinct,  in  Hert- 
fordshire ;  but  has  been  so  obscured  in  Essex  that  it  might  even  at  first 
sight  be  imagined  to  be  non-existent.  There  are  however  sufficient 
traces  of  its  original  existence  in  Essex  to  warrant  the  assertion  that  here 
also  it  lay  at  the  root  of  the  system.  And  this,  as  might  be  expected, 
is  best  seen  in  those  old  intact  lordships  which  were  held  by  the  Crown 
and  by  the  Church.  Of  those  manors  which  head  the  Survey,  and  which, 
as  I  shall  argue,  had  been  Crown  demesne  for  the  most  part,  Hatfield 
(Regis)  was  assessed  at  20  hides,  Havering,  (Great)  Chesterford,  Lawford 
and  Brightlingsea  at  10  hides  each,  while  Waltham  (Holy  Cross),  which 
Harold  had  also  held,  was  reckoned  as  40.  Of  the  Church's  manors 
Barking  appears  with  an  old  assessment  of  30  hides,  as  does  the  Bishop  of 
London's  manor  of  Southminster.  Littlebury  stood  at  25,  Rettendon 
and  Clacton  at  20,  Belchamp  St.  Paul's,  Wrabness,  Strethall  and  Wood- 
ford  at  5  each.  Of  manors  in  the  hands  of  lay  barons,  Clavering  was 
assessed  at  15  hides,  Mundon  and  Great  Oakley  at  10,  Woodham 
Mortimer,  Shopland,  Fobbing,  Langdon,  Amberden,  Thunderley,  Wix, 
Ugley  and  Little  Chesterford  at  5  hides  each.  But  the  great  system 
of  assessing  vills  in  multiples  of  the  five-hide  unit  is  in  Essex,  as  a  rule, 
unrecognizable,  and  even  '  Fif  hida '  itself  (now  corruptly  Fyfield)  is  not 
entered  in  Domesday  as  a  vill  of  5  hides. 

I  have  here  dealt  first  of  all  with  the  local  assessment  for  (Dane)- 
geld,  because,  as  Professor  Maitland  has  rightly  said  of  Domesday,  '  one 
great  purpose  seems  to  mould  both  its  form  and  its  substance  ;  it  is  a 
geld-book,' 3  that  is,  a  book  recording  the  assessments  on  which  the  land 
tax  of  the  period  was  levied.  But  although  this  was  the  chief  intention 
with  which  the  Survey  was  compiled,  the  modern  student  is  more  con- 
cerned with  the  other  information  it  contains,  especially  where,  as  in  the 
case  of  Essex,  the  '  hides,'  '  virgates  '  and  '  acres '  in  which  the  holdings 
were  assessed  cannot  apparently  be  combined,  as  in  the  neighbouring 
county  of  Cambridgeshire,  to  illustrate  the  artificial  system  of  assessing 
the  Hundred  and  its  '  vills.' 4 

1  The    Growth   of  English  Industry  and  Commerce  in  the  Early  and  Middle  Ages  (3rd  ed.  1896), 
pp.   162-3. 

2  See  my  section   on   'The  East  Anglian   Leet '   in  Feudal  England  (1895),  pp.  98-103.     The 
'  Hundred '  was  of  course  responsible  for  much  more  than  £i,  even  when  the  '  geld  '  was  normal. 

3  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  p.  3. 

*  There  is  sufficient  evidence  that  the  unit  of  assessment  known  as  the  '  hide  '  was  divided,  as 
elsewhere,  into  4  quarters  termed  'virgates,'  each  of  which  was  reckoned  as  containing  30  'geld'  acres. 
This  evidence  is  found  under  Waltham  (Holy  Cross),  where  7  hides  and  |  virgate  =  7  hides  and  15 

334 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

The  subjects  on  which  Domesday  Book  contains,  in  Essex,  informa- 
tion of  most  interest  and  value  are  the  distribution  of  estates  before  and 
after  the  Conquest  ;  the  various  classes  represented  among  the  small 
holders  and  peasantry,  with  the  indications  that  these  classes  were  passing 
through  a  period  of  change ;  the  rise  and  fall  in  value  of  land ;  the  rela- 
tion of  the  Hundred  to  the  '  vill '  or  to  the  parish  of  to-day  ;  the  extent 
and  distribution  of  the  woodland  and  of  the  live  stock  kept  upon  the 
demesne,  that  is,  roughly  speaking,  on  the  home  farm  of  the  manor. 
Of  the  industries  and  sources  of  wealth  Domesday  can  tell  us  little,  for 
these  at  the  date  of  the  great  Survey  were  primitive  and  few.  Here  as 
elsewhere  the  place  of  honour  is  assigned  by  Domesday  to  the  plough, 
with  its  all-important  team  of  oxen,  reckoned  as  eight  in  number.  The 
streams  watered  the  meadows  which  provided  hay  for  the  oxen,  and 
turned  the  wheels  of  the  ancient  mills  where  the  men  of  the  manor,  to 
the  lord's  profit,  brought  their  corn  to  be  ground.  The  woodland  pro- 
vided the  kings  with  sport,  and  supplied  timber  and  fuel  for  the  local 
lords  and  their  men,  but  was  valued  mostly  for  the  feed  it  afforded  for 
vast  herds  of  swine.  The  rural  economy  of  Essex  in  all  these  respects 
differed  nowise  from  that  which  the  Survey  shows  us  in  other  counties  ; 
but  one  great  feature  appears  to  be  peculiar  to  itself.  For  I  hope  to  show 
that  the  frequent  entries  of  manors  containing  '  pasture  for  sheep  '  possess 
a  special  meaning,  and  refer,  although  the  fact  has  been  hitherto  un- 
suspected, to  the  famous  marshes  of  Essex.  They  reveal,  it  will  be 
found,  the  existence  of  an  old-world  industry,  of  which  the  tradition 
lingers  in  the  '  wicks '  of  the  Essex  coast,  and  they  help  to  explain  the 
strange  detached  fragments  of  parishes  which  form  a  very  mosaic  down 
among  the  sludgy  creeks. 

Down  by  the  sea  also  were  the  saltpans,  especially  in  the  north-east 
of  the  county,  providing  by  primitive  methods  a  then  precious  commodity. 
In  a  few  places,  chiefly  near  the  seats  of  Norman  barons,  vineyards  had 
been  lately  planted,  while  the  beehives,  of  which  the  Survey  so  carefully 
records  the  number,  produced  not  only  honey,  and  wax  for  the  candles 
of  the  time,  but  also  what  our  forefathers  quaintly  termed  '  that  salutary 
and  delicious  species  of  wine  called  metheglin  or  mead.1  Of  trade  there 
was  then  little  or  none  ;  not  a  single  market  appears  in  Essex,  although 
they  are  found  on  its  northern  border  at  Haverhill,  Sudbury  and  Clare. 
Colchester,  already  a  town  of  importance,  described  apart  and  at  some 
length  at  the  close  of  the  county  survey,  was  peopled  of  course  by 
*  burgesses,'  and  there  is  mention  of  '  burgesses '  at  Maldon  ;  but  there 
are  few  traces  of  trade  at  either,  even  at  a  later  date.  In  addition  to  the 
points  I  have  now  enumerated  there  are  as  usual  incidental  statements 
rich  in  unexpected  information,  and  affording  glimpses  of  lawless  aggres- 
sion, of  questions  referred  to  the  sworn  men  of  the  Hundred  or  the  county 

acres;  Felsted,  where  a  hide  is  found  to  consist  of  3  virgatcs  pha  \  virgatc  ;  Rettendon,  where   i6J 
hides  flu  I  hide  and  30  acres//*/  ^  hides  and  30  acres  =  20  hides.     Nor  do  these  entries  stand  alone. 

1  See  Young's  Agriculture  of  Eisex  (1807),  citing  (ii.  363)  Howlctt,  who  found  the  labourer  still 
regaling  •  himself  with  the  pleasant  cooling  beverage  obtained  from  the  last  droppings  of  the  combs.' 

335 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

court,  and  even  of  the  Domesday  commissioners  themselves  at  work  on  the 
king's  behalf. 

Dealing  first  with  the  evidence  of  Domesday  on  the  changes  wrought 
by  the  Conquest  in  the  distribution  of  land,  we  turn  to  the  manors  held 
by  King  William  himself,  and  are  struck  at  once  by  the  salient  fact  that 
in  Essex  not  a  single  manor  had  been  held  by  Edward  the  Confessor. 
The  surveys  of  Cambridgeshire  and  Suffolk  begin,  as  was  usually  the  case, 
with  the  valuable  manors  in  which  King  William  had  succeeded  his 
predecessor  on  the  throne.  Why  did  Essex  in  this  respect  differ  from 
other  counties  ?  Could  it  have  contained  no  manors  that  were  '  ancient 
demesne  '  of  the  Crown  ?  In  seeking  an  answer  to  this  question  we  may 
find  assistance  perhaps  in  the  adjoining  county  of  Hertford.  There  also, 
of  the  manors  held  by  the  king  himself,  not  one  is  entered  as  having  been 
held  by  Edward.  I  have  elsewhere  suggested  that  this  may  be  explained, 
at  least  in  the  case  of  Hitchin,  by  far  the  greatest  of  them  all,  by  the  fact 
that  Harold  had  obtained  possession  of  the  Crown's  '  ancient  demesne.' 1 
There  is  strong  reason,  I  think,  to  believe  that  in  Essex  also  this  had 
happened.  Another  solution  indeed  is  suggested  by  Professor  Maitland, 
although  he  seems  not  to  have  observed,  or  at  least  not  have  addressed 
himself  to  the  special  case  of  Essex.  Writing  on  the  king's  manors  in 
Domesday  Book  and  Beyond  (pp.  1 66—8),  he  speaks  of  '  comital  manors  ' : — 

King  William  is  much  richer  than  King  Edward  was.  The  Conqueror  has  been 
chary  in  appointing  earls,  and  consequently  he  has  in  his  hand,  not  only  the  royal 
manors,  but  also  a  great  many  comital  manors.  .  .  .  One  of  the  best  marked  features 
of  Domesday  Book,  a  feature  displayed  on  page  after  page,  the  enormous  wealth  of 
the  house  of  Godwin,  seems  only  applicable  by  the  supposition  that  the  earlships  and 
the  older  ealdormanships  had  carried  with  them  a  title  to  the  enjoyment  of  wide  lands. 
...  A  great  deal  of  simple  rapacity  is  laid  to  the  charge  of  Harold  by  jurors  whose 
testimony  is  not  to  be  lightly  rejected  ;  but  the  greater  part  of  the  land  ascribed  to 
Godwin,  his  widow  and  his  sons,  seems  to  consist  of  comitales  villa. 

That  the  vast  estates  of  Harold  in  Essex  were  partly,  at  least, 
Crown  lands  we  have  incidental  hints.  Domesday  itself,  surveying  the 
great  lordship  of  Writtle,  tells  us  first  that  Harold  had  held  it,  and  then 
mentions  that  a  hide  '  in  Writtle '  held  by  the  Bishop  of  Hereford  had 
belonged  to  '  the  king's  fee '  (in  feudo  regis] .  This  entry  is  repeated 
later  under  the  name  of  the  Bishop  of  Hereford,  with  the  difference  only 
that  the  hide  in  question  is  said  to  have  belonged  to  '  Harold's  fee  ' 
(feudo  Haroldi)?  This  surely  suggests  that  Harold's  fee  had  been  the 
king's.  But  I  base  my  conclusion  rather  on  the  peculiar  character  of 
the  manors  found  in  Harold's  hands.  Writtle  itself  had  rendered  '  x 
noctes  de  firma,'  and  Brightlingsea,  Lawford  and  Newport  '  2  nights ' 
each.  This  archaic  system  of  providing  '  feorm  '  for  the  household 
was  normally  characteristic  of  '  ancient  demesne  '  of  the  Crown,3  and 
the  only  other  Essex  manor  on  which  it  was  found  was  that  which  Earl 
./Elfgar  had  held  at  Baddow. 

With  these  introductory  remarks  we  turn  to  Harold's  lands,  and 

1  Victoria  History  of  Hertfordshire,  i.  278.  z  See  pp.  434,  460. 

8  Compare,  for  instance,  Eyton's  Key  to  Domesday  :  Dorset  Survey,  p.  80. 

336 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

find  his  chief  manors  were  Writtle,  Hatfield  (Broadoak),  Havering, 
Stanway,  Lawford,  Brightlingsea,  Newport,  Waltham  (Holy  Cross), 
Peering,  (West)  Thurrock,  Witham  and  Benfleet.  But  to  these  must 
be  added  those  which  he  bestowed  on  his  great  foundation  at  Waltham, 
none  of  which  however  was  exceptionally  valuable  or  large  except 
Waltham  itself,  which,  according  to  his  charter  of  foundation,  was  in- 
cluded among  them,  but  which  was  bestowed  by  William  on  the 
Norman  Bishop  of  Durham.  Peering  and  Ockendon,  which  had  been 
held  by  Harold,  are  found  at  the  time  of  Domesday  in  the  hands  of 
Westminster  Abbey,  but  in  the  case  of  the  latter  the  Survey  tells  us  that 
the  abbey  had  acquired  it  by  exchange  '  since  the  king  crossed  the  sea.' 
This  refers  to  a  transaction  by  which  King  William  regained  the  manor 
of  Old  Windsor,  which  his  predecessor  had  bestowed  on  the  abbey.  A 
charter  of  the  Conqueror  in  English  addressed  to  the  Bishop  of  London, 
to  '  Swein  '  the  sheriff  of  Essex,  and  to  all  his  thegns  in  the  county, 
announces  that  he  has  given  to  the  abbey  '  Feringe  and  Wokindone  '  in 
exchange  for  that  manor.1  This  charter  cannot  be  later  than  1075  and, 
being  in  English,  probably  belongs  to  the  early  days  of  the  reign.  Ex- 
cept for  these  manors  and  for  that  of  (West)  Thurrock,  which  William 
bestowed  on  the  Count  of  Eu,  he  kept  almost  the  whole  of  Harold's 
lands  for  himself,  including  the  great  lordships  I  have  named  above. 
These  formed  thenceforth  the  bulk  of  his  Essex  demesne.8 

Next  in  importance  to  these  were  the  lands  of  Earl  j'Elfgar,  of  which 
he  similarly  kept  the  bulk  in  his  own  hands.  /Elfgar,  who  had  died  in 
or  about  1062,  had  added  to  his  own  earldom  of  Mercia  that  of  East 
Anglia;  but  it  is  not  easy  to  account  for  his  possessions  so  far  to  the 
south  as  Essex,  for  it  has  not  been  supposed  that  this  county  was  at  any 
time  under  his  sway.  In  any  case  the  earl  had  held  the  manors  of  (Great) 
Chesterford,  Shalford,  Wethersfield,  Felsted,  Great  Baddow  and  Gesting- 
thorpe  with  a  smaller  one  in  Finchingfield.  Improbable  though  it  may 
seem,  the  Earl '  Edgar  '  of  Domesday,  who  is  entered  as  the  former  lord  of 
(Great)  Chesterford,  was  a  magnate  who  had  no  existence.  The  entries 
found  under  Cambridgeshire  which  refer  to  this  manor  enable  us  to  say 
positively  that  Earl  jElfgar  was  its  lord.3  It  is  worth  noting  that  in 
Essex  as  in  Bucks 4  lands  which  had  belonged  to  Earl  ./Elfgar  were  be- 
stowed, in  the  first  instance,  by  William  on  his  queen.  This  was  cer- 
tainly the  case  at  Shalford  and  at  Finchingfield,  and  probably  also  at 
Felsted,  for  Queen  Matilda  is  recorded  as  joining  with  him  in  the  gift 
of  that  manor,  in  the  year  1082,  to  that  noble  Abbaye  aux  Dames  so 
familiar  in  the  present  day  to  visitors  to  Caen.'  It  is  probable  therefore 
that  Baddow  also  owed  to  the  same  circumstance  its  bestowal  on  that 

1  Cotton  MS.  Faust,  A.  III.  fo.  113. 

*  In  estimating  the  whole  extent  of  Harold's  estates  in  the  county  it  is  necessary  to  remember  also 
those  which  were  bestowed  on  Count  Eustace,  John  son  of  Waleram,  Robert  son  of  Corbutio,  and  Ralf 
de  Limesi. 

*  See  p.  338,  note  I  below.  *  i.e.  the  manors  of  Hambledcn  and  Marlow. 

*  See  my  Calendar  of  Documents  Preserved  In  France,  p.  141.     One  may  note  also  that  Gilbert  the 
priest  claimed  to  hold  his  land  at  Middleton  (near  Gestingthorpe),  which  had  belonged  to  '  9  sokcmcn 
of  Earl  ^£lfgar,'  as  '  of  the  Queen's  gift  '  (p.  564  below). 

1  337  43 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

abbey,  a  fact  which  is  made  known  to  us  by  Domesday,  but  of  which, 
it  would  seem,  no  trace  is  found  either  in  the  charters  of  the  house  or 
in  the  later  history  of  the  manor.  In  this  connexion  one  may  mention 
that  when,  on  the  queen's  death,  Bury  St.  Edmund's  received  from  the 
king  a  Northamptonshire  manor  '  for  her  soul,'  it  was  again  one  which 
had  been  Earl  ^Ifgar's.  Wethersfield  and  Great  Chesterford  appear  to 
have  been  reserved,  from  the  first,  by  the  Conqueror  for  himself. 

Great  Chesterford  illustrates  well  a  peculiar  feature  of  the  Essex 
manors  which  had  fallen  to  the  king's  share.  Lying  as  it  does  on  the 
Cambridgeshire  border,  it  possessed  in  that  county  an  outlying  '  hide 
and  a  half,'  the  locality  of  which  is  not  given,  but  which  can  be  clearly 
shown  to  have  lain  in  Histon  just  north  of  Cambridge.  It  also  possessed 
in  that  county  an  unnamed  half  hide,  which  can  be  recognized  as  '  half 
a  hide  and  half  a  virgate  '  in  Babraham,  a  few  miles  to  its  north,  which, 
like  itself,  was  '  farmed  '  by  Picot  the  Cambridgeshire  sheriff.1  There 
had  further  been  appendant  to  this  manor,  in  the  time  of  Edward  the 
Confessor,  a  hide  and  a  half,  which,  says  Domesday,  Hardwin  '  de 
scalariis '  held  in  1086,  though  the  Hundred  knew  not  how.  I  think 
that  these  lands  also  can  be  recognized  in  entries  relating  to  Babraham 
and  to  Histon.2  To  Newport  there  had  been  similarly  appendant  a 
Cambridgeshire  estate  at  Shelford,  a  little  to  the  south  of  Cambridge. 
Brightlingsea  possessed  a  Suffolk  dependency  in  Harkstead  on  the 
northern  side  of  the  Stour,  while  to  Hatfield  (Broadoak)  there  had  been 
appendant  three  '  berewites  '  in  Hertfordshire,  which  are  entered  as  held 
by  Ralf  de  Limesi  in  1086.  These  are  described  as  Hertford,  Amwell 
and  Hoddesdon,  but  they  appear  to  have  been  all  comprised  in  that  great 
manor  of  Amwell  (lying  just  between  Hertford  and  Hoddesdon)  which 
Domesday  enters  as  held  by  Ralf  and  as  having  been  held  by  Harold 
(fo.  138).  With  these  dependencies  of  Essex  manors  in  Suffolk,  Cam- 
bridgeshire and  Herts  it  was  not  easy  for  Domesday  to  deal  ;  but  its 
primary  purpose,  that  of  a  rate-book,  involved  their  survey  in  the  county 
and  the  Hundred  in  which  they  assessed,  although  their  rental  might  be 
comprised  in  that  of  the  Essex  manor.  In  the  case  of  Shelford  details 
are  given  under  Newport  as  well  as  in  Cambridgeshire,  with  the  strange 
result  of  proving  that  the  surveys  differ.3  If  Essex  manors  possessed 
these  outlying  dependencies,  there  was  an  instance  of  the  opposite  kind 
in  the  Kent  manor  of  Chalk,  of  which  Domesday  records  that  there 
rightly  belonged  to  it  one  hide  in  Essex.4 

Next,  in  Domesday  to  the  king's  lands  are  entered  those  belonging 
to  bishops  and  religious  houses.  Of  these,  as  will  be  seen  on  the 
Domesday  map,  the  great  bulk  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Bishop  of 
London  or  his  canons.  The  head  of  his  fief  was  Bishop  Stortford 
(which  thence  derived  its  name)  on  the  border  of  Hertfordshire  and 

1  See  p.  431,  note  I  below.     It  is  the  mention  of  Earl  JElfgar  as  the  former  holder  in  both  these 
Cambridgeshire  entries  that  enables  us  to  identify  the  '  Earl  Edgar  '  who  held  Great  Chesterford. 

2  See  p.  430  below.  a  See  p.  410,  note  I  below. 

*  '  In  Exesse  est  una  hida  quae  juste  ad  hoc  manerium  pertinet '  (i.  9).     Compare  pp.  351,  352. 

338 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

Essex,  and  in  both  counties  manors  are  found,  down  to  a  far  later  time, 
owing  the  service  of  castle-ward  or  the  money  commutation  for  it  to 
his  castle  there  upon  the  Stort.  That  this  '  castel '  was  standing  at  the 
time  of  the  Domesday  Survey  is  proved  by  a  charter  of  the  Conqueror, 
addressed  to  Peter  de  Valognes  and  others,  which  gives  to  Bishop 
Maurice  the  '  castel  of  Estorteford,'  as  held  by  Bishop  William  his 
predecessor.1  The  bishop's  castle  reminds  us  of  his  position  as  a  tenant- 
in-chief  holding  his  great  fief  by  military  service.  One  of  the  difficult 
questions  raised  by  Domesday  in  Essex  is  its  application  of  the  phrase 
'  fief  of  the  Bishop  of  London  '  to  a  portion  only  of  his  manors  *  the 
earlier  portion  being  headed  '  land  of  the  Bishop  of  London  '  a 
distinction  emphasized  by  its  repetition  at  the  head  of  fo.  9.*  One 
might  naturally  suppose  that  the  bishop's  'fief  was  that  portion  of 
his  lands  which  was  held  by  knight-service;  but  even  in  Domesday 
it  is  clear  enough  that  both  portions  were  so  held,  and  the  valuable 
lists  of  the  bishop's  knights  in  the  twelfth  and  the  thirteenth 
centuries*  make  it  certain  that  this  was  so.  We  must  therefore  seek 
elsewhere  the  meaning  of  this  distinction.  It  is  found,  I  think,  in 
certain  entries  in  the  Domesday  Survey  of  Hertfordshire.4  We  there 
read  of  Bishop  Stortford  that  'it  belongs  to  the  fief  (est  de  feudo)  that 
Bishop  William  bought '  ;  of  part  of  Wickham,  that  '  this  land  is  of 
Bishop  William's  fief  (feudo);  of  an  estate  in  Throcking,  that  'this 
land  is  (part  of)  the  purchase  of  Bishop  William ' ;  and  of  Thorley, 
that  '  William  Bishop  of  London  bought  this  manor  of  King  William, 
.  .  .  and  now  the  Bishop  of  London  claims  it.'  With  these  clues  we 
return  to  Essex  and  observe  at  once  that  what  is  there  styled  the  '  fief 
of  the  Bishop  of  London  '  is  entirely  composed  of  lands  which  had 
been  held  by  sundry  lay  owners  under  Edward  the  Confessor.  And  this 
was  not  the  case  with  the  '  land  of  the  Bishop  of  London,'  all  of  which 
had  been  held,  at  some  period,  by  his  see,  except  the  first  manor  entered, 
of  which  the  previous  owner,  a  free  woman,  may  have  bestowed  it  on 
the  church.  It  may  therefore  be  inferred  with  much  probability  that 
the  '  fief  of  the  Bishop  of  London '  had  been  acquired  by  Bishop 
William  for  his  church  during  his  long  and  eventful  tenure  of  the  see 
(1051-75). 

Bishop  William  had  enjoyed  the  favour  of  the  Conqueror  as  of  the 
Confessor,  which  the  former  showed  by  giving  him  the  manor  of  Warley 
as  an  old  possession  of  his  see,  by  restoring  the  vast  estate  of  South- 
minster,  which  Cnut,  says  Domesday,  had  taken  away,  and  by  enabling 
him  to  prove  the  right  of  his  church  to  two  manors  in  the  Layers.  His 
most  valuable  manors,  taking  them  in  order,  were  Clacton,  Orsett,  South- 
minster  and  St.  Osyth  ('  Cice  ').  Turning  from  the  bishop  to  his  canons 
we  find  Domesday,  as  usual,'  inconsistent  with  itself.  In  Middlesex  it 

1  Dngdale's  History  of  St.  PauPt,  pp.  304-5.  *  See  pp.  413,  437  below. 

3  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  pp.  186-7,  54'-*- 

4  See  the  Victoria  History  of  Hertfordshire,  i.  279. 
6  Sec  the  Victoria  History  of  Worcestershire,  i.  245. 

339 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

groups  under  one  heading  ('the  land  of  the  Bishop  of  London')  the 
manors  held  by  the  bishop  and  by  the  canons,  though  those  of  the 
bishop  precede  the  others.  In  Hertfordshire  they  are  ranged  under 
separate  headings,  and  even  separated  by  intervening  fiefs.  In  Essex  the 
headings  are  again  separate,  but  the  canons'  lands  follow  immediately  on 
those  of  the  bishop.1  Their  most  important  possession  was  the  great 
soke '  of  Eadwulfsness,  now  represented  by  '  the  Sokens,'  as  they  are 
familiarly  called,  Kirby,  Thorpe,  and  Walton-on-the-Naze.  Tillingham 
was  another  of  their  ancient  manors,  the  total  of  which  had  been  aug- 
mented since  the  death  of  the  Confessor  by  the  gift  of  an  estate  at  Nor- 
ton (Mandeville),  the  acquisition  of  others  at  Navestock  and  West  Lee 
— the  former,  they  alleged,  by  the  king's  gift — and  the  annexation  or 
seizure  of  others  at  Navestock  and  Barling.  On  the  other  hand  their 
own  lands  had  been  encroached  on  at  Chingford  and  Heybridge  by 
Norman  magnates.  The  value  of  the  canons'  estates  had  either  increased 
or  was  stationary,  while  that  of  the  bishop's  manors  had  on  the  whole 
decreased.  These  Domesday  values,  I  may  observe,  cannot  be  connected 
with  the  firmce  rendered  to  the  canons  by  their  manors  at  or  soon  after 
this  period.2 

The  other  old  English  foundations  holding  lands  in  the  county 
were  the  monastery  of  Christchurch,  Canterbury,  the  local  nunnery  of 
Barking,  the  Suffolk  abbey  of  St.  Edmund's,  and  the  Cambridgeshire  one 
of  Ely.  The  lands  of  Christchurch  ('  Holy  Trinity ')  precede  even 
those  of  the  Bishop  of  London  in  the  Survey.  This  was  doubtless  due 
to  its  close  connexion  with  the  primate.  They  are  chiefly  remarkable 
as  representing  what  were  afterwards  known  as  his  '  peculiars  '  in  this 
county,  subject  to  the  commissary  still  known  as  the  Dean  of  Bocking, 
Bocking  (with  Bocking  Hall  in  Mersea)  being  one  of  the  Christchurch 
manors.  Barking  had  lost  a  manor  at  Benfleet,  which  the  Conqueror, 
we  know  not  how,  had  bestowed  on  Westminster  Abbey,  and  an  estate  at 
(Abbess)  Roding,  which  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville  had  obtained  but  seems 
to  have  subsequently  disgorged  ;  and  it  had  also  suffered  the  usual  petty 
encroachments  at  the  hands  of  the  newcomers.  St.  Edmund's  had  not 
only  lost  nothing,  but  had  actually  gained,  as  elsewhere,  at  the  hands  of 
the  Conqueror,  who  had  given  it  a  manor  at  Little  Waltham,  and 
possibly  the  addition  to  its  estate  which  it  had  obtained  at  Harlow.  Ely, 
which  had  lost  his  favour  by  its  share  in  Hereward's  rising,  became  the 
special  prey  of  the  Norman  spoiler.  Its  chief  possessions  in  Essex  were 
Littlebury,  said  to  have  been  given  by  King  ./Ethelred  in  1004,  and 
Rettendon,  assigned  to  the  gift,  not  long  before,  of  Brihtnoth,  the  famous 
alderman,  and  his  wife.  But  it  retained,  in  1086,  some  three  or  four 
other  manors  of  lesser  importance.  Domesday  however  records  its 

1  Domesday  speaks  of  the  canons'  manors  as  having  been  held  by  '  St.  Paul,'  and  applies  the  same 
formula  to  the  bishop's  manor  of  Wanstead ;  but  Archdeacon  Hale  has  observed   that  '  the  bishops  of 
London  appear  to  have  possessed  their  manors  in  the  time  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  kings  in  their  own  right, 
for  there  are  no  traces  of  any  of  the  episcopal  lands  having  at  any  time   belonged  to  the  cathedral ' 
(Domesday  of  St.  PauFs,  p.  iv.). 

2  See  for  these  firm*  Hale's  Domesday  of  St.  Pau/'i,  p.  xxxix. 

340 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

claims  to  many  estates  which  are  found  in  the  hands  of  Norman 
barons.  Chief  among  these  was  the  great  manor  of  High  Easter,  which 
had  passed  into  the  hands  of  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville  and  became,  if  it 
was  not  already,  the  site  of  the  Mandeville  castle  of  Pleshey.  The 
Domesday  entry  on  the  title  to  the  manor  '  is  explained  by  the  abbey's 
chronicle,  which  tells  us  that  Geoffrey's  predecessor,  the  potent  Ansgar, 
had  forcibly  obtained  from  the  monks  a  life  estate  therein.1  The  abbey 
had  also  suffered  heavily,  at  the  hands  of  Eudo  Dapifer  and  William  de 
Warenne,  in  the  Rodings,  and  had  further  been  despoiled,  to  a  more  or 
less  serious  extent,  at  (South)  Fambridge,  Witham,  (West)  Hanningfield, 
Broxted,  Sandon(P),  Amberden  and  Shellow  (Bowells).  In  all,  the  lands 
it  had  retained  in  Essex  were  substantially  less  in  value  than  those  which 
were  held  by  its  spoilers  in  io86.8 

The  more  recent  English  foundations  holding  lands  in  Essex  were 
those  of  the  Confessor  at  Westminster,  of  Harold  at  Waltham  (Holy 
Cross),  of  Ingelric  at  St.  Martin-le-Grand,  and  of  William  himself  at 
Battle.  Westminster  had  greatly  extended  its  lands  in  the  county  since 
its  founder's  death.  Besides  the  manors  obtained  by  exchange  and  that 
of  which  Barking  was  despoiled,*  it  had  received  two  interesting  gifts. 
A  thegn,  going  with  Harold  to  the  battle  of  Stamford  Bridge,  gave  it,  as 
he  left,  a  manor  at  Paglesham  ;  and  JEthelric,  who  appears  to  have  taken 
part  in  a  mysterious  naval  fight  (navale  praelium)  against  King  William, 
fell  ill  on  his  return  home  and  gave  the  abbey  his  estate  at  Kelvedon 
Hatch.  But  the  latter  gift  was  imperfectly  attested,  and  had  never 
received  the  king's  sanction.  It  was  also  claimed  on  behalf  of  the  king 
that  the  abbey  had  obtained  some  land  at  Fanton  by  a  forged  writ  (per 
falsum  breve),  a.  kind  of  document  for  which  the  abbey  became  somewhat 
notorious.  Of  Waltham  Abbey  I  have  spoken  already  ; 6  and  as  for 
Battle,  it  obtained  only  manors  at  Hutton  and  at  Hersham  (Hall).  The 
canons  of  St.  Martin-le-Grand  held  Good  Easter  of  the  king,  and  lands 
at  Maldon  and  Tolleshunt  of  Count  Eustace,  Ingelric's  successor,  be- 
tween whom  and  themselves  there  was  naturally  some  friction.8 

The  foreign  religious  houses  endowed  with  land  were  four  in  num- 
ber. The  most  interesting  of  the  gifts  made  to  them  is  that  of '  Mersea  ' 
to  St.  Ouen.  We  can  hardly  hesitate  to  class  this  endowment  by 
Edward  the  Confessor  of  the  great  Rouen  abbey  with  his  similar  grants 
on  the  coast  of  Sussex.7  Domesday,  indeed,  only  tells  us  that  St.  Ouen 
had  held  the  manor  in  Edward's  time  ;  but  the  fact  that  it  was  given  by 
him  appears  to  be  unquestioned.8  It  comprised  not  only  West  Mersea, 
with  the  manor  of  Peete  on  the  mainland  adjoining,  but  also  Fingringhoe 

1  Sec  p.  509  below.  *  Liber  EKeniis  (Anglia  Christiana  Society),  i.  216-8. 

*  See  Inquisitio  comitatus  Cantabrigiensis,  pp.  122,  127-30,  193.  It  will  be  seen  in  the  Domesday 
text  that  the  sworn  men  of  the  Hundreds  generally  testified  to  the  justice  of  the  abbey's  claims. 

4  See  pp.  337,  340  above.  8  See  p.  337  above. 

'  See  The  Commune  of  London,  and  other  Studies,  pp.  28-30  ;  Studies  in  Peerage  and  Family  History, 
p.  155. 

'  See  Feudal  England,  pp.  319-20. 

8  His  charter  of  donation  was  printed  by  Morant  (i.  426)  from  a  copy  at  Colchester,  but  its  form 
appears  to  be  most  suspicious.  Its  date  purports  to  be  1046. 

34' 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

on  the  Colne,  a  few  miles  distant.  The  fact  that  Fingringhoe  had 
already  been  given,  towards  the  close  of  the  tenth  century,  to  '  St.  Peter 
of  Mersea ' '  has  been  hitherto  overlooked,  but  is  very  suggestive  of  an 
early  foundation  of  which  Edward  availed  himself.  St.  Ouen  held, 
according  to  Domesday,  two-thirds  of  the  profits  arising  from  the 
Hundred  court  of  Winstree,  and  the  Hundred  is  subsequently  spoken  of 
as  the  abbey's.  Of  the  other  religious  houses  two  were  the  abbeys  at 
Caen.  I  have  already  dealt  with  the  endowment  of  the  Abbaye  aux  Dames. 
The  Abbaye  aux  Hommes  (St.  Stephen  of  Caen)  received  the  manor  of 
Panfield  as  its  share,  not  indeed,  as  Domesday  might  lead  us  to  expect, 
from  William,  but  from  a  local  baron,  Waleram,  whose  son  John  had 
succeeded  him  in  1086,  and  who  also  gave  the  tithe  of  his  lands  at 
Aveley  and  at  Bures.2  The  Abbey  of  St.  Walery,3  which  received  lands 
in  Essex  alone,  its  chief  estate  being  Takeley,  was  provided  for  mainly 
from  the  forfeited  possessions  of  Turchil,  an  Englishman,  in  the  Hundreds 
of  Uttlesford  and  of  Dengie. 

Although  classed  by  Domesday  among  ecclesiastical  holders,  Odo 
the  warrior  Bishop  of  Bayeux  filled  an  anomalous  position.  It  was  in 
his  personal  capacity  that  he  shared  in  the  spoils  of  the  Conquest  ;  and 
his  fief,  instead  of  passing  to  his  see,  was  broken  up  after  his  fall.  In 
Essex,  as  in  other  counties,  the  Survey  teems  with  proofs  of  this  grasping 
prelate's  encroachments  on  the  lands  of  others.  His  example  in  this 
respect  was  followed  by  one  of  his  great  under-tenants,  the  extent  of 
whose  holdings  in  Essex  is  somewhat  obscured  in  Domesday.  Ralf '  the 
son  of  Turold  '  held  of  him  at  Vange,  Barstable,  Ingrave,  Wickford, 
Hassingbroke  (in  Stanford-le-Hope),  Chadwell,  Samanton  (near  Mersea), 
Thorrington,  and  in  the  Hanningfields,  where  was  his  largest  estate.  He 
was  the  son  of  Turold  '  of  Rochester,'  by  whose  lawless  aggression  much 
of  this  land  had  been  acquired.  At  Thorrington  Turold  had  seized  upon 
the  manor  together  with  the  land  of  a  freeman  at  Alresford  near  by  ;  in 
the  Hanningfields  he  had  ousted  no  fewer  than  twenty-two  freemen, 
wronging  thereby  the  abbey  of  Ely  ;  at  Mucking  he  had  encroached  on 
the  lands  of  Barking  Abbey,  and  at  Fobbing  on  those  of  Count  Eustace. 
In  Kent  also,  where  his  estates  were  large,  we  find  his  name  (as 
'  Turoldus  de  Hrovecestria')  among  those  tenants  of  Bishop  Odo  who 
had  encroached  on  lands  of  the  church  and  were  forced  by  Lanfranc  to 
restore  them  in  1072.*  The  part  played  in  Essex  by  this  great  land- 
grabber  tempts  one  to  present  his  portrait  as  given  by  the  Bayeux  Tap- 
estry. Against  it  '  Turold '  is  written.  Turold's  acts  lived  after  him  ; 
for  Essex  manors  held  by  him  are  subsequently  found  paying  for  castle- 
guard  at  Rochester,  the  place  from  which  he  took  his  surname.6  The 

1  Harl.  Cart.  43  C.  4. 

2  Calendar  of  Documents  Preserved  in  France,  pp.  156,  162.  3  See  p.  356  below. 

4  Angfta  Sacra,  i.  335-6.  Mr.  Freeman  spoke  of  him  as  'Turold  of  Rochester,  whose  dwarfish 
form  still  lives  in  the  Tapestry  of  Bayeux'  (iv.  366,  compare  Archisohgia,  xix.  191,  204),  but  it  is  not 
likely  that  a  man  of  Turold's  importance  would  be  represented  as  a  mere  retainer  and  as  of  dwarfish 
proportions.  The  legend  '  Turold  '  must  refer  to  the  standing  warrior. 

6  See  Arch.  Joum.  lix.  152. 

342 


TUROLD. 
(From  the  Bayeux  Tjpeitry) 


To  fact  pogt 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

distinctive  feature  of  Odo's  fief  was  the  number  of  small  estates  that  it 
contained,  representing,  as  it  did,  not  the  possessions  of  any  great  English 
landowner,  but  those  of  a  multitude  of  small  ones. 

Of  the  lay  barons,  the  names  perhaps  most  familiar  to  our  ears  are 
those  of  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville  and  Aubrey  de  Vere.  Their  namesakes 
and  heirs,  connected  by  marriage,  obtained  earldoms  in  the  days  of 
Stephen,  and  the  Vere  Earls  of  Oxford  were  continuously  connected  with 
the  county  down  to  the  extinction  of  the  title  only  two  centuries  ago. 
The  house  of  Mandeville  became  extinct  in  1189,  but  its  earldom  of 
Essex  continued  as  the  style  of  its  descendants  in  the  female  line,  who 
also  retained  down  to  the  year  1 372  Pleshey,  the  stronghold  of  the  early 
Mandevilles,  together  with  the  bulk  of  the  Domesday  fief,  the  largest, 
after  that  of  Count  Eustace,  of  any  lay  baron  in  the  county.  As  these 
two  families  and  their  fiefs  played  so  large  a  part  in  the  history  of  the 
county,  we  may  deal  with  their  Domesday  possessions  in  some  detail 
and  together.  Geoffrey  was  the  recognized  grantee  of  the  vast  but 
scattered  estates  of  Ansgar  (or  Esgar)  the  '  staller,' '  to  which  he  had 
succeeded  in  Berkshire,  Middlesex,  Herts,  Oxon,  Northants,  Warwick- 
shire, Essex  and  Suffolk.1  In  Essex  the  bulk  of  Ansgar's,  and  therefore 
of  Geoffrey's,  estate  lay  in  the  heart  of  the  county,  where  High  Easter 
(with  Pleshey)  and  Great  Waltham  formed  around  his  stronghold  a 
compact  block  of  some  12,000  acres,  and  were  in  turn  surrounded 
by  his  lands  in  Leighs,  Terling,  Broomfield,  the  Chignals,  Mashbury, 
the  Rodings,  and  Barnston.  It  is  exceptional  in  Domesday  to  find  the 
manors  of  a  tenant-in-chief  so  compactly  grouped  as  this.  But  Geoffrey 
had  also  succeeded  Ansgar  at  (Saffron)  Walden,  where,  as  at  Pleshey, 
existing  earthworks  bear  witness  to  a  stronghold  of  his  house.  Another 
English  predecessor  of  Geoffrey,  Friebern,  whom  he  had  succeeded  fin 
two  Essex  manors,  was  clearly  the  thegn  of  that  name  whom  he  had 
succeeded  in  a  Suffolk  one  (fo.  41 1^).  Vast  as  were  Geoffrey's  estates 
in  Essex,  he  did  not  scruple  to  add  to  them,  in  some  places,  by  aggres- 
sion.8 Aubrey  de  Vere,  whose  fief  in  Essex  was  much  smaller  than 
Geoffrey's,  owed  it  almost  exclusively  to  his  succession  to  a  certain 
Wulfwine,  who  had  also  been  his  predecessor  in  all  his  Cambridgeshire 
estates  and  in  four  Suffolk  manors.  (Castle)  Hedingham  appears  to  have 
been  the  chief  seat  of  his  house  from  the  first,  but  his  estates  were  much 
scattered.  Both  he  and  his  wife  are  charged  with  a  little  wrongful 
increase  of  their  extent.* 

Of  the  four  great  escheated  '  Honours '  named  in  Magna  Carta, 
the  Honour  of  Boulogne  was  one.  For  the  origin  of  this  '  Honour  ' 
we  must  turn  to  Domesday  Book,  where  we  find  Count  Eustace  of 

1  See  for  this  notable  man,  a  grandson  of  Tofig  the  proud  (founder,  in  the  first  instance,  of 
Waltham  Holy  Cross),  Freeman's  Norman  Conquest,  vol.  iii.  passim. 

*  Ellis  (Introduction  to  Domesday,  ii.  43)  omits  Suffolk,  but  Geoffrey  had  succeeded  Ansgar  at  Holton 
and  Reydon  in  that  county.  Ellis  was  also  gravely  in  error  in  stating  that  in  the  other  counties  Geoffrey's 
lands  'are  marked  uniformly  as  having  been,  in  former  times,  the  property  of  Asgar  or  his  homagers.' 
This  was  by  no  means  the  case  in  Essex. 

8  See  pp.  568-9  below.  4  See  pp.  569-70  below. 

343 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Boulogne  the  greatest  lay  baron  in  Hertfordshire  as  well  as  in  Essex. 
But  Essex  was  the  chief  seat  of  his  power,  and  at  Witham  in  this 
county  was  held  the  court  of  the  '  Honour.'  This  fief,  of  which  the 
wide  extent  is  shown  on  the  Domesday  map,  was  composed  partly  of  the 
lands  of  a  number  of  English  predecessors  and  partly  of  those  which  had 
been  acquired,  both  under  Edward  the  Confessor  and  in  the  earlier  days 
of  William,  by  Ingelric  the  priest,  a  favourite  of  both  sovereigns  and  the 
founder  of  St.  Martin-le-Grand.1  The  existence  of  this  element  in  the 
fief  accounts  for  the  traces  of  another  court  held  in  connexion  with  the 
fief  at  that  religious  house.  In  the  Essex  Domesday  there  are  found  two 
mysterious  allusions  to  the  Count's  '  100  manors  '  (mansiones)  which  have 
as  yet  defied  explanation.  But  for  the  history  of  the  county  the  feature 
of  greatest  interest  on  his  fief  is  the  relation  it  established  between  the 
barons  and  religious  houses  of  the  Boulonnais  and  this  East-Saxon  land. 
I  may  perhaps  be  allowed  to  quote  what  I  have  elsewhere  said  of 
'Adelolf  de  Merc,'  who  is  found  holding  of  the  Count  in  1086  no 
fewer  than  eleven  estates  in  Essex. 

Deeper  than  the  counts  themselves  or  than  any  other  of  their  vassals,  have 
Adelolf  and  his  heirs  stamped  their  name  on  the  East-Saxon  land.  This  younger 
branch  of  the  vicomtes  of  Marck,  near  Calais,  which  was  at  that  time  in  the  Boulonnais, 
is  commemorated  in  the  parish  of  Marks  Tey,  as  in  the  manor  of  Merks  or  Marks  in 
Dunmow,  which  was  held  by  Adelolf  himself  in  1086,  by  his  heir  Enguerrand  de 
Merc  in  1258,  and  by  the  same  family  in  1340.  Mark  Hall,  in  Latton,  is  another 
of  the  manors  which  take  their  names  from  this  family,  and  was  held  by  Adelolf,  its 
founder,  in  1086.  His  descendants  increased  and  multiplied  in  the  land  :  Fulc  de 
Merc  and  M.  de  Merc  attended  the  count's  feudal  court  in  Essex  before  H2O; 
Geoffrey  and  Enguerrand  de  Merc  of  Essex  are  found  on  the  Pipe  Roll  of  1130  ; 
Henry  and  Simon  de  Merc  are  recorded  as  holding  lands  on  the  Boulogne  fief  in  the 
days  of  John.2 

The  seigneurs  of  Austruy,  constables  of  the  Boulonnais,  held  under  their 
counts  at  Shopland  and  Chich  (St.  Osyth),  and  their  tenants  at  Parndon 
derived  their  name  from  Wissant,  the  port  of  the  Comte.  Of  its 
religious  houses  Rumilly-le-Comte  obtained  rent-charges  on  Fobbing 
and  Shenfield,  together  with  the  churches  of  High  Ongar,  Stanford 
Rivers,  Langenhoe,  Little  Laver,  and  apparently  of  Coggeshall  ;  and 
St.  Wulmer  de  Samer  received  a  rent-charge  on  Fobbing  and  tithes  at 
Rivenhall.  To  anticipate  a  little  further,  the  importance  in  Essex  his- 
tory of  the  great  Boulogne  fief  was  shown  when,  forty  years  after  the 
Domesday  Survey,  the  heiress  of  the  counts  brought  it  in  marriage  to 
Stephen,  afterwards  king. 

When  a  great  fief  escheated  to  the  king,  it  retained  its  corporate 
existence  under  the  name  of  an  '  Honour.'  Essex  affords  other  instances 
besides  that  of  the  Honour  of  Boulogne,  and  two  of  these  may  be  dealt 
with  together,  because  under  Stephen  they  both  came,  by  descent,  to 
Henry  of  Essex,  and  in  the  early  years  of  the  next  reign  escheated,  on 
his  fall,  to  the  Crown.  These  were  known  as  the  Honour  of  Rayleigh, 
which  was  held  in  1086  by  Suain  of  Essex,  Henry's  paternal  ancestor, 

1  See  p.  341  above.  *  Studies  in  Peerage  and  Family  History,  pp.  156-7. 

344 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

and  the  Honour  of  Haughley,  or  of  the  constableship,  of  which  the  lord 
was  Hugh  de  Montfort  at  the  time  of  the  Domesday.  The  head  of 
each  was  its  lord's  castle — of  which,  in  both  cases,  the  moated  mound 
remains — but  as  that  of  Haughley  is  in  Suffolk  it  concerns  us  less 
immediately  here. 

Suain  *  *  of  Essex  '  was  a  personage  of  quite  exceptional  interest 
among  the  local  barons.  I  am  strongly  of  opinion  that  the  use  by  him- 
self, his  son,  and  his  grandson  of  the  name  of  the  county  as  a  surname 
arose  from  the  tenure  of  its  shrievalty  by  him  and  by  his  father  before 
him.*  Mr.  Freeman,  who  gave  his  attention  to  both  of  them,3  had 
observed  that  Suain's  father,  Robert,  had  been  sheriff  of  Essex  under 
Edward  as  well  as  under  William,  and  that  Domesday  alludes  to  the  tenure 
of  the  office  by  him  and  by  his  son,  and  to  acts  of  theirs  while  holding 
it.  Robert  himself  is  always  spoken  of  as  '  the  son  of  Wimarc,'  and  we 
only  learn,  Mr.  Freeman  wrote,  from  William  of  Poitiers  that  Wimarc 
was  a  woman.  The  Essex  Domesday  however  always  mentions  her  as 
such  ('  Robertus  filius  Wimarc^  ').  Her  name,  I  may  add,  was  Breton. 
Robert  is  found,  under  Edward,  holding  the  post  of  staller,  and  he 
further  received  from  that  king,  to  hold  '  sicut  canonicus,'  a  prebend  at 
St.  Mary's,  Shrewsbury,  which  he  made  over  to  his  son-in-law.*  When, 
in  1052,  on  Godwine's  triumphant  return,  Norman  favourites  of  Edward 
had  fled  for  their  lives,  some,  we  read,  escaped  '  north  to  Rodbertes 
castele.'  Mr.  Freeman  held  that  '  Robert's  castle  must  be  some  castle 
belonging  to  Robert  the  son  of  Wymarc,  as  distinctly  the  most  notable 
man  of  his  name  in  the  country  after  Robert  the  Archbishop,'  but  he 
sought  in  vain  to  identify  it.  It  appears. to  me  that,  with  much  proba- 
bility, we  might  assign  it  to  Clavering,  where  the  earthworks  of  a  castle 
of  the  time  are  still  to  be  seen,  and  which  was  the  greatest  manor  held 
by  him  in  Essex.  Domesday  shows  us  his  son  in  possession  of  the 
Hundred  itself8 — that  is,  of  the  Hundred  court — and  there  can  be  little 
doubt  that  Robert  had  held  it  before  him. 

It  was  observed  by  Mr.  Freeman  that  Robert's  fief  was  subjected 
to  much  change  before  the  Domesday  Survey.  He  appears  to  have 
obtained  fresh  manors  from  the  Conqueror,  if  not  from  Harold  ;  but,  on 
the  other  hand,  lands  which  he  had  held,  especially  in  counties  other 
than  Essex  and  Suffolk,  are  not  found  in  his  son's  hands  in  1086.  I 
cannot  find  however  that  in  Essex  itself  any  of  his  land  failed  to  pass, 
as  alleged  by  Mr.  Freeman,  to  Suain.  A  great  change  in  the  balance 
of  the  fief  was  effected  by  the  large  additions  it  received  in  the  south- 
east of  the  county  after  the  death  of  Edward.  To  this  I  attribute  Suain's 
choice  of  Rayleigh  as  the  site  of  his  castle.  The  Domesday  entry 

1  Mr.  Freeman  rendered  his  name  as  '  Swegen,'  but  the  Domesday  forms,  Suain,  Suanus,  Suenus, 
represent  it  phonetically  better. 

*  See  Feudal  England,  p.  1 68,  for  the  adoption  by  sheriffs  of  the  name  of  their  county  town  as  a 
surname.    In  the  case  of  Essex  there  was  then  no  such  county  town,  and  the  sheriff  would  therefore  adopt 
the  name  of  the  county  itself. 

8  See  Appendix  on  '  Robert  and  Swegen  of  Essex*  in  Norman  Conquest  (1871),  iv.  736-8. 

*  Domesday,  i.  252^.     Compare  Eyton's  Shropshire,  v.  207-9,  where  the  hazardous  suggestion  is 
made  that  Robert  Fitz  Wimarc  was  identical  with  Robert  the  Deacon.          6  See  p.  489  below. 

i  345  44 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

relating  to  it  is  of  very  great  importance  as  bearing  on  the  actual  con- 
struction by  the  Normans  of  moated  mounds  for  their  castles.1  Both 
Suain  and  his  father  appear  to  have  made  additions  to  their  estates  by 
seizing  on  small  holdings  in  their  private  capacity  or  as  sheriffs.  Owing 
to  the  number  of  his  manors  in  the  south-east  of  the  county,  Suain,  lord 
of  the  marshland,  was  the  greatest  sheepmaster  in  Essex.  It  was  reckoned 
that  his  marshes  would  carry  over  four  thousand  sheep. 

The  fief  of  Hugh  de  Montfort  is  chiefly  of  interest  for  his  suc- 
cession to  '  Gudmund,'  who  had  been  his  predecessor  at  Kelvedon,  Pur- 
leigh,  Latchingdon,  Rayne,  Markshall  and  Sandon  (?).  Gudmund  was 
a  brother  of  Wulfric,  who  had  been  abbot  of  Ely  and  had  taken  advan- 
tage of  that  position  to  lease  to  him  certain  manors  in  order  to  enable 
him  to  marry  well.  The  only  Essex  manor  of  the  abbey  so  parted  with 
was  'Bedenestede'  (Sandon?),2  and  in  the  Domesday  entry  relating  to 
it  the  claims,  of  the  monks  are  mentioned. 

Another  '  Honour  '  formed  from  an  Essex  Domesday  fief  was  that 
of '  Peverel  of  London,'  which  is  also,  in  at  least  one  instance,  styled  the 
Honour  of  Hatfield  Peverel.3  These  honours  are  identical,  not  distinct,4 
but  must  be  carefully  distinguished  from  the  Honour  of  '  Peverel  of 
Nottingham,'  which  was  only  represented  in  Essex  by  the  two  manors 
of  William  Peverel.  Morant  confused  the  latter  with  the  above  great 
fief  of  Ranulf  Peverel,  of  which  the  descent  was  entirely  distinct,  for  it 
escheated  to  the  Crown  under  Henry  I.,  and  placed  at  the  disposal  of 
Stephen  the  means  of  rewarding  his  followers  handsomely  in  this  county." 
Rannulfs  fief  was  virtually  restricted  to  the  eastern  counties,  and  his 
English  predecessors  can  be  traced  in  more  than  one  of  them.  '  Ketel,' 
for  instance,  who  had  held  Prating  was  probably  the/ '  Ketel '  who  had 
preceded  him  in  a  Suffolk  manor  and  at  Walsinghftm,  Melton  (Con- 
stable) and  Ketteringham  in  Norfolk.  We  may  observe,  perhaps,  in  the 
Essex  survey  that  Ranulf  had  frequently  succeeded  a  man  named  Siward', 
but  it  is  only  when  we  turn  to  that  of  Suffolk  that  we  find  him  identified 
as  '  Seward  of  Maldon  ( '  de  Meldona ' )  a  thegn,'  who  had  held  the 
great  manors  of  Acton  and  Assington  with  another  at  Icklingham.  In 
Essex,  besides  his  estate  at  Maldon  itself,  he  had  possessed  very  valuable 
manors  at  Debden,  Amberden  and  Stebbing,  and  others  at  Hazeleigh, 
Woodham  Mortimer,  Willingale  Doe,  Bradwell-by-Sea,  Stangate-in- 
Steeple,  Rettendon,  Tolleshunt  Darcy  and  St.  Osyth. 

Rannulfs  fief  is  immediately  preceded,  in  Domesday,  by  that  of 
Ralf  Bainard,  which,  like  his  own,  was  associated  with  London  through 
Ralf 's  tenure  of  '  Castle  Baynard,'  to  which  we  subsequently  find  some 
of  his  Essex  manors  rendering  castle-ward.  Ralf,  who  had  acted  as 
sheriff  of  the  county,  appears  to  have  fixed  on  Little  Dunmow  as  his 

1  '  In  hoc  manerio  fecit  Suenus  suum  castellum '  (compare  p.  300  above).   So  late  as  1 1 69  Rayleigh  (with 
its  port)  appears  to  have  been  still  alternatively  known  as  'castellum  Suein  '  (Fife  Roll,  1 5  Hen.  II.  p.  1 34). 

2  Liber  Ellensis  (Anglia  Christiana  Society),  i.  218-9.     See,  for  its  identity,  p.  390  below. 

3  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  740. 

4  They  are  indexed  as  if  they  were  distinct  in  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  pp.  1194,  1234. 

5  See  my  Geoffrey  de  Mandevtlle. 

346 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

seat  therein,  for  his  family  priory  was  there  founded.  His  fief,  like  that 
of  Ranulf  Peverel,  escheated  to  the  Crown  under  Henry  I.,  but  was 
promptly  granted  out  anew,  together  with  Castle  Baynard,  to  the  founder 
of  the  house  of  Fitz  Walter,  a  cadet  of  the  house  of  Clare.  One  of  the 
points  of  difference  in  the  distribution  of  land  before  and  after  the  Con- 
quest is  the  wide  extent  of  the  estates  held  by  women  on  the  eve  of  that 
event  as  compared  with  those  which  they  are  entered  as  holding  at  the 
time  of  the  Domesday  Survey.  This  is  a  feature  of  the  great  record 
which  has  somewhat  escaped  attention.  An  instance  in  point  is  afforded, 
in  the  case  of  Essex,  by  the  broad  lands  of  Ailid',  '  a  certain  free  woman,' 
from  which  the  fief  of  Ralf  Bainard  was  largely  formed.  In  this  county 
she  had  been  his  predecessor  at  Wimbish  and  at  Little  Dunmow,  as  at 
Henham,  at  Ashdon,  and  probably  at  Pentlow,  all  of  them  valuable 
manors.  In  Norfolk,  at  Fincham,  Barton,  the  Shouldhams,  Tottenhill, 
Boughton,  Bradenham,  Merton  and  Wilby,  Ailid'  had  been  his  prede- 
cessor. In  Suffolk  she  had  held  '  under  the  glorious  King  Edward '  the 
great  manors  of  Shimpling  and  Kedington.  Her  name  is  so  uncommon 
in  Domesday  that  I  believe  her  also  to  have  been  the  Ailid'  who  had 
been  the  possessor  of  Chipping  Ongar,  although  in  that  manor  her  suc- 
cessor was  Count  Eustace.1 

Another  fief  of  which  the  caput  lay  from  the  first  in  Essex  was  that 
of  Robert  Gernon  ('Greno'),  whose  name  is  surrounded  by  errors. 
Morant  wrote  that  a  document  printed  in  the  Monasticon  had  '  led  Sir 
William  Dugdale  into  some  mistakes '  (ii.  576)  ;  but  he  himself  was 
wrong  in  stating  that  Robert  was  '  descended  from  the  House  of  Bologne,' 
that  '  his  son  and  heir  dropt  the  surname  of  Gernon,  and  took  that  of 
Montfichet,'  and  that  he  and  his  manor  of  Stansted  took  that  name  '  from 
an  artificial  Jixt,  or  firm,  Mount  of  earth,  erected  by  William  Gernon, 
on  which  his  castle  was  built.'  Ellis,  in  his  Introduction  to  Domesday 
(i.  423),  repeated  Morant's  errors,  but  it  is  now  known  that  the  house 
of  Montfiquet,  from  which  Stansted  derives  its  name,  was  quite  distinct 
from  that  of  Gernon,  whose  estates  however  it  obtained  in  the  days  of 
Henry  I.,  together  with  that  forestership  of  Essex  which  one  of  Domes- 
day's incidental  hints  (under  the  forest  manor  of  Writtle)  leads  us  to 
believe  was  already  held,  in  1086,  by  Robert. 

A  familiar  name  among  the  Domesday  tenants-in-chief  in  Essex  is 
that  of  '  Eudo  dapifer,'  a  statue  of  whom  was  recently  set  up  at  Col- 
chester, where  he  founded  the  great  abbey  of  St.  John  and  appears  to 
have  occupied  an  important  position  at  a  somewhat  later  date.  But  the 
story  of  his  life  is  so  embellished  in  the  chronicle  of  the  house  he  founded 
that  it  is  difficult  to  disentangle  facts  from  fiction.  It  is  certain  however 
that  Eudes  ('  Eudo ')  was  a  son  of  Hubert  de  Ryes,  that  he  enjoyed  the 
favour  alike  of  the  Conqueror  and  of  both  his  sons,  and  that  he  lived  on 
till  1 1 20,  when  he  died  in  Normandy  at  his  castle  of  Preaux  rich  in 
worldly  possessions,  but,  contrary  to  what  has  always  been  believed, 
childless.  His  fief,  which  had  increased  since  the  Survey,  then  reverted 

1  Ralf  Bainard  however  had  half  a  hide  there. 
347 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

to  the  Crown,  which  proceeded  to  dispose  of  it  anew.  Eudes,  it  will 
be  seen,  cannot  have  been  more  than  middle-aged  at  the  date  of  Domes- 
day, and  indeed  he  had  been  preceded  in  possession  of  some  at  least  of 
his  manors  by  another  Norman,  Lisois  de  Moustiers. 

Eudes  had  married  a  daughter  of  Richard  Fitz  Gilbert  de  Clare, 
the  head  of  whose  fief  was  on  the  Essex  border,  where  the  moated 
mound  of  his  castle  is  still  to  be  seen  at  Clare.  The  '  Honour  of  Clare  ' 
continues  to  exist  among  the  possessions  of  the  Crown  and  includes 
manors  in  Essex  ;  but  it  must  be  treated  as  a  Suffolk  fief,  its  caput  lying 
in  that  county.  It  should  however  be  observed  that  in  Essex  as  in 
Suffolk  the  bulk  of  Richard's  lands  had  belonged  to  Wisgar  (son  of 
./Elfric),  whose  vast  estates  he  had  obtained.  His  predecessor's  father 
^Ifric  was  the  son  of  an  older  Wisgar  (alias  Withgar),  and  occurs  as 
such  not  only  among  those  '  thegns  of  Essex  '  who  attest  a  grant  of 
Wimbish  to  the  church  of  Canterbury  under  Edward  the  Confessor,1 
but  also  as  the  lord  of  Clare  itself,2  which  he  gave  in  the  same  reign 
to  '  St.  John,'  placing  in  charge  of  the  religious  house  there  founded 
'  a  certain  priest,  Ledmar,' 2  who  held  estates  at  Bendish  (Hall)  and 
Gestingthorpe  in  Essex.3  The  extent  of  Wisgar's  estates  will  be  evident 
from  the  Domesday  text,  where  it  will  be  seen  that  in  Essex  his  most 
valuable  possession  was  Thaxted.  Wisgar's  '  sphere  of  influence,'  as  it 
may  be  termed,  should  be  observed.  It  is  naturally  found  in  the  Hundred 
of  Hinckford,  where  small  properties  are  entered  as  held  by  sokemen 
'  under  Wisgar'  in  many  places  ;  but  in  Tendring  Hundred  also  he  had 
a  few  sokemen,  and  a  man  who  held  '  freely  '  at  Bromley  was  '  com- 
mended'  to  him.  At  Bendish,  we  read,  Wisgar  had  annexed  30  acres 
since  the  coming  of  King  William,  but  his  successor  took  far  more 
advantage  of  the  temptation  offered  by  the  number  of  '  small  holders ' 
in  the  north  of  the  county.  At  the  end  of  a  list  of  such  holders  in 
the  Hundred  of  Hinckford,  whose  lands  Richard  had  annexed,  we  read 
that  Wisgar  had  only  possessed  their  '  commendation.'  * 

A  certain  interest  attaches  to  another  predecessor  of  Richard,  Phin 
styled  '  the  Dane.'  In  Essex  he  is  entered  as  having  held  Langham  and 
Barrow  (Hall)  in  Wakering,  manors  lying  widely  apart,  which  had  both 
passed  to  the  lord  of  Clare.  It  is  only  when  we  turn  to  Suffolk  that 
we  learn  something  about  him.  The  solitary  reference  given  by  Ellis 
conveys  no  idea  of  his  importance  in  that  county  ;  for  Richard  de  Clare 
held  in  Ipswich  fourteen  burgesses,  who  had  been  held  by  Phin  (fo.  393), 
and  allusion  is  made  to  the  '  land,'  the  'fief  and  even  the  '  honour'  of 
Phin  (fos.  393—5^)-  He  had  also  men  'commended'  to  him.  As  he 
is  charged  with  adding  some  free  men  to  a  manor  '  in  the  time  of  King 
William,'  he  must,  like  Wisgar,  have  weathered  the  actual  Conquest  ; 
and  even  in  1086  his  widow  was  holding  in  Essex  two  manors,  of  which 
one  at  least  had  previously  been  held  by  her  husband  (see  p.  565). 
There  is  fortunately  preserved  in  the  cartulary  of  St.  John's  Abbey, 

1  Madox's  Formulare,  p.  238,  and  Morant's  Essex,  ii.  558. 

*  Domesday,  ii.  389  b.  a  See  pp.  471,  477  below.  *  See  p.  572  below. 

348 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

Colchester,  a  writ  of  William  Rufus  directing  the  sheriff  of  Essex  to 
give  Eudo  Dapifer  seisin  of  those  manors  ('  mansiones  ')  which  the  wife 
of  Phyn  the  Dane  ('  Dani ')  had  held  of  his  father  on  the  day  of  the 
latter's  death.1  It  should  be  added  that  the  manor  of  Langham  was 
held  of  Richard  by  Walter  Tirel,  whose  name  is  so  familiar,  and  who, 
like  '  Eudo  Dapifer,'  had  married  one  of  his  daughters.' 

The  bulk  of  the  fief  of  Peter  de  Valognes,  lay  in  the  south-west  of 
the  county,  near  the  border  of  Hertfordshire,  in  which  county,  at  Ben- 
nington,  was  the  caput  of  his  barony.3  His  importance,  for  Essex,  lies 
in  the  fact  that  he  was  sheriff  at  the  time  of  the  Survey.*  He  was  also 
then  sheriff  of  Hertfordshire,6  so  that  the  arrangement  of  placing  these 
two  counties  under  one  sheriff  is  at  least  as  old  as  Domesday.  Later 
evidence  enables  us  to  say  that  they  were  similarly  combined  under 
Geoffrey  de  Mandeville  as  sheriff,  though  that  great  Domesday  Baron 
cannot  have  acted  in  that  capacity  until  after  the  Survey.  He  appears 
to  have  'farmed'  the  county  of  Essex  for  £300,  and  that  of  Hertford 
for  jT6o  a  year.*  Peter,  whose  fief  extended  into  Norfolk  and  Suffolk, 
Cambridgeshire  and  Lincolnshire,  married  a  sister  of  '  Eudo  Dapifer.' 
Domesday  mentions  as  his  predecessors  in  the  shrievalty  of  Essex,  since 
the  Conquest,  Robert  Fitz  Wimarc,  Suain  *  of  Essex,'  and  Ralf  Bainard, 
all  of  them  Essex  tenants-in-chief. 

Two  other  fiefs  deserve  some  mention  because  they  both  reappear 
in  1 1 66  among  those  of  which  the  caput  was  in  Essex.  The  first  is 
that  of  Roger  de  '  Rames,'  which  lay  in  the  three  eastern  counties  and 
in  Middlesex.  Morant  confidently  asserted  that  Roger  '  took  the  sur- 
name of  Raines  or  Ramis  '  from  Rayne  in  this  county,  where  the  manor 
of  Old  Hall  was  the  head  of  his  descendants'  barony.  But  this  view  is 
clearly  erroneous,  and  indeed  he  himself  was  confused  on  the  subject.7  As 
several  Essex  manors  were  held  by  this  family,  its  history  is  of  some 
importance.  I  have  elsewhere  shown  in  a  paper  on  the  subject "  that 
the  fief  was  originally  one  of  twenty  knights,  but  that  we  find  it  under 
Henry  II.  divided  between  two  members  of  the  family,  each  of  whom 
owed  the  service  of  ten  knights.  The  other  fief  is  that  of  Walter  the 
Deacon,  of  which  Little  Easton  was  the  head,  and  which  was  of  ten 
knight's  fees  ;  it  is  subsequently  found  in  the  hands,  successively,  of  the 
Windsor  and  the  Hastings  families.9 

The  Bretons  and  Flemings,  who  in  some  counties  are  conspicuous 

1  Ed.  Roxburghe  Club,  p.  18.     The  attestation  of  'the  bishop  of  Durham'  suggests   1099-1100 
for  the  date.     Peter  de  Valognes  was  sheriff  at  the  time  of  the  writ. 
See  Feudal  England,  pp.  468  et  seq. 
See  the  Victoria  History  of  Hertfordshire,  i.  176,  282. 
See,  for  instance,  the  entry  under  Havering  (p.  430). 
Domesday,  \.  132,  133. 

This  important  information  is  derived  from  the  charters  granted  by  King  Stephen  in  1141,  and 
by  the  Empress  Maud  in  1 142,  to  his  grandson  and  namesake  (see  my  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville,  pp.  142, 
166-7). 

7  He  went  on  to  say  that  the  name  of  Raines,  or  Rennes  as  it  is  sometimes  written,  might  arise 
from  this  Roger  coming  from  the  '  city  of  Rennes  '  (ii.  403). 
•  See  my  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville,  pp.  399-404. 
9  See  my  paper  in  The  Ancestor,  ii.  91-2,  and  pp.  393,  547,  note  8  below. 

349 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

among  the  tenants-in-chief,  are  hardly  represented  at  all  in  Essex. 
Count  Alan,  the  head  of  the  Bretons  in  England,  had  large  interests  in 
Suffolk,  but  a  single  page  of  Domesday  suffices  for  his  Essex  manors. 
His  chief  tenant  in  the  county  was  Hervey  '  de  Ispania,'  who  held  of  him 
at  Willingale  ('  Spain '),  Finchingfield,  Bentley,  Manhall  (in  Saffron 
Walden),  etc.  The  name  of  Hervey  is  distinctively  Breton.  It  is 
worthy  of  notice  that  at  Canfield,  and  at  one  of  the  Rodings,  Aubrey  de 
Vere  was  tenant  of  the  count,  for  there  seems  to  have  been  some  con- 
nexion between  Aubrey  and  the  Counts  of  Brittany  ; l  and  when  the 
priory  was  founded  at  Hatfield  Broad-Oak,  half  a  century  after  Domes- 
day, by  his  namesake  and  successor,  it  was  given  as  a  cell  to  St.  Melaine 
of  Rennes,  the  count's  capital.  One  is  glad  to  be  able  to  establish  the 
fact  that  '  Edeva,'  whom  the  count  had  succeeded  in  several  Essex 
estates,  was  no  other  than  Edith  'the  beautiful'  (pu/cbra),  Edith  'the 
fair'  (faira),  Edith  'the  rich'  (dives),  whose  vast  estates  in  the  adjoining 
counties  of  Hertfordshire,  Cambridgeshire  and  Suffolk  had  been  largely 
bestowed  on  Count  Alan.2  The  one  Breton  fief  of  which  the  head  was 
in  Essex  was  that  of '  Tihel  the  Breton.'  He  is  so  entered  in  Domesday 
under  Essex,  except  in  a  stray  passage  (fo.  24),  where  he  occurs,  as  in 
Suffolk,  as  Tihel  '  de  Herion.'  This  name  is  but  a  variant  of  the 
'  Helion  '  in  Helion  Bumpstead,  and  the  house  which  bore  it  derived  it 
from  what  is  now  Hellean,  a  canton  of  Josselin  near  Ploermel  (Morbihan). 
Their  barony,  which  was  afterwards  held  by  the  service  of  ten  knights, 
lay  in  the  three  eastern  counties  and  largely  in  the  Haverhill  neighbour- 
hood.3 As  Tihel  de  '  Heriun '  or  '  Heliun  '  its  Domesday  lord  was  one 
of  the  '  barons  '  or  commissioners  (legati)  appointed  by  the  Conqueror 
to  determine  the  rights  of  Ely  Abbey  in  io8o.4  'Gilbert  the  son  of 
Salomon '  also  must,  from  his  name,  have  been  a  Breton.  In  Essex  he 
had  but  a  tiny  holding,  and  his  only  other  estates  were  at  Meppershall 
and  Felmersham.  No  distinctively  Flemish  name  is  found  among  the 
Essex  tenants-in-chief,  but  Walter  de  Douai  ('  doai '),  a  great  baron  in 
the  south-west  of  England,  held  three  manors. 

Of  the  remaining  fiefs  that  of  Hamo  the  '  dapifer  '  or  the  sheriff 
(of  Kent)  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  his  succession  to  Thurbern  at  Faulk- 
bourne,  Totham,  etc.,  and  especially  at  Colchester,  and  to  a  woman  called 
'  Gotild  '  in  several  manors.  The  widespread  succession  of  Henry  de 
Ferrers  to  the  lands  of  Bondig  the  '  staller '  enables  us  to  identify  the 
latter  with  the  former  holder  of  Steeple,  Butsbury  and  Woodham 
(Ferrers).  Otto  'the  goldsmith'  (aurifaber,  aurifex)  deserves  mention, 

1  See  my  Calendar  of  Documents  Preserved  in  France,  p.  423. 

2  See,  for  this  mysterious  person,  Freeman's  Norman  Conquest  (1875),  iii.  792.       It   is  clear  from 
the  Suffolk  entries  of  Earl  Ralf's  manors  which  Godric  dapifer  was  '  farming'  for  the  king  (fos.  284^  et 
seq.)  that  some  of  Edith's  manors  had  been  secured  by  Earl  Ralf  (of  Norfolk),  and  had  passed  on  his  fall 
to  the  king.     Among  these,  we  thus  learn,  was  Great  Sampford  in    Essex,  which   '  tenuit   Edeva  ;  post 
Radulfus  comes  ;  modo  Godricus  dapifer  in  manu  regis '  (see  p.  436  below).     The  identity  of  the  Essex 
'  Edeva  '  has  never,  I  believe,  been  noted. 

3  See  for  all  this  my  paper  on  '  Helion  of  Helion's  Bumpstead  '  in  Essex  Archeeologcal  Transactions, 
[n.s.]  viii.  187-91. 

*  See  Inquisitio  comitatus  Cantabrigiensis,  pp.  xvii.,  xviii. 

350 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

not  only  because  his  name  is  preserved  in  that  of  an  Essex  parish,  but 
also  on  account  of  the  interesting  position  held  by  himself  and  his  de- 
scendants as  hereditary  masters  of  the  mint.  His  only  manor  was  that 
of  Gestingthorpe,  which  had  been  held  by  Earl  j^Elfgar,  with  whose 
former  estates  he  was  associated  as  farming  them  for  the  Crown.  In 
Essex  he  so  farmed  them  at  Shalford  and  Finchingfield,  and  in  Suffolk 
he  was  associated  with  Godric  the  '  dapifer '  in  farming  them  at  Sudbury 
and  Cornard.  These  estates,  as  an  entry  under  Colchester  reminds  us, 
had  been  held  by  ./Elfgar's  widow,  jElfgifu,  and  afterwards  by  William's 
queen.  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  lord  of  Gestingthorpe  was 
entrusted  by  William  Rufus  with  the  monument  of  gold  and  silver, 
encrusted  with  gems,  erected  over  the  Conqueror's  tomb  at  Caen.1 

In  studying  the  holders  of  land  before  and  after  the  Conquest  we 
have  to  keep  our  eyes  on  more  counties  than  one.  We  can  often  thus 
trace  the  identity  of  those  Englishmen  .to  whose  estates  the  newcomers 
had  succeeded,  although  at  first  sight  their  names  may  suggest  nothing. 
One  of  the  most  interesting  cases  of  such  succession  in  Essex  is  that  of 
Walter  the  Deacon.  Wix,  where  his  son  and  namesake  founded  a 
priory  for  nuns,  had  been  given  him  by  Queen  Edith  since  the  coming 
of  King  William,  and  she  had  also  been  his  predecessor  at  (Little) 
Bromley  and  (Little)  Chesterford  ;  but  his  predecessor  at  '  Colne '  was 
named  Leofwine,  and  his  two  manors  in  Purleigh  had  been  held  by 
Leofwine  and  Leofwine  '  Cilt.'  Now  his  '  Colne  '  manor  is  ignored  by 
Morant,  but  on  working  through  the  manors  in  the  Colnes  we  learn 
from  his  own  account  that  the  manor  of  Overhall  in  Colne  Engaine  '  is 
ancient  and  an  entire  lordship,  not  holding  of  any  of  the  adjoining 
manors  of  Colne-Engaine,  Wakes,  or  Earls  ;  but  of  the  manor  of 
Witnesham  ...  in  Suffolk'  (ii.  219).  Following  up  the  clue  thus 
obtained  we  find  Witnesham  in  Domesday  held  by  Walter  the  Deacon, 
who  had  there  succeeded  '  Leofwine,  a  free  man.'  We  thus  at  once 
locate  Walter's  manor  in  the  Colnes,  and  identify  its  English  holder 
with  the  lord  of  Witnesham,  Suffolk.  But  we  do  more  than  this.  In 
Suffolk  as  in  Essex  we  find  that  Walter  has  succeeded  a  Leofwine  in 
some  of  his  manors  and  Queen  Edith  in  others  (fos.  426-7).  But  while 
at  Bacton  his  predecessor  is  styled  '  Leofwine  a  free  man  of  Harold,'  at 
another  he  is  '  Leofwine  of  Bacton  (de  Bagatona),  a  thegn  of  King 
Edward,'  so  these  were  certainly  the  same  man.  We  can  see  him  also 
in  '  Leofwine,  a  free  man,'  holder,  as  above,  of  Witnesham,  and  even,  I 
think,  in  '  Leofwine  cilt  a  free  man'  (fo.  376^),  who  occurs  at  Ulve- 
stone  in  Debenham.  Therefore,  to  return  to  Essex,  we  can  doubtless 
see  him  also  in  the  '  Leofwine '  and  '  Leofwine  cilt '  whom  Walter  the 
Deacon  had  succeeded  in  two  manors  at  Purleigh.  This  conclusion  is 
of  more  than  personal  or  local  interest  ;  for  it  illustrates  the  looseness  of 
the  Domesday  scribe,  especially  in  dealing  with  the  names  of  English- 

1  '  auri  et  argenti  gemmarumque  copiam  Othoni  aurifabro  erogavit,  et  super  patris  sui  mausoleum 
fieri  mirifkum  memoriale  przcepit.  Ille  vero,  regiis  jussis  parens,  insigne  opus  condidit,  quod  ex  auro  et 
argento  et  gemmis  usque  hodie  competenter  splendescit '  (Ordericui  Vitahs). 

351 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

men,  and  the  rashness  of  concluding  that  the  liber  homo  was  a  smaller 
man  than  the  thegn. 

Another  such  illustration  is  afforded  by  the  facts  which  follow. 
The  historic  name  of  Ingwar  was  borne  by  an  Essex  thegn  whom  it 
doubtless  proclaims  to  be  of  Danish  blood.1  His  lands  at  Roydon, 
Southchurch,  Birdbrook,  St.  Lawrence,  and  one  of  the  '  Ings,'  though 
widely  scattered,  passed  to  Ranulf  brother  of  Ilger,  which  enables  us  to 
identify  him  also  with  that  '  Ingewar,'  otherwise  '  Inguare  a  thegn  of 
King  Edward/  of  whose  lands  in  Huntingdonshire  and  at  Gamlingay  in 
Cambridgeshire  Ranulf  became  the  possessor.2  This  identification  is 
chiefly  of  importance  because  Ingwar  is  in  Essex  styled  a  free  man  (liber 
homo)  and  in  Cambridgeshire  a  '  thegn  of  King  Edward,'  which  is  one 
of  several  instances  of  these  terms  being  used  indifferently,  and  enables 
us  further  to  detect  him  in  that  '  Ingar  a  thegn '  whose  great  manor  at 
Burstead  had  passed  to  the  Bishop  of  Bayeux. 

So  famous  are  the  '  house-carls  '  in  the  tale  of  the  Norman  Con- 
quest that  the  mention  of  one  of  them  in  Domesday  is  always  worth 
noting.  The  '  Sexi '  who,  at  one  of  the  Layers,  had  been  succeeded  by 
Ralf  de  Todeni  was  clearly  the  '  Sexi  housecarl  of  King  Edward,'  whom 
Ralf  had  also -succeeded  at  Westmill,  Herts.  Of  more  interest  however 
is  the  case  of  '  Scalpinus,'  of  whom  we  read  under  Great  Lees  that  Harold, 
receiving  that  manor  from  Ansgar,  had  given  it  to  '  a  certain  housecarl 
of  his,  Scalpinus  by  name,'  who  had  settled  it  on  his  wife  in  dower,8  etc. 
I  have  no  hesitation  in  identifying  this  '  Scalpinus  '  as  the  '  Scalpius  '  or 
'  Scapius '  who  had  held,  as  '  a  thegn  of  Harold,'  the  manors  of  Chars- 
ford  and  Stutton  in  Suffolk,  in  which  he  had  been  succeeded  by  Robert 
Gernon.  Returning  to  Essex,  we  find  on  Robert  Gernon's  fief  a  manor 
in  Ardleigh,  of  which  we  read  that  it  had  been  held  by  Scapius,  and  was 
attached  to  (jacet)  a  certain  manor  in  Suffolk.  William,  its  under- 
tenant, was  doubtless  the  William  d'Aunay  who  held  the  above  Suffolk 
manors  of  Robert.  Here  then  we  have  a  '  house-carl '  holding  a  landed 
estate,  nor  was  his  case  exceptional. 

Here  is  another  illustration  of  the  need  for  studying  adjoining 
counties  together.  A  curious  story  in  the  Suffolk  Domesday  throws 
light  on  the  devolution  of  an  Essex  thegn's  estates.  In  the  south- 
eastern extremity  of  the  former  county  we  read  under  Falkenham 
(fos.  423^,  424)  that  '  Brictmar,'  who  held  land  there,  had  several 
estates  (plures  terras)^  of  which  a  part  was  given  by  the  king  to 
Ingelric,  another  to  Ranulf  brother  of  Ilger,  and  a  third  to  Ralf 
Pinel.  This  is  followed  by  several  entries,  in  which  Ranulf  had 
obtained  the  lands  of  men  commended  to  Brihtmar  or  his  mother 
'  Quengeuet.'  Of  the  two  small  estates  in  Suffolk  that  Ralf  Pinel 

1  An  Ingwar  was  one  of  the  three  leaders  who  had  landed  in  East  Anglia,  at  the  head  of  a  Danish 
host,  in  866. 

2  He  must  also  however  have  been  the  '  Ingwar  '  whose  manor  at  Creshall,  with  that  at  Duxford, 
Cambs,  not  far  off  (the  'Ingara'  of  the  latter  entry  is  omitted  by   Ellis),  were   obtained  by  Count 
Eustace. 

8  See  p.   507  below. 

352 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

held  in  chief  (fo.  437)  one  had  been  held  by  '  Bricthmar,'  as  had  been 
the  whole  of  his  Essex  one  (p.  563  below).  When  we  turn  to  the  Essex 
lands  of  Count  Eustace,  the  successor  of  Ingelric,  we  find  them  headed 
by  Fobbing  (fo.  26),  which  had  been  held  by  '  Brictmar,  a  thegn  of 
King  Edward,'  and  after  him  by  Ingelric.  At  Laver  also  and  Fifield 
we  find  the  Count  succeeding  to  lands  which  had  been  held  by 
'  Brictmar '  ;  and  we  can  say  therefore  that  in  these  estates  we  have 
that  portion  of  his  lands  which  had  fallen  to  Ingelric's  share.  We 
thus  identify  a  thegn  as  a  landowner  in  Essex  and  Suffolk,  and  obtain 
a  good  instance  of  an  Englishman  having  not  one  but  several  aliens 
as  his  successors.  A  similar  instance  of  the  breaking  up  of  an  English 
thegn's  estates  is  afforded  by  the  case  of  ./Elfric  (Aluricus)  Camp,1  who 
had  held  land  in  Essex,  Cambridgeshire  and  Suffolk,  and  had  been  of 
sufficient  importance  to  have  sokemen  and  commended  men  of  his  own. 
Restricting  ourselves  to  those  instances  in  which  his  identity  is  proved, 
we  find  that  in  Essex  his  manors  lay  in  the  north-east  of  the  county, 
and  that  while  Great  Oakley  was  secured  by  Robert  Gernon,  Ramsey 
passed  to  Ralf  Bainard,  and  Bradfield  and  Dedham  to  Roger  '  de 
Ramis.'  In  Suffolk,  ^Elfric  is  spoken  of  as  the  predecessor  of  '  Eudo 
Dapifer,'  who  succeeded  him,  we  find,  at  Layham,  as  he  also  did  in 
Cambridgeshire,  at  Babraham,  Papworth  and  Sawston,  though  Robert 
Gernon  was  in  that  county,  his  successor  at  Duxford  and  Foulmire.1 

On  the  whole  it  would  seem  that  in  Essex  both  types  of  succession 
are  very  well  represented.  If  we  have  cases  in  which  Norman  lords 
obtained  virtually  the  whole  possessions  of  great  English  landowners, 
such  as  Ansgar  the  staller,  Wulfwine,  or  Withgar  of  Clare,  we  have 
also  abundant  instances  of  fiefs  formed  from  numerous  small  estates, 
and  a  certain  number  in  which  the  lands  of  an  English  holder  were 
broken  up  and  divided  between  two  or  more  of  those  who  shared  in 
the  spoils  of  England.  It  is  probable  that  these  last  would  be  much 
more  numerous  if  it  were  not  for  the  great  difficulty  of  identifying 
with  exactitude  the  bearers  of  English  names  which  were  more  or  less 
common. 

No  general  conclusion  can  be  stated  as  to  the  proportion  or  local 
distribution  of  large  and  small  estates  in  Essex  before  the  Conquest.  The 
Domesday  scribe,  when  recording  only  the  Christian  name  of  an  English 
predecessor,  gave  us,  in  doing  so,  no  indication  whether  he  was  but  a 
small  yeoman  (to  adopt,  for  convenience,  a  later  term)  or  a  magnate 
holding  wide  estates  in  more  than  one  county.  In  Essex  again  the 
scribe  was  fond  of  entering  land  as  having  been  held  by  '  one  free 
man  '  or  more.  And  this  vague  term,  as  I  have  already  indicated, 
might  denote  a  considerable  landowner  as  well  as  a  very  small  one. 
Again,  although  we  have  cases  in  which  the  assessment  figures  suggest 

1  This  name  it  found  as  Camp,  Campe,  Campa,  Capin,  Capus  and  Ccmp,  which  further  illustrates 
the  loose  practice  of  the  Domesday  scribe  in  the  matter  of  Anglo-Saion  names. 

'  The  Inquisltio  Comitaliu  Cantairigiftisii  enables  us  to  trace  more  accurately  his  possessions  in  that 
county  by  adding  the  distinctive  surname,  which  was  often  omitted  by  the  Domesday  scribe. 
I  353  45 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

extreme  subdivision,  the  geld  '  hides '  and  '  acres '  are  a  most  misleading 
guide.  The  valuable  manor  of  Gestingthorpe,  for  instance  (p.  564  below), 
in  which  Otto  the  goldsmith  had  succeeded  Earl  ./Elfgar,  was  assessed 
at  only  half  a  hide.1  The  recorded  values  afford  a  surer  guide  to  follow. 
Speaking  guardedly  and  very  generally,  we  form  the  impression  from  the 
Essex  survey  that  the  larger  holders  were  steadily  acquiring,  even  before 
the  Conquest,  rights  over  the  smaller  ones,  even  if  '  only  such  as  com- 
mendation gave.'  In  the  tumult  and  confusion  of  the  Conquest  period 
some  of  the  smaller  holders,  we  find,  suffered  downright  aggression  at 
the  hands  of  their  own  countrymen  ;  but  it  was  naturally  by  the  new- 
comers that  their  lands  were  chiefly  absorbed.  This  absorption  was 
effected  partly  by  actual  grant  from  the  Crown,  a  grant  which  had  to  be 
completed  by  formal  livery  of  seisin.  There  are  several  allusions  in  the 
Essex  survey  to  the  absence  of  such  livery  in  the  case  of  contested  titles. 
The  other  way  in  which  it  was  effected  was  simple  lawless  encroach- 
ment, the  usual  form  of  such  encroachment  being  the  extension  of  a 
Norman's  lordship  at  the  cost  of  an  English  free  man  whose  lands  adjoined 
it.  It  is  very  difficult  to  estimate  the  extent  of  such  encroachment  in 
the  county,  because  the  invasio  or  occupatlo  is  sometimes  recorded  under 
a  fief  and  is  sometimes  found  among  the  long  list  of  invasiones  super  regem 
at  the  close  of  the  county  survey.  This  lawless  aggression  was  at  times 
the  subject  of  complaint  from  one  Norman  against  another,  at  times 
effected  at  the  cost  of  Englishmen,  and  often  at  that  of  the  king.  His 
own  manors,  with  which  the  Survey  opens,  teem  with  notices  of  such 
encroachment ;  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  seizure,  without 
authority  from  him,  of  the  land  of  a  '  free  man '  would  be  treated  as 
a  wrong  done  to  himself,  insomuch  as  it  diminished  the  total  spoils 
available  for  distribution. 

We  are  apt  to  forget  that  twenty  years  had  elapsed  between  the 
date  of  William's  victory  and  that  of  the  great  Survey.  The  disputes 
as  to  title  recorded  in  Domesday  Book  must  have  been  greatly  increased 
by  this  lapse  of  time  ;  for,  besides  the  '  aggressions '  of  English  prede- 
cessors, there  were  those  also  of  aliens  who  had  gained  and  lost  their 
lands  between  the  two  dates.  The  lands  of  Count  Eustace  had  been 
swollen  by  the  acts  of  his  predecessor  Ingelric,8  and  the  fief  of  '  Eudo 
dapifer'  by  those  of  Lisois  de  Moustiers;8  Walter  the  deacon  had 
succeeded  to  the  lands  of  his  brother  Thierri,  and  John  the  son  of 
Waleram  to  those  of  his  father  ;  and  at  Wormingford  and  Stanway 
Roger  of  Poitou  had  benefited  by  the  aggressions  of  a  predecessor 
with  the  strange  Proven£al  name  of  Reimund  Girald.4 

It  has  always  appeared  to  me  that  Mr.  Freeman,  in  avowed  re- 
action from  Thierry,  was  disposed  to  underestimate  the  wholesale 

1  There  were,  at  Gestingthorpe,  two  manors,  each  apparently  of  six  ploughlands  and  each  assessed 
at  half  a  hide  (fos.  39,  98).  The  parish  now  contains  2,700  acres,  and  the  assessment  of  the  whole  at  one 
hide  is  worth  noting  for  its  lowness.  It  is  evidently  not  accounted  for  by  Earl  ^Elfgar's  tenure  of  one  of 
the  two  manors.  The  low  assessments  of  High  Easter,  of  Tiltey,  and  of  Stambourne  and  Toppesfield  may 
be  compared.  8  See  pp.  463-8  below. 

8  Compare  Inj.  Com.  Cant.  pp.  192—3.         *  See  my  notes  on  him  in  The  Ancestor,  i.  122. 

354 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

transfer  of  lands  that  followed  the  Norman  Conquest.1  The  eastern 
counties,  he  held,  '  were  precisely  the  parts  of  England  which  had  come 
into  William's  hands  without  effort  or  resistance,'  and  to  which  therefore 
he  showed  himself  '  mild  and  debonair ' ;  *  and  yet  in  Essex  the  transfer 
of  land  was  for  all  purposes  complete.  Every  Englishman,  small  or 
great,  who  held  his  land  '  freely  '  seems  to  have  forfeited  its  possession.3 
One  does  not  see  how  this  could  have  been,  as  Mr.  Freeman  seems  to 
have  held,  the  result  of  individual  forfeitures  incurred  by  definite  acts. 
The  loss  may  not  have  followed  immediately  on  William's  triumph  ; 
indeed  there  are  cases  in  which  the  Survey  shows  that  it  did  not  ;  but 
undoubtedly  the  impression  conveyed  by  Domesday  in  this  county  is 
that  all  Englishmen  were  held  to  have  forfeited,  as  such,  their  lands. 
It  affords  us  at  least  one  very  suggestive  case  of  an  Englishman,  whose 
lands  had  been  taken  from  him,  being  actually  employed  by  the  Crown 
in  a  position  of  trust.  ALlfric  '  Wand  '  or  '  Wants,'  whose  estate  at 
Arkesden  and  Radwinter  had  been  secured  by  '  Eudo  dapifer,'  is  found 
in  Suffolk  placed  in  charge  of  a  number  of  Crown  manors  as  reeve 
(prepositus) .  English  reeves  or  foresters  were  useful,  on  account  of 
their  experience  and  knowledge,  to  the  Normans  ;  and  in  Essex  we 
find  Richard  Fitz  Gilbert  employing  two  English  reeves  who  are 
charged  with  aggression  on  his  behalf,  and  whom  he  seems  to  have 
left  to  their  fate.4  Grim,  another  English  reeve,  had  taken  advantage 
of  his  official  position  to  obtain  possession  of  forfeited  estates  at  Bowers 
(Gifford)  and  Chadwell8;  and  one  fortunate  officer  of  the  king,  with 
the  typically  English  name  of  Godric,  was  '  farming '  royal  manors  on 
a  great  scale  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk  (fos.  1196,  284^),  besides  holding 
lands  as  a  tenant-in-chief  in  both  those  counties.  His  '  farming ' 
operations  extended  to  Essex,  where  we  find  him,  as  Godric  dapifer^ 
in  charge  of  Great  Sampford.  Mr.  Freeman  observed  that  in  some 
cases  the  widows  of  English  landowners  were  allowed,  as  a  favour,  to 
hold  some  portion  of  their  husbands'  estates.  With  the  widow  of 
'  Phin  the  Dane '  we  have  already  dealt  ;  her  two  manors  are  imme- 
diately followed  by  the  small  holding  of  '  Edeva  the  widow  of  Edward 
son  of  Suan  '  in  the  Hundred  of  Chafford.  The  interest  of  this  entry 
is  that  it  bears  directly  on  the  Middlesex  manor  of  '  Lilestone,"  which 
Domesday  speaks  of  as  held  *  in  almoin '  by  '  Eideva,'  and  as  having 
been  held  by  Edward  son  of  Suan.  The  Essex  entry  proves  that 
'  Eideva '  must  have  been  his  widow.  The  case  of  Modwine,  who 
had  lost  his  land  at  (East)  Donyland,  but  who  was  holding  in  1086 
a  smaller  property  in  the  same  vill  and  several  other  estates  of  moderate 
size  in  addition,  may  illustrate  the  practice  (as  I  think  it)  of  making 
even  the  Englishman  who  was  still  a  landowner  hold,  from  the  Conquest, 

1  See  Norman  Conquest  (1871),  iv.  14-15,  22-27.         *  Ibid.  pp.  26,  29. 

8  A  small  holding  in  Tot  ham  was  retained  by  '  Gunner,'  but  only  as  an  under-tenant  of  that  great 
baron,  Suain.  There  are  a  few  other  cases  of  the  same  kind. 

1  See  p.  573  below.  One  of  these  cases  is  the  subject  of  a  duplicate  entry.         *  See  p.  564  below. 

*  Domesday  i.  I  30^.  The  name  is  still  preserved  in  Lisson  Grove.  The  manor  was  held  in  the 
time  of  John  by  the  heirs  of  Otho  the  goldsmith. 

355 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

a  new  estate  under  a  new  title.  Before  approaching  the  difficult 
subject  of  the  changes  under  the  new  order  in  the  status  of  what  we 
may  term  the  peasantry,  we  may  glance  at  the  witness  to  the  Conquest 
borne  by  the  map  of  Essex. 

There  is  no  county  perhaps  that  bears  more  clearly  than  Essex 
the  imprint  of  the  Norman  Conquest.  Two  of  its  parishes  indeed 
have  actual  French  place-names,1  and  one  the  name  of  a  Frenchman.2 
The  suffixes  which  serve  to  distinguish  its  villages  of  the  same  name 
are  rich  in  memories  of  Domesday  lords,  both  barons  and  under-tenants. 
Helion('s)  Bumpstead,  Hatfield  Peverel,  Norton  Mandeville,  Woodham 
Ferrers,  Theydon  Gernon  and  Belchamp  Otton  preserve  the  names  of 
Domesday  barons,  whether  derived  directly  or  through  cadets  of  the 
house.  The  name  of  Warish  Hall  in  Takeley  disguises  that  of  St. 
Walery,  the  saint  whose  relics  the  Norman  host  had  adored  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Somme,  and  whose  sending  the  longed-for  southern 
wind  was  rewarded  after  the  Conquest  by  the  gift  of  Essex  manors. 
And  what  shall  we  say  of  the  under-tenants  whose  names  will  meet 
us  in  the  text  ?  With  Adelulf  de  Merc  I  have  dealt  already  ; 3  Garden's 
Hall  in  Chishall  was  the  home  of  William  Garden  ;  Hervey  de  Ispania 
is  commemorated  not  only  in  Spain's  Hall  in  Willingale  Spain,  but  in 
Spain's  Hall  in  Finchingfield  ;  and  in  Stondon  Massey  is  disguised  the 
name  of  Ralf  de  Marci.  By  a  similar  disguise  the  Tolleshunt  of 
Mauger  has  become  Tolleshunt  Major,  and  the  Shellow  of  Lambert 
(de  Buelle)  the  modern  Shellow  Bowells.  The  Roding  of  Hugh  de 
Berneres  is  Berners  Roding  to  this  day. 

It  was  again  the  Norman  Conquest  that  brought  to  England  such 
houses  as  those  of  Grai,  Mortemer,  and  Giffard,  of  Beauchamp,  Munteni, 
and  Montfiquet.  Their  association  indeed  with  Essex  may  be  later 
than  the  date  of  the  great  Survey,  but  in  Grays  (Thurrock),  Woodham 
Mortimer,  Bowers  Giffbrd,  Beauchamp  Roding,  Mountnessing  and 
Stansted  Mountfichet  the  memory  of  Norman  lordship  is  vividly  pre- 
served. To  lords  of  the  alien  race  are  also  due  the  names  of  Layer 
Marney,  Layer  Breton,  and  Layer  de  la  Hay,  of  North  Weald  Basset, 
Theydon  Bois,  Stapleford  Tawney  and  Colne  Engaine.  The  change 
from  the  English  '  Alferestune  '  to  the  present  '  Bigods  '  in  Dunmow — 
a  name  which  Lady  Warwick's  enterprise  has  made  widely  known — 
typifies  the  great  transfer.  Within  two  miles  of  it  B(l)amsters  Hall 
preserves  the  name  of  the  Blancmoustier  family,  tenants  of  the  house 
of  Warenne,  whose  own  Norman  stronghold  of  Bellencombre  is  the 
origin  of  the  name  of  Belcumber  Hall  in  Finchingfield.  In  Sible 
Hedingham  the  manor  of  '  Grassals '  had  once  been  the  holding  of 
Geoffrey  Grosvassal,  a  knightly  tenant  of  the  house  of  De  Vere,  while 
Hosden's  farm  in  Great  Maplestead,  not  far  away,  preserves  the  name 
of  a  family  descended  from  Hugh  de  Hosdenc,  a  Domesday  under-tenant 
in  the  three  eastern  counties.  The  Counts  of  Guines  have  bequeathed 

1  Beaumont  and  Pleshey  (see  pp.  396,  509,  note  4  and  p.  298  above). 
»  Virley.     For  Robert  de  Verli  see  p.  389.  »  See  p.  344  above, 

356 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

their  name  to  Guines  Court  in  Tollesbury,  where,  as  at  other  places  in 
Essex,  they  held  of  the  Honour  of  Boulogne.1  Woodham  Walter, 
again,  reminds  us  of  its  lords  the  house  of  Fitz  Walter,  descended  in 
the  male  line  from  the  Domesday  lord  of  Clare. 

That  those  whom  the  Norman  lords  replaced  as  holders  of  wide 
estates  were  the  chief  sufferers  by  the  Conquest  is  no  doubt  the  case  ; 
but  if  the  peasantry,  and  even  what  may  be  termed  the  yeomanry,  re- 
mained as  before  upon  the  land,  it  does  not  follow  that  their  condition 
had  in  no  way  changed  for  the  worse.  Obscure  as  is  still  the  gradation 
of  classes  in  England  before  the  Conquest,  it  appears  to  be  now  generally 
held  that  the  coming  of  the  Normans  tended  to  simplify  the  classification. 
If  the  learned  researches  of  Professor  Maitland2  failed  to  enable  him 
to  arrive  at  any  clear  or  definite  conclusion  on  the  liberi  homines,  the 
socemanni  and  the  "villani  of  Domesday,  it  is  not  likely  that  others  will 
be  more  successful  in  the  task.  Indeed,  the  more  one  studies  the  Survey, 
the  more  one  shrinks  from  attaching  to  its  terms  a  denotation  so  precise 
as  that  of  modern  times.  I  have  already  drawn  attention  to  the  evidence 
in  the  Essex  survey  of  such  terms  as  '  thegn '  or  '  free  man  '  being  in- 
differently used.8  It  is  this  recklessness  of  the  scribe — as  the  modern 
mind  would  deem  it — which  makes  it  rash  to  argue  from  such  an  entry 
as  we  find,  for  instance,  under  Goldhanger,  where  we  read  of  an  estate 
annexed,  apparently,  to  the  main  manor  that  '  9  free  men  dwelt  on  (in) 
half  a  hide,  and  one  man  (who  was)  a  thegn  held  30  acres,  and  two 
others  (who  were)  free  men  held  10  acres.'  Here  we  might  infer  that 
a  *  thegn  '  was  distinct  from  a  *  free  man,'  had  we  not  evidence  to  the 
contrary  in  the  Survey  itself.  Again,  in  this  same  entry  we  read  lower 
down  of  1 5  acres  which  had  belonged  to  one  '  free  thegn  '  (francus 
teignus),  a  formula  which  is  probably  unique  in  Domesday,  although  in 
its  other  volume  we  have  once  teini  liberi  (fo.  254).  So,  in  Essex,  when 
the  scribe  was  tired  of  writing  liberi  homines,  he  wrote,  for  a  change, 
franci  homines*  One  ought,  perhaps,  to  say  something  of  the  Essex 
entries  bearing  on  the  difficult  subject  of  status,  but  for  the  general 
reader  it  will  be  sufficient  to  know  that 

the  English  peasants  did  suffer  by  the  substitution  of  English  for  French  lords. 
.  .  .  We  cannot  treat  either  the  legal  or  the  economic  history  of  our  peasantry  as  a 
continuous  whole  ;  it  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  the  red  thread  of  the  Norman 
Conquest.  That  is  a  catastrophe.  ...  As  a  result  of  the  Conquest,  the  peasants, 
at  all  events  some  of  the  peasants,  had  fallen  from  their  free  estate ;  free  men,  holding 
freely,  they  had  been  compelled  to  do  unfree  services.  .  .  .  Domesday  Book  is  full 
of  evidence  that  the  tillers  of  the  soil  are  being  depressed.  Here  we  may  read  of  a 
free  man  with  half  a  hide  who  has  now  been  made  one  of  the  villeins,  etc.,  etc.6 

I  break  off  the  quotation  here  with  an  instance  taken  from  the  first  entry 
in  the  Essex  survey.  The  fate  of  this  Benfleet  '  free  man  '  is  one  of  the 
most  eloquent  incidents  recorded  in  the  great  Survey." 

1  See  feudal  England,  p.  463. 

*  Dometday  Book  and  Beyond,  pp.  25,  39-46,  67  et  seq.  *  See  p.  35*  above. 

4  Illustrations  of  the  scribe's  vagaries  will  be  afforded  in  the  instances  of  duplicate  entries  below. 

6  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  pp.  51,  60,  61.  *  See  p.  428  below. 

357 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

In  the  entry  relating  to  Fobbing  there  is  a  passage  of  considerable 
importance  for  the  status  of '  free  men  '  and  '  sokemen.'  Count  Eustace's 
estate  there  was  composed  of  a  five-hide  '  manor,'  which  had  been  held 
by  a  thegn,  to  which  Ingelric,  the  count's  predecessor,  had  added  (the 
holdings  of)  no  fewer  than  22  'free  men'  assessed  at  more  than 
three  times  that  amount.  Domesday  states  that  the  '  manor  '  had  been 
worth  £20  and  the  sokemen's  land  (terra  socbemanorum)  £12,  and  that 
in  1086  the  value  of  the  whole  estate  was  £36.  Here,  the  unwary 
might  conclude,  we  have  definite  evidence  that  Domesday  treated  liberi 
homines  and  socbemani  as  convertible  terms.1  Yet  at  Finchingfield  we 
read  of  a  small  estate  that  it  had  been  held  by  '  2  sokemen  and  i  free 
man'  (fo.  35^),  a  phrase  which  obviously  implies  that  the  two  classes 
were  distinct.  The  references  to  '  sac  and  soc '  in  the  Essex  survey  are 
many  ;  but  it  cannot  be  said  that  they  enlighten  us  on  this  difficult  sub- 
ject. At  Chignal  Sawin  the  priest  and  '  Erfin  '  were  '  so.  free  (liberi  ita) 
that  they  could  sell  their  land  with  the  sac  and  soc  where  they  would  ' 
(fo.  59).  Wulfwine  held  his  land  at  Waltham  'freely  with  (the)  soc' 
(fo.  58),  which  probably  comes  to  the  same  thing.  But  at  Rad winter, 
though  jfElfric  the  sokeman  '  had  power  to  sell  the  land,'  which  he  held 
'  as  a  manor,'  yet  '  the  soc  and  sac  remained '  to  the  lord  (fo.  78)  ;  and 
so  at  Theydon  (fo.  50^)  and  at  one  of  the  Rodings  (fo.  51),  though  a 
sokeman  in  each  '  had  power  to  sell  his  land,'  yet  '  the  soc  remained  in 
the  manor'  (an  equivalent  formula).  At  another  Roding  a  free  man 
had  held  1 f  hides,  of  which  '  half  used  to  render  soc  to  Ansgar,  and 
the  rest  was  free'  (fo.  6ib).  Where  we  read,  as  at  Newnham,  of  soke- 
men 'remaining  with  (the)  soc'  (fo.  34),  it  probably  implies  that  the 
sokeman  could  part  neither  with  the  land  nor  with  its  soc.  At  Staple- 
ford  (Abbots)  there  is  a  curious  entry  of  '  2  free  men  in  the  soke  of  the 
manor'  (fo.  20),  and  at  Shopland  it  is  noted  of  two  sokemen  that  '  their 
lord  had  (the)  soc  and  sac'  (fo.  34^).  When  we  come  to  personal 
'  commendation,'  the  light  is  a  little  clearer.  At  Prested  (in  Peering) 
Brihtmar,  who  held  this  manor,  was  '  commended '  to  Siward  (of 
Maldon),  '  but  could  betake  himself  (ire)  with  his  land  where  he  would  ' 
(fo.  75).  At  (Abbess)  Roding  a  manor  was  held  of  Barking  Abbey  by 
a  tenant  who  '  was  only  the  man  of  Geoffrey's  predecessor  '  ('  Ansgar  the 
staller  ')  and  had  no  power  to  dispose  of  (mittere)  this  land  '  away  from 
the  abbey  '  (fo.  57^).  At  Vange  a  free  man  '  became,  in  King  William's 
time,  the  man  of  Ranulf's  predecessor  (Siward  of  Maldon),  but  did  not 
give  him  his  land'  (fo.  71^),  though  Ranulf  was  in  possession  in  1086. 
At  Manhall  (in  Saffron  Walden)  a  free  man  similarly  '  became,  in  King 
William's  time,  the  man  of  Geoffrey  (de  Mandeville)  of  his  own  accord,' 
but  this  was  held  to  be  insufficient  to  account  for  the  possession  of  his 
land  by  Geoffrey  in  1086  (fo.  6zb).  At  Hanningfield  the  abbot  of  Ely 
claimed  the  land  of  two  '  free  men,'  but  the  jurors  found  that  '  they  used 

1  At  Pitsea  (fo.  45^)  there  were  two  manors,  of  which  one  had  been  held  by  a  sokeman  of  Robert 
(Fitz  Wimarc),  and  the  other  by  '  I  free  man,'  the  soke  belonging  to  Robert.  Here  the  difference  between 
the  two  is  not  obvious. 

358 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

to  hold  their  land  freely,  and  were  only  commended  to  the  abbot  of 
Ely  '  (fo.  25).  In  all  these  cases  the  line  is  clearly  drawn  between  a 
man's  personal  '  commendation  '  of  himself,  for  security,  to  a  lord  and 
the  giving  to  that  lord  of  rights  over  his  land. 

In  Essex,  as  in  other  counties,  we  find  great  importance  attached 
to  the  power  of  the  former  holder  to  '  give,"  '  assign,'  or  '  sell '  his  land, 
or  to  betake  himself  elsewhere l  without  having  to  obtain  leave.  At 
Hanningfield  (fo.  25)  14  hides  were  held  by  22  free  men,  'who  could 
withdraw  themselves  (recedere)  without  the  leave  of  the  lord  of  that 
manor '  (ipsius  mansionis)  ;  at  Sutton  (fo.  96)  there  belonged  to  the  manor 
a  free  man,  holding  half  a  hide,  '  who  could  withdraw  himself  (abire) 
without  the  leave  of  the  lord  of  that  manor.'  It  is  probable  that  the 
complication  of  tenures  which  had  grown  up  under  the  English  system 
was  almost  as  obscure  to  the  newcomers  as  it  is  to  ourselves  ;  but  if 
they  set  themselves  to  cut  the  knot,  if  their  rough  and  ready  methods 
led  to  the  infliction  of  much  hardship  upon  those  small  holders  whose 
tenure  was  affected  for  the  worse,  or  who  even  lost  their  lands,  yet  the 
classes  below  them,  it  might  be  thought,  would  remain  much  as  they 
were  ;  the  organization  of  the  peasantry  would  not  be  affected  by  the 
change.  This  assumption,  however,  would  be  wrong.  Professor  Mail- 
land  has  selected  Essex  as  a  county  in  which  the  Conquest  had  a  marked 
effect  on  the  figures  of  the  peasant  classes. 

Let  us  look,  for  example,  at  the  changes  that  take  place  in  some  Essex  villages 
during  the  twenty  years  that  precede  the  Domesday  Inquest.  The  following  table 
shows  them  : — * 

Villeins     Bordars       Serfs         Lord's  Men's 

teams  teams 

Theydon  (Mount)  T.R.E.  [1066]      .     .    5              3             4             2  4 

T.R.W.  [1086]    .     .    i            17             o             3  3 

These  are  but  specimens  of  the  obscure  little  revolutions  that  are  being  accom- 
plished in  the  Essex  villages.  In  general  there  has  been  a  marked  increase  in  the 
number  of  bordarii  at  the  expense  of  the  villeins  on  the  one  part  and  the  serfs  on 
the  other,  and  this,  whatever  else  it  may  represent,  must  tell  us  of  a  redistribution,  of 
tenements,  perhaps  of  a  process  that  substitutes  the  half-virgate  for  the  virgate  as  the 
average  holding  of  an  Essex  peasant.  The  jar  of  conquest  has  made  such  revolutions 
easy.* 

The  notable  increase  of  the  *  bordars '  at  the  cost  of  the  classes 
above  and  below  them  is  a  constantly  recurring  feature  throughout  the 
Essex  survey,  and  one  to  which,  as  the  Professor  observes,  I  was  the 
first  to  call  attention.  At  the  same  time  it  has  to  be  observed  that  this 
process  was  by  no  means  uniform  ;  there  are  cases  not  only  of  the  three 
classes  remaining  unchanged  in  their  numbers,  but  even  of  the  serfs 
exhibiting,  not  a  decrease,  but  an  increase.  The  learned  Professor  writes 
thus : — 

On  manor  after  manor  the  number  of  villeins  and  bordiers,  if  of  them  we  make 
one  class,  has  increased,  while  the  number  of  servi  has  fallen.  We  take  100  entries 

1  On  the  equivalence  of  these  phrases  see  Feudal  England,  pp. 
'  I  only  give  the  first  out  of  five  in  Professor  Maitland's  table. 
*  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  p.  363. 

359 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

(four  batches  of  25  apiece)  and  see  that  the  number  of  villani  and  bordaril  has  risen 
from  1,486  to  1,894,  while  the  number  of  servi  has  fallen  from  423  to  303.  We 
make  another  experiment  with  a  hundred  entries.  This  gives  the  following  result : — 

A.D.     IO66  A.D.     IO86 

Villani 1,273  I>247 

Bordarii 810  1,241 

Servi 384  312 

This  decrease   in  the  number  of   servi  seems  to  be  pretty  evenly   distributed 
throughout  the  county.1 

As  this  feature  of  the  county  survey  has  attracted  so  much  attention,  I 
give  here  some  selected  types,  inviting  attention  to  the  fact  that,  apart 
from  the  proportion  of  the  classes,  the  total  number  of  the  peasantry 
shows  an  almost  steady  increase. 


LANGHAM 

PANFIELD 

V. 

B. 

S. 

Total 

V. 

B. 

S. 

Total 

(1066) 
(1086) 

22 

17 

9 

27 

4 

0 

=      35 

=     44 

(1066) 
(1086) 

10 
8 

8 
15 

8 
7 

=      26 
=      30 

GREAT 

BARDFIELD 

FOBBING 

V. 

B. 

S. 

Total 

V. 

B. 

S. 

Total 

(1066) 
(1086) 

24 

20 

7 

22 

8 
8 

=     39 

=     So 

(1066) 
(1086) 

8 
3 

8 

22 

12 

6 

=      28 
=      31 

SAMPFORD 

ELMSTEAD 

V. 

B. 

S. 

Total 

V. 

B. 

S. 

Total 

(1066) 
(1086) 

23 

14 

2 

18 

6 
4 

=      31 
=      36 

(1066) 
(1086) 

H 
*3 

3i 
36 

6 

i 

=      51 

=       50 

RAYLEIGH 

MOTLEY 

V. 

B. 

S. 

Total 

V. 

B. 

S. 

Total 

(1066) 
(1086) 

21 

6 

6 
15 

2 
2 

=      29 
=      23 

(1066) 
(1086) 

10 
6 

3 
16 

9 

4 

=        22 
=        26 

The  only  unvarying  feature  here  is  the  marked  increase  in  '  bordars,' 
even  when  the  total  decreases  and  even  when  the  serfs  are  stationary. 
The  two  cases  which  follow  are  examples  of  an  increase,  instead  of  a 
decrease,  in  the  number  of  villeins,  significantly  concurrent  with  an 
increase  in  the  '  men's  plough-teams  '  and  a  decrease  in  those  on  the 
lord's  demesne. 

(MERKS  IN)  GREAT  DUNMOW 


Lord's 

Men's 

V. 

B. 

S. 

Total 

teams 

teams 

(io66) 

3 

0 

10 

=       13 

3 

I 

(1086) 

13 

9 

4 

=      26 

2 

3 

LANGENHOE 


Lord's 

Men's 

V. 

B. 

S. 

Total 

teams 

teams 

(1066) 

5 

7 

12 

=      24 

5 

I* 

(1086) 

9 

7 

8 

=      24 

3 

2 

It  is  a  safe  generalization  to  say  that  the  typical  Essex  manor  exhibits 
a  marked  increase  of  bordars,  at  the  cost  of  the  classes  above  and  below 

1  Domes  Jay  Book  and  Beyond,  p.  3  5 . 
360 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

them,  between  1066  and  1086,  together  with  an  increase  in  the  total 
number  of  the  three  peasant  classes.  We  occasionally  meet  with  an 
increase  either  in  the  villeins  or  the  serfs,  or  again  with  a  decrease  in  the 
total  number  of  the  peasantry,  but  the  one  persistent  feature  is  that  the 
bordars  either  show  a  marked  increase  or  appear  in  1086  in  places  where 
there  had  been  none  twenty  years  before.  Four  more  types  may  here, 
perhaps,  be  in  point. 

CLARET  (HALL)  LITTLE  YELDHAM 

V.        B.          S.            Total  V.        B.          S.           Total 

(1066)           7         o       10  =      17  (1066)           8         o         8  =      16 

(1086)           4       12         4  =      20  (1086)          6         8         6  =      20 

LEEBURY  (IN  ELMDON)                                    QUICKBURV  (IN  SHEERING) 

V.        B.          S.  Total                                        V.  B.          S.  Total 

(1066)           5         i         4      =  10  (1066)           7  o         5      =  12 

(1086)           5         8         o     =  13  (1086)          6  6         2      =  14 

Without  dwelling  at  greater  length  on  this  remarkable  change  one 
may  note  the  form  it  took  at  Hassingbrooke,  where  14  bordars  make 
their  appearance,  though  none  had  been  there  before  (fo.  23)  ;  for 
this  was  an  estate  which  had  been  held  by  *  16  free  men.'1  The 
typical  holding  of  the  bordar  was  perhaps  half  that  of  the  villein, 
that  is  to  say,  half  a  virgate,1  though  it  was  often  less  ;  and  it  is  note- 
worthy that  when  we  emerge  into  daylight  with  the  Domesday  of 
St.  Paul's  (1222)  we  find  half  a  virgate  the  normal  holding  of  the  peasant 
who  owed  service  to  the  lord's  demesne. 

The  '  cottar  '  class,  intermediate  between  the  bordar  and  the  serf, 
is  found  in  Cambridgeshire,  Hertfordshire  and  Middlesex,  but  is  not 
mentioned  in  Essex.  The  serfs,  of  whose  remarkable  diminution  evi- 
dence has  already  been  given,  require  some  notice,  for  I  am  able  to 
throw  fresh  light  on  their  special  work  and  position.  The  '  bovarii '  of 
the  west  of  England,  as  I  have  elsewhere  shown,8  were  the  men  in 
charge  of  the  oxen  attached  to  the  lord's  plough  ;  and  to  each  plough- 
team  there  were  two.  Now  these  men  belonged  essentially  to  a  servile 
class,*  and  it  is  my  contention  that  the  '  servi '  of  Essex  and  other  counties 
correspond  to  the  '  bovarii '  of  the  west.  Dealing  with  the  '  servi '  of 
Domesday  Professor  Maitland  takes  a  Surrey  and  a  Hertfordshire  manor, 
on  the  former  of  which  there  were  5  plough-teams  in  the  lord's 
demesne  and  10  'servi,'  and  on  the  latter  6  such  teams  and  12 
'servi  ';'  but  these  suggestive  figures  do  not  seem  to  have  struck  him. 
Yet  they  are  the  clue  to  follow.  In  Essex,  it  is  true,  the  proportion  is 
by  no  means  constant,  but  a  careful  investigation  of  the  survey  of  the 
whole  county  proves  that  it  is  general  enough  to  point  to  its  existence 

1  Equally  significant  is  the  entry,  under  Abberton  (fo.  46  £)  :  'Tune  I  liber  homo.     Modo  I 
bordarius.' 

*  The  evidence  is  almost  confined  to  the  survey  of  Middlesex. 

•  Victoria  History  of  fforcesttrsAire,  i.  274—6. 

4  Compare  Mr.  Seebohm  on  the  jrthfing  of  a  century  before  Domesday  (EngKih  Village  Community, 
pp.  165-6).  6  Domeidaj  Book  and  Beyond,  p.  26. 

I  361  46 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

as  a  rule  ;  and  the  fact  that  it  was  more  general  in  1066  than  twenty 
years  later  is  significant  of  its  former  prevalence.  The  most  striking 
cases  no  doubt  are  those  in  which  the  change  in  the  number  of  serfs 
corresponds  with  that  in  the  number  of  teams  on  the  lord's  demesne. 
At  Writtle  the  ploughs  in  demesne  had  diminished  from  12  to  9,  and 
the  serfs  from  24  to  18  ;  at  (Saffron)  Walden  the  ploughs  in  demesne 
had,  on  the  contrary,  increased  from  8  to  i  o  and  the  serfs  from  1 6  to 
20.  At  Stanstead  Mountfichet  and  at  Moreton  we  read  of  a  decrease  in 
these  ploughs  from  3  to  2  and  in  the  serfs  from  6  to  4  ;  at  Latton, 
Bobbingworth  and  Newport  alike  these  ploughs  have  decreased  from  2 
to  i  and  the  serfs  from  4  to  2.  Of  manors  where  the  number  of  the 
serfs  as  well  as  of  demesne  ploughs  was  the  same  in  1086  as  in  1066, 
we  find  1 2  serfs  and  6  ploughs  at  Debden  with  6  serfs  and  3  ploughs  at 
Amberden  in  Debden  ;  on  two  of  the  Bumpstead  manors  we  have  re- 
spectively 4  demesne  ploughs  and  8  serfs  and  3  demesne  ploughs  and  6 
serfs.  At  Bendish  (Hall),  Great  Bardfield  and  Castle  Hedingham  there 
are  in  each  case  8  serfs  and  4  demesne  ploughs,  while  each  of  two 
manors  at  Gestingthorpe  has  6  serfs  and  3  such  ploughs,  a  proportion 
which  is  found  also  at  Strethall,  Chreshall,  Chishall,  Newham,  Stanway, 
Great  Braxted,  Ramsey,  Dovercourt,  Great  Baddow  and  Tilbury-by- 
Clare.  At  Greenstead  the  proportion  on  the  two  manors  is  6  to  3  and 
4  to  2.  At  Hockley,  where  the  lord  is  credited  with  2\  plough  teams, 
we  find  5  serfs.  There  are  twenty-eight  cases  in  which  the  proportion, 
in  1086  and  in  1066,  is  2  demesne  ploughs  and  4  serfs,  so  that  one  need 
hardly  dwell  on  the  numerous  examples  of  a  proportion  of  i  to  2.  Yet 
more  striking  is  the  great  number  of  cases  in  which  the  ratio  existed 
at  the  death  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  although  it  had  changed  since 
then.  At  Thaxted  there  then  had  been  1 6  serfs  to  8  demesne  ploughs, 
at  Elmdon  1 2  to  6,  at  Great  Easton  and  at  Hatfield  Peverel  i  o  to  5  ; 
at  one  of  the  Layers,  at  Panfield,  at  Hempstead,  at  Henham  and  at 
Clavering  8  to  4.  At  fifteen  other  places  it  had  been  6  to  3,  and 
at  thirty-five  4  to  2.  Here  again  the  number  might  be  swollen  by 
adding  examples  of  2  to  i  ;  but,  after  the  scores  of  examples  given,  this 
can  hardly  be  needful.  It  has  been  sufficiently  demonstrated  that  the 
'  serfs '  before  the  Conquest  were  normally  men  of  whom  two  had  charge 
of  each  plough-team  on  the  lord's  demesne. 

Although  at  the  time  of  the  great  Survey  we  find  these  '  serfs  ' 
disappearing,  or  at  least  diminishing  in  number,  their  work  had  still  to 
be  done,  and  one  can  hardly  doubt  that  in  many  cases  they  had  become, 
or  had  been  replaced,  in  1086,  by  '  bordars.'  At  Little  Thurrock,  for 
instance,  we  read  :  '  Then  i  bordar  ;  now  6.  Then  6  serfs  ;  now  i  ' 
(fo.  ii  b).  'And  in  the  next  entry  but  one  we  find  at  Little  Burstead  : 
'Then  i  bordar;  now  6.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  i.'  So  also  at  Good 
Easter  (fo.  20^),  where  the  villeins  were  stationary  in  number,  there 
were  5  more  bordars  and  5  fewer  serfs.  At  Stambridge  (fo.  23^)  we 
have  an  extreme  case,  in  which  all  the  7  villeins  and  3  serfs  have  dis- 
appeared, the  bordars  increasing  at  the  same  time  from  5  to  10.  This, 

362 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

it  will  be  seen,  involved  a  total  decrease  of  5  in  the  number  of  the 
peasantry  ;  and  yet  the  lord's  plough-teams  were  2  as  before,  while 
those  of  the  men  had  increased  from  3  to  4.  An  abnormal  case  such  as 
this  is  a  further  warning  surely  against  the  vain  attempt  to  obtain  de- 
finite conclusions  from  the  bewildering  morass  of  figures  contained  in 
Domesday  Book.  All  that  we  can  hope  for  is,  here  and  there,  to  dis- 
cover a  patch  of  firm  ground,  as  in  the  relation  of  *  servi '  or  '  bovarii ' 
to  the  ploughs  on  the  lord's  demesne. 

Professor  Maitland  has  well  observed  that  we  should  hardly  expect 
the  Norman  lords  to  mark  their  advent  by  improving  the  condition  of 
any  class  of  the  peasantry,  and  that  '  it  speaks  ill '  for  the  fate  of  the 
villeins  and  bordars  '  that  under  the  sway  of  foreigners,  who  may  fairly 
be  suspected  of  some  harshness  and  greed,  their  inferiors,  the  true  servi, 
are  somewhat  rapidly  disappearing.' 1  It  must  however  be  remembered 
that  in  name  at  least  the  classes  are  unchanged,  and  that  the  labour 
services  due  from  the  classes  above  the  '  serfs '  were  already,  so  far  as  we 
can  learn,  fixed  in  amount.  Where  the  oppression  of  the  new  system 
seems  to  be  most  manifest  is  in  the  exorbitant  rents  occasionally  exacted 
for  manors  :  how  the  reeves  who  '  farmed  '  them  contrived  to  pay  these 
rents  remains  somewhat  of  a  mystery.  The  county  survey  opens  with 
the  king's  manor  of  Benfleet,  of  which  one  of  the  Essex  tenants-in- 
chief  had  charge.  He  is  shown  paying  for  that  manor  £12  a  year, 
though  its  annual  value  was  appraised  at  only  £8.  Hatfield  (Broadoak) 
was  reckoned  to  be  worth  £60  a  vear>  but  Peter  de  Valognes,  the  sheriff, 
was  drawing  from  it  for  the  king  >£8o  a  year,  and  £5,  it  would  seem, 
in  addition  from  its  sub-tenant.  Worse  still,  from  Havering,  worth  £40 
a  year,  he  was  drawing  £80,  together  with  another  £10,  which  some 
one  must  have  paid  for  the  privilege  of  leasing  it  from  him.1 

The  example  of  King  William  was  followed  by  Count  Eustace, 
whose  demesne  manors  of  Coggeshall  and  Rivenhall  are  entered  in  suc- 
cession. The  former  was  reckoned  to  have  risen  in  value  from  >CIQ  to 
£14,  but  was  made  to  pay  £20  ;  from  the  latter,  which  has  risen  only 
from  £g  to  £12,  £20  was  similarly  exacted.3  The  value  of  Amberden 
had  remained  unchanged  at  £I2>  but  Ranulf  Peverel  had  for  three  years 
been  drawing  from  it  £18  annually.  Kelvedon,  we  read,  had  risen  in 
value  from  £$  to  £8,  but  the  Abbot  of  Westminster  contrived  to  draw 
from  it  £12  a  year.  The  most  instructive  case  perhaps  is  at  Thaxted, 
which  important  lordship  was  reckoned  to  have  risen  from  £30  to  £50 
in  value  since  it  had  passed  into  the  hands  of  Richard  Fitz  Gilbert,  but 
which  had  been  leased  by  him  for  £60  to  '  a  certain  Englishman,'  *  who 
appears  to  have  lost  at  least  £10  a  year  by  the  bargain.6  In  this  case, 

1  DomeiJay  Book  and  Beyond,  pp.  35-6. 

*  From  Hatfield  he  received  '  c.  solidos  de  gersuma,'  and  from  Havering  '  x.  libras  de  gersuma  ' 
in  addition  to  the  rent.  These  entries  are  valuable  for  their  bearing  on  those  under  Colchester,  from 
which  the  sheriff  similarly  received 'c.  solidos  de  gersuma.'  They  should  also  be  compared  with  the 
Colchester  entries  for  the  greatly  increased  amounts  exacted  by  the  Crown  (see  p.  421  below). 

3  See  pp.  461-2  below. 

4  On  this  employment  of  Englishmen  by  Normans  see  the  remarks  on  p.  355  above. 

6  '  Tune  valuit  xxx.  libras,  et  quando  recepit  similiter  ;  modo  valet  1.  libras,  ut  dicunt  franci  et 

363 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Domesday  tells  us,  '  the  French  and  English  '  were  agreed  on  the  true 
annual  value,  but  in  some  cases  they  differed.  Barking,  for  instance, 
was  worth,  said  the  English,  no  more  than  in  King  Edward's  time,  that 
is  £80  ;  'but  the  French  appraise  (it  at)  £100.'  This  mention  of  the 
two  nationalities  refers  to  the  fact  that,  as  I  have  shown,  '  there  were 
practically  for  each  Hundred  exactly  eight  juratores,  half  of  them 
"  French  "  and  half  "  English." ' l  Another  conflict  of  opinion  as  to 
value  is  seen  at  Waltham  (Holy  Cross),  where  Harold's  estate  had  been 
worth  to  him  only  £36  a  year.  The  '  men '  of  its  Norman  grantee, 
the  Bishop  of  Durham,  valued  it  at  £63  5-r.  4</.,  but  '  the  other  men  of 
the  Hundred  '  boldly  appraised  it  as  worth  jTioo.2 

The  question  of  Domesday  valuation — the  meaning  of  the  word 
valet — has  always  been  recognized  as  difficult.  In  the  Essex  survey 
there  are  two  entries  which  have  a  bearing  on  the  question.  Geoffrey 
de  Mandeville's  manor  of  South  Ockendon  had  risen  in  value,  we  read, 
from  £7  to  £16,  and  Domesday  proceeds  to  tell  us  that  'in  this  land 
are  13  sokemen  who  hold  freely  8|  hides  and  20  acres  and  have  12 
bordars,'  and  that  the  proceeds  of  them  are  included  in  '  this  rent  of 
£16.' s  So  again  of  (West)  Thurrock  we  read  that :  'It  was  then  worth 
£12  ;  now  £30  ;  and  there  are  7  houses  in  London  which  belong  to 
this  manor,  and  (of  which  the  proceeds  are  included)  in  "  this  rent " 
It  is  absolutely  clear  that  in  these  instances  the  value  (valet)  represents 
the  actual  rent  (firmd)  received.5  On  the  other  hand,  we  have  seen 
above  that  the  actual  rent  received  was  in  some  cases  much  in  excess  of 
the  estimated  value  (valet).  It  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  extract 
from  this  conflicting  evidence  a  definite  conclusion  as  to  the  meaning  of 
the  word  '  valet '  in  Domesday.  One  may  however  suggest  that,  as  a 
rule,  it  represented  the  rent  received,  but  that  in  those  cases  where  the 
rent  was  notoriously  in  excess  of  the  value  the  return  made  a  pointed 
distinction  between  the  two  sums.  This  may  seem  but  a  lame  conclu- 
sion, and  yet  no  other  suggests  itself. 

A  strong  reason  for  believing  that  '  valet '  meant  the  actual  sum 
received  is  found  in  the  incomprehensible  advances  in  the  values  of  Essex 
manors  frequently  recorded  in  the  text.  It  will  be  found  that  attention 
is  drawn  in  notes  to  the  text  to  some  of  the  striking  cases  of  such  ad- 
vance in  value  where  the  stock  remains  unchanged,  if  indeed  it  has  not 
decreased.  Stanford  (Rivers)  had  been  worth,  we  read,  £24  in  1066 
and  afterwards  when  Count  Eustace  received  it,  but  was  worth  £40 
'blanch'  in  1086,  although  the  ploughs  on  the  demesne  had  dwindled 
from  10  to  5.  At  Thaxted,  with  which  we  have  just  dealt,  the  demesne 

anglici  ;  sed  Ricardus  dedit  cuidam  anglico  ad  censum  pro  Ix.   libris  ;  sed   unoquoque  anno   deficiunt 
illi  ad  minus  x.  librae '  (fo.  38  b).     The  meaning  seems  to  be  that  it  was  the  Englishman  who  lost. 

1  Feudal  England,  p.  1 2 1 .  *  See  p.  446  below. 

8  '  Et  jacent  ad  hanc  firmam  de  xvi.  libris  '  (fo.  58). 

4  '  Que  jacent  huic  manerio  et  in  hac  firma  '  (fo.  63). 

5  The  same  conclusion  may  be  drawn  in  the  case  of  a  holding  at  Halstead,  of  which  we  read  '  valet 
xxx.   denarios.     Istos  denarios   recepit  Aluret   prepositus'  (fo.  103).     So   also  on  the   king's  manor  of 
Lawford  :    'valebat  xiii.  solidos  et  hucusque  habuit  R.  istum  censum'   .   .  .  'val'  x.   solidos  et   istum 
censum  usque  hue  habuit  Waleram '  (fo.  6b).     For  'census  '  see  the  next  note. 

364 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

ploughs  and  teams  had  diminished  from  8  to  7,  and  those  of  the  peasants 
from  34  to  18,  Domesday  adding  that  the  stock  consequently  could  be 
increased  by  16  ploughs.  Except  for  an  increase  in  the  number  of 
sheep,  and  the  gain  of  an  additional  mill,  there  is  nothing  to  explain  the 
rise  in  'value'  from  £3°  to  £50;  indeed  the  peasantry  had  slightly 
decreased  in  number.  Here  again  one  has  to  point  out  that,  owing  to 
its  solitary  grandeur,  the  great  record  cannot  be  interpreted  by  the  help 
of  others  of  its  age,  and  that  we  know  very  little  of  the  actual  form  in 
which  the  Norman  lords  received  their  revenues  from  the  land.  A 
baron  might  follow  the  example  of  the  Crown  and  the  great  ecclesias- 
tical landowners  and  lease  a  manor  such  as  Thaxted  for  a  fixed  sum  of 
money,1  or  he  might  keep  it,  as  it  were,  '  in  hand  '  and  work  it  through 
his  own  bailiff.  In  the  latter  case  of  course  there  would  be  no  fixed 
rent,  and  the  value  apparently  would  have  to  be  appraised  by  '  the  men 
of  the  Hundred.'  One  does  not  see  how  such  appraisal  could  result  in 
a  greatly  increased  valuation  where  all  the  conditions  remained  virtually 
unchanged.  On  the  whole  therefore  it  must  be  admitted  that  in  this 
matter  of '  value '  we  have  still  to  feel  our  way. 

The  most  important  source  of  wealth  at  the  time,  the  essential 
item  in  rural  economy,  was  the  plough.  And  without  its  team  of 
plough-oxen,  in  Domesday  always  reckoned  as  8  in  number,1  the  plough 
was  useless.  On  the  opening  page  of  the  county  survey  we  read  that 
the  '  men's  ploughs  '  at  Witham  had  diminished  from  1 8  to  7  ;  '  and 
this  loss  was  in  the  time  when  Suean  and  Baignard  were  sheriffs,  and 
(was  caused)  by  the  death  of  the  beasts.'  At  Hatfield  Broadoak,  where 
the  men's  ploughs  had  similarly  diminished  from  40  to  31,  'this  loss 
was  in  the  time  of  all  the  sheriffs,  and  (was  caused)  by  the  death  of 
the  beasts.'3  It  was  the  duty  of  the  sheriff  or  other  '  farmer  '  of  a 
manor  to  keep  up  the  number  of  the  live  stock,  especially  of  the 
plough-oxen.  Illustrations  of  this  practice  are  found  in  the  early 
leases  of  Essex  manors  belonging  to  the  church  of  St.  Paul's.  It  is 
difficult  to  say  how  nearly  the  plough-team  in  actual  use  corresponded 
with  that  of  8  oxen,  which  alone  was  recognized  in  Domesday. 
A  century  after  the  great  Survey  the  Rotu/us  de  Dominabus  (1185) 
shows  us  at  Wigborough,  where  the  land  is  heavy,  6  oxen  and  4 
horses  in  a  team.  At  Wickham  St.  Paul's  there  were  on  the  demesne, 
in  1086,  two  plough  teams,  and  in  1222  we  find  it  reckoned  that  its 
cultivation  required  '  two  teams  of  1 6  head '  of  stock,  that  is,  8  in 
each.  But  at  Walton-on-the-Naze  and  Thorpe-le-Soken  there  were  10 
head  to  the  team  in  1222,  as  there  were  in  an  early  lease  of  the  entire 

1  The  normal  term  for  this  word  was  '  firma,'  as  at  Mundon,  where  we  read,  'Tune  val*  x.  lib. ; 
raodo  xvii.  ;  fuit  ad  firmam  pro  xxx.  lib'  sub  ipso  Eudone ' ;  but  at  Thaxted  '  census '  is  employed,  as  it 
also  is  at  Havering  and  Shalford.  It  has  been  supposed  that  'census'  was  specially  applied  to  woodlands 
on  the  ground  of  the  chapter  '  De  censu  nemorum '  in  the  'Dialogus  de  scaccario'  (ii.  n)  ;  but  it  was 
not  thus  specialized  in  Domesday.  One  may  here  note  the  solitary  appearance  of  ctniarii  (rent-paying 
tenants)  in  Essex,  viz.  at  Waltham  (Holy  Cross),  where  they  had  increased  in  number  from  20  to  36. 

*  See  Feudal  England,  pp.  35-6. 

•  At  the  present  moment  farming  operations  are  greatly  hampered  in  the  Transvaal  '  by  the  loss  of 
the  plough-oxen  '  during  the  war. 

365 


A    HISTORY    OF   ESSEX 

manor  of  '  Eadwulfsness,'  in  which  they  were  included.1  At  Belchamp 
St.  Paul's  10  head  went  to  the  team  in  1222,  and  at  Heybridge,  but  at 
the  latter  an  equal  number  of  oxen  and  horses  were  employed.  At 
Tillingham  the  two  teams  were  composed  of  1 2  oxen  and  8  horses  in  all, 
while  at  Barling  there  were  only  8  in  the  team,  '  half  horses  and  half 
oxen.'2  But  of  the  use  of  the  horse  for  this  purpose  Domesday 
apparently  knows  nothing.  A  quarter  of  a  ploughland  it  describes  as 
'  land  for  2  oxen.' 3  The  plough-oxen,  '  small,  with  short  horns  and 
high  fore-feet,'  *  reign  among  its  live  stock  supreme. 

Yet  so  complete,  if  gradual,  was  the  disappearance  of  the  ox  in 
favour  of  the  horse  at  the  plough  that,  seven  centuries  after  the  Conquest, 
the  use  of  oxen  for  ploughing  was  deemed  a  bold  innovation,  a  novelty 
full  of  promise.  It  was  only,  in  his  eagerness  said  Arthur  Young,  the 
stupidity  of  Essex  farmers  that  stood  in  the  way  of  its  adoption.  Lord 
Clare's  Gosfield  estate  he  mentioned  (1767) — 

chiefly  on  account  of  a  stroke  in  agriculture  most  unusual  in  Essex,  which  is  the 
using  of  oxen  instead  of  horses  for  all  the  purposes  of  draught.  .  .  .  This  scheme  you 
may  be  very  sure  was  highly  ridiculed  by  all  the  neighbouring  farmers,  who  would  as 
soon  believe  that  an  ox  could  speak  as  draw.  .  .  .  His  lordship  used  them  for  the 
culture  of  his  farm  as  long  as  he  kept  it  in  his  hands  and  had  once  near  30  in  constant 
work.  .  .  .  But  notwithstanding  the  clear  superiority  none  of  the  farmers  have 
followed  the  example.  .  .  . 

You  will  excuse  my  being  thus  particular  in  my  account  of  this  introduction  of 
oxen  into  Essex  ;  but  the  novelty  of  the  thing  in  that  county  (his  lordship's  being 
the  only  team  in  it),  the  ridicule  cast  on  it  by  the  farmers,  and  the  uninterrupted 
success  it  met  with,  has  induced  me  to  be  more  minute  than  otherwise  I  should 
have  been.6 

But  this  eager  if  unconscious  reversion  to  '  the  wisdom  of  our  fore- 
fathers '  was  doomed  to  share  the  fate  of  other  agricultural  '  reforms '  in 
the  county  of  Tusser  and  of  Mechi.  Mr.  Montague  Burgoyne  aban- 
doned the  experiment  in  1786,"  and  the  famous  parson,  Bate  Dudley, 
who  was  an  advocate  for  oxen,  seems  to  have  only  worked  them  for 
five  years  at  Tillingham.7  Yet  some  landowners  and  farmers  continued 
to  use  them,  and  one  at  least  was  absolutely  confident  of  their  superiority 
to  horses  in  every  respect  at  the  plough.8 

One  of  the  great  pecularities  of  the  Domesday  of  the  eastern 
counties  is  that,  like  the  'Exon  Domesday'  in  the  south-west  of  England, 

1  Rale's  Domesday  of  St.  Paul's. 

2  Ibid.     Compare  Seebohm's  English  Village  Community,  pp.  64-5,  74.     The  horses,  doubtless,  as 
in  later  times,  were  more  powerful  for  ploughing  than  oxen,  if  more  expensive  to  keep. 

3  See  examples  in  the  text  below.  *  Andrews'  The  OU  English  Manor,  p.  254. 
6  A  Six  Weekf  Tour  through  the  Southern  Counties  (1772),  pp.  73-5. 

6  Young's  Agriculture  of  the  County  of  Essex  (1807),  ii.  449. 

7  Ibid.  ii.  358.     In  his  letter  to  Vancouver  (1794  f)  he  had  insisted  on  the  need  for  using  them 
at  Bradwell  :  '  Independently  of  the  ordinary  savings,  the  introduction  of  oxen  on  farms  where  grazing 
and  tillage  are  so  generally  blended,  would  prove  extremely  productive,  but  the  difficulty  of  weaning  the 
prejudices  of  a  country  from  an  old  system,  however  erroneous,  and  the  risk  of  throwing  an  extensive 
business  out  of  its  regular  course,  deter  those  who  experience  the   loss  from  attempting  a  reformation. 
Having  full-aged  oxen  from  the  yoke  to  graze  on  the  spot,  without  the  loss  attendant  on  over-driven 
beasts,  would  give  a  saving  of  full  twenty-five  per  cent  in  addition  to  the  advantages  derived  from  their 
draught'  (Vancouver's  General  View  of  the  Agriculture  of  the  County  of  Essex,  p.  191). 

8  Young's  Agriculture  of  the  County  of  Essex,  ii.  pp.  357-60. 

366 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

it  records,  as  a  rule,  the  live  stock.  This  rule  is  by  no  means  invariable, 
and,  even  where  the  numbers  are  recorded,  we  are  not  always  told 
whether  they  had  increased  or  diminished  in  the  interval  between  the 
death  of  the  Confessor  and  the  date  of  the  Domesday  Survey.  But 
where  this  latter  information  is  given,  it  is  of  considerable  interest.  We 
may  take  as  an  exceptionally  good  instance  Aubrey  de  Vere's  manor  of 
(Earls)  Colne  : 

cows  beasts  sheep  swine  goats        rounceys 

1066      ...     20  19  120  60  60  3 

1086       ...     —  45  160  80  80  4 

There  were  also  in  1086  '6  asses  and  20  mares,'  so  that  we  have  such 
variety  of  stock  as  is  not  recorded,  perhaps,  anywhere  else  in  the  county. 
The  first  point  to  strike  us  here  is  the  vague  use  of  the  term  '  beasts  ' 
(animalia},  which  is  generally  recognized  as  equivalent  to  animalia  ofiosa, 
that  is,  cattle  kept  for  other  purposes  than  that  of  draught.  The  (Earls) 
Colne  entry  is  but  one  of  several  which  suggest,  as  I  have  pointed  out  in 
notes  to  the  text,  that  cows,  though  sometimes  separately  named,  must 
often  be  included  in  the  term  '  beasts  '  (animalia].  We  have  here  another 
illustration  of  that  looseness  of  terminology  that  is  so  distinctive  of  the 
Domesday  scribe  and  so  alien  from  our  own  usage.  Its  position  on  the 
banks  of  the  river  from  which  it  derived  its  name  made  the  manor,  as 
Domesday  shows,  rich  in  the  meadow  land  required  for  its  head  of  stock, 
besides  providing  it  with  the  two  watermills  it  possessed  then  as  now, 
Domesday  naming  them,  as  usual,  immediately  after  the  meadow. 

The  live  stock  entered  in  Domesday  was  that  of  the  lord  on  his 
demesne.  Of  this  we  are  reminded  by  the  occasional  addition  of  the 
words  '  in  dominio.'  There  are  several  records  by  which  light  is  thrown 
on  the  system  of  stocking  manors  in  the  century  after  Domesday.  The 
early  leases  of  St.  Paul's  record,  for  certain  manors,  the  live  as  well  as  the 
dead  stock  which  the  '  farmer,'  at  the  close  of  his  lease,  had  to  restore  to 
the  canons  ;'  the  Pipe  Rolls  record  the  expense  incurred  in  stocking  or 
re-stocking  manors  which  had  come  by  escheat  into  the  king's  hands  ;* 
and  the  Rotulus  de  Dominabus  (1185),  a  century  after  Domesday,  which 
contains  estimates  of  the  amount  of  stock  required  on  manors  belonging 
to  wards  in  the  king's  hands  to  make  them  fully  productive.  Both  these 
latter  records  assume  that  a  manor  must  increase  in  annual  value  when 
fully  stocked.8  But  this,  though  it  seems  obvious,  does  not  follow  in 


1  At  Wickham  St.  Paul's,  for  instance  (Domesday  of  St.  Pauri,  p.  122),  he  had  to  produce  16  (plough) 
oxen  (worth  28  pence  each),  4  horses  (worth  10  shillings),  eight  score  sheep  (at  4  pence  each),  24  swine 
(at  5  pence  each),  a  sow  with  9  porkers  (worth  19  pence),  and  36  goats  (at  4  pence  each).  These 
figures  contrast  with  Domesday's  two  plough-teams  in  demesne,  2  rounceys  (i.e.  horses),  4  beasts,  23 
swine,  50  sheep,  and  24  goats  (see  p.  442  below). 

*  In  1167  two  of  the  escheated  manors  of  Henry  of  Essex,  Stoke(-by-Nayland)  and  Prittlewell,  had 
to  be  re-stocked.  For  the  former  there  were  bought  5  oxen,  6  cows,  80  sheep,  5  sows,  and  1  1  porkers, 
at  a  cost  of  £3  61.  \J.  ;  for  the  latter,  I  ox,  2  boars,  and  82  sheep,  at  a  cost  of  £i  i6/.  $J.  (Pipe  Roll, 
13  Hen.  II.  p.  153). 

B  It  valued  the  manor  of  Rickling  as  worth  £15  without  stock  and  £zo  if  properly  stocked  (p.  40). 
At  Rochford,  where  there  was  no  stock  on  the  manor,  its  value  was  reckoned  at  £it  if  properly  stocked, 
that  is,  if  supplied  with  6  cows,  i  bull,  10  sows,  I  boar,  2  plough-teams,  250  sheep  and  25  rams  (p.  39). 
The  proportion  of  I  to  10  was  then  observed  with  rams  and  boars.  At  about  the  same  time  (i  181)  it 

367 


)2 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Domesday.  At  one  of  the  Layers  the  plough-teams  had  increased 
from  1 1  to  2,  the  rounceys  from  i  to  2,  the  beasts  from  3  to  5,  and 
the  sheep  from  38  to  146,  and  there  was  a  mill  where  there  had  been 
none.  Yet  the  value  had  gone  down  from  £4  to  £3.  If  the  Norman 
lords  laid  hands  on  more  than  belonged  to  them,  they  had  often  the 
merit  of  stocking  their  manors  well.  Even  on  those  of  Ralf  son  of 
Turold  of  Rochester  l  we  find  cases  in  point.  At  Vange  he  had  increased 
the  flock  of  sheep  from  67  to  270,  at  Barstable  Hall  from  36  to  80,  at 
Ingrave  from  40  to  76,  and  at  Hanningfield  from  117  to  8 10.  As  his 
horses  and  beasts  were  almost  stationary  in  number,  while  his  swine 
increased  only  from  84  to  1 18,  we  are  led  to  believe  that  sheep-farming 
must  have  offered  special  inducements.  On  four  other  of  his  manors,  it 
is  true,  the  increase  is  more  general,  the  beasts  increasing  from  20  to  59, 
the  swine  from  35  to  101,  and  the  sheep  from  163  to  399.  As  the 
earlier  figures  refer  to  the  eve  of  the  Conquest,  we  cannot  account  for 
their  smallness  by  the  devastation  that  may  have  followed. 

Thorold  Rogers,  in  his  Agriculture  and  Prices^  speaks  of  cheese  and 
butter  as  '  these  exceedingly  important  articles  of  agricultural  economy. 
For  these  and  for  milk,  at  the  time  of  Domesday,  reliance  was  placed  not 
only  on  the  cow,  but  also  on  the  sheep  and  the  goat.  All  three  are 
mentioned  throughout  the  Essex  survey,  and  I  have  already  given  reasons 
for  believing  that  cows  were  more  plentiful  than  might  at  first  sight  be 
supposed.  But  the  quantity  of  cheese  consumed  was  great ;  its  value  as 
food  was  fully  realized,  especially  by  the  lower  orders,  and  the  Pipe 
Rolls  of  the  twelfth  century  show  us  how  large  a  part  it  played  in 
the  provisioning  of  castles.  In  the  middle  ages — 

The  manufacture  of  cheese  generally  commenced  at  Christmas  and  was  continued 
till  Michaelmas.  Two  cows,  according  to  Walter  of  Henley's  calculations,  would 
produce  a  wey  of  cheese  within  this  time  besides  half  a  gallon  of  butter  each  week. 

Ewe  milk,  though  less  rarely  taken  and  manipulated,  was,  however,  occasionally 
employed  for  the  same  purpose.  The  writer  quoted  above  seems  to  reckon  ten  ewes 
as  equal  in  productiveness  to  one  cow.  It  is  possible,  when  ewe  milk  was  used,  that 
it  was  mixed  with  that  of  the  cow.  Goats'  milk  was  very  rarely,  if  ever,  employed, 
goats  having  been  very  seldom  kept  in  England  or  even  in  South  Wales.3 

We  are  now  dealing  with  a  period  earlier  than  that  described  by  Thorold 
Rogers,  and  the  goats,  we  shall  find — the  she-goats — were  still  a  recog- 
nized part  of  the  live  stock,  though  by  no  means,  like  the  swine  and  the 
sheep,  an  essential  part.  The  goat-herd,  in  days  before  the  Conquest, 
'  was  allowed  the  herd's  milk  after  Martinmas,  .  .  .  and  during  the 
summer  his  share  of  the  whey,'  with  one  kid  from  the  flock's  increase 
yearly.4  It  is  possible  that  the  absence  of  the  goat  on  many  Essex 

was  reckoned  that  the  proper  stock  for  Chingford  was  100  sheep,  100  she-goats,  15   cows,  I    bull,  IO 
sows  and  I  boar,  apart  from  the  horses  and  the  plough-oxen  (Domesday  of  St.  Paul's,  p.  144). 
1  See  p.  342  above.  2  Ed.  1866,  i.  403. 

3  Ibid.  p.  404.     The  period  described  is  1259-1400. 

4  Andrews,  The  Old  English  Manor,  p.  221,  citing  the  Rectitudines.     It  must  be  remembered  that 
the  young  kids  were  then  and  for  centuries  afterwards  killed  for  food.     Their  skins  also  were  made  use 
of,  for  Domesday  records  that  ten  goat  skins  (pellet  caprinas)  formed  part  of  the  annual  render  due  from 
Ipswich  under  the  Confessor  (fo.  119).    For  goats   as   live  stock  in  the  twelfth  century,  at  Wickham  St. 
Paul's  and  at  Chingford,  see  p.  367  above. 

368 


MILKING   EWES. 
(From  Social  England,  by  permission  of  Messrs.  Cassell  &  Co.,  Ltd.) 


Wallasea  Island  and  Neighbourhood. 


Canvey  Island  and  Neighbourhood. 


To  face  pa%e   369. 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

manors  is  accounted  for  by  its  coming  disappearance  from  the  live  stock 
of  the  farm.  Where,  as  in  parts  of  Australia,  in  Malta,  and  elsewhere,  it 
is  the  only  substitute  for  the  cow,  it  is  still  indispensable. 

The  reason  for  dwelling  at  some  length  on  the  consumption  and 
making  of  cheese  is  that  it  bears  on  a  great  feature  of  the  Domesday 
survey  of  Essex,  a  feature  which  has  hitherto,  I  believe,  entirely  escaped 
notice.  It  will  be  found  that  the  formula  '  pasture  for  x  sheep '  occurs 
on  a  number  of  manors,  and  a  brief  examination  will  show  that  these 
manors  are  on  the  coast.  Closer  investigation  reveals  the  fact  that  this 
'  pasture  '  corresponds  with  the  famous  Essex  marshes,  and  that  where 
these  are  most  extensive,  the  number  of  sheep  for  which  the  Survey 
records  '  pasture '  is  largest.  The  carrying  capacity  of  the  coast  marshes 
appears  to  amount  in  all,  in  Domesday,  to  over  18,000  sheep,  a  total 
which  must  of  necessity  be  a  rough  one,  not  only  because  the  figures  are 
usually  round  numbers,  but  also  because  the  '  hundred,'  for  sheep,  was 
doubtless  the  '  long  hundred '  of  six  score.  East  and  west  of  Mersea 
Island  the  marshes  of  Langenhoe  at  the  mouth  of  the  Colne  could  feed 
600  sheep,  and  those  of  Tollesbury,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Blackwater,  at 
least  700.  In  Dengie  Hundred,  to  the  south,  where  the  marshes  widen 
towards  the  Crouch,  those  of  Bradwell,  with  its  long  coast  line,  could 
feed  650,  of  Tillingham  400,  of  Dengey  360,  of  Southminster  1,300, 
and  of  Burnham  900.  But  most  interesting  of  all  perhaps,  as  we  shall 
see,  were  those  in  the  Hundreds  of  Chafford,  Barstable  and  Rochford, 
along  the  northern  bank  of  the  Thames.1 

For  the  study  of  these  Hundreds  and  their  marshes  reveals  a  system 
which  is  not  found  in  other  parts  of  the  county.  The  inland  manors 
recorded  as  possessing  '  pasture  for  sheep,'  outside  these  Hundreds,  are 
virtually  restricted  to  Terling,  Butsbury,  one  of  the  Notleys,  Margaret- 
ting  (?),  and  one  of  the  Hanningfields,  each  of  which  is  credited  with 
*  pasture  for  i  oo  sheep,'  to  which  we  may  possibly  add  Weeley  and 
Bocking.  But  within  those  Hundreds  Childerditch,  Great  Warley, 
Little  Warley,  an  Ockendon,  Burstead,  Ramsden,  Thorndon,  Horndon- 
on-the-Hill,  West  Lee,  Laindon,  Langdon,  Basildon,  North  Benfleet, 
Thundersley  and  Wheatley-in-Rayleigh  all  had  '  pasture  for  sheep,'  and 
the  bulk  of  these  were  in  Barstable.  A  glance  at  the  ordnance  map 
will  suggest  the  explanation  of  the  curious  fact  that  these  manors  enjoyed 
feed  in  the  marshes,  though  themselves  inland.  Canvey  Island  affords 
the  clue.  Opposite  is  a  map  of  the  island  and  the  marshes  to  its  north 
and  west,  drawn  to  show  the  parish  boundaries  as  they  formerly  stood.* 
It  is  over  this  mosaic  that  we  look  in  the  frontispiece  to  this  volume. 

1  The  '  pasture  for  sheep '  in  the  rich  marshes  fringing  the  northern  bank  is  traced  westward  to  the 
block  formed  by  the  Tilburys,  Chadwell,  and  the  Thurrocks,  which  are  credited  respectively  with 
pasture  for  650,  zoo,  and  780  sheep.  Moreover,  Higham,  on  the  Kentish  bank,  opposite  East  Tilbury, 
had  '  pasture  in  Essex  for  200  sheep  '  (Domesday  \.  9). 

*  The  most  important  point  to  observe  is  that  these  fragments  of  parishes  belong  to  three  Hundreds, 
and  that,  consequently,  the  marshes  in  and  about  Canvey  Island  were  never  the  common  pasture  of  any 
one  Hundred.  The  detached  portion  of  Prittlewell  at  the  west  end  of  the  island  should  be  specially 
observed,  for  it  lies  some  eight  miles  to  the  west  of  Prittlewell,  which  is  in  Rochford  Hundred.  On  the 
opposite  side  of  Holehaven  Creek,  facing  it,  are  portions,  it  will  be  seen,  of  Little  Warley  and  Dunton, 

i  369  47 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

We  have  here  only  the  relics  of  a  system  under  which  a  number  of 
'  vills  '  had  rights  in  a  common  pasture,  but  these  marshes  can  now  be 
added  to  similar  vestiges  in  other  parts.  Professor  Maitland  has  drawn 
attention  to  two  parallel  districts  in  the  west  and  in  the  east  of 
Norfolk  : — 

In  the  Marshland  Fen  there  is  a  considerable  tract  of  ground  which  consists  of 
'  detached  portions '  of  these  and  other  villages.1  Each  has  been  given  a  block  there, 
a  fairly  rectangular  block.  At  one  point  the  partition  is  minute.  A  space  of  less 
than  36  acres  has  been  cut  up  so  that  six  villages  shall  have  a  piece,  a  rectangular 
piece  of  it.  It  seems  very  possible  that  this  fen  has  at  some  time  been  common 
ground  for  all  these  villages,  and,  as  already  said,  it  is  in  this  quarter  that  we  may 
perhaps  find  traces  of  something  that  resembled  the  '  marks '  of  Germany.8 

So  important,  from  the  standpoint  of  institutional  history,  are  these 
standing  witnesses  to  the  practice  of  a  remote  past  that  allusion  may  be 
made  to  the  fenland  on  the  border  of  Cambridgeshire  and  Hunts.  In 
her  learned  monograph  on  Economic  conditions  on  the  manors  of  Ramsey 
Abbey^  Miss  Neilson  has  observed  that — 

the  boundaries  in  the  fens  were  very  uncertain,  and  hence  the  pasture  rights  were 
the  cause  of  many  disputes.  The  many  difficulties  arising  from  the  frequent  inter- 
commoning  of  Ramsey  and  neighbouring  monasteries  seem  to  point  back  to  a  time 
when  the  fen  was  held  as  common  land,  and  the  cattle  of  all  the  men  of  the  region 
fed  there  '  horn  under  horn.'  In  the  eleventh,  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries  rights 
of  common  were  being  differentiated  and  boundaries  established,  and  innumerable 
disputes  resulted  (pp.  62—3). 

Professor  Maitland  tells  us  that  c  traces  of  what  might  have  become 
"  the  mark  system  "  may  perhaps  be  found  in  England  ;  but  not  where 
they  have  been  usually  sought.'  :  He  finds  them  in  that  Domesday 
'  tract  in  Suffolk,'  just  across  the  Stour,  '  which  is  common  pasture  for 
the  whole  hundred  of  Coleness,'  in  Tilney  Smeeth  in  Norfolk,  and  in 
'  the  intercommoning  of  vills '  in  Epping  Forest.4  But  he  knew  not  of 
that  most  interesting  example,  Tiptree  Heath  in  Essex,  on  which  some 
sixteen  parishes,  lying  in  four  different  hundreds,  enjoyed  '  common  of 
pasture.'  6  Nor  did  he  know  of  the  traces  found  in  the  marshes  in  the 
south-east  of  the  county,  to  the  discussion  of  which  I  now  return. 

which  are  inland  to  the  north-west,  Little  Warley  (in  Chafford  Hundred)  lying  some  ten  miles  away. 
Barstable  Hundred,  it  should  be  remembered,  lies  between  that  of  Chaffbrd  to  the  west  and  Rochford 
to  the  east. 

The  boundaries  of  these  detached  portions  of  parishes  in  the  marshes  are  usually  formed  by  the 
partition  ditches  which  separate  the  marshes  from  one  another.  Thus  these  portions  represent  normally 
separate  marshes,  as  in  Wallasea  Island,  which  must  be  presumed  to  represent  a  commutation  for  rights 
in  the  common  pasture.  On  Tiptree  Heath  and  in  Epping  Forest  the  rights  remained  unapportioned. 

Canvey  Island  was  made  a  civil  and  ecclesiastical  parish  in  1881. 

1  In  the  extreme  west  of  Norfolk. 

8  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  pp.  367-8.  The  example  in  the  east  of  Norfolk  given  by  Prof. 
Maitland  is  'near  Yarmouth  along  the  banks  of  the  Waveney,'  where  we  find  a  mosaic  of 'detached 
portions '  as  at  Canvey  Island.  Lincolnshire,  I  may  add,  affords  examples  along  the  banks  of  the  river 
Witham  to  the  north-west  of  Boston  and  in  Deeping  Fen  near  the  Cambridgeshire  border. 

3  Ibid.  p.  355. 

4  Ibid.  p.  356,  note.     This  intercommoning  is  well  and  fully  described  in  Fisher's  forest  of  Essex, 
pp.  265,  274-6,  289. 

•  See  Morant's  Essex,  ii.  141-3,  where  most  valuable  information  is  given  on  this  subject. 

370 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

At  the  extreme  east  of  Rochford  Hundred  lies  Foulness  (Island), 
which  although  now  a  separate  parish,  '  was  originally  no  distinct  parish, 
but  the  tithes  of  it  belonged  to  the  neighbouring  parishes  of  Rochford, 
Sutton,  Little  Wakering,  Shopland,  Little  Stambridge,  and  Eastwood,' 
in  Rochford  Hundred.1  If  Foulness  was  once  in  six  parishes,  Wallasea, 
to  its  west,  was  in  five.  When  Morant  wrote,  six  of  its  marshes  belonged 
to  Canewdon  parish,  two  to  Great  Stambridge,  two  to  Paglesham,  one  to 
Little  Wakering,  and  one  to  Eastwood.*  This  division  still  prevails,  and 
the  island  contains  no  fewer  than  three  detached  portions  of  the  parish 
of  Canewdon.  On  the  opposite  bank  of  the  fleet  which  divides  it  from 
the  mainland  is  a  detached  portion  of  Hockley  seven  miles  away.  The 
same  distance  separates  a  detached  portion  of  Eastwood,  in  the  north  of 
Wallasea  (Island),  from  its  parish  church.  In  1618  this  was  held  with 
a  manor  in  Eastwood  as  '  Alford-nashe-marsh  '  (now  Alfleet's  farm),  and 
as  early  as  1  246  it  belonged  to  the  Countess  of  Kent,  then  lady  of  East- 
wood. We  have  now  seen  why  these  marshy  flats  had  no  recognized 
existence  in  1086,  and  are  consequently  left  without  a  name  on  the 
Domesday  map. 

But  they  were  the  home  of  the  sheep.  And  even  as  the  cow  was 
then  valued  not  only  for  its  milk,  but  for  its  flesh,3  so  was  the  sheep  ex- 
pected to  supply  not  only  mutton  and  wool,  but,  above  all,  milk.  The 
production  of  cheese  from  sheep's  milk  was  a  recognized  Essex  industry, 
even  though  William  Harrison,  that  quaint  Elizabethan  chronicler, 
seems  to  have  been  somewhat  strangely  ignorant  of  the  fact.  But  then 
his  parsonage  of  Radwinter  was  at  the  other  end  of  the  county.*  We 
are  fortunate  in  obtaining  contemporary  glimpses  of  this  curious  and 
ancient  practice  in  the  days  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Of  Canvey  Island, 
over  which  we  look  in  the  frontispiece  to  this  volume,  Camden  wrote 
that  — 

It  is  so  low  as  to  be  frequently  under  water,  except  a  few  eminences  to  which 
sheep  retreat.  It  feeds  near  4,000  sheep  of  a  delicate  flavour,  which  I  have  seen 
milked  by  boys  instead  of  women,  on  little  stools,  who  also  make  cheeses  of  the  milk 
in  the  cheese-sheds,  called  there 


Norden's  Description  of  Essex  (1577)  contains  a  similar  picture  :  — 

Near  the  Thames  mouth,  below  Beamflete,  are  certaine  ilandes,  called  Canvey 
Ilandes,  low  merishe  grounds  ;  and  for  that  the  passage  over  the  creeks  is  unfitt  for 
cattle,  it  is  onlie  converted  to  the  feeding  of  ews,  which  men  milke,  and  therof  make 

1  Morant's  Eiiex,  i.  314. 

*  Ibid.  pp.  325-6  (see  map  facing  p.  369). 

3  Fifty  salted  cows  were  bought  for  Warwick  Castle  and  forty  for  that  of  Kenilworth  in   1173  at 
the  high  price  of  two  shillings  each  (Pipe  Roll). 

*  He  writes  that  some  farmers,  he  believed,  added  the  milk  of  five  sheep  to  that  of  ten  kine, 
adding  :  '  I  am  sure  hereof  that  some  housewives  can  and  do  add  daily  a  less  portion  of  ewe's  milk  unto 
the  cheese  of  so  many  kine,  whereby  their  cheese  doth  the  longer  abide  moist,  and  eateth  more  brickie 
and  mellow  than  otherwise  it  would.  .  .  .  Only  this  I  know,  that  ewe's  milk  is  fulsome,  sweet,  and 
such  in  taste  as  (except  such  as  are  used  unto  it)  no  man  will  gladly  yield  to  live  and  feed  withal  '  (A 
Detcription  of  England  [ed.  Withington],  p.  1  57). 

6  Britannia,  ed.  1586.    Compare  the  illustration  facing  p.  369. 

371 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

cheese  (suche  as  it  is),  and  of  the  curdes  of  the  whey  they  make  butter  once  in  the 
yeare,  which  serveth  the  clothier.1 

Of  the  rich  marshes  in  Dengie  Hundred,  which  about  a  century 
ago  were  deemed  '  better  than  any,'  2  and  which  at  the  time  of  Domes- 
day seem  to  have  swarmed  with  sheep,  Camden  wrote  as  follows  : — 

The  hundred  of  Dengy,  formerly  Dauncing  ;a  abounding  in  pasturage  and 
cattle,  but  both  the  soil  and  air  unhealthy,  whence  the  chief  manufacture  is  cheese, 
and  the  men,  instead  of  the  women,  milk  the  sheep.  They  make  cheeses  of  an  un- 
common size,  which  are  sent  not  only  over  England  but  abroad,  for  the  use  of  the 
peasants  and  labourers. 

It  is  to  this  that  Drayton  alludes  when  writing  of  the  Colne  in  his 

Poly-olbion  : — 

Or  Cheese,  which  our  fat  soyle  to  every  quarter  sends  ; 
Whose  tacke  the  hungry  Clowne  and  Plow-man  so  commends. 

Norden  also  alluded  to  these  enormous  cheeses,  produced  along  the  Essex 
coast  : — 

The  hundreds  of  Rocheforde,  Denge,  Dansye,  or  Dansing,3  which  lye  on  the 
south-easte  part  of  the  shire,  yelde  milke,  butter  and  cheese  in  admirable  aboundance  : 
and  in  these  parts  are  the  great  and  huge  cheeses  made,  wondred  at  for  their  massive- 
ness  and  thicknes.  They  are  made  also  in  Tendring  hundred,4  where  are  many 
wickes  or  dayries.6 

A  welcome  phrase  in  a  document  at  St.  Paul's  carries  back  this  in- 
dustry at  a  bound  more  than  half  way  to  the  date  of  Domesday  Book. 
It  occurs  in  a  lease  of  the  Heybridge  estate  belonging  to  the  Dean  and 
Chapter,  where  the  inventory  (1301)  includes  'a  building  for  making 
cheese  from  sheep.'  "  Here  we  have  one  of  these  '  cheese-sheds '  spoken 
of  by  Camden  as  used  for  the  purpose  on  Canvey  Island.  Domesday 
enters  this  Heybridge  estate  as  affording  '  pasture  for  1 60  sheep,'  which 
the  Survey  of  1222  identifies  as  a  marsh  of  sixty  acres.7 

Lastly,  we  are  enabled  by  another  record  to  trace  the  cheese  of  the 
marshes  to  within  a  century  of  Domesday.  In  a  plea  of  1201  Thomas 
de  Camville  (lord  of  Fobbing)  claimed  against  Robert  de  Sutton  the 
marsh  of  '  Richeresnes' — that  is,  '  Richernesse  '  in  Bowers  Giffbrd, 
seen,  I  believe,  in  the  frontispiece  to  this  volume 8 — alleging  that, 
in  the  time  of  Henry  II.,  his  grandfather  had  taken  '  issues  thereof, 
as  in  cheeses,  and  wool,  and  rushes.'9  Here,  precisely,  as  in  Domesday 

1  Ed.  Camden  Society,  p.  10.         a  Young's  Agriculture  of  Essex,  ii.  122.         3  This  is  an  error. 

*  The  peninsula  at  the  north-east  of  the  county.  In  this  hundred  Morant  speaks  of  'the  Marsh 
farm,  or  Dairy-house,  standing  among  the  marshes '  (now  Great  Marsh  farm)  in  Thorrington,  and  '  Old 
Dairy-house '  is  still  the  name  of  a  farm  in  Foulton  marsh,  where  Domesday  records  '  pasture  for  1 60 
sheep,'  and  in  which  '  feed  for  50  sheep  '  was  part  of  the  endowment  of  Foulton  chapel. 

6  Entries  of  December  10,  1461,  November  3,  1466,  and  of  May  i,  1480  on  the  Patent  Rolls 
speak  of  '  a  dairy  alias  "  a  wyk  "  called  Dangeybrigge  in  Dengey '  (Calendar  of  Patent  Rolls). 

6  'Domus  ad  caseum  faciendum  de  bidentibus'  (<)t6  Report  on  Historical  MSS.  part  i.  p.  37). 

7  Domesday  of  St.  Paul's,  p.  52  :  'In  marisco  sunt  Ix.  acre  et  possunt  sustinere  duodecies  xx.  [240] 
oves.' 

8  It  is  mentioned  in  a  fine  of  12  Hen.  Ill  (1227-8),  No.  59. 

9  Select  Civil  Pleas  (Selden  Society),  i.  36.    The  making,  at  this  date,  of  cheese  from  ewes'  milk  is 
confirmed  by  a  charter  of  Adam  de  Poynings  (at  the  foot  of  the  South  Downs)  giving  to  Lewes  Priory 
'  decimam  totam  caseorum  meorum  de  Berchariis  meis  de  Puninges  et  de  Pingedena '  (Cott.  MS.  F.  xv. 

372 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

Book,  we  find  the  marshes  of  Essex  treated  as  feed  for  sheep  ;  and  their 
chief  product  was  the  cheese.  We  may  even  believe  that  the  *  huge 
cheeses '  which  excited  the  wonder  of  a  later  age  were  already  known  in 
the  twelfth  century,  for  '  great  cheeses '  are  entered  as  fetching  sixpence 
each  under  Henry  II.,  while  the  price  of  others  was  as  low  as  twopence.1 

We  are  now  justified  in  tracing  back  to  an  even  earlier  period  this 
venerable  practice.  For  in  the  Recfitudines,  a  document  believed  to  date 
from  the  tenth  century,  the  duties  of  the  shepherd  are  described  as  in- 
cluding the  milking  of  the  ewes  twice  a  day,  and  the  making  of  cheese 
and  butter.  Among  his  perquisites  were  '  the  milk  of  the  herd  for  seven 
nights  after  the  equinox  and  a  bowl  of  whey  or  butter-milk  each  night 
during  the  summer.'  :  It  will  be  observed  that  the  milking  of  the  ewes 
was  then  in  the  hands  of  men  as  it  was  in  the  days  of  Elizabeth  ;  and 
this  confirms  the  belief  that  the  whole  practice  was  continuous. 

Of  these  primitive  dairies  down  in  the  Essex  marshes  the  memory 
is  still  preserved  in  the  '  wicks '  which  dot  its  coast.  The  '  wickes  or 
dayries '  of  the  Tendring  Hundred  are  represented  in  St.  Osyth  alone  by 
Well  Wick,  Lee  Wick,  Wigborough  Wick,  and  Cocket  Wick  ;  and  so 
are  those  of  Canvey  Island  by  Monks  Wick,  West  Wick,  North  Wick, 
Farther  Wick,  and  Knights  Wick.  When  Benfleet  and  Canvey  were 
'  disafforested  '  in  1563,  eight  'marshes  '  in  the  island  had  names  ending 
in  '  wick.'  The  statements  of  Camden  and  of  Norden  are  thus  fully 
confirmed.  The  evidence  moreover  is  clinched  by  a  passage  of  great 
importance  in  the  survey  of  St.  Paul's  manors  in  1222.  Of  Tillingham 
we  read  that  *  in  the  marsh  are  four  sheepwalks  (bercarie),  of  which  one 
is  called  Howich  and  can  carry  (sustinere)  180  head  ;  another  is  called 
Middelwich  and  can  carry  1 30  head  ;  a  third  is  called  Doddeswich  and 
can  carry  1 32  head  ;  a  fourth  is  called  Pirimers  and  can  carry  1 10  head.'  * 
The  total  number  of  sheep,  it  will  be  seen,  was  552,  as  against  the  400 
for  which,  according  to  Domesday,  the  Tillingham  marshes  had  afforded 
feed  in  1086.* 

Now  that  the  meaning  of  c  pasture  for  sheep  '  has  been  thus  made 
clear,  its  mention  becomes  sometimes  of  assistance  in  identifying  doubt- 
ful manors.  Essex  possesses  a  Tilbury-by-Clare  in  addition  to  the  better 
known  East  and  West  Tilbury  (-on-the-Thames).  Which  of  these  was 
the  *  Tiliberia '  held  by  Thierri  Pointel  in  1086  ?  Mr.  Chisenhale-Marsh 

fo.  310).  These  cheeses  must  have  been  made  from  ewes'  milk  alone,  and  the  witnesses'  names  date 
the  charter  as  of  1 164-89. 

1  Fifty  'magni  casei '  were  bought  for  Berkhampstead  Castle  in  1173  at  a  cost  of  2J/.,  while  200 
which  were  sent  to  Gloucester,  cost  only  £i  13*.  \d.,  that  is  twopence  each  (Pipe  Roll,  19  Henry  II.  pp. 
22,  23).  But  loo  'magni  casei'  sent  to  Arundel  cost  less  than  the  others,  namely  £z  o/.  jj.  (ibid, 
p.  26).  The  wey  of  cheese  was  then  selling  at  about  4/.  6J. 

1  Andrews'  The  GU  English  Manor,  p.  220. 

1  Dometdaj  of  St.  Pau/'i  (Camden  Society),  p.  59.  For  the  '  dairy  aSai  a  "  wyk  "  '  in  the  adjoin- 
ing parish  of  Dengie,  see  p.  372  note  5  above.  Domesday  records  (i.  58)  that  at  Buckland,  Berks,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Thames,  there  was  a  'wick'  producing  yearly  10  weys  of  cheese  ('Wica  de  x.  pensis 
caseorum  ')  worth  £  I  121.  ^J. 

*  See  p.  442  below.  At  another  of  St.  Paul's  manors,  Walton-on-the-Naze,  now  well  known  for  its 
flock  of  Suffolk  sheep,  there  was,  in  1222,  '  pastura  in  marisco  et  in  terra  susenna  ad  quadringentas  oves 
cum  suis  fctibus,'  and  this  marsh  is  named  later  '  Ewenemersh,"  carrying  400  ewes  '  ad  majus  centum.' 

373 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

left  it  in  doubt,  pointing  out  that  '  Morant,  without  explanation,  refers  it 
to  East  Tilbury  and  then  to  Tilbury-by-Clare.'  But  its  '  pasture  for 
fifty  sheep '  decides  the  question  in  favour  of  Tilbury-on-the-Thames. 
And  we  can  go  further  than  this.  Domesday  assigns  to  Geoffrey  de 
Mandeville  a  large  and  valuable,  but  nameless  estate  in  the  Hundred  of 
Barstable  The  entry  suggests  that  it  probably  adjoined  Suain's  manor 
of  West  Tilbury  and  states  that  it  contained  'pasture  for  300  sheep.' 
Now  East  Tilbury  has  extensive  marshes  ;  it  contained,  says  Morant, 
five  manors  which  we  cannot  account  for  in  Domesday  ;  and  its  manors 
were  held  of  the  Honour  of  Mandeville,  Geoffrey's  heir,  Humfrey  de 
Bohun,  Earl  of  Hereford  and  Essex,  holding  there  3  knights'  fees  in 
1372.  And,  as  if  to  clinch  the  proof,  we  even  find  its  five  manors  re- 
presented by  the  '  5  knights '  who  held  this  nameless  estate  of  Geoffrey 
de  Mandeville  in  Domesday. 

It  is  time  that  we  should  turn  from  the  sheep  to  the  swine,  from  the 
rich  marshes  on  the  coast  to  the  forest  and  the  woodland  tracts.  As  the 
marshland  was  valued  in  Domesday  for  the  feed  it  afforded  for  sheep,  so 
was  the  woodland,  not  for  its  use  for  hunting,  for  firing,  for  building  and 
fencing,  but — as  its  most  important  purpose — for  the  mast  it  yielded  for 
the  swine  who  then  fed  within  it.  The  '  pork  and  beans,'  which  now 
forms  the  staple  diet  of  the  Canadian  lumberman,  were  all-important 
among  ourselves  in  that  of  the  twelfth  century.1  In  Essex,  a  forest 
county,  the  swine,  as  might  be  expected,  meet  us  at  every  turn.  '  Forest ' 
however  is  a  term  which  needs  to  be  defined  at  the  outset. 

In  spite  of  the  '  deer  forests '  of  Scotland  existing  still  to  remind 
us  of  the  true  historical  meaning  of  the  word,  it  is  difficult  to  overcome 
the  conviction  that  a  forest  is  all  woodland.  '  Antiently,'  wrote  the 
historian  of  Essex,  '  the  whole  county  was  in  a  manner  one  continued 
forest.'  It  is  probable  that  Morant  here  used  the  word  in  its  legal  sense, 
but  others,  after  him,  seem  to  have  imagined  that,  because  the  whole 
county  was  at  one  time  '  within  the  forest,'  it  was  much  in  the  same 
condition  as  Epping  Forest  to-day.  The  history  of '  the  forest  of  Essex ' 
will  be  given  in  another  section,  but  it  is  to  Domesday  that  we  owe  our 
earliest  historic  information  on  the  distribution  of  the  actual  woodland, 
as  shown  by  the  number  of  swine  for  which  it  could  supply  feed. 

There  are  three  points  which  call  for  notice  in  the  Domesday 
entries  of  Essex  woodland.  The  first,  as  I  have  said,  is  the  light  they 
throw  on  its  distribution  at  the  time.  The  second  is  their  reckoning, 
occasionally,  its  extent,  not  by  the  swine  it  could  feed,  but  in  '  hides ' 
and  '  acres.'  The  third  is  the  evidence  they  contain  on  a  matter  some- 
what overlooked — the  destruction  of  woodland  here  and  there  between 
1066  and  1086. 

1  'Et  pro  quater  xx.  Baconibus  .  .  .  Et  pro  xx.  summis  fabarum'  (Pipe  Roll,  19  Henry  II.  p.  23). 
'  Et  pro  Ix.  baconibus  viii.  libras.  Et  pro  xx.  summis  fabarum  et  pisarum  xxxiii.  sol  et  iiij.  den '  (ibid, 
p.  81),  etc.,  etc.  In  the  next  century  Bowers  Gifford  (north  of  Canvey  Island)  was  held  by  the 
serjeanty  of  '  scalding  the  king's  hogs '  (Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  pp.  457,  507)  or  as  the  jurors  found 
at  Chelmsford  in  1255  'of  making  the  king's  lard  or  bacon  wherever  he  might  be  in  England' 
(Morant). 

374 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

The  only  way  in  which  to  gauge  the  distribution  of  woodland  at 
the  time  of  King  Edward's  death  is  to  mark  down  on  a  map  of  the 
county  the  amount,  reckoned  in  swine,  as  given  for  each  parish.  The 
results  of  this  tedious  process  are  of  interest  if  treated  with  that  caution 
which  is  always  so  essential  in  dealing  with  Domesday  figures.  When 
one  finds  such  estimates  as  100,  500,  1,000  frequently  made,  it  is  obvious 
that  the  estimate  can  only  be  accepted  as  a  very  rude  one.  Moreover 
the  number  of  swine  has  to  be  compared  with  the  acreage,  a  most 
laborious  task.  Certain  general  conclusions  are  therefore  the  most  that 
one  can  hope  for.  And  the  first  of  these  to  be  attained  is  that  the  actual 
woodland  was  distributed  very  unevenly,  and  that  we  can  trace  it  as  most 
abundant,  even  at  that  remote  date,  in  places  where  its  remnants  linger 
down  to  the  present  day.  Mr.  Miller  Christy  enumerates  among  the 
'  stretches  of  forest  and  woodland  '  still  existing  in  the  county  Epping 
Forest,  Takeley  or  Hatfield  Forest,  and  '  the  woods  around  Thorndon.' ' 
When  we  apply  to  the  Domesday  figures  the  test  of  ascertaining  the 
number  of  swine  to  every  hundred  acres  (according  to  the  modern 
acreage),  we  find  the  south-west  of  the  county  a  heavily  wooded  district. 
Waltham  (Abbey),  which  gave  its  name  to  the  ancient  forest  of  Waltham 
(now,  corruptly,  of  Epping),  owed  its  origin  to  a  hunting  lodge,  estab- 
lished there  before  the  Conquest  on  account  of  the  multitude  of  its  deer. 
The  number  of  swine  it  was  reckoned  to  feed  in  1086  was  2,382,  actually 
the  largest  in  the  county  ;  but  the  great  area  of  the  parish  reduces  the 
proportion  to  2i|  per  100  acres.  In  Loughton,  adjoining  Waltham, 
it  was  23!,  and  in  the  three  Theydons,  next  to  Loughton,  it  was  223 
taking  them  as  a  whole.*  At  Woodford  it  was  23^,  at  Leyton  22|, 
and  at  Navestock  25!-  South  of  Waltham  Abbey  the  proportion  drops 
to  1 8  at  Chingford  and  13!  at  Walthamstow  ;  at  Wanstead  it  is  15. 
On  the  other  hand,  if  we  pass  north-eastward  to  the  Ongars,  there  is 
a  marked  increase.  On  the  two  Ongars  together  it  is  38,  at  Norton 
Mandeville  32|,  while  at  Greensted  it  leaps  to  the  high  figure  of  75. 
A  remarkable  belt  of  woodland  appears  to  have  connected  that  of  the 
Ongars  with  the  Thorndon  woods,  although  it  has  long  vanished.  At 
Blackmore  the  proportion  works  out  at  38^,  which  is  as  high  as  in  the 
Ongars  ;  and  although  it  falls  to  17  in  Mountnessing,  it  jumps  suddenly 
to  60  at  Hutton,  and  is  as  high  as  41  at  Little  Warley,  29!  at  Bulphan, 
and  23!  at  Orsett.  At  Cranham,  due  south  of  Brentwood,  it  is  263. 

Leaving  now  the  district  round  Brentwood,  we  may  turn  to  what 
appears  to  have  been  the  most  densely  wooded  district  in  Essex.  Takeley 
and  Elsenham  could  feed  between  them  3,500  swine,  Stansted  to  the 
west  of  them  1,200,  Little  Easton  to  the  east  800,  and  Hatfield  Broadoak 
to  the  south  820.  At  Elsenham  the  proportion  is  as  high  as  72*,  at 
Takeley  it  is  65,  at  Little  Easton  50,  and  at  Stansted  28^.  Hatfield 
(or  Takeley)  Forest  and  Little  Easton  Park  are  now  the  representatives 
of  this  tract  of  forest,  which  shaded  off  in  the  Dunmows  to  a  ratio  of 

1   See  p.  232  above. 

*  All  these  figures  may  be  taken  as  correct  within  a  unit,  which  is  sufficient  for  practical  purposes. 

375 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

22.  Broadly  speaking,  if  we  draw  a  line  north  and  south  through  the 
county  from  Haverhill  to  Tilbury-on-Thames  we  shall  find  that  the 
great  bulk  of  the  woodland  lies  to  the  west  of  it.  In  what  are  locally 
termed  '  the  Hundreds,'  that  is  those  of  Dengey  and  Rochford,  between 
the  Blackwater  and  the  Thames,  the  scarcity  of  woodland  is  very  marked. 
In  the  north  of  the  county,  or,  more  exactly,  in  the  great  Hundred  of 
Hinckford,  it  was  by  no  means  abundant,  but  on  the  uplands  between 
the  Blackwater  and  the  Colne  the  proportion  attains  at  Stisted  26f .  At 
times  we  find  some  thick  woodland  represented  by  an  ancient  park. 
There  was  one  for  instance  at  Langham,  on  the  Stour,  where  the  Domes- 
day ratio  is  34,  and  another  at  Leighs,  where  it  is  nearly  30.  Attention 
may  also  be  directed  to  a  distinct  belt  of  woodland  running  almost  north 
and  south  from  Hatfield  Peverel  to  Woodham  Ferrers.  On  the  former 
manor  the  proportion  was  as  high  as  35!,  and  on  the  latter  20  ;  at 
Woodham  Walter  it  was  19,  and  at  Woodham  Mortimer  and  at  Haze- 
leigh  just  over  14.  From  this  belt  a  spur  appears  to  have  extended 
through  Purleigh  into  Latchingdon,  to  the  east  of  which  the  Hundred 
of  Dengie  was  almost  devoid  of  woodland.  The  Hundred  of  Rochford 
however  seems  to  have  been  as  a  whole  more  destitute  of  woods  than 
any  other  in  the  county.  That  proximity  to  the  sea  was  not  the  cause 
either  here  or  in  Dengie  Hundred  is  seen  from  the  fact  that  those  of 
Thurstable,  Winstree,  and  Tendring  to  the  north  had  a  fair  amount  of 
woodland  throughout.  St.  Osyth,  indeed,  could  feed,  it  was  reckoned, 
over  1,200  swine,  but  its  great  area  reduces  the  ratio  to  14  to  the  acre. 

One  must  not  analyse  further  the  distribution  of  the  woodland,  for 
other  points  have  to  be  discussed.  In  a  few  places,  which  are  almost 
all  situate  in  Barstable  Hundred,  we  find  the  curious  reckoning  of  wood- 
land by  hides  and  acres.  At  Vange  there  was  '  half  a  hide  '  of  woodland 
(fo.  22^),  and  at  Pitsea  the  same,  to  which  another  '  30  acres  '  had  been 
added  since  the  Conquest  (fo.  98).  At  Bowers  Gifford  (fo.  86)  there 
were  *  30  acres  of  woodland  laid  waste  '  (sihce  vastata),1  and  at  Fanton 
Hall  the  same  (fo.  14).  At  Great  Burstead  there  was  half  a  hide,  to 
which  as  much  as  '  5  hides  of  woodland '  had  been  similarly  added  (fo. 
22<&),  at  Ingrave  to  the  north  i|  hides,  and  at  Whatley  with  Wickford 
i  hide  (fo.  23).  At  Thorndon  we  read  of  2  hides  (fo.  42),  at  Langdon 
of  i  hide  (fo.  42),  on  two  manors  in  Wickford  of  30  acres  and  20  acres 
(fo.  42^),  while  on  a  third  we  have  the  strange  entry  :  '  Then  12  hides 
of  woodland  ;  now  6  acres  '  (fo.  43).  In  this  last  case  the  whole  manor 
was  assessed  at  only  10  hides,  which  makes  the  entry  of  importance. 
Outside  the  Hundred  of  Barstable  such  entries  as  these  are  rare.  At 
Cold  Norton,  a  manor  assessed  at  8  hides,  we  read  that  '  of  these  hides 
two  are  of  woodland  '  (fo.  69),  and  at  Wigborough  that  it  was  assessed 
at  '  7  hides  of  land  and  i  of  woodland,'  and  that  Bernard  had  abstracted 
'the  abovesaid  hide  of  woodland'  (fo.  55^).  These  phrases,  it  must 
frankly  be  confessed,  are  at  present  extremely  obscure  to  us.  Before 
leaving  the  subject  we  may  note  that  the  woodland  at  Wickford  is 

1  For  the  proximity  of  these  three  places  see  the  map  of  Canvey  Island  opposite  p.  369  above. 

376 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

reckoned  in  four  or  five  entries  in  hides,  and  in  two  others  by  the 
number  of  swine  for  which  it  afforded  feed.  This  would  seem  to  point 
to  the  two  methods  of  reckoning  being  used  indifferently.  Indeed,  at 
Shalford,  where  Domesday  records  '  woodland  for  i  oo  swine,'  it  adds 
that  the  manor  is  short  of  *  30  acres  of  woodland,'  which  the  queen  had 
given  out  of  it. 

The  destruction  of  woodland  between  the  years  1066  and  1086  is 
a  matter  of  more  direct  interest,  and  one  on  which  it  is  possible  to  speak 
with  more  confidence.  It  is  in  what  we  have  found  to  be  the  most 
densely  wooded  district  in  the  county  that  this  destruction  is  most 
evident.  At  Elsenham  it  had  been  steadily  progressive,  for  the  entry 
carefully  informs  us  that  the  woodland  had  'then'  (1066)  sufficed  for 
1,300  swine,  but,  when  the  manor  was  bestowed,  for  only  1,100,  and 
lastly,  at  the  date  of  the  Survey,  for  1,000.  St.  Walery's  manor  at 
Takeley,  where  the  woodland  had  sufficed  for  1,000  swine,  had  only 
enough  for  600  in  1086,  while  at  Little  Easton  there  was  a  decrease 
of  no  less  than  half,  the  estimate  dropping  from  800  to  400  !  At 
Clavering,  to  the  north-west,  the  figures  had  fallen  from  800  to  600, 
at  Ugley  from  200  to  160,  at  Farnham,1  to  the  west,  from  200  to  150, 
at  Bigods  in  Dunmow,  to  the  east,  from  400  to  350,  and  at  Thaxted,  to 
the  north-east,  from  1,000  to  800.  In  the  north-west  of  the  county 
there  is  a  decrease  from  1,050  to  830  at  Saffron  Walden,  500  to  400 
at  Wimbish,  100  to  80  at  Thunderley,1  and  250  to  200  at  Amberden  l 
(in  Debden).  The  diminution  at  Stanstead  (in  Halstead)  from  500  to 
400,  at  Sible  Hedingham  from  600  to  500,  and  at  Coggeshall  also  from 
600  to  500,  may  possibly  point  to  forest  clearings  to  the  south-west  of 
the  Colne.  Other  manors  where  the  decrease  is  noted  are  Notley  (330 
to  200),  Great  Saling  *  (250  to  200),  Little  Maplestead  (60  to  16),  and 
Henny  (60  to  30),  four  manors  of  John  son  of  Waleram  which  follow 
one  another  on  fo.  84.  We  have  also  a  decrease  at  White  Notley  from 
200  to  100,  at  Great  Easton  from  200  to  150,  and  at  Little  Halling- 
bury  from  150  to  100.  Of  manors  which  only  possessed  woodland  for 
100  swine  or  less,  Wickham  (Bonhunt)  shows  a  decrease  from  100 
to  60,  as  does  one  of  the  Layers  (fo.  92^)  ;  East  Tilbury  100  to  50  ; 
another  of  the  Layers,  a  manor  in  the  Notleys,  Hersham  Hall  in  Bump- 
stead,  Birchanger,  and  Yardley  in  Thaxted  all  show  decreases  from  40  to 
30.  At  Polhey  in  Pebmarsh  there  was  a  diminution  from  60  to  40,  at 
'  Wickham '  from  40  to  20  (fo.  39),  at  Brandon  from  20  to  6,  at  a  manor 
in  Finchingfield  from  20  to  5.  With  the  cases  of  '  devastated  wood- 
land '  at  Fanton  and  Bowers  Gifford  we  have  dealt  above. 

No  one  district  and  no  one  fief  can  be  associated  in  a  definite 
manner  with  this  destruction  of  timber,  which  only,  one  imagines,  the 
convulsions  of  the  Conquest  could  have  made  possible  in  twenty  years. 
What  can  have  been  its  cause  ?  A  local  demand  for  timber  cannot 
account  for  it,  and  there  were  obviously  no  facilities  for  selling  it  at 
a  distance.  The  only  suggestion  one  can  make  is  that  times  of  war  or 

1  This  decrease  is  specially  recorded  to  have  taken  place  under  King  William. 
»  377  48 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

disturbance  were  accompanied  by  such  destruction.  I  have  elsewhere 
dwelt  on  the  importance  attached  by  Geoffrey,  Earl  of  Essex,  under 
Stephen  to  immunity  for  his  '  assarts  '  and  '  waste  of  the  forest,' 1  and 
drawn  attention  to  mention  of  such  an  '  assart  '  at  Ugley  in  a  charter  of 
the  same  reign.2  Other  references  to  assarts  are  found  in  early  charters 
relating  to  Essex,  and  we  know  from  three  entries,  under  Herefordshire, 
in  Domesday  that  clearings  in  the  woodlands  for  the  purpose  of  cultivation 
were  already  known  as  assarts  (or  essarts)  in  io86.3  Judging  from  such 
evidence  as  we  have  both  before  and  after  the  Conquest,  we  must  assume 
that  this  loss  of  woodland  represents  that  extension  of  the  cultivated 
area  (terra  lucrabilis)  that  was  always  in  progress. 

In  addition  to  the  coast  marshes  and  the  woodlands,  '  pasture '  and 
'  marsh  '  are  occasionally  mentioned  inland.  At  Fairsted,  for  instance, 
in  the  heart  of  the  county,  we  have  mention  of  pasture  worth  fourpence 
(a  year),  and  at  Notley,  adjoining  it,  of  pasture  worth  sixpence  (a  year), 
while  at  Walthamstow  eight  shillings  a  year  were  received  from  the 
'  pasture,'  at  Waltham  (Holy  Cross)  eighteen  shillings,  at  Roydon  two 
shillings,  at  Hallingbury  28  pence,  and  at  Epping  with  Nasing  32 
pence.  At  Witham  the  annual  value  of  the  pasture  had  risen  from 
sixpence  to  fourteenpence.  The  '  pasture '  at  Hatfield  Broadoak  is  of 
interest  for  the  curious  payment  received  from  it  ;  it  rendered  to  the 
manor  9  wethers  and  the  service  of  ploughing  41  acres.  An  entry, 
apparently  unique,  records  that  at  Great  Wigborough  there  was  '  pasture 
for  100  sheep,  rendering  16  pence  (a  year).'  At  Tiltey  we  have  20 
acres  of  marsh  ('maresc'),  and  at  Greenstead  on  the  Colne  (adjoining 
Colchester),  24  acres  '  of  meadow  and  marsh.'  At  Little  Parndon 
there  were  45  '  what  with  meadow  and  marsh,'  and  at  Great  Canfield 
48  '  of  meadow  what  with  meadow  and  marsh.'  *  A  remarkable  entry 
under  Peldon  speaks  of '  80  acres  of  arable  land  and  200  acres  of  marsh  ' 
having  been  taken  from  its  5  hides.  This  must  be  a  solitary  mention 
of  coast  marsh  as  such,  and  appears  to  correspond  with  the  few  cases  in 
which  woodland,  as  we  saw,  was  reckoned  by  hides  and  acres,  and  not  by 
the  number  of  swine  for  which  it  afforded  feed. 

We  have  still  to  deal  with  the  mills,  the  fisheries  and  the  saltpans 
among  the  sources  of  profit  to  the  holders  of  land.  The  multure  or 
right  of  the  lords  to  the  grinding  of  all  the  wheat  at  their  mill  made  its 
possession  of  some  value,  and  it  is  interesting  to  find  how  often  the 
watermills  entered  in  Domesday  can  be  identified  at  the  present  day. 
The  most  remarkable  group  of  mills  in  Essex  was  at  West  Ham,  on  the 
Lea,  where  we  read  there  were  8  mills  and  had  been  9.  At  Leyton 
to  its  north,  a  mill,  we  are  told,  had  been  '  taken  away '  (ablatus 
est),  a  phrase  which  needs  explanation.  At  some  places  we  find  a  mill 
where  there  had  been  none  ;  at  others  there  was  none,  though  there  had 

'   Geoffrey  de  Mandevllle,  pp.  376-8.  *  Essex  Arch.  Trans,  [n.s.]  viii.  328. 

3  Domesday,  i.  179^,  184^  ('essarz'),  1 80  ('exsarta  silvae  ').    In  the  first  of  these  the  word  'essarz' 
is  written  over  '  terrae  project*  de  silva,'  which  implies  the  identity  of  the  two. 

4  '  Inter  pratum  et  maresc '  is  the  formula  used  in  both  cases. 

378 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

been  one  ;  at  some  there  was  '  half  a  mill.'  A  single  case  will  explain 
the  matter. 

Under  Rivenhall  we  read  (fo.  27)  that  there  was  '  then  one  mill, 
(but)  now  a  half  ;  and  that  '  Richard  de  Sachevilla  has  taken  away  a 
moiety  of  the  mill.'  What  was  Richard  doing  at  Rivenhall  ?  We 
know  him  only,  in  Domesday,  as  holding  Aspenden,  Herts,  under  Eudo 
Dapifer.1  If  we  follow  the  clue  thus  given  us  and  look  for  a  manor  in 
this  neighbourhood  held  by  Eudo,  we  find  that  he  held  Great  Braxted, 
divided  only  by  the  stream  from  Rivenhall,  and  that  his  tenant  there  was 
'Richard'  (fo.  49).  We  find,  moreover,  that  on  this  manor  there  was 
'  now  half  a  mill '  ;  and  a  charter  of  donation  to  Eudo's  abbey  enables 
us  to  clinch  the  matter.  For  by  this  charter  William  'de  Sakevilla'  gave 
a  rent  of  five  shillings  in  Braxted  from  '  Rivenhall  mill.'  *  We  thus 
learn  that  Eudo's  tenant,  in  1086,  at  Braxted,  was  Richard  de  Sachevilla, 
and  that  he  had  annexed  a  moiety  of  the  mill  which  still  stands  on  the 
stream  between  Rivenhall  and  Braxted.  The  whole  of  the  mill  had  be- 
longed to  Rivenhall  ;  but  thenceforth  each  of  the  manors  possessed 
'  half  a  mill.'  A  common  but  obscure  Domesday  phrase  is  thus  at  once 
explained. 

The  above  gift  was  confirmed  by  a  charter  of  Richard  de  Anesti 
as  nephew  and  heir  to  William  ;  and  this  enables  us,  for  the  first  time, 
to  trace  the  origin  in  England  of  the  noble  house  of  Sackville.  It  has 
long  been  known  that  Richard  de  '  Anesti,'  whose  seat  was  at  Anstey, 
Herts,  succeeded  an  uncle,  William  de  Sackville,  but  the  parentage  of 
this  William  has  remained  in  doubt.  Mr.  Chester  Waters,  who  claimed 
to  have  '  corrected,'  with  the  aid  of  the  charters  of  St.  John's,  Colchester, 
the  pedigree  of  the  Essex  Sackvilles,  made  him  the  son  of  another 
William,  of  whom  he  wrote  : — 

William  de  Sackville  and  his  younger  brother  Robert  were  the  sons  of  Herbrand, 
a  noble  Norman  knight,  and  came  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  in  the  train  of 
Stephen  de  Blois,  who  rewarded  their  services  by  lands  in  Essex  and  Suffolk  held  of 
his  honour  of  Eye.* 

But  the  evidence  I  have  now  given  enables  us  to  trace  the  settlement  of 
the  Sackvilles  back  to  the  time  of  Domesday.  As  Great  Braxted 
descended  by  marriage  from  Sackville  to  Anesti  and  thence  to  Mont- 
chensy,  there  can  be  no  question  that  these  houses  were  the  heirs  of 
Richard  de  Sackville.  It  is  of  much  interest  to  find  that  Richard  held 
under  Eudo,  for  Secqueville-en-Bessin,  from  which  he  must  have  come, 
was  only  some  seven  miles,  as  the  crow  flies,  from  Eudo's  home  at 
Ryes.* 

1  This  is  one  of  the  entries  omitted  in  Ellis'  Index  (Introduction  to  Domesday,  ii.  385). 

*  Cartulary  of  St.  John's  Abbey,  Colchester  (Roxburghe  Club),  pp.  163-5. 

*  Chesters  of  Chic  he  ley,  p.   191.     See  also  the  'corrected  pedigree'  of  the   Essex    Sackvilles  on 
p.  200,  in  which  Richard  of  Braxted  finds  no  place. 

*  The  settlement  of  the  Sackvilles  at  Mount  Bures  (see  p.  290  above)  and  West  Bergholt  ('  Berg- 
holt  Sackville  ')  was  no  doubt  somewhat  later  and  was  quite  distinct.     These  manors  were  held  by 
Roger  of  Poitou  in  Domesday,  and  the  fact  that  Roger's  fief,  as  well  as  the  Honour  of  Eye,  was  eventu- 
ally granted  to  Count  Stephen  seems  to  have  led  to  the  two  being  confused  (see  preceding  note). 

379 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

But  we  must  now  pass  to  the  fisheries,  which  are  styled  in  Essex 
'  piscinae.'  We  find  that  these  were  not  restricted  to  river  or  eel  fisheries, 
as  was  usually  the  case,  but  included  coast  fisheries.  They  occur  at  the 
following  places  on  or  close  to  the  coast :  Mistley  (i),  Little  Oakley 
(i),  Clacton  (i),  East  Mersea  (4),  West  Mersea  (i),1  Tollesbury  (i), 
Osea  Island  (i),  Bradwell-by-the-Sea  (i),  Lawling  in  Latchendon  (i),2 
'Hacflet'  (i),Tillingham  (i),  Southchurch  (2),  Benfleet  (i),  Vange  (i), 
Fobbing  (^  and  |),  Horndon-on-the-Hill  (i),  Mucking  (i),  East  Til- 
bury (i),  Chadwell  (a),1  Grays  Thurrock  (i),1  West  Thurrock  (i, 
but  2  in  1086),  Barking  (i),  Ilford  (i).  The  last  twelve  places  lay 
along  the  Thames.  Of  these  salt  water  fisheries  the  nature,  at  that  time, 
is  obscure,  and  they  must  be  dealt  with  in  a  special  note  appended  to 
this  Introduction,  in  which  it  will  be  suggested  that  they  were  akin  to 
the  weir.  The  fisheries  on  the  river  Lea  form  a  distinct  group.  These 
would  clearly  be  weir  fisheries  such  as  bridled,  we  know,  the  Thames 
and  the  Medway,3  the  Exe*  and  the  Severn.5  We  trace  them  up  from 
Leyton,  where  there  had  been  9^,  through  Walthamstow,  where  there 
had  been  6  with  3!  more  at  Higham,  and  Chingford,  where  there  were 
6,  to  Waltham  Abbey,  where  were  5,  and  Nasing  where  there  was 
'  half  a  fishery.' 6  At  Leyton  all  had  disappeared  ;  at  Walthamstow  and 
Higham  all  but  one.  Of  '  fisheries '  inland  we  have  mention  only  of 
one  each  at  Wormingford,  Hutton  and  Springfield,  and  two-thirds 
of  one  at  Marshalls  in  Hatfield  Peverel,  of  one  at  Bardfield,  added 
since  the  Conquest,  and  one  at  Wheatley  in  Rayleigh,  to  which  a 
second  had  similarly  been  added.  Mention  may  here  be  made  of  the 
'  fisherman  '  who  occurs  on  the  Bishop  of  London's  manor  at  Little 
Totham,  and  of  the  '  5  bordars  by  (super)  the  water,  who  hold  no  land,' 
at  Leigh,  on  the  Thames,  for  they  suggest  the  infancy  of  that  little 
port  which,  in  the  days  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  was  *  stocked  with  lusty 
seamen.' 

It  is  needless  to  dwell  on  the  importance,  at  that  period,  of  salt, 
especially  in  a  county  so  far  distant  from  the  brinepits  of  Worcestershire 
or  Cheshire.  A  good  supply  must  have  been  needed  for  the  marsh-made 
cheese  alone.  The  distribution  of  the  saltpans  was  in  Essex  extremely 
local,  being  virtually  restricted  to  the  Hundreds  of  Tendring,  Winstree 
and  Thurstable  in  the  north-east  of  the  county.  Lawford,  Bradfield, 
Wrabness  and  Ramsey  had  one  each,  to  which  another  had  been  added 

1  Before  the  Conquest.  2  Since  the  Conquest. 

3  It   was    granted  by  '  Magna  Carta '  that   '  Omnes  kydelli    de    cetero    deponantur    penitus   de 
Thamisia,  et  de  Medewaye,  et  per  totam  Angliam,  nisi  per  costeram   maris.'     This  last  clause   may 
throw  some  light  on  the  nature  of  the  coast  fisheries  of  Essex  (see  p.  424  below). 

4  'The  city  had  to  defend  her  commercial  being  against  successive  earls.     In  Henry  the  Third's 
reign  the  first  hindrance  to  navigation  was  caused  by  the  Countess  Isabel,  who  made  a  weir  which   is 
still  called  after  her  Countess  Weir.     She  did  however  leave  a  narrow  passage  for  ships,  but  afterwards 
the  passage  was  closed '  (Freeman's  Exeter,  p.  84). 

8  See  Seebohm's  English  Village  Community,  pp.  1 50—4. 

•  6  An  interesting  fine  of  1228  (12  Hen.  III.)  relates  to  the  right  to  '  fix  a  weir  and  make  a  fishery' 
within  certain  limits  at  Nasing.  It  speaks  of  a  '  fishery  '  being  '  cast  down  '  (pros train),  which  implies  a 
weir.  A  fishery  could  be  halved  either  by  dividing  the  profits  or  by  the  holder  of  each  moiety  having 
the  right  to  it  for  three  days  out  of  each  week. 

380 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

since  the  Conquest  at  Bradfield  Mansion.  We  then  come  to  an  important 
group  lying  round  Hamford  Water,  Great  Oakley  having  two,  Moze  three, 
Beaumont1  ('  Fulepet')  two,  and  the  three  'sokens'  three,  ten  in  all.  In 
this  Hundred  of  Tendring,  Great  Bentley,  Thorrington,  and  Elmstead, 
though  they  barely  touched  the  water,  had  each  of  them  one  saltpan. 

The  Hundreds  of  Thurstable  and  of  Winstree  may  be  dealt  with 
together  as  the  chief  seat,  in  Essex,  of  the  salt  industry.  Salcot  (once 
c  Saltcot'),  which  derived  its  name  from  that  industry,  lies  at  the  head  of 
the  creek  dividing  the  two  Hundreds,  although  it  was  actually  in 
Winstree.  Adjoining  it,  in  that  Hundred,  was  Great  Wigborough 
with  six  saltpans,*  and,  beyond  it,  Peldon  with  one,  and  Langenhoe 
with  one.  To  the  south  of  Salcot,  Tollesbury  had  three,  and  Tolles- 
hunt  Guisnes,  within  it,  which  had  possessed  twelve,  still  had  five. 
Adjoining  Tollesbury  and  Salcot  the  other  Tolleshunts  had  eight,  and 
Layer  (Morney)  one  ;  Goldhanger,  to  their  west,  had  one  and  a  half  as 
against  half  a  one  before,  the  Tothams  seven  as  against  five,  and  Hey- 
bridge  one.  In  addition  to  all  these  the  king,  we  find,  had  four  some- 
where in  Thurstable  Hundred.  Thus  the  entire  group  comprised 
nearly  forty.  The  only  other  saltpan  mentioned  in  Essex  belonged  to 
the  unlikely  manor  of  Wanstead. 

As  late  as  Morant's  day  (1768)  there  was  at  Goldhanger  still  'a 
considerable  saltwork,  in  which  is  used  rock  salt  brought  from  Cheshire, 
mixed  with  the  seawater.' s  But  the  old  process  of  obtaining  salt  from 
the  sea  alone  has  so  long  been  obsolete  that  we  are  indebted  for  our 
knowledge  of  it  to  a  distinguished  Scottish  antiquary,  Mr.  George 
Neilson  of  Glasgow.  At  the  other  end  of  England,— 

In  its  saltworks  the  Solway  possessed  an  industry  of  great  importance  and  high  anti- 
quity. At  intervals  all  along  both  its  Scottish  and  English  shores  there  were  salinte  or 
saltworks.  These  were  all  situated  at  places  where  a  loose  and  porous  clayey  sand, 
called  '  sleech,'  formed  natural  salt  beds  presenting  a  surface  capable  of  retaining  a  very 
heavy  solution  of  salt  after  being  covered  by  the  tide.  The  heat  of  the  summer  sun 
disclosed  the  salty  particles  glittering  on  the  sleech  like  hoar  frost.  From  time  to  time 
in  due  season  the  '  salters,'  as  the  makers  of  salt  were  called,  first  collected  the  surface 
sleech  on  the  salt  bed  by  a  kind  of  sledge-drag  or  scraper,  called  a  '  hap,'  drawn  by  a 
horse,  carted  it  to  the  merse  or  grassy  beach,  and  laid  it  in  heaps  beside  the  place  where, 
after  some  time,  it  was  to  be  filtered.  Neither  the  apparatus  nor  process  of  filtration 
was  complex.  A  hole  dug  in  the  merse  formed  a  '  kinch '  or  pit  :  its  bottom  and  sides 
were  puddled  with  clay  to  make  it  watertight  :  on  the  bottom,  above  the  clay,  peats 
were  laid  :  the  peats  in  turn  were  covered  with  a  layer  of  sods  :  sleech  was  put  on  the 
sods  till  the  kinch  was  nearly  filled  to  the  brim,  and  finally  as  much  salt  water  was  added 
as  the  kinch  would  hold.  Filtering  through  the  sleech  and  the  sods  the  brine  at  length, 
when  strong  enough  to  float  an  egg,  was  allowed  to  escape  by  a  tube  or  spout  into  a 
wooden  reservoir,  out  of  which  it  was  lifted  and  carried  in  pails  to  the  saltpans.  These 
were  broad,  shallow  metal  pans,  beneath  which  great  fires  of  peat  were  lit.  After  about 
six  hours'  boiling  the  process  was  complete ;  the  liquid  of  the  brine  was  wholly 
evaporated,  and  the  pans  full  of  the  finished  article.  The  name  of  Saltcotes  was  given 
to  the  little  cluster  of  buildings  which  contained  the  pans,  the  '  girnels '  or  stores  in 
which  the  salt  was  kept,  and  the  dwellings  of  the  salters.  Such  was  the  system  pursued 
on  the  Solway  in  the  end  of  last  [the  eighteenth]  century,  and  there  is  small  reason  to 

1  See  p.  396  below. 

*  Down  by  what  are  now  'Abbot's  Hall  saltings,'  which  belonged  to  Barking  Abbey  in  1086. 
8  Morant,  i.  389.     Dr.  Laver  examined  the  saltpans  there  in  1889. 

381 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

doubt  that  substantially  the  same  primitive  and  laborious  mode  of  manufacture  prevailed 
from  early  times.1 

Mr.  Neilson  cites  a  work  published  in  1612,  in  which  we  read  that  on 
the  banks  of  Solway — 

the  country  people  gather  up  the  sand  within  the  flood  marke,  bringing  it  to  land,  and 
laying  it  in  great  heapes,  etc.,  etc.  .  .  .  there  is  made  thereof  good  white  salt  after  the 
temperance  of  the  weather.  This  place  is  called  the  Salt  coats. 

He  also  tells  us  that  he  saw  '  at  Saltcoats  in  Ayrshire,  in  the  summer  of 
1887,  an  old  deserted  saltpan  surviving  its  usefulness  by  half  a  century,' 
that  '  reminiscences  of  these  saltworks  occur  in  the  place-names  of  the 
sea-board  parishes  '  about  the  Solway,  as  in  a  '  Saltcots  '  on  the  shore  of 
Carlaverock  parish,  '  Lady  Saltcots '  in  Ruthwell,  and  a  '  Saltcots  '  on  the 
southern  or  English  shore.2 

No  apology  is  needed  for  dealing  in  some  detail  with  an  industry 
which,  though  long  defunct,  gave  its  name  to  an  Essex  parish — the  only 
one  of  that  name  in  England — and  of  which  the  memory  is  preserved 
by  lesser  place-names  in  the  county  far  to  the  south  of  the  district 
where  alone  it  flourished  at  the  Survey.3 

The  Domesday  vineyards  of  Essex  can  hardly  be  included  among 
its  industries,  as  they  were  only  intended  to  provide  wine  for  the  use  of 
the  lord  himself ;  and  they  are  of  sufficient  interest  to  deserve  separate 
treatment.  In  a  paper  on  the  subject  I  have  argued  that,  contrary  to 
general  belief,  the  Normans  reintroduced  into  England  the  culture  of  the 
vine  to  provide  themselves  with  the  drink  to  which  they  had  been 
accustomed  on  the  other  side  of  the  Channel.4  The  evidence  for  this 
proposition  is  largely  drawn  from  Essex.  Domesday  proves  that  the 
vineyards  existing  at  the  time  of  the  great  Survey  had  been  often 
planted  since  the  days  of  the  Confessor  ;  that  they  had  not,  in  some 
cases,  yet  begun  to  bear  ;  that  they  were  almost  universally  reckoned 
by  '  arpents,'  a  foreign  measure  ;  and  that  they  are  normally  found  on 
manors  held  in  the  lord's  hand  and  probably  containing  a  lord's  residence. 
By  '  lord  '  I  here  mean  a  '  baron  '  or  tenant-in-chief.  The  last  of  the 
above  four  points  is  well  illustrated  in  Suffolk,  where  Ixworth,  the  most 
northerly  point  reached  by  the  vine  in  the  east  of  England,  and  Clare, 
on  the  Essex  border,  were  both  the  capita  of  baronies.  Of  the  vine- 
yards at  these  two  places,  that  of  Clare  at  least  had  been  planted  since 
the  Conquest. 

In  Essex,  if  not  in  all  England,  the  most  interesting  vineyard  is 

1  Annals  of  the  Solway  (1899),  pp.  44-51. 

2  Mr.  Neilson  has  observed  '  holes  in  the  grassy  foreshore,  from  two  to  three  feet  deep,  a  dozen  or 
thereby  wide,  and  six  or  eight  across  ;  the  bottom  is  black,  and  either  dry  or  half  filled  with  dark  and 
stagnant  water.     These  are  the  "  kinches  "  or  pits  once  used  in  the  salt  manufacture  ...  no  unfit 
memorials  of  a  dead  industry'  (p.  51). 

3  In  the  papers  of  Mr.  W.  C.  Waller,  F.S.A.,  on  '  Essex  Field  Names,'  we  detect,  in  Tendring 
Hundred,  a  'Salters  field'  and  'Sailers  10  acres'  at  Great  Oakley,  and  a  '  Salcots'  at  Brightlingsea  ;  in 
that  of  Dengie  a  '  Home  Saltcoats '  at  Stow  Maries  and  a  '  Salt  Coat  Marsh  '  at  Burnham  ;  in  that  of 
Rochford  a  '  Saltpan  Marsh '  at  Paglesham,  a  '  Saltreach  field  '  at  Eastwood,  and  '  East  Salts '  at  Waker- 
ing.     There  is  also  a  '  Salts '  at  Barking  (see  Essex  Arch.  Trans,  [n.s.]  vols.  vi.  vii.).     Dr.  Laver  states 
that  the  Paglesham  saltpans  were  visible  down  to  1820. 

4  Essex  Arch.  Trans,  [n.s.]  vii.  249-51. 

382 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

that  of  Suain  at  Rayleigh.  '  (There  is)  now,'  we  read,  '  a  park  and  six 
arpents  of  vineyard,  and  it  yields  20  muids  (modios)  of  wine  in  a 
good  season.'  Here  both  the  park  and  the  vineyard  were  new,  new  as 
the  castle  which  Suain  had  raised,1  and  this  appears  to  be  the  only  in- 
stance in  which  Domesday  mentions  a  vineyard's  yield.  Next  in  interest, 
and  of  the  same  size,  is  the  vineyard  at  Castle  Hedingham,  which  affords, 
I  think,  presumptive  evidence  that  Aubrey  de  Vere  had  already  made  it 
a  seat  of  his  famous  house.  And  here,  less,  it  would  seem,  than  two 
centuries  ago,  there  were  visible  '  wild  vines  bearing  red  grapes,'  the  still 
lingering  descendants  of  the  vineyard  of  its  Domesday  lord.  But  Aubrey 
had  also  planted  another  and  a  larger  vineyard,  some  4  miles  away,  on 
his  manor  of  Belchamp  Walter,  where  he  had,  I  think,  another  resi- 
dence. Only  one  of  its  eleven  '  arpents'  had  as  yet  come  into  bearing. 
Aubrey  seems  to  have  been  fond  of  vineyards,  for  we  find  that  he  had 
one  at  Lavenham,  across  the  Suffolk  border,  and  another  on  his  Middle- 
sex manor  of  Kensington.  Next  in  size  to  the  Belchamp  vineyard  was 
that  at  Great  Waltham,  which  points,  I  think,  to  Geoffrey  de  Mande- 
ville,  the  lord  of  that  manor,  having  made  the  adjoining  stronghold  at 
Pleshey  his  seat  already.  Next  in  importance  are  the  vineyards  planted 
by  Ranulf  Peverel  at  Debden  and  at  Stebbing.  At  both  these  places, 
which  follow  one  another  in  Domesday,  the  vineyards  were  new,  so 
new  indeed  that  only  half  was  in  bearing  at  either  place.  There  remain 
only  the  small  vineyards  of  the  two  dapiferi,  Eudo  and  Hamo,  of  whom 
the  former  had  planted,  at  Mundon,  two  arpents  since  the  Conquest,  and 
the  latter  one  arpent  at  Stambourne  or  Toppesfield.2 

Among  the  live  stock  mentioned  in  the  second  volume  of  Domesday 
are  the  bees,  whose  importance  then  was  far  greater  than  now.  There 
are  numerous  entries  of  rents  paid  partly  in  honey  in  the  other  volume 
of  Domesday,  especially  on  Crown  demesne.3  '  Bee-culture  reached,  to 
all  appearances,  a  high  state  of  cultivation  among  the  Anglo-Saxons,  and 
was  held  in  peculiar  regard  by  the  people  as  the  chief  element  in  a 
favourite  drink.'*  But  it  was  not  only  for  mead  that  bees  had  to  be  kept. 
From  them  was  obtained  also  wax  for  the  church,  and  the  only  substitute 
then  available  for  our  own  sugar.  A  careful  analysis  of  the  entries 
suggests  no  conclusions  save  that  hives  appear  to  have  been  far  more 
common  in  the  north  than  in  the  south  of  the  county.  Their  numbers 
fluctuated,  we  find,  greatly  ;  but  this  may  have  been  sometimes  due  to 
mere  shifting  of  the  hives,  as  where  we  read  of  Prating  and  St.  Osyth, 
which  had  the  same  under-tenant,  that  there  were  six  hives  at  Prating 
where  there  had  been  none,  and  none  at  St.  Osyth's  where  there  had 
been  six  (fo.  75^). 

From  the  laity  we  turn  to  the  clergy  and  their  glebes.  It  was  only 
with  the  clergy  as  holders  of  land  that  Domesday  was  really  concerned, 

1  See  p.  346,  note  I. 

*  In  later  days  one  of  the  manors  in  West  Thurrock  is  said  to  have  been  actually  called  '  Le  Vyne- 
yard'  (Morant).     At  Ashdon  there  was  an  'acre'  of  vineyard  in  1086.  *  See  p.  420  below. 

4  Andrews'  The  OU  English  Manor,  p.  206.      Compare  p.  3  3  5  above. 

383 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

so  that  their  mention  is  merely  incidental.  At  Latton  we  read  of  a 
priest  who  holds  no  less  than  half  a  hide  belonging  to  a  church.  At 
Monksbury  in  Hallingbury  there  had  been  a  priest  who  had  similarly 
'  20  acres,'  but  these  had  been  taken  from  the  church.  So  too  at  Wethers- 
field  Gilbert  the  son  of  Warin  had  obtained  possession  of '  30  acres,'  which 
had  been  held  '  in  almoin '  by  a  priest  in  King  Edward's  time,  and  of 
8 \  acres  'belonging  to  another  church.'  An  interesting  entry  under 
Horndon-on-the-Hill  shows  us  a  deacon  holding  '  30  acres  '  and  a  fourth 
share  in  the  church,  which  is  described  as  of  the  king's  gift  (or  almoin). 
At  Peldon,  where  a  deacon  was  the  tenant-in-chief,1  the  church  had  '  30 
acres,'  which  was  also  the  extent  of  the  glebe  at  Downham,  while  at 
'  Hacflet,'  in  Dengie  Hundred,  it  was  40.  At  High  Easter  the  church 
had  possessed  half  a  hide,  but  this  was  held  of  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville 
by  one  of  his  retainers  at  the  time  of  the  Survey.  An  entry, 
valuable  for  the  origin  of  glebe,  records  that  at  Stiffbrd  the  30  acres 
belonging  to  the  church  had  been  given  to  it  by  neighbours.  No  less 
important  is  an  entry  under  Horndon-on-the-Hill,  which  is  suggestive, 
if  one  may  say  so,  of  an  Anglo-Saxon  '  squarson.'  '  ./Elfric  the  priest 
(a)  free  man '  had  held  there  a  manor  assessed  at  two  hides  and  a  quarter, 
out  of  which  he  had  bestowed  on  '  a  certain  church  '  three-quarters  of 
a  hide,  which  '  Suain  took  away  from  the  church.'  It  is  probable  that 
in  all  these  instances  the  estimate  represents,  not  the  area,  but  the  assess- 
ment in  hides  and  '  geld  '  acres.  The  most  important  endowment  in 
the  county  was  that  of  St.  Peter's,  Colchester,  which  had  possessed  an 
estate  assessed  at  two  hides,  and  had  been  held  in  the  Confessor's  time 
by  two  priests  of  the  king's  gift  (or  almoin).  In  1086  a  quarter  of  this 
estate  was  in  the  hands  of  '  Eudo  dapifer,'  and  the  rest  was  claimed  by 
Robert  son  of  Ralf  de  Ha (s)  tinges.2 

There  are  several  cases  in  Essex  in  which  priests  are  mentioned 
without  glebe.  From  the  evidence  afforded  by  the  adjoining  counties 
of  Middlesex  and  Herts  it  may  safely  be  concluded  that  in  such  cases 
the  priest  is  entered  as  having,  with  the  villeins,  a  part  in  the  agricultural 
system.  Three  successive  entries  of  manors  in  the  valley  of  the  Roding 
(fo.  36^)  are  here  in  point  :  at  Little  Canfield  there  were  '  then  i  priest 
and  9  villeins  ;  now  i  priest  and  7  villeins ' ;  at  the  Roding  which 
follows  we  read  of  i  priest  and  8  villeins,  while  under  the  next  Roding 
we  have  the  suggestive  entry  :  '  Then  3  villeins  ;  now  i  priest  and  4 
villeins.'  So  too  at  Little  Easton  we  have  :  '  Then  5  villeins  and  i 
priest ;  now  i  priest  and  3  villeins  '  ;  and  on  a  Leyton  manor  we  have  : 
'  Then  6  villeins  ;  now  i  priest  and  i  villein.'  A  similar  entry  under 
Great  Easton  records  :  '  Then  1 1  villeins  and  i  priest  ;  now  r  5  villeins 
and  i  priest.'  At  Saling  a  noteworthy  entry  reads  :  '  Then  3  villeins 
and  i  priest ;  afterwards  i  ;  now  2  villeins  and  i  priest.'  These  entries, 
it  will  be  seen,  class  the  priest  with  the  villeins  ;  and  where  there  were 
no  villeins,  he  is  even  classed  with  the  bordars.  The  Saling  entry  is 
immediately  followed  by  one  relating  to  Little  Maplestead,  in  which  we 

1  See  p.  418   below.  3  See  p.  423   below. 

384 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

read  :  '  Then  2  bordars  ;  afterwards  I  ;  now  5  and  i  priest.'  So  too 
at  Chickney,  where  there  were  no  villeins,  we  are  told  that  there  were 
'then  7  bordars  ;  now  i  priest  and  14  bordars.'  The  other  entries  of 
priests  record  simply  the  presence  of  '  a  priest  and  (so  many)  villeins.' 
Such  are  those  on  a  Writtle  manor,  at  Stanstead  Montfichet,  Wimbish, 
Dunmow  (fo.  69),  Lindsell  (fo.  49),  Thundersley  (fo.  76^),  Latton  (78^), 
and  Saling  (fo.  84).  But  a  singular  entry  on  fo.  27  reads  :  'Then  2  men 
dwelt  there  ;  now  i  priest.'  There  is  separate  mention  of  a  priest  at 
Coggeshall,  and  at  (East  or  West)  Ham  we  read  of  three  virgates  which 
had  been  held  by  Edwine,  '  a  free  priest,'  in  King  Edward's  time.  This 
curious  phrase  may  perhaps  be  compared  with  the  '  priest  (a)  free 
man  '  at  Horndon-on-the-Hill. 

Among  the  matters  which  of  late  have  attracted  attention  in 
Domesday  are  the  entries  of  houses  in  towns  belonging  to  rural  manors.1 
Essex  affords  us  several  instances,  and  they  illustrate  a  state  of  things 
which  still  distinguishes  the  county,  namely  that  its  great  towns  are  not 
Chelmsford  in  its  centre,  but  Colchester,  which  is  nearly  at  one  of  its 
extremities,  and  London,  which  is  beyond  the  other.  These  two  towns 
monopolize  the  houses  appendant  to  rural  manors  in  Essex,  though  two 
or  three  of  the  latter  had  rights  in  Sudbury  on  the  Suffolk  border. 
Beginning  with  London,  the  Bishop  of  Durham  had  there,  as  appurtenant 
to  his  manor  of  Waltham  (Abbey),  12  houses  'and  a  gate  which  the 
king  gave  to  the  bishop's  predecessor ' ;  to  Barking  (the  abbey's  manor) 
there  belonged  '  28  houses  and  the  moiety  of  a  church,'  and  West  Thur- 
rock  had  7  houses.  In  Colchester,  at  the  other  end  of  the  county,  were 
several  houses  belonging  to  manors,  which  are  partly  entered  under  those 
manors  and  partly  recorded  in  the  survey  of  the  borough  itself.  Putting 
together  all  these,  and  circling  round  the  town  from  east  to  west,  we 
find  that  Ardleigh  had  two  houses,  Elmstead  one,  West  Mersea  one, 
Great  Wigborough  one,  Tolleshunt  one,  Birch  two,  Peering  two,  and 
Great  Tey  one.2  Further  away,  Terling  to  the  south-west  had  five,  and 
Shalford  to  the  west  three.  The  distribution  of  these  manors  is  worth 
noting.  In  Sudbury  there  belonged  to  Castle  Hedingham  1 5  bur- 
gesses, and  dues  were  payable  thence  to  each  of  the  manors  in  Henny 
(fos.  74,  84^). 

Colchester  will  form  the  subject  of  separate  treatment  below  ;  but 
Maldon,  the  only  other  town  at  that  time  in  the  county,  requires  some 
notice.  It  had  some  180  houses  in  addition  to  the  sites  on  which  had 
stood  1 8  others,  and  its  total  render  under  the  Confessor  was  not  much 
lower  than  that  of  Colchester,  of  which,  however,  it  seems  to  have  been 
less  than  half  the  size.  It  is  remarkable  that  although  the  burgesses  had 
'among  them'  a  considerable  amount  of  live  stock,  165  out  of  the  180 
held  no  land,  which  presents  a  striking  contrast  to  the  state  of  things  at 

1  See  Prof.  Maitland's  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  on  '  Heterogeneous  Tenures  in  the  Boroughs ' 
(pp.  179-8*). 

*   It  is  not   improbable  that  other  manors  in  the  same  district,  such  as  Bromley  and  Peldon,  had 
houses  appurtenant  in  Colchester  (see  pp.  412,  418  below). 

I  385  49 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Colchester.  The  urban  portion  of  Maldon  seems  to  have  been  wholly 
the  king's,  but  Count  Eustace,  Ranulf  Peverel,  and  Suain  of  Essex  all 
had  rural  estates  in  '  Maldon,'  the  largest  and  most  valuable  being 
that  (fo.  73)  in  which  Ranulf  had  succeeded  Siward  ('  of  Maldon ') 
and  which  was  oddly  omitted  by  Morant.  The  most  interesting, 
however,  is  that  of  Suain,  for  it  is  entered  as  sharing  with  the  other 
'  burgesses  '  (although  agricultural)  the  duty  of  rinding  a  horse  (caballum) 
in  the  host  and  of  providing  (faciendam)  a  ship.  The  latter  part  of  the 
service  thus  incidentally  mentioned  is  explained  by  the  charter  of  Henry 
II.,  known  only  through  a  note  in  Morant's  work  (i.  331).  The  king 
therein  limits  the  '  forinsec  '  service  of  the  burgesses  to  the  provision 
of  one  ship  in  the  fleet  (in  exercitu)  for  forty  days  at  their  own  cost 
when  they  are  specially  summoned  by  his  letters  to  provide  it. 

A  few  miscellaneous  matters  may  here  be  grouped  together.  The 
frequent  allegation  of  '  exchange '  should  be  observed  ;  it  would  seem 
that,  when  a  holder  could  not  produce  a  satisfactory  title  to  his  land, 
this  was  the  plea  usually  advanced  to  account  for  its  possession.  A 
somewhat  unusual  dispute  is  referred  to  under  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville's 
fief.  There  are  entered  together  3  manors,  of  which  we  read  that  the 
king  directed  Hugh  de  Berners  to  hold  them  of  Geoffrey,  if  Geoffrey 
could  prove  them  to  belong  to  his  fief  (fo.  61).  Hugh  was  involved 
in  another  dispute,  which  is  entered  among  the  '  Invasiones '  (fo.  ioo<£), 
and  of  which  the  record  is  interesting  but  obscure.  The  practice  of 
assigning  on  manors  where  a  Norman  baron  was  seated  '  small  holdings ' 
to  Norman  retainers  is  illustrated  at  Hatfield  Peverel,  where  '  Serlo, 
Ernulf  and  Richard'  are  named  (fo.  72),  at  (Castle)  Hedingham,  where 
90  '  acres '  are  held  in  varying  amounts  by  four  named  tenants  (fo.  76^), 
and  at  Belchamp  Walter  (which  appears  to  have  been  another  seat  of 
Aubrey  de  Vere),  where  three  such  tenants  are  named  (fo.  77).  Of 
political  events  Harold's  victory  at  Stamford  Bridge,  on  the  eve  of  the 
Conquest,  owes  its  incidental  mention  to  the  fact  that  an  Essex  thegn 
from  Paglesham  took  part  in  his  march  to  the  north  (fo.  15)  ;  and  a 
mysterious  '  naval  battle  against  King  William '  is  referred  to  under 
Kelvedon  Hatch,  the  lord  of  which  had  taken  part  in  it  (fo.  14^).  A 
small  point  connected  with  the  currency  should  not  be  overlooked.  An 
Englishwoman,  who  was  the  holder  of  1 8  acres,  paid  to  the  manor  of 
Stan  way  32  pence  (nommos)  a  year.  The  word  nummus  (or  nommus)  is 
rare  in  Domesday,  but  the  point  to  observe  is  that  this  sum  of  32  pence 
represents  two  ounces  of  silver  *  and  illustrates  the  practice  of  making 
payments  based  on  the  ounce  of  sixteen,  not  of  twenty  pence. 

The  remaining  portion  of  this  introduction  will  deal  with  three 
important  subjects :  (i)  The  identification  of  Domesday  manors  in 
Essex  ;  (2)  the  administrative  division  of  the  county  as  seen  in  the 
Domesday  Hundreds  ;  (3)  the  construction  of  the  text  in  Domesday 
Book  from  the  lost  original  returns  for  each  Hundred. 

Morant,  the  historian  of  Essex,  having  given  great  prominence  to 

1  Compare  Inquisitie  comitatus  Cantabrigiensis,  p.  41,  and  pp.  378  above,  i(.zo,  43Z  below. 

386 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

the  descent  and  identification  of  manors,  it  has  been  generally  and 
naturally  supposed  that  he  could  be  safely  followed.  In  spite  of  the 
somewhat  early  date  (1768)  at  which  his  volumes  were  published,  he 
enjoyed  great  advantages  in  the  fruits  of  his  predecessors'  labours  among 
the  public  records,  especially  in  having  a  complete  collection  of  the 
Inquisitiones  post  mortem.  His  references  show  that  the  materials  required 
for  this  department  of  his  work  were  as  familiar,  virtually,  to  him  as 
to  ourselves,  while  the  plea-rolls  were  even  more  so.  '  I  wanted,'  he 
frankly  confessed  in  his  Preface,  *  no  materials  of  any  kind,  but  only  the 
art  of  digesting  them,  and  how  I  have  executed  that  part  is  left  to  the 
reader's  candour  and  judgment.'  It  would  be  profitless  and  most  unfair 
to  criticize  the  writer  for  having  failed  to  utilize  records  which  we  our- 
selves possess  in  a  far  more  convenient  form  ;  nor  would  one  imitate  his 
somewhat  ungenerous  mention  of  his  predecessor,  Salmon,  in  speaking 
of  the  '  poor  use  he  had  made  of  the  excellent  materials  in  his  possession.' 
But  as,  privately  and  officially,  great  reliance  has  been  placed  on  his 
identification  of  manors,  it  will  be  necessary  to  give  at  some  length  the 
reasons  for  rejecting  it  in  certain  cases.  Where  the  proof  is  a  simple 
one,  a  note  to  the  text  will  suffice  ;  but  at  times  a  somewhat  elaborate 
argument  is  needed  to  establish  an  identity,  and  as  all  manorial  history 
rests  on  right  identification,  no  apology  is  needed  for  the  length  of  the 
indispensable  demonstrations  which  will  be  found  below.  Morant  had 
a  firm  grasp  of  the  key  to  manorial  descent,  namely  the  relation  of 
manors  to  the  great  feudal  '  Honours  '  ;  but  where  the  descent  of  an 
Honour  conflicted  with  his  own  erroneous  identification,  he  appears  to 
have  put  it  aside. 

The  most  frequent  error  of  the  older  county  historians  in  identifying 
the  names  of  Domesday  manors  was  that  of  jumping  at  some  resemblance 
more  or  less  superficial  or  remote.  It  was  thus  that  Morant  discovered 
Pleshey  in  '  Plesinchou,'  Althorne  in  'Altenai,'  Chigwell  in  'Cinguehella,' 
RifFhams  in  '  Richeham,'  and  Beeches  in  '  Bacheneia.'  This  erratic 
guesswork  is  now,  one  would  hope,  obsolete,  although  we  have  a  startling 
instance  to  the  contrary  in  the  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  where  '  Alfer- 
stone  '  (p.  505)  is  identified  with  perfect  confidence  by  the  official  editor 
as  Alphamstone  (p.  1089),  a  sheer  guess  which  the  tests  he  claims  to 
have  applied  to  his  identifications  (pp.  ccclxxix.— ccclxxx.)  would  have 
shown  at  once  to  be  wrong.  One  has  only  to  consult  the  index  to 
Morant  to  discover  that  *  Alferestuna,'  as  it  is  styled  in  Domesday,  was 
the  manor  of  Bigods  in  Dunmow,  in  quite  another  part  of  the  county. 
The  other  extremity  of  error  is  reached  by  those  students  of '  phonology  ' 
who  endeavour  to  apply  to  Domesday  forms  what  they  term  the  laws 
of  sound,  and  thus  to  connect  these  forms  with  the  names  which  now 
represent  them.  Essex  affords  some  striking  examples  of  the  absolute 
futility  of  this  method.  For  instance,  Odo,  Bishop  of  Bayeux,  in  1086, 
held  land  at  two  places,  both  named  '  Torinduna.'  One  of  these  is  now 
Thorndon  (corruptly  Horndon)  in  the  south-west ;  the  other  is  Thor- 
rington  in  the  north-east.  Even  more  remarkable  is  the  snare  involved 

387 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

in  '  Legra.'  This  is,  rightly,  the  equivalent  of  Layer,  the  common 
name  of  a  group  of  villages  in  Winstree  Hundred.  But  it  is  also  em- 
ployed in  Domesday,  unlikely  though  it  may  appear,  for  Great  Lees  in 
the  heart  of  the  county,  and  for  Leigh  on  the  Thames  as  well.  On 
the  other  hand,  one  of  the  Layer  manors  is  actually  entered  as  '  Lega.' 
Lastly,  there  is  some  reason  to  believe  that,  in  one  entry,  '  Witham  ' 
denotes,  not  Witham,  but  a  manor  of  Whettenharn  in  Dengie  Hundred, 
now  represented  by  '  Whitmans  '  farm. 

What  is  really  required  for  the  task  of  identification  is,  not  a  know- 
ledge of  '  Aryan  roots '  or  of  '  sound-laws  '  with  alarming  names,  but 
practical  common  sense.  A  working  acquaintance  with  the  great  record 
will  enable  the  student  to  discover  the  modern  equivalents  of  '  Eltenai ' 
or  '  Altenai '  and  of  '  Bacheneia '  in  such  existing  names  as  Iltney  and 
Beckney  respectively,  and  yet  to  allow  for  the  Domesday  scribe's  occa- 
sional eccentricity,  and  for  the  no  less  eccentric  perversions  to  which 
local  names  have  been  subjected  by  generations  of  peasants,  by  ill-informed 
constructors  of  maps,  or  by  too  ingenious  antiquaries. 

I  have  spoken  above  of  the  necessity  for  checking  our  identifications 
of  Domesday  manors  by  bearing  in  mind  the  descent  of  the  '  Honours ' 
to  which  they  belonged.  In  Essex  the  entirely  distinct  '  Honours  '  of 
Peverel  of  Nottingham  and  Peverel  of  London,  which  at  the  time  of 
Domesday  were  respectively  held  by  William  Peverel  and  Ranulf  Peverel, 
were  both  represented.  Fairsted  and  a  manor  in  Stebbing  were  held 
of  the  latter,  but  Morant  inexplicably  confused  the  two  distinct  Honours, 
and  accounted  for  the  subsequent  possession  of  these  manors  by  the 
Ferrers  family  by  the  intermarriage  of  Ferrers  with  Peverel  of  Notting- 
ham, the  founder  of  which  latter  family  he  made  a  son  of  Ranulf 
Peverel  (ii.  119,  4-I3).1  Where  Ferrers  did,  it  would  seem,  succeed  the 
Peverels  of  Nottingham  was  at  Thurrock,  now  Grays  (Thurrock).  For 
the  charter  by  which  Henry  '  de  Grai '  obtained  a  confirmation  of  this 
'  Turroc '  in  1195  expressly  recites  that  it  'is  of  the  fee  of  Earl  De 
Ferrers.' 3  Grays  therefore  must  have  been  the  '  Turruc  '  held  by 
William  Peverel  in  1086,  and  not  that,  as  Morant  assumed,  which 
was  held  by  the  Count  of  Eu.  This  latter  can  be  absolutely  proved 
to  be  identical  with  West  Thurrock.3 

A  curious  example  of  the  confused  skein  that  has  to  be  disentangled 
is  afforded  by  Morant's  history  of  the  manor  of  Braham  Hall  in  Ardleigh. 
He  identified  it  as  that  portion  of  Ardleigh  which  is  entered  in  Domes- 
day as  held  by  Richard  FitzGilbert  (de  Clare)  ;  but  he  traced  its  descent, 
as  '  Braham,'  through  the  heirs  of  Montfichet.  To  account  for  this  he 
asserted  that  Richard's  '  successors  took  the  name  of  Montfichet '  (i.  439), 
although  the  Montfichets,  as  he  well  knew,  were  the  successors  of  Robert 
Gernon,  not  of  Richard  FitzGilbert.4  The  whole  difficulty  thus  created 
disappears  at  once  when  we  discover  that  the  '  Braham  '  held  by  Mont- 
fichet's  heirs  was  the  manor  of  Brantham  in  Suffolk,  which  was  Robert 

1   See  also  p.  34.6  above.  a  Cart.  Ant.  DD.  13. 

3  See  my  paper  on  '  Castle  Guard  '  in  Arch.  Joum.  lix.  153.  4  See  p.  347  above.  - 

388 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

Gernon's  in  Domesday  and  which  had  nothing  to  do  with  Ardleigh. 
A  similar  case  is  that  of  Burnham,  where  Morant  believed  the  Hodeng 
family  to  have  held  a  considerable  estate  (i.  364  ;  ii.  379).  The  place 
however  with  which  they  had  to  do  was  not  the  Essex,  but  the  Bucking- 
hamshire Burnham,  famous  for  its  beeches.  In  these  instances  of  course 
it  might  be  urged  that  the  history  of  other  counties  was  not  so  accessible 
to  Morant  as  it  is  to  ourselves.  But  this  explanation  will  not  account 
for  the  cases  in  which  he  gave  as  history  a  manorial  descent  which  was 
merely  an  erroneous  guess  of  his  own.  The  descent  of  Thorrington  was 
traced  by  him  through  three  generations  of  the  house  of  Anestie  till  it 
passed  by  marriage  to  Montchensy  (i.  450).  But  the  house  of  Anestie 
had  never  had  anything  to  do  with  Thorrington,  which  was  one  of  those 
Essex  manors  which  the  great  house  of  Montchensy  obtained  as  successors 
to  its  Domesday  tenant,  Ralf  the  son  of  Turold.  Morant,  knowing  that 
they  had  obtained  some  Anestie  manors  by  marriage,  merely  guessed 
that  Thorrington  was  among  them.1  Even  more  extraordinary  was  his 
treatment  of  Blunts  Hall,  which  he  asserted  to  have  been  held  by  the 
great  Blund  family,  and  to  have  passed  with  their  heiress  to  the  house 
of  Valognes  (ii.  108),  although  both  statements  are  altogether  imaginary 
and  are  even  disproved  by  his  own  evidence.* 

The  case  of  Great  and  Little  Birch  is  a  further  instance.  An  In- 
quisition of  May  9,  1275,  taken  after  the  death  of  Aveline,  Countess  of 
Lancaster,  and  cited  in  two  places  by  Morant  himself, 3  proves  that  Little 
Birch  was  one  of  a  group  of  manors  held  of  her,  as  one  of  the  heirs  of 
Robert  Gernon's  barony,  by  Robert  de  Verley.  Among  these  manors 
were  those  of  Salcot  (Verley)  and  Gernons  in  Tolleshunt  (Darcy),  both 
of  which  are  entered  in  Domesday  as  held  of  Robert  Gernon  by  Robert 
de  '  VerhY  This  group  was  held  as  four  knights'  fees,  and  was  one  of 
those  which  are  found  as  so  held  in  the  Montfichet  carta  of  1166.* 
From  this  evidence  we  learn  that  the  *  Bricia '  entered  in  Domesday  as 
held  by  Robert  Gernon  was  Little  Birch,  and  that  '  Robert,'  its  under- 
tenant, was  Robert  de  Verli.  Yet  Morant  identified  it  as  Great  Birch 
in  the  teeth  of  the  evidence  printed  by  himself.  Moreover  his  own 
history  of  the  manor  of  '  William  a  Birches '  in  Great  Birch  proves 
clearly  that  it  was  held  of  the  Montfort  '  Honour  of  Haughley '  and 
must  therefore  be  identified  with  Hugh  de  Montfort's  Domesday  manor 
of  Layer  ('  Legra  '),  to  which  it  adjoins.  And  yet  he  makes  that '  Legra  ' 
to  be  identical  with  two  manors  in  Layer  de  la  Hay,  which  he  could 
not  connect  in  any  way  with  Hugh  de  Montfort  (i.  41 1-2). 

The  connection  of  Hugh  de  Montfort's  fief  with  the  constableship 
of  Dover  is  often  of  great  assistance  in  helping  us  to  trace  his  manors. 
Domesday  assigns  to  him  one  manor  situate  in  Chelmsford  Hundred, 
makes  it  the  subject  of  a  long  entry,  and  names  it  *  Bedenesteda.'  As 

1  Sec  my  paper  on  'The  Descent  of  Thorrington  '  in  Essex  Arch,  Trans,  [n.s.]  viii.  373-4. 
1  See  my  paper  on  '  Trcgoz  of  Tolleshunt  Tregoz'  in  Essex  Arch.  Trans,  [n.s.]  viii.  331-2. 
1  Vol.  i.  423  ;  ii.  184.     This  particular  portion  of  the  return  appears  to  be  now  lost. 
*  ReJ  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  349.     It  was  probably  the  first  on  the  list. 

389 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

Hugh's  fief  was  subsequently  known  as  the  Honour  of  Haughley  or  of 
'  the  Constabulary,'  we  ought  to  be  able  to  trace  this  manor  among  the 
fees  which  owed  castle  ward  at  Dover,  several  lists  of  which  are  pre- 
served.1 From  one  of  these  we  fortunately  learn  that  Robert  de  Scales 
held  of  the  Honour  of  Haughley  one  fee  '  in  Bedenestede  in  Essexa.' 2 
Morant  alleged,  somewhat  vaguely,  that  the  manor  lay  in  West  Hanning- 
field  and  Rettendon,  and  that  its  name  was  preserved  in  '  Bensted 
Common  '  (ii.  38-9),  which  is  no  longer  found  on  the  map.  But  the 
above  entry  leads  us  to  look  for  some  manor  in  Chelmsford  Hundred 
held  by  the  Scales  family  ;  and  this  we  find  in  Sandon.  Moreover 
Sandon  is  known  to  have  been  held  as  one  fee  '  of  the  castle  of  Dover.' 3 
and  to  have  paid  ten  shillings  to  its  castle-guard  :  in  both  these  respects  it 
answers  to  '  Bedenesteda.'  Therefore  although  '  there  is  no  mention  of 
it,'  according  to  Morant,  'in  Domesday'  (ii.  26),  I  cannot  hesitate  to 
see  it  in  the  '  Bedenesteda  '  of  the  Survey.  Hugh's  manor  however  was 
only  one  portion  of  it  ;  another  manor  is  entered  in  Domesday  (although 
Morant  ignored  the  entry)  as  in  '  Bedenesteda,'  and  as  held  of  Robert 
son  of  Corbutio,  the  devolution  of  whose  fief  is  somewhat  obscure.  It 
is  probable  that  there  were  two  distinct  manors,  which  Morant,  as  in 
another  instance,  has  confused. 

The  student  has  also  to  be  warned  against  a  strange  liberty  which 
Morant  took  with  his  records.  The  returns  of  knights'  fees  in  1166 
record  the  names  of  knights  who  held  of  a  tenant-in-chief,  but  not  the 
names  of  the  places  in  which  their  lands  were  held.  Morant  supplied 
the  latter  out  of  his  own  imagination.  Kewton  or  Cuton  Hall,  for  in- 
stance, is  an  ancient  manor  in  Springfield,  of  which  the  name  would  lead 
us  to  look  for  it  in  Domesday.  There  is  a  '  Keuentuna '  in  its  own 
Hundred  of  Chelmsford,  and  when  Kewton  Hall  first  appears  in  1372, 
we  find  it  held  of  the  heir  of  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville,  the  Domesday 
lord  of  '  Keuentuna.'  Morant  however  tells  us  that  this  Domesday 
manor  was  Camseys  in  Felsted,  and  was  so  called  because,  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  II.,  '  it  was  holden  by  Henry  de  Camse,  as  a  knight's  fee,'  of 
Earl  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville  (ii.  418).  We  turn  to  his  authority  only 
to  find  that  it  names  no  locality,  and  that  Henry's  fee  might  as  well  have 
been,  and  probably  was,  in  East  Tilbury,  where  on  his  own  showing  the 
Camsey  family  held,  under  the  heirs  of  Mandeville,  one  knight's  fee 
(i.  233).  Felsted,  one  may  add,  is  just  beyond  the  border  of  Chelms- 
ford Hundred,  nor  is  there  anything  in  Domesday  or  in  any  subsequent 
record  to  connect  Geoffrey  or  his  heirs  with  any  land  in  the  parish. 

Kewton  in  Springfield  adjoins  Boreham,  which  affords  us  another 
example  of  a  modern  parish  representing  more  than  one  of  the  ancient 

1  No  fewer  than  four  such  lists  are  contained  in  the  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  and  they  all  name 
this  manor  (pp.  614,  706,  718,  742).     In  one,  which  is  cited  in  the  next  note,  the  editor  places  it  (as 
'  Bensted ')  in  Essex  ;  in  the  other  three  he  assigns  it,  in  inexplicable  error,  to  Kent  (compare  Arch. 
Journ.  lix.  155). 

2  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  742. 

3  See  Inquisitions  of  10  Hen.  V.  and  1 1  Hen.  VI.  cited  by  Morant  under  Sandon,  and  that  of  23 
Sept.  25  Hen.  VIII.  (1533)  on  Thomas  Tamworth. 

390 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

place-names  entered  as  distinct  in  Domesday.  For  I  have  identified  its 
'  Culverts  '  with  the  '  Richeham  '  of  the  Survey,1  while  the  '  Walfara  ' 
of  Domesday  preserved  its  name  as  a  manor  in  Boreham  of  which  even 
the  identity  appears  to  be  now  lost.  It  is  of  some  importance  to  keep 
in  view  this  type  of  Essex  parish  composed  of  several  distinct  '  vills,' 
because  the  more  salient  Essex  type  is  one  which  will  have  to  be  dis- 
cussed below,  namely  that  in  which  several  parishes  represent  a  single 
ancient  name.  It  is  obvious  that  the  marked  contrast  between  these  op- 
posite types — a  contrast  which  the  Domesday  map  brings  into  strong 
relief — may  have  an  important  bearing  on  the  early  settlement  of  the 
county.  For  the  present  I  will  only  cite  two  more  instances  of  parishes 
representing  an  aggregate  of  Domesday  '  vills.'  Finchingfield  includes 
Boyton  ('  Boituna ')  and  Ashwell  ('  Assewella ')  ;  and  Arkesden  com- 
prised the  '  vills  '  of  Eynesworth  ('  Eineswrda  ')  and  '  Wiggepet,'  of 
which  the  very  names  are  now  lost,2  while  their  identity  was  '  not  to  be 
distinguished'  when  Morant  wrote  (ii.  588).  I  have  succeeded  however 
in  tracing  them  by  the  help  of  the  (Saffron)  Walden  cartulary.* 

We  will  now  turn  to  what  is,  perhaps,  for  the  task  of  identification 
the  most  difficult  Hundred  in  the  county,  namely  that  of  Dengie  (the 
'  Witbrictesherna '  of  the  text).  Of  the  twenty-one  parishes  in  the 
Hundred,  the  names  of  no  fewer  than  seven  *  are  not  to  be  found  in 
Domesday.  On  the  other  hand,  there  are  several  manors  named  in  the 
great  Survey  of  which  the  identity  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible  to  de- 
termine ;  and  wild  guesses  have  naturally  led  to  almost  hopeless  con- 
fusion. Althorne  is  not  represented  by  the  '  Eltenai '  (or  '  Altenai ')  of 
Domesday,'  which  is  proved  by  the  St.  John's  Cartulary  to  have  been 
Iltney  in  Mundon.  The  '  Acleta  '  of  Eudo  Dapifer  cannot  represent 
Asheldam,8  which  must,  from  the  evidence  of  records,  have  been  held 
by  Suain  of  Essex.  '  Eistanes '  is  Little  Easton  and  not  Stow  Maries.7 
The  '  Lachentuna '  of  Hugh  de  Montfort  is  Latchingdon  itself  (as  the 
very  records  cited  by  Morant  prove),  and  not  a  manor  in  Purleigh  ;  and 
it  is  nothing  but  a  guess  that  '  Ulwinescherham '  was  Steeple  (which 
was  '  Stepla '  in  Domesday)  or  that  '  Weneswic  '  was  Westwick  in 
Burnham,  an  identity  which  the  records  cited  by  Morant  himself  put 
out  of  the  question. 

It  is  easier,  in  the  case  of  this  Hundred,  to  demolish  than  to  recon- 
struct. But  in  one  case  at  least  an  important  identity  can  be  proved. 
The  great  parish  of  Bradwell-by-the-Sea  contains  rather  over  5,000 
acres  ;  and  in  it,  as  we  might  expect,  were  several  distinct  manors. 
Morant  believed  that  Bradwell  Hall,  which  formed  its  south-western 
portion,  was  the  '  Effecestre '  of  Domesday,  and  that  Down  Hall,  to  the 
north,  was  its  '  Duna  '  ;  Battails  he  could  not  identify  in  Domesday,  and  of 
East  Hall  he  began  the  history  in  1627.  But  I  have  identified  the  two 

1  See  p.  387  above,  p.  519  below. 

*  It  would  seem  possible  that  the  former  name  is  preserved  in   the  surname  Ainsworth  ;  for  the 
'  Eilcsford  '  and  '  Eilesberia  '  of  Domesday  are  now  Aylesford  and  Aylesbury.        *  See  pp.  476,  568  below. 

*  Althorne,  Asheldam,  Bradwell,  Mayland,  St.  Lawrence,  Snoreham  and  Stow  Maries. 

»  Morant,  i.  361.  '  Ibid.  i.  367,  and  p.  393  below.  7  See  p.  3Q3  below. 

391 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

portions  of  which  '  Effecestre  '  was  composed  in  1086  as  the  manors  of 
Battails  and  of  East  Hall.1  The  latter  was  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
parish  towards  the  chapel  of  '  St.  Peter-on-the-Wall,'  which  marks  the 
site  of  'Ithancestre.'  The  test  of  '  pasture  for  sheep  '  applies  here  again  ; 
for  we  read  that  '  Effecestre  '  had  'pasture  for  500,'  and  the  marshes  of 
Bradwell  lie  on  its  eastern  side.  Its  infinitely  larger  manor  of  '  Duna  ' 
had  only  pasture  for  150.  The  owners  of  Battails  and  of  East  Hall  are 
brought  into  conjunction  by  a  fine  of  9  John  (1207),  when  the  Abbot 
of  St.  Valery  granted  to  Aumari  Battaile  land  lying  in  '  La  Waule  '  with 
the  marsh  of  Garemundecote  and  right  of  way  thereto.8  '  La  Waule,' 
doubtless,  like  the  chapel  of  St.  Peter,  derived  its  name  from  the  wall 
there.3 

We  have  still  to  account  for  the  rest  of  Bradwell.  Morant  identi- 
fied Down  Hall  with  holdings  of  Eudo  Dapifer  and  Ranulf  Peverel  in 
'  Duna,'  which  amounted  to  a  little  over  seven  hides  ;  but  he  oddly  over- 
looked Ranulf  Peverel's  other  holding  in  '  Duna,'  which  is  entered  as  no 
less  than  fourteen  hides.  Finding  that  part  of  Bardulf's  fee,  which  is 
known  to  have  been  Bradwell  Hall,  was  held  of  the  Honour  of  Peverel,4 
I  strongly  suspected  that  this  also  had  once  been  part  of  '  Duna.'  And 
this  suspicion  became  certainty  on  finding  the  sheriff  accounting  in  1 166 
for  jTio  from  'Duna,'  the  king's  brother's  share.5  For  'the  king's 
brother'  was  William  (d.  1164),  who  had  enfeoffed  Thomas  Bardulf  at 
Bradwell  Hall.6  The  sheriffs  of  Essex  continued  to  account  for  this  £10 
a  year  till  Easter,  1 174,  when  Seiher  le  Chien,  a  Fleming,  and  Boidin 
Ailet  were  given  by  the  Crown  the  lands  in  '  Duna '  which  this  rent 
represented,  to  hold  by  serjeanty  in  war.7  Such  was  the  origin  of  the 
manor  of  Down  Hall,  which  represents  the  portion  of  '  Duna  '  remaining 
to  William,  '  the  king's  brother,'  after  he  had  granted  to  Thomas  Bardulf 
what  was  afterwards  Bradwell  Hall. 

Another  identity  can  be  established  with  almost  equal  certainty. 
Asheldham,  from  a  very  early  period,  descended  with  Little  Horkesley 
as  part  of  the  Honour  of  Rayleigh  ;  8  its  church  was  given  by  Robert 

1  For  Battails  was  held  of  the  Honour  of  Haughley,  and  was  therefore  the  portion  of  Hugh  de 
Montfort ;  and  East  Hall  belonged  to  New  College,  which  body  had  obtained  the  lands  of  St.  Valery, 
the  Domesday  owner  of  the  other  portion. 

2  Feet  of  Fines  for  Essex,  p.  42  (No.  232).     The  Abbey's  marsh  of  'Gurmonds'  occurs  in   1308, 
when  the  cattle  were  sometimes  prevented  by  the  tide  from  reaching  it  (Morant,  i.  377). 

3  Both  East  Hall  and  Battails  are  entered  as  in  '  Walle '  or  '  Walla  'in  1212  (Testa  de  Nevill,  pp. 
268-9),  so  that  this  name  had  at  that  time  replaced  '  Effecestre.' 

4  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  740.     Compare  Testa  de  Nevill,  pp.  264,  278. 

5  'De  Duna  parte  fratris  Regis '  (Pipe  Roll,  12  Hen.  II.  p.  126). 

6  Testa  de  Nevill,  p.  268  ;  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  499. 

7  Pipe  Roll,  20  Hen.  II.  p.  68.     It  is  specially  interesting  to  note  that  they  received  this  land  '  by 
writ  of  Richard  de  Luci,'  who  was  then  in  the  thick  of  his  struggle  with  the  king's  enemies.     They 
were  doubtless  alien  mercenaries  brought  over  by  him  for  war.     It  is  abundantly  proved  that  Seiher  re- 
ceived £6  worth  of  the  land  and  Boidin  £4.  (Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  507  ;  Testa  de  Nevill,  p.  268). 
Seiher's  portion  passed  by  gift  to  Henry  de  Tibetot,  and  that  of  Boidin  was  subsequently  leased  by 
Thomas  '  de  Duna.'     The  record  from  which  we  learn  this  speaks   of  them  both  as  in  '  La  Waule ' 
(Red  Book,  p.   804  ;  Testa,  p.   272),  a  place   which,  naturally  enough,   baffled  the  Red  Book's  editor 
(see  note  above).     Morant  knew  nothing  of  all  the  above  story,  and  confused  the  holding  of  the  family 
of  'de  la  Dune'  (£4  a  year)  with  that  of  Henry  de  Tibetot  (i.  376). 

8  This  is  shown  by  the  evidence  cited  by  Morant  himself  under  Asheldham. 

392 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

Fitz  Godebold,  about  the  time  of  Henry  I.,  to  the  priory  he  founded  at 
Little  Horkesley,  and  the  two  manors  were  subsequently  held  by  the 
family  which  took  its  name  from  Horkesley.  We  have  then  to  look  for 
Asheldham  among  the  manors  in  this  Hundred  held  by  Suain  of  Essex. 
One  of  these  was  at  Iltney  j1  the  other  was  '  Haintuna  '  or  '  Hainctuna.'  * 
We  are  thus  forced  to  the  conclusion  that  '  Haintuna  '  and  Asheldham 
were  identical,  an  identity  supported  by  the  fact  that  Domesday  assigns 
to  the  former  some  acres  of  meadow,  meadow  being  rarely  met  with 
in  the  Hundred  ;  for  Asheldham  is  watered  by  '  Asheldham  brook.' 
The  name  of  '  Haintuna  '  appears  to  be  lost,  but  we  can  recognize  it  in 
that  '  Aintune'  which  occurs  in  a  fine  of  9  Richard  I.  (1197-8),  to 
which  the  wife  of  Walter  '  de  Aledhorn '  [Althorne]  is  a  party.8 

But  perhaps  the  most  unexpected  and  most  interesting  discovery  in 
the  Hundred  is  that  of  the  identity,  in  Domesday,  of  what  is  now  Stow 
Maries.  Of  one  grave  error  we  may  dispose  decisively  and  at  once. 
The  rich  manor  of  '  Eistanes,'  held  by  Walter  the  Deacon,  is  placed,  no 
doubt,  by  Domesday,  in  Dengie  Hundred  between  two  entries  relating 
to  Purleigh.  It  was  identified  by  Morant  with  the  manor  of  Stow 
Maries,  his  grounds  being  thus  stated  : — 

What  makes  me  conclude  that  this  is  the  place  called  in  Domesday  Book 
'  Eistanes '  is  first  because  Walter  the  Deacon  held  it,  who  had  manors  in  the  neigh- 
bouring Purley  ;  next  that  a  manor  here  was  called  Hayes,  which  had  an  alternate  in 
presenting  to  the  living.  I  would  therefore  suppose  the  ancient  name  [of  Stow  Maries] 
to  have  been  'East  Hayes'  (i.  350). 

Mr.  Chisenhale-Marsh,  who  accepted  this  conclusion  with  hesitation, 
pointed  out  that  Morant  had,  in  this,  followed  Salmon.  The  real  iden- 
tity of  '  Eistanes  '  is  not  a  subject  for  doubt  ;  it  is  the  manor  of  Little 
Easton,  far  away  in  Dunmow  Hundred,  the  head  of  Walter's  barony. 
Its  extensive  woodland,  mentioned  in  Domesday,  is  now  represented  by 
Easton  Park.  Morant,  having  thus  deprived  himself  of  its  chief  Domes- 
day equivalent,  boldly  supplied  its  place  by  William  de  Warenne's 
*  Estanes  '  (ii.  430),  although  his  own  evidence  proves  that  this  was  the 
manor  of  Blamsters  in  Great  Easton  (ii.  434). 

As  for  the  manor  of  Hayes  in  the  parish  of  Stow  Maries,  Morant 
found  it  in  the  '  Haintuna '  of  Domesday,  which  I  have  identified  with 
Asheldham,  while  Mr.  Chisenhale-Marsh  suggested  that  it  might  lurk  in 
the  Domesday  '  Halesduna.'  But  the  latter  appears  as  a  true  place-name 
in  a  charter  which  suggests  that  it  should  be  looked  for  somewhere  in 
Mundon.*  And,  to  prove  that  there  was  a  manor  called  '  East  Whyten- 
ham,'  Morant  cites  a  fine  of  1 342  for  the  manor  of  that  name  '  and 

1  It  reappears  as  '  Eltenhey,'  held  of  the  Honour  of  Rayleigh,  in  1303  and  1428  (sec  F eudal  Aids, 
i.  133,  217,  where  however  it  is  not  identified). 

8  I  have  suggested  that  the  entries  under  these  names  are  duplicates  (see  p.  410  below). 

8  Feet  of  fines  for  Essex,  i.  12. 

*  Warner  son  of  Richard  Petitsirc  granted  to  the  Abbot  of  Colchester  (who  was  lord  of  Mundon), 
'  et  hominibus  suis  de  Hailisdune,'  right  of  way  on  the  street  running  from  west  to  east  to  the  land  of 
Geoffrey  de  Hauckestune,  '  a  transversu  illius  vie  tjue  venit  de  Wiggebruge  versus  Mcldonam  '  (Cokhester 
Cartulary,  p.  623). 

i  393  50 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

lands  in  Haylesdon,  Munden  and  Mayland  '  (i.  349).1  This  manor  of 
'  East  Whytenham '  leads  us  to  another  inquiry.  The  only  manor 
Morant  could  discover  was  that  of  '  West  Whetenham  and  Flambards ' 
in  the  parish  of  Cold  Norton  (i.  349).  Yet  he  knew  that  'in  1294 
John  de  Wytenham  held  of  Philip  Burnel  in  Wytenham  in  the  parish 
of  Stow  (Maries)  one  carucate  of  land  by  the  service  of  a  knight  and  a 
half  (i.  350).  Now  due  east  of  Flambards,  the  manor-house  of  West 
Whettenham  (afterwards  '  West  Whetnams  '),  we  still  find  '  Whitmans,' 
five  furlongs  off.  I  feel  confident  that  '  Whitmans  '  is  a  mere  corruption 
of  Whitnams,  and  that  it  represents  the  lost  East  Whittenham.3  We 
may  now  take  a  step  further.  Philip  Burnel  held  an  estate  formed  of 
manors  which  Robert  Gernon  had  held  in  1086,  and  the  house  of 
Montfichet  after  him.  Accordingly  we  find  a  Roger  '  de  Wytenham  ' 
holding  by  knight  service  of  Richard  de  Montfichet  ;  3  and,  working 
back  to  Domesday,  we  discover  Robert  Gernon  holding  a  hide  and  a 
half  in  '  Witham  '  as  well  as  a  manor  in  Purleigh.  It  has  been  naturally 
supposed  by  the  historians  of  Essex  that  this  entry  relates  to  Witham 
where  Robert  Gernon  had  a  manor,  which  is  entered  in  its  proper  place. 
But  as  Domesday  assigns  the  above  '  Witham,'  like  Purleigh,  to  Dengie 
Hundred,  it  was  probably  the  existing  '  Whitnams,'  which  immediately 
adjoins  Purleigh.4 

For  Stow  Maries  I  have  now  to  suggest  a  novel  identification.  The 
evidence  cited  by  Morant  himself  (i.  350)  shows  that  it  was  held  of  the 
Bohuns,  the  heirs  of  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville,  as  two  knights'  fees.  Now 
Domesday  assigns  to  Geoffrey,  in  this  Hundred,  the  manors  of  '  Fenna  ' 
(or  '  Phenna  '  6)  and  (apparently)  '  Weneswic.'  On  turning  to  the  carta 
of  his  heir,  eighty  years  later,  we  find  a  '  Willelmus  de  Fenna  '  holding 
of  him  two  knights'  fees  ;  8  and  these,  I  suggest,  clearly  represent  Stow 
Maries.  It  is  interesting  to  observe  that  this  parish,  which  from  Stow 
Creek  to  Clements  Green  Creek  abuts  on  the  Crouch,  adjoins  Fambridge, 
which  appears  to  have  derived  its  name  '  Fanbruge  '  or  '  Phenbruge  ' 
from  the  fen  formed  by  the  Crouch,  while,  to  its  west,  '  Fen  creek  '  leads 
up  to  '  Woodham  fen.' 7 

Althorne,    which    was    wrongly    identified    by    Morant    with    the 

1  The  '  Hailesdune '  of  Domesday  became  Hellesdon  in  Norfolk,  and  in  Lincolnshire  its  '  Hain- 
tune '  is  now  '  Hainton.'     It  is  most  improbable  therefore  on  this  ground  that  Hayes,  in  Essex,  repre- 
sents either  '  Haintuna  '  or  '  Halesduna.'     From  the  latter,  doubtless,  the  Robert  '  de  Halesdon  '  of 
Ancient  Deeds,  A.  538,  derived  his  name. 

2  This  corruption  is  similar  to  that  by  which,  as  I  have  shown  in  a  note  to  the  text  (p.   456),  the 
'  Samantuna '  of  Domesday  became  Sampton,  and  is  now  represented  by  Sampsons.     The  addition  also 
of  the  final '»'  is  found  in  Dengie  Hundred,  where  the  '  Uleham '  of  Domesday  is  now  '  Uleham's  farm.' 

3  Testa  de  Nevill,  pp.  263,  277. 

4  The  Berkshire  Wittenham   is  represented  by  three  entries  in  Domesday,  in  all  of  which  it  is 
'  Witeham.' 

8  I  have  suggested  that  these  entries  are  duplicates  (see  p.  410  below). 

6  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  346. 

7  I  have  not  been  able  to  identify  '  Weneswic  '  in  this  Hundred,  but  it  may  just  conceivably  be  re- 
presented by  '  Wellinditch,'  a  farm  in  Stow  Maries,  which  adjoins  '  Morris '  farm,  of  which  the  name  is 
corrupted  from  '  Mareys,'  the  family  who  gave  name  to  the  parish  (it  is  Mareys  on  Morant's  map). 

Although  one  does  not  associate  the  word  '  fen  '  with  Essex,  the  name  of  '  Orsett  fen '  (as  it  is  still 
termed)  is  found  at  an  early  date.    '  Bulphan  fen '  is  near  it. 

394 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

'  Altenai '  or  c  Eltenai '  of  Domesday  (i.e.  Iltney),  is  not  named  in  the 
great  Survey.  But  its  history  shows  that  this  was  because  it  was  then 
reckoned,  for  the  most  part  at  least,  as  belonging  to  the  manor  of  South- 
minster.  That  great  manor  of  the  Bishop  of  London  was  assessed  at 
thirty  hides  and  probably  extended  some  eight  miles,  as  the  crow  flies, 
east  and  west.  The  valuable  list  of  the  bishop's  knights  in  1212*  shows 
us  '  Alestorn  '  held  as  three  knights'  fees  and  consisting  of  four  carucates  ; 
but  the  first  occurrence  of  the  name,  perhaps,  is  found  in  the  earlier  list  of 
his  knights  which  belongs  to  1166;*  among  them  occurs  Walter  '  de 
Aletor.'  The  manor  of  Mayland  (Hall)  adjoining  Althorne  and  South- 
minster  appears  to  have  been  similarly  treated  as  part  of  the  latter  in 
Domesday,  where  its  name  is  not  found.  Walter  '  de  la  Maylande  ' 
held  of  the  bishop  a  carucate  in  Althorne  in  1212. 

There  remain  however  in  Dengie  Hundred,  among  its  Domesday 
manors,  not  only  several,  mentioned  above,  of  which  the  identity  is 
doubtful,  but  others  on  which  it  has  not  yet  been  possible  to  throw  any 
light.  Such  are  the  king's  '  Ulwinescherham,'  Bishop  Odo's  '  Hacflet,' 
Eudo  Dapifer's  '  Wringehala,'  *  Landuna'  and  '  Acleta,'  Hugh  de  Mont- 
fort's  '  Estoleia,'  and  Hamo  Dapifer's  '  Carseia.'  Of  these  the  most  pro- 
voking is  '  Hacflet,'  for  a  century  later  we  meet  with  it  as  '  Hackeflete,'3 
with  a  glebe  reckoned,  as  in  Domesday,  at  40  acres,  and  held  appar- 
ently by  John  son  of  Guy  de  Rochford,  who  was  then  a  minor  in  the 
king's  gift.  This  should  enable  us  to  trace  the  manor  without  difficulty, 
but  it  does  not  do  so.  As  for  '  Estoleia,'  it  reappears  as  '  Scoleghe  ' 
under  Henry  III.,4  but,  even  then,  cannot  be  identified. 

The  prettiest  identification  perhaps  of  a  Domesday  name  in  the 
county  is  that  of  a  mysterious  '  Adem,'  an  evidently  valuable  manor, 
which  Domesday  assigns  to  Ralf  Bainard  and  places  in  Tendring 
Hundred.  As  there  is  no  name  resembling  it  in  that  Hundred,  Mr. 
Chisenhale-Marsh  abandoned  it,  naturally  enough,  in  despair.  But  the 
Domesday  scribe  was  apt  to  be  misled  by  the  similarity,  in  MS.,  of  '  cl ' 
and  '  d ' ;  in  Sussex  he  entered  Donnington  as  '  Cloninctune,'  and  in 
Northamptonshire,  conversely,  he  made  Clapton  into  '  Dotone.'  If 
'  Adem  '  represents  a  similar  blunder,  its  true  form  would  be  '  Aclem,' 
and,  further,  on  subtracting  the  final  '  m,'  which  distinguishes  the  eastern 
counties  Domesday  and  by  which  Mr.  Seebohm  was  so  strangely  misled,8 
we  obtain  the  form  '  Acle,'  which  is  the  Domesday  name  of  the  Suffolk 
Oakley.  Turning  to  Tendring  Hundred  for  an  Oakley  held  by  Ralf, 
we  find  at  once  that  Little  Oakley  (which  is  supposed  to  be  omitted  in 
Domesday)  was  always  held  of  his  successors,  the  lords  Fitz  Walter. 
And  the  evidence  takes  us  further.  For  the  two  manors  which,  in 
Domesday,  were  held  of  Ralf  by  '  Germund '  were  Little  Baddow  and 
'  Adem  '  ;  and  Little  Baddow  and  Little  Oakley  were  held  together  of 

1  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  542.  *  Ibid.  p.  187. 

•  Rota/us  de  Dominabui  (1185),  p.  39.  *  Red  Boot  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  743. 

»  See  The  Commune  of  London  and  other  Studies,  p.  14.    I  have  there  cited  '  Accleiaw  '  (Great  Oakley) 
as  an  instance  in  point. 

395 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

RalPs  successors  by  the  house  of  Filliol,  and  both  paid  '  castle  ward '  to 
Baynard's  Castle,  London.  And,  lastly,  we  find  that  Little  Baddow  was 
held  as  three  knights'  fees,  and  Little  Oakley  as  two  and  a  half;  and 
we  thus  discover  that  they  represent  the  five  and  a  half  knights'  fees 
which  were  held  of  Walter  Fitz  Robert  by  Richard  de  Baddow 
(' Badwan ')  in  II66,1  as  '  Germund  '  had  held  them  of  Ralf  eighty 
years  before. 

Divided  only  by  Great  Oakley  from  the  parish  we  have  just  dis- 
cussed is  that  which  now  bears  the  French  name  of  Beaumont.  Morant 
asserted  that  '  no  mention  occurs  in  Domesday  Book  of  this  parish, 
which  probably  was  then  included  under  Mose  or  some  other 
adjoining  parish  '  (i.  485).  But  its  '  lords  paramount,'  as  he  ob- 
served, were  the  Veres,  Earls  of  Oxford  ;  and  we  turn  therefore  to 
the  manors  held  by  Aubrey  de  Vere  in  Domesday.2  In  Tendring 
Hundred  he  held  only  Bentley,  Dovercourt  and  '  Fulepet,'  the  last  of 
which  has  not  been  identified.  It  was  a  fairly  valuable  manor,  and  it 
must  have  touched  the  coast,  for  it  had  two  saltpans.  Moze,  which 
adjoins  Beaumont  on  the  shore  of  Hamford  Water,  had  three  ;  and 
Oakley  beyond  had  two.  Saltpans  in  Essex  were  by  no  means  common, 
and  their  distribution  was  local.3  Putting  together  the  evidence  we 
may  say  without  hesitation  that  '  Fulepet '  was  no  other  than  what 
is  now  Beaumont.  And  I  venture  to  go  further,  and  suggest  that  the 
name  of '  Beaumont '  was  intended  to  express  the  exact  opposite  of  the 
English  'Foul  hollow'  (Fulepet).  The  identification  has  a  special 
interest  because  an  Essex  locality  named  '  Fulanpettae '  occurs  in  an 
Anglo-Saxon  will4  about  the  close  of  the  tenth  century,  immediately 
after  Dovercourt,  that  is,  in  the  very  same  position  as  '  Fulepet '  in 
Domesday  Book. 

If  in  certain  cases  it  is  possible  thus  to  identify  manors,  in  others 
the  evidence  is  conflicting.  A  question  of  extreme  difficulty  is  raised 
by  the  entry  of  the  considerable  manor  of  '  Walla.'  Morant,  who  held 
that  Domesday  placed  it  in  the  Half  Hundred  of  '  Thunreslau,'  confi- 
dently identified  it  with  the  later  manor  of  Wallbury  in  Great  Halling- 
bury,  which,  he  suggested,  '  probably  extended  northward  to  the  parish 
of  Stortford,  and  southward  [eastward  ?]  to  the  present  Forest,  taking  in 
Wall  Wood,  which  still  preserves  its  name  ;  there  could  not  otherwise 
have  been  at  the  Conquest  wood  for  feeding  1,500  hogs'  (ii.  515). 
This  is  plausible  enough  till  we  trace  the  alleged  descent.  In  1086  it  is 
held  of  Peter  de  Valognes,  and  is  worth  £12  a  vear  »  more  than  a 
century  later,  under  John,  it  is  held  of  the  king  by  two  Serjeants  as  two 
estates  in  '  Hallingeburia '  or  '  Hallingebiria  de  Walla,'  each  of  them 
worth  £3  a  year.6  This  accounts  for  only  half  the  value  even  at  the 
time  of  Domesday  ;  and  moreover  Peter's  fief  had  not  escheated  to  the 
Crown,  which  could  not  therefore  make  grants  out  of  it  to  Serjeants. 

1  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  348. 

2  See  p.  535  below.  3  See  p.  380  above. 

4  Harl.  Cart.  43.  C.  4.  B  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  pp.  457,  507. 

396 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

Lastly,  when  Wallbury  thus  first  comes  before  us  it  is  spoken  of,  we 
see,  as  if  imperfectly  detached  from  Hallingbury  rather  than  a  separate 
place  with  a  name  of  its  own.  The  identity  of  name  however  is  so 
much  in  Morant's  favour  that  one  is  loth  to  reject  his  view.  But  we 
can  now  assert  that  his  '  Thunreslau'  was  at  the  other  end  of  the  county,1 
and  that  '  Walla,'  following  as  it  does  Loughton  and  Theydon  Bois, 
must  be  assumed  to  have  been  probably  in  the  same  Hundred  as  they 
were,  that  is,  in  Ongar.  This  is  only  an  assumption,  but  if  we  act 
upon  it,  and  search  for  such  a  name  in  that  Hundred,  we  find  that 
North  Weald  Bassett  itself  lies  in  it,  though  nearly  half  the  parish  is  in 
Harlow.  And  of  North  Weald  Morant  could  find  no  mention  in 
Domesday.  Its  Domesday  equivalent  however  should  be  '  Walda,'  and 
the  area  of  meadow  land  assigned  by  the  Survey  to  '  Walla  '  suggests  that 
it  lay  in  a  river  valley  rather  than  on  Cripsey  brook. 

Reviewing  all  the  evidence  the  case  stands  thus.  We  have  to  find 
a  Domesday  equivalent  for  North  Weald  Bassett,  a  parish  of  more  than 
3,400  acres  almost  equally  divided  between  the  Hundreds  of  Harlow 
and  of  Ongar.  In  the  former  we  have  in  Domesday  two  entries  under 
'  Walda  '  and  one  under  '  Walla  ' ;  in  the  latter  apparently  we  have  a 
great  manor  entered  as  '  Walla '  and  held  by  Peter  de  Valognes.  One 
cannot  assign  much  importance  to  the  actual  form  of  the  name,  for  the 
Rodings  not  far  off  occur  in  Domesday  as  '  Roinges  '  and  as  '  Rodinges.' 
Of  the  '  Walda '  entries  in  Harlow  Hundred  Morant  assigned  the 
one  on  the  fief  of  Peter  de  Valognes  to  Wallbury  and  the  other  to  Weld 
in  Harlow,  an  arbitrary  and  inconsistent  identification.  He  appears 
to  have  overlooked  the  fact  that  almost  half  of  North  Weald  lay  in 
Harlow  Hundred,  for  he  deals  with  it  only  under  that  of  Ongar,  and  he 
consequently  pitched  upon  Weld  in  Harlow  itself  as  '  Walda.'  But  the 
form  '  Weld '  appears  to  be  of  rather  doubtful  authority,  and  North 
Weald  itself  (to  which  '  Weld '  adjoins)  is  a  more  likely  equivalent  for 
both  the  '  Walda  '  entries.  The  real  difficulty  is  the  '  Walla  '  which  I 
take  to  be  in  Ongar  Hundred.  If  it  was  so,  it  must  have  been  the 
Ongar  portion  of  North  Weald,  and  this  conclusion  is  strongly  supported 
by  the  fact  that  North  Weald  was  held  of  the  heirs  of  Peter  de  Valognes, 
the  Domesday  holder  of '  Walla '  ;  but  even  the  evidence  for  this  is  not 
so  clear  as  could  be  wished.2  Looking  at  the  whole  of  the  evidence  at 
present  available,  it  appears  to  favour  the  identity  of  '  Walla  '  with 
North  Weald,  although  the  extent  of  its  meadow-land  strongly  supports, 
on  the  contrary,  the  view  that  it  lay  in  the  valley  of  the  Stort. 

The  labour  expended  on  identifying  the  manors  named  in  Domes- 
day will  often  prove  of  the  utmost  value  for  the  right  ascertainment  of 

1  See  p.  405   below. 

1  It  consists  of  (i)  an  Inq.  p.  m.  of  1291,  showing  that  North  Weald  was  held  by  the  successors 
of  the  '  Essex'  family,  as  five  knights'  fees,  of  the  Castle  of  Benington  (i.e.  the  head  of  the  Valognes 
barony  in  Herts)  ;  (2)  a  return  in  the  Testa  de  Nevill  (p.  263)  showing  that  Henry  de  Essex  held  five 
knights'  fees  of  the  Valognes  barony  (compare  Ancient  Deeds,  A.  768,774).  But  these  five  fees  were 
located  by  the  Inquisition  in  places  which  cannot  be  connected  with  the  Valognes  fief  (compare  Morant, 
i.  149). 

397 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

place-names.       In    Barstable    Hundred,   for   instance,   are   two   adjacent 
parishes  of  which  Morant  wrote,  with  perfect  confidence,  as  follows  : — 

North  of  Fange  .  .  .  are  two  contiguous  parishes  named  Langdon.  .  .  .  The 
common  name  of  these  two  parishes  is  otherwise  written  in  records  Laingdon,  Lain- 
don,  Laundon,  Langenduna,  Legniduna,  and  Leienduna.  Langdon  Hills  is  the  most 
southern  of  the  two.  By  way  of  distinction  from  the  other  the  word  Hills  is  added. 
.  .  .  Langdon  with  Basildon  is  north  of  the  other.  By  way  of  distinction  from  it, 
it  is  called  Langdon  Clay  (i.  246). 

Now,  when  we  turn  to  Domesday,  we  find  Suain  of  Essex 
holding  a  five-hide  manor  entered  as  '  Langenduna '  ;  and  this  manor, 
which  continued  to  be  held  in  after  times  of  his  Honour  of  Rayleigh, 
was  demonstrably  Langdon  '  Hills.' '  But  we  also  find  in  Domesday  the 
Bishop  of  London  holding  9  hides  at  '  Legenduna  '  and  half  a  hide 
at  '  Leienduna.'  These  manors  can,  with  equal  certainty,  be  assigned  to 
Morant's  '  Langdon  Clay,'  which  is  known  to  have  been  held  by  the 
Bishop  of  London,  and  of  which,  as  the  Domesday  forms  would  ob- 
viously lead  us  to  expect,  the  true  name  was  Laindon,  and  not  Langdon 
at  all.2  How  entirely  distinct  the  names  were  is  shown  by  the  feudal 
surveys,  in  which  these  places  are  regularly  entered  as  '  Langedon  '  and 
'  Leyndon '  respectively  in  1303,  1346  and  I428.3  Yet  Morant,  as  we 
have  seen,  believed  Langdon  to  be  the  right  name  of  both  parishes, 
while  the  Ordnance  Survey  of  to-day  has  adopted  the  opposite  alterna- 
tive, and  decided  to  assign  to  them  both  the  name  of  Laindon  ! 

Let  us  take  another  instance,  also  from  Barstable  Hundred.  Not 
far  from  Langdon  and  Laindon  are  the  parishes  of  East  and  West 
Horndon,  two  long  strips  of  land  lying  side  by  side.  In  the  same 
Hundred,  separated  from  them  only  by  the  breadth  of  Bulphan,  lies 
Horndon-on-the-Hill.  We  will  deal  first  with  the  last  of  the  three.  The 
Domesday  holding  of  the  Count  of  Boulogne  at  '  Horninduna '  was 
here,  and  is  the  only  occurrence  of  the  place  in  Domesday  according  to 
Morant  (i.  216).  It  consisted  of  the  manors  of  MalgrefFs  4  and  Ardern 
Hall.  But  the  manor  of  Wythefeld,  which  is  also  there,  was  held,  as 
he  knew,  of  the  Honour  of  Rayleigh,  and  was  clearly  the  '  Horninduna' 
held  by  Suain  in  Domesday,  which  is  wrongly  assigned  by  Morant  to 
East  Horndon  (i.  207—8).  And  there  was  also  'a  manor  or  capital 
messuage  called  Cantis,'  which  paid  castle-guard  to  the  Bishop  of 
London'  (i.  219).  This  therefore  was  the  'Horninduna'  assigned 

1  '  Honor  de  Reylege  .   .   .  Johannes  de  Langedone  I  feodum  in  Langedone  in  Essexa '  (Red  Book 
of  the  Exchequer,  pp.  538,  739).     'John  de  Verejvho  died  in  1421  held  the  manor  of  Langdon  of  the 
Honour  of  Raleigh  by  knight's  service.     He  held  also  lands  and  tenements  ...  in  the  several  parishes 
of  Leyndon  J  etc.  (Morant,  i.  250). 

2  The  bishop  had  licence  to  enclose  a  wood  there,  as  at  '  Leyndon,'  Ottober  i,  1260,  and  obtained 
view  of  frankpledge  for  his  manor  of  '  Leyndon,'  October  18,  1290  (gtA  Report  on  Historical  M SS.  i.  45). 
Morant  himself  cites  (i.  248)  the  foundation  (in  1329)  of  a  chantry  '  in  this  Langdon,'  where  the  name 
of  the  place  and  of  its  church  is  given  as  '  Leyndon.' 

3  Feudal  Aids,  ii.  133,  158,  217.     They  are  similarly  '  Langedon '  and  'Leindone'  in  the  (printed) 
Hundred  Rolls  under  Edward  I.     And  compare  Ancient  Deeds,  A,  518. 

4  So  named  from  the  family  of  MalgrefFe,  which  long  held  it  of  his  '  Honour '   (Red  Book  of  the 
Exchequer,  pp.  501,  579  ;  Feudal  Aids,  ii.  133,  158,  217,  440).     In  neither  of  these  works  is  the  place 
identified  as  Horndon  '  on  the  Hill.' 

398 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

by  Domesday  to  the  bishop,  which  Morant  placed  in  East  Horndon 
(i.  208)  although  he  could  find  there  no  trace  of  the  bishop's  lordship. 
Having  now  cleared  out  of  the  way  these  three  holdings,  we  will  turn 
to  East  and  West  Horndon,  as  they  are  still  known  to-day.  Morant 
observed  that  : — 

There  are  within  this  hundred  three  parishes  named  Horndon,  distinguished 
from  each  other  by  the  respective  appellations  of  East,  and  West,  and  on  the  Hill,  so 
styled  from  their  situation.  But  those  distinctions  were  not  existing  at  the  time  of 
the  general  survey.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  Saxon  words  Horn  and  dun,  i.e. 
Horn-hill.  It  is  sometimes  written  Thorndon  ;  in  which  case  the  first  syllabic 
would  be  derived  from  Thorn.  And  in  records  it  is  called  otherwise  Horninduna, 
Torninduna,  and  Torenduna. 

Two  names  entirely  distinct  have  here  again  been  confused.  The 
first  manor  entered  on  Suain's  fief  in  Domesday  is  that  of  *  Torninduna,' 
which  was  large  enough  to  be  assessed  at  more  than  5  hides.  This 
manor  was  held  of  that  fief  120  years  later  as  one  fee  by  a  William  'de 
Tornindone,'  *  who  clearly,  like  the  Langedon  family,  derived  his  name 
from  his  estate,  and  it  regularly  recurs  in  the  feudal  aids  of  the  two 
following  centuries  as  '  Thornyndon.'  *  Its  name  is  now  represented  by 
Thorndon,  the  well-known  seat  of  Lord  Petre,  although  the  parish  in 
which  it  stands  is  corruptly  known  as  West  Horndon.  The  identity  of 
this  parish  (which  contains  but  one  manor)  with  the  above '  Torninduna ' 
of  Domesday  (wrongly  identified  by  Morant  as  East  Horndon)  is  shown 
by  the  fact  that  the  township  of'  Westorendon,'  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
advanced  the  plea  that  they  belonged  to  '  the  king's  liberty  of  Rayleigh,' 
that  is  to  Suain's  Honour.8  But  the  form  of  the  name  given  in  the 
plea  shows  that  the  corruption  was  of  early  date. 

Passing  from  West  to  East  Horndon  we  identify  in  it  the  manor  of 
Abbots  as  held  in  Domesday,  not,  as  alleged  by  Morant,  by  Suain,  but, 
as  his  own  evidence  proves,  by  William  Peverel  (of  Nottingham),  who 
held  it  as  '  Torinduna,'  and  of  whose  '  Honour  '  it  was  held  as  '  Torin- 
done '  or  '  Torrindone '  by  Henry  de  Cornhill  *  and  his  heirs  the 
Nevills,  who  gave  it  to  Waltham  Abbey,  whence  its  name. 

The  evidence  of  Inquisitiones  post  mortem  entirely  confirms  the  view 
that  Thorndon  was  the  true  name  of  both  parishes  alike.  That  on  John 
de  Bryanzun  (9  Ed.  II.)  shows  him  holding  the  manor  of  '  Thorndon  ' 
and  tenements  at  '  Horndon  '  (on  the  Hill)  ;  and  a  list  of  Tany's  knights' 
fees  in  1 1  Edward  II.  includes  'Thorndon  parva'  held  by  John  de 
Breanzun.' 

The  inquisitions  on  the  Earl  of  Oxford  in  i  Henry  IV.,  on  Sir  John 
de  Vere  in  9  Henry  V.,  and  on  Sir  Lewis  John  in  21  Henry  VI.  all  speak 

1  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  621.  The  deed  of  partition  between  the  heirs  of  '  Sir  William  de 
Thorendone '  is  at  St.  Paul's  (9(6  Report  Historical  MSS.  i.  32). 

*  Feudal  Aids,  ii.  133,  158,  217.     Cf.  Ancient  Deeds,  A.  732. 

3  'Sunt  de  libertate  Domini  Regis  de  Reilee '  (Hundred  Rolls,  i.  137).  Morant  was  quite  unable 
to  trace  the  descent  of  the  manor,  although  his  own  evidence  proves  that  it  was  held  by  Briancon  under 
the  Tanys  of  Stapleford  Tany,  who  were  themselves  great  tenants  of  the  Honour  of  Rayleigh. 

*  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  pp.  122,  584  (where  the  place  is  wrongly  identified  as  Thorrington 
by  the  editor).  •  See  note  3  above. 

399 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

of  the  adjoining  manors  as  '  Est '  and  West  '  Thorndon.'  The  latter 
knight's  will  spells  the  names  similarly,  and  so  does  that  of  his  descendant 
in  1527.*  On  July  25,  1423,  the  Crown  also  presented  to  the  church 
as  to  that  of  '  Est  Thorndon.'  *  The  returns  in  Feudal  Aids  distinguish 
'  Thorndon  '  and  '  Horndon '  as  carefully  as  does  Domesday,  where 
'  Torninduna '  and  '  Horninduna '  are  entered  on  the  same  page.  We 
may  therefore  safely  say  that,  exactly  as  with  Laindon  and  Langdon, 
Morant  was  mistaken  in  assuming  that  the  two  names  were  identical, 
and  that  Horndon-on-the-Hill  is  the  representative  of  the  '  Horninduna  ' 
of  Domesday,  while  its  '  Torninduna  '  is  represented  by  East  and  West 
Thorndon,  as  they  used  to  be,  and  ought  to  be,  named.3 

To  those  who  are  inexperienced  in  the  study  of  county  history  it 
may  seem  a  matter  of  small  moment  that  '  Horndon  '  and  '  Thorndon  ' 
should  have  been  confused.*  But  without  the  most  scrupulously  careful 
distinction  between  places  similar  or  identical  in  name  the  descent  of  the 
manors  they  contain  is  reduced  to  a  hopeless  jumble,  especially  where, 
as  is  the  case  in  Essex,  such  similarity  or  identity  is  of  very  frequent 
occurrence. 

Moreover,  the  facts  established  above  illustrate  in  a  forcible  manner 
the  strong  tendency  on  the  lips  of  the  people  to  the  corruption  of  local 
place-names  by  wrongful  assimilation  of  the  true  form  to  a  neighbouring 
but  distinct  name.  Due  west  of  the  Thorndons,  and  just  within  the 
Essex  border,  we  see  this  process  exemplified  in  the  striking  case  of 
Walthamstow.  Entered  in  Domesday  as  '  Wilcumestou,'  it  continues 
to  occur  in  records  as  '  Welcomstowe,'  '  Welcumestou,'  '  Welcomes- 
towe,'  and  so  forth,  down  to  at  least  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  cen- 
turies, when  it  meets  us  as  '  Welcomstowe,'  '  Wolcomestoue '  and 
'  Wolkhomstowe.'  It  is  obvious  that  the  modern  '  Walthamstow '  is  a 
corruption  due  to  the  near  neighbourhood  of  the  great  parish  of 
Waltham.  It  also  appears  to  me  that  Shellow  owes  the  addition  of  its 
'  Bowells  '  suffix  6  to  the  fact  that  it  was  only  divided  by  Fyfield  from 
the  neighbouring  Shelley,  and  that  here  too  there  was  a  tendency  to 
confuse  on  the  lips  of  the  people  these  distinct  place-names. 

Something  has  been  said  above  (p.  391)  of  one  of  the  two  types 
represented  among  Essex  parishes,  namely  that  in  which  the  parish 
comprises  two  or  more  Domesday  manors  which  appear,  from  their 
distinct  names,  to  have  been  once  distinct  vills.  As  this  type  is  detected 
only  by  local  knowledge  or  minute  research,6  it  is  naturally  less  familiar 

1  Essex  Archceokgical  Transactions  [n.s.]  vi.  54-7.  8  Pat.  i  Hen.  VI.  p.  2,  m.  3. 

3  Horndon-on-the-Hill  contains  2,650  acres,  and  the  two  Thorndons  together  2,925. 

4  The  Petre  family  adhered  rightly  to  the  form  '  Thorndon,'  and  even  when  a  new  parish  church 
was  erected  (1734)  for  Ingrave  and  West  Horndon  a  contemporary  inscription  styles  the  latter,  'Thorn- 
don Occidentali(s)  '  (see  Morant,  i.  215). 

6  See  p.  356  above. 

6  It  is  somewhat  overlooked  by  Prof.  Maitland,  who  holds  that,  '  as  a  general  rule,  the  political 
geography  of  England  was  already  stereotyped'  in  1086,  that  when  Domesday  Book  'mentions  the 
name  of  a  place  .  .  .  speaking  very  generally  we  may  say  that  the  place  so  named  will  in  after  times  be 
known  as  a  vill  and  in  our  own  day  will  be  a  civil  parish.'  .  .  .  '  A  place  that  is  mentioned  in  Domes- 
day Book  will  probably  be  recognized  as  a  vill  in  the  thirteenth,  as  a  civil  parish  in  the  nineteenth 

400 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

than  that  in  which  a  single  name  is  borne  by  a  whole  group  of  parishes. 
'  The  science  of  village  morphology,'  Professor  Maitland  has  observed, 
'is  still  very  young';  but  its  fascination  and  its  importance  for  the  early 
history  of  our  race  have  led  him  to  devote  special  attention  to  this 
second  and  more  familiar  type,  of  which  he  found  remarkable  examples 
in  the  eastern  counties  and  especially  in  Essex.1 

It  will  be  best  to  give  in  his  own  words  the  Professor's  observations 
on  the  subject : — 

Very  often  we  find  two  or  more  contiguous  townships  bearing  the  same  names 
and  distinguished  only  from  each  other  by  what  we  call  their  surnames.  Cases  in 
which  there  are  two  such  townships  are  in  some  parts  of  England  so  extremely 
common  as  to  be  the  rule  rather  than  the  exception.  If,  for  example,  we  look  at  the 
map  of  Essex,  we  everywhere  see  the  words  Great  and  Little  serving  to  distinguish 
two  neighbouring  villages.  Cases  in  which  the  same  name  is  borne  by  three  or 
more  adjacent  townships  are  rarer.  .  .  .  Essex  is  particularly  rich  in  such  groups  ; 
close  to  Layer  Marney,  Layer  de  la  Hay  and  Layer  Breton  are  Tolleshunt  Knights, 
Tolleshunt  Major  and  Tolleshunt  Darcy.  In  the  same  county  are  High  Laver, 
Little  Laver  and  Magdalen  Laver  ;  Theydon  Gernon,  Theydon  Mount,  Theydon 
Bois  ;  also  (and  this  is  perhaps  the  finest  example)  High  Roding,  Roding  Aythorpe, 
Leaden  Roding,  White  Roding,  Margaret  Roding,  Abbots  (sic)  Roding,  Roding 
Beauchamp  and  Berners  Roding.  .  .  . 

In  general,  where  two  neighbouring  modern  villages  have  the  same  name, 
Domesday  does  not  treat  them  as  two.  Let  us  look  at  the  very  striking  case  of  the 
various  Rodings  and  Roothings,  which  lie  in  the  Dunmow  hundred  of  Essex.* 
Already  six  lords  have  a  manor  apiece  '  in  Rodinges '  ;  but  Domeiday  has  no  sur- 
names for  these  manors ;  they  all  lie  '  in  Rodinges.'  It  is  so  with  the  various 
Tolleshunts  in  the  Thurstable  Hundred  :  there  are  many  manors  '  in  Tolleshunta ' 
(Archieological  Review,  iv.  236—8). 

It  is  a  matter  of  detail  and  of  no  great  consequence  that  Domesday 
does  not,  as  here  alleged,  uniformly  employ  the  phrases  *  in  Rodinges ' 
or  '  in  Tolleshunta.'  Out  of  sixteen  entries  relating  to  '  Rodinges '  (or 
'  Roinges,')  only  one  has  the  prefix  c  in  '  ;  and  out  of  twelve  relating  to 
*  Toleshunta,'  only  one  has  that  prefix.  But  this  has  at  least  some 
bearing  on  the  argument.  The  important  thing,  however,  is  the  Pro- 
fessor's conclusion.  He  thinks  that  these  examples  '  suggest  that  in  a  very 
large  number  of  cases  the  territory  which  was  once  the  territory  of  a 
single  township  or  cultivating  community  has,  in  course  of  time,  perhaps 
before,  perhaps  after  the  Norman  Conquest,  become  the  territory  of 
several  different  townships.'  This  would  made  us  '  think  of  the  township 
.  .  .  of  very  ancient  times  as  being  in  many  cases  much  larger  than  the 
vill  or  township  of  the  later  middle  ages,  or  our  own  "  civil  "  parish,' 
and  would  even  '  make  the  vill  approach  the  size  of  a  Hundred.' 
Therefore,  he  suggests,  '  as  we  look  backwards,  we  seem  to  see  a  con- 
vergence between  the  size  of  the  township  and  the  size  of  the  Hundred,' 

century,'  that  '  in  general  the  vill  of  Domesday  Book  is  still  a  vill  in  after  days,'  and  that  '  the  villa  of 
Domesday  Book  is  in  general  the  vill  of  the  thirteenth  century  and  the  civil  parish  of  the  nineteenth ' 
(Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  pp.  9-17). 

1  See  the  paragraphs  on  '  Fission  of  vills,'  '  Village  colonies '  and  '  New  and  old  villages  '  in  his 
Domeiday  Book  and  Beyond,  pp.  14,  365,  367  ;  and  his  paper  on  'The  Surnames  of  English  Villages'  in 
Archeeohgual  Review,  iv.  233-40. 

1  This  is  an  error.  It  is  important  to  observe  that  the  Rodings  are  divided  between  the  Hundreds 
of  Dunmow  and  of  Ongar. 

I  401  51 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

leading  us  possibly  to  identify  with  the  latter,  in  its  original  form,  '  the 
agricultural  community,  the  community  which  had  common  fields.' 

The  whole  argument  rests,  it  will  be  seen,  on  the  assumption,  how- 
ever unconscious,  that  all  parishes  are  of  the  same  size.  As  they  are 
very  far  from  being  so,  the  entire  area  of  a  group  need  not  be  very  large. 
To  take  those  selected  by  the  writer,  the  three  Lavers  only  contain 
4,082  acres  ;  the  three  Layers,  5,551  ;  the  three  Theydons,  6,920  ;  the 
three  Tolleshunts,  7,483  ;  and  even  all  the  Rodings  together  no  more 
than  11,839.  These,  no  doubt,  are  large  areas,  but  so  are  those  of  the 
'civil  parishes 'of  Thaxted  (6,251),  Great  Waltham  (7,457),  Hatfield 
Broadoak  (8,809),  St.  Osyth  (8,877),  an(^  Barking  (12,307).  What- 
ever size  therefore  we  assign  to  the  ancient  Hundred,  it  cannot  be  said 
that  the  groups  selected  approach  it  more  nearly  than  sundry  '  civil 
parishes.'  So  much  for  the  '  evidence  which  seems  to  show  that  the 
vill  of  ancient  times  was  often  a  much  larger  tract  of  land  than  the  vill 
of  modern  times  ;  that  the  area  belonging  to  an  agricultural  community 
was  not  unfrequently  as  large  as  the  area  of  some  of  our  Hundreds.'  I 
venture  therefore  to  hold  that  it  does  not  lead  us  to  a  '  time  when 
township  and  Hundred  were  identical,  or  rather — for  this  would  be  the 
better  way  of  putting  it — when  the  Hundred,  besides  being  the  juridical 
community,  was  also  an  agricultural  community.' 1 

Professor  Maitland,  in  his  later  work,  refers  us  to  this  argument, 
but  puts  the  matter  rather  differently.  He  writes  of  the  groups  in 
question  : — 

Doubtless  they  point  to  a  time  when  a  single  village  by  some  process  of 
colonization  or  subdivision  became  (sic)  two  villages  ...  so  when  we  see  two 
different  villages  called  Hamton  and  Other  Hamton,  lying  next  each  other,  we  may 
be  fairly  certain  that  they  are  not  of  equal  antiquity,  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  the 
one  is  the  offshoot  and  daughter  of  the  other.* 

*  Fission  of  vills '  and  '  Village  colonies '  are  phrases  which  seem  to  me 
to  suggest  two  opposite  theories.  The  former  implies  the  breaking-up 
of  an  originally  large  area  ;  the  latter  suggests  an  area  originally  small, 
from  which  colonists  have  gone  forth  to  found  fresh  settlements  in  the 
forest  belt  around. 

Domesday,  as  the  writer  observes,  is  vague  in  its  terminology  ;  *  in 
a  few  instances  it  marks  off  the  little  village  from  the  great  village  of  the 
same  name  ; s  in  some  other  instances  it  will  speak,  for  example,  of 
Mordune  and  Mordune  a/ia,  of  Emingeforde  and  Emingeforde  a/ia,  or  the 
like,  thus  showing  both  that  the  change  has  taken  place  and  also  that  it 
is  so  recent  that  it  is  recognized  only  by  very  clumsy  terms.'  *  Let  us 
glance  at  the  Essex  instances.  '  Great '  and  '  Little '  Birch,  as  they  are 
styled  in  Domesday,  preserved  those  names  as  distinct  parishes  down  to 

1  Arctttohgical  Review,  iv.  235. 

*  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  pp.  14,  365.     But  on  p.  367  we  return  to  the  'many  cases  which 
seem  to  tell  us  that  in  the  oldest  days  the  smallest  district  that  bore  a  name  was  often  large,  and  there- 
fore that  the  territory  which  subserved  a  single  group  of  homesteads  was  often  spacious.' 

3  '  A  good  many  instances,'  he  observes  in  a  note,  '  will  be  found  in  Essex  and  Suffolk." 

*  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  p.  14. 

402 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

the  eighteenth  century.  Domesday  distinguishes  also  between  '  Great ' 
and  '  Little  '  Stanford  (Rivers),  but  this  distinction  cannot,  it  seems,  be 
traced  subsequently  ;  part  of  Colne  Engaine  is  distinguished  as  (  Little  ' 
Colne  in  the  Survey  ;  but  of  such  distinctions  there  are  no  more.  The 
villages  distinguished  by  '  other  '  (alia)  are  only  Fyfield,  Navestock  and 
Melesham  (if  rightly  identified)  in  Great  Lees.  It  is  a  curious  and 
significant  fact  that  in  no  one  of  the  three  cases  do  we  find  any  trace  of 
two  villages  of  the  name.  Here  then,  it  seems,  is  a  further  warning 
against  attaching  much  importance  to  the  terms  employed  in  Domesday 
or  endeavouring  to  build  theories  thereon.  The  case  of  Stanway  is  one 
which  caused  me  much  perplexity,  because  of  the  difficulty  of  fixing  its 
locality  on  the  Domesday  map.  Morant  wrote  of  it  as  follows  : — 

There  is  great  reason  to  believe  that  this  district,  in  the  earliest  times,  was 
divided  into  two  distinct  parishes.  For  here  are  not  only  two  churches  partly  still 
standing  ;  but  we  frequently  meet  in  records  with  the  names  of  Stanwey  magna  and 
Stanwey  parva,  Great  and  Little  Stanway  ;  the  former  being  the  southern  part  of 
the  present  parish,  and  the  latter  that  which  is  by  the  London  road.  But  if  they 
were  distinct,  it  must  have  been  before  the  year  1366.  For,  from  that  time,  the 
church  hath  been  presented  to  by  the  name  of  Great  Stanway,  with  the  chapel  of 
Albright,  or  of  Little  Stanway,  annexed.  And  for  a  long  time  these  two  names  have 
been  considered  only  as  the  names  of  two  different  hamlets  (ii.  190). 

There  is  however  in  Domesday  only  one  '  Stanewega.'  As  Stanway  is 
obviously  so  called  from  the  old  Roman  highway  passing  through  its 
northern  portion,  it  is  natural  to  suppose  that  the  original  village  stood 
near  that  highway,  where  indeed  the  chapel  of  St.  Albright  (^Ethelbricht) 
must,  from  its  invocation,  have  stood  before  the  Conquest.  And  Morant, 
indeed,  observes  that  '  the  manor-house  of  Stanway  stands  on  the  south 
side  of  the  London  road,  near  the  brook.'  On  the  other  hand,  his 
history  of  the  parish  appears  to  confuse  the  two  Stanways,  and  leaves  us 
in  utter  doubt  as  to  which  of  them  represents  the  original  village.1 

Before  leaving  this  important  subject,  it  may  be  well  to  explain 
that  the  '  two  types,'  as  I  have  termed  them,  of  Essex  parish  must  not  be 
confused  with  the  '  two  types '  which  Meitzen,  Professor  Maitland 
writes,  has  taught  us  to  look  for.  '  The  nucleated  village  and  the  vill 
of  scattered  homesteads,'  as  he  describes  them,1  are  characteristic  respec- 
tively of  the  east  and  the  west  of  England,  of  the  Celtic  and  of  the 
Saxon  land,  as  we  gather  from  his  pages.*  The  type  to  which  I  have 
endeavoured  to  draw  attention  in  Essex,  that  in  which  two  or  more  vills 
named  as  distinct  in  Domesday  are  now  represented  by  one  '  parish,' 
owes  its  form,  as  it  seems  to  me,  more  probably  to  an  ecclesiastical  than 
to  any  other  cause.  The  one  and  only  discoverable  feature  which 
imposed  unity  on  the  area  was  the  '  parish  '  or  mother  church.  The 

1  Having  begun  his  account  of '  the  manor  of  Stanway '  by  describing  its  manor-house  as  above,  he 
ends  by  telling  us  that  '  Stanway  Hall,'  adjoining  '  Great '  Stanway  church  in  the  south  of  the  parish, 
'  stands  pleasantly  on  an  eminence  by  the  side  of  the  road  from  Colchester  to  Maldon,'  and  finally  speaks 
of  this  seat  as  '  Stanway  manor-house.'  Possibly  the  '  London  road '  of  the  passage  quoted  in  the  text 
was  a  slip  for  '  Maldon  road.' 

*  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  p.  15.  s  Ibid. 

403 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

unit  which  contained  that  church  gave  its  name  to  the  whole  area  ;  and 
that  area  found  its  unity  in  no  other  conceivable  cause  than  in  the  rights 
possessed  over  all  of  it  by  the  single  parish  church.  As  the  church  on 
a  great  scale  is  said  to  have  given  unity  to  the  kingdom,  so,  on  a  small 
one,  it  seems  to  me,  the  church  gave  to  the  parish  its  unity  and  its 
form.  To  take  three  extreme  cases,  Hornchurch,  Berechurch  and  St. 
Lawrence  are  parishes  to-day,  but  they  were  at  first  but  the  names  of 
buildings.  The  name  of  West  Donyland  has  given  way  to  Berechurch, 
even  as,  a  few  miles  across  the  Hertfordshire  border,  the  name  of 
Lefstaneschurch,  now  Layston,  has  taken  the  place  of  those  names  found 
in  Domesday  Book.1  And  '  St.  Lawrence  '  has  supplanted  the  Domesday 
names  of  (East  and  West)  Newland.  In  Essex  Wimbish  and  Thunderley 
were  once  distinct  parishes,  and  they  are  the  subjects  in  Domesday  of 
distinct  entries.  But  in  1425  the  vicarage  of  Thunderley  was  united  to 
that  of  Wimbish,  and  '  as  to  the  church  of  Thunderley,'  Morant  wrote, 
'  the  place  where  it  stood  is  now  part  of  a  field  '  (ii.  561).  Thunderley 
accordingly  has  vanished  from  the  map.  Wimbish,  which  has  the 
church,  now  gives  name  to  the  whole.  In  the  same  way,  '  Beauchamp 
St.  Ethelbert'  was  once  a  distinct  parish,  but  since  1473  '  Ovington  and 
Beauchamp  St.  Ethelbert  have  been  united  together  and  presented  to  by 
the  name  of  Ovington  with  the  chapel  of  Albright  .  .  .  after  which 
the  chapel,  growing  out  of  use,  was  suffered  entirely  to  decay ;  but  there 
are  two  distinct  parsonage-houses  and  glebes.'2  Ovington,  because  it  has 
the  parish  church,  has  long  given  name  to  the  whole,  and  indeed  I  have 
not  even  been  able  to  locate  Beauchamp  St.  Ethelbert  for  the  purpose  of 
the  Domesday  map. 

Enough  has  now  been  said,  I  hope,  to  make  it  clear  that  the  church 
is  the  decisive  factor  in  the  local  divisions  of  the  county.  If  Springfield 
or  Boreham,  Arkesden  or  Finchingfield,  are  each  of  them  but  one  '  civil 
parish,'  it  is  because  there  was  in  each  but  one  parish  church.  If  Laver 
or  Tolleshunt,  on  the  contrary,  is  divided  into  three  parishes,  it  is  simply 
because  there  were  three  churches.  It  was  not  a  matter  of  area  at  all. 
We  have  in  Essex  no  example  in  which  the  ecclesiastical  origin  of  such 
divisions  is  as  obvious  as  in  the  cases  cited  from  Norfolk  by  Professor 
Maitland  himself.3  Nor  have  we,  as  in  Suffolk,  a  Domesday  instance  of 
the  practice.*  But  Chignal  St.  James  is  still  distinguished,  as  Beauchamp 
St.  Ethelbert  once  was,  by  the  invocation  of  its  church,  while  in 
Margaret  Roding  and  Margaretting  we  have  two  parishes  distinguished 
by  their  patron  saint,  St.  Margaret,  from  other  Rodings  and  Ings,  as 
'  Genevieve's  Fornham '  was  distinguished  from  the  other  Fornhams  in 
Domesday. 

It  is  only  when  we  look  at  the  Domesday  map  and  compare  it  with 

1  See  the  Victoria  History  of  Hertfordshire,  i.  310.  2  Morant,  ii.  338. 

3  <  Wiggenhall  St.  Mary  the  Virgin,  Wiggenhall  St.  German,  Wiggenhall  St.  Peter,  Wiggenhall  St. 
Mary  Magdalen,  Tilney  cum  Islington,  Tilney  All  Saints,  Tilney  St.  Lawrence,  Terrington  St.  Clement, 
Terrington  St.  John,  Walpole  St.  Peter,  Walpole  St.  Andrew'  (Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  p.  367). 

4  The  present  Fornham  St.  Genevieve  is  •  Genovevae  [printed  '  Genonevas ']  Forham  '  in  Domesday 
(362/7),  a  distinction  unnoticed  by  Prof.  Maitland,  and  perhaps  unique. 

404 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

one  divided  according  to  modern  parishes,  that  we  realize  the  great 
change  in  local  divisions  and  nomenclature  effected  by  the  church. 
Names  which  are  now  either  lost  or  represented  only  by  a  manor  or  farm 
are  there  found  as  those  of  places  as  important  then  as  some  which  have 
now  eclipsed  them  in  our  eyes.  The  terminations  of  many  of  these 
point  to  their  early  origin,  but  the  most  interesting  are  the  '  thorpes.' 
So  distinctive  is  the  '  thorpe '  termination  that  when  Mr.  Freeman 
visited  Essex  he  was  incredulous,  I  have  been  told,  as  to  its  occurrence 
in  the  county.  Yet  even  to-day  we  find  on  the  map  the  parishes  of 
Gestingthorpe,  Easthorpe  and  Thorpe-le-Soken.  The  last  of  these,  at 
the  time  of  the  Survey,  was  included  in  the  soke  of  '  Eadwulfsness,'  and 
therefore  does  not  occur  by  name  ;  but,  in  compensation,  Domesday 
shows  us,  in  the  south-east  of  the  county,  North  and  South  '  Thorpe,' 
standing,  it  should  be  observed,  near  Shoeburyness,  precisely  as  Thorpe- 
le-Soken  adjoins  that  other  '  ness  '  which  once  gave  name  to  '  Eadwulfs- 
ness,' and  gives  it  now  to  Walton-on-the-Naze.1  Of  these  Scandinavian 
terminations,  *  ness  '  is  similarly  preserved  in  Foulness,  Wrabness  and 
Easiness  (near  Clacton-on-Sea),8  while  '  thorpe '  lingered  for  awhile  in 
the  now  forgotten  name  of  Ingledesthorpe  in  White  Colne. 

Stranger  than  the  disappearance  from  the  map  of  the  ancient 
township  names  is  that  of  an  ancient  Hundred.  The  archaic  name  of 
1  Thunreslau,'  now  wholly  lost,  occurs  twice  in  the  Essex  Domesday  as 
that  of  a  '  Half  Hundred,'  and  the  most  startling  achievement,  perhaps, 
of  Essex  historians  in  the  way  of  identification  was  the  bold  translation 
of  this  '  Half  Hundred '  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Sudbury  on  the 
Suffolk  border  to  that  of  Bishop  Stortford.  Morant  observed  of  this 

*  uncommon,  and  at  present  unknown,  district  of  the  Half-Hundred  of 
Thunreslau,'  that  Domesday  mentions  it — 

as  comprehending  the  manors  of  Belchamp,  Belindune,  Bineslea  and  Walla  in  Great 
Hallingbury.  How  these  few  manors  should  constitute  a  Half-Hundred,  or  whether 
Thunreslau  is  an  older  name  for  this  Half-Hundred  than  Harlow,  we  are  by  no  means 
able  to  determine  (ii.  507). 

He  identified  however  the  first  of  these  manors  with  Down  Hall  in 
Harlow,  '  for  the  agreableness  of  its  situation  '  ;  the  second  and  third  he 
made  into  the  manors  of  '  Ballington's '  and  '  the  Lea '  in  Hatfield 
Broadoak  ;  and  the  last  he  placed  in  Hallingbury.8  In  all  this  he  was 
at  one  with  Salmon,  who,  as  pointed  out  by  Mr.  Chisenhale-Marsh, 
adopted  these  identifications.  Yet  the  Domesday  entry  which  Morant 
printed  as  referring  to  Down  Hall  had  already  (ii.  329)  been  rightly 
given  by  him  as  referring  to  Belchamp  Walter,  in  the  north-east  of  the 
county,  while  that  which  describes  '  Belindune  '  refers,  not  to  Hatfield, 

1  The  same  variety  of  form  is  found  in  Domesday,  which  gives  us  •  &\d\i\vcsnaia '  and  '  Wrabe- 
nasa,'  but,  across  the  Stour,  '  Colenesse.' 

1  The  position  of  a  corresponding  '  Westnesse,*  at  the  mouth  of  the  Colne,  which  is  mentioned  in 
the  charter  of  Richard  I.  to  Colchester,  has  been  much  disputed.  There  are  also  a  '  Tilbury  ness '  and  a 

•  Stone  new  '  on  the  Thames,  a  '  Wallasea  ness '  on  the  Crouch,  a  '  Nase  wick  '  in  Foulness  (adjoining), 
and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Blackwater  '  The  Mass.'     On  the  Suffolk  bank  of  the  Stour  are  '  Stutton  ness  ' 
and  '  Ness  farm.' 

'  See,  for  this  difficult  manor,  p.  396  above. 

405 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

but  to  Ballingdon,  close  to  Belchamp  Walter,  of  which  Morant  could 
find  no  mention  in  Domesday.  '  Belindune  '  was  held  in  Domesday  by 
Peter  de  Valognes,  and  it  is  subsequently  found  held  of  his  manor  of 
Fakenham  in  Suffolk,  which  confirms  the  identification.  Its  chapel  also 
is  known  to  have  been  given  to  St.  Alban's  Abbey,  to  which  Peter  was 
a  benefactor.  The  only  remaining  manor  in  this  Half  Hundred1  was 
that  of '  Bineslea,'  which,  although  its  name  is  now  lost,  can  be  shown 
to  have  been  in  the  close  vicinity  of  Belchamp  Walter  and  Ballingdon.* 
The  extremely  small  size  of  this  Half  Hundred,  together  with  its  name 
of  archaic  sound,  suggest  a  possible  survival  from  an  earlier  period  than 
that  at  which  the  great  Hundreds  by  which  it  is  surrounded  assumed 
their  present  form. 

The  rest  of  the  Domesday  Hundreds  have  retained  their  identity 
and  their  names  with  very  little  alteration.  '  Witbrictesherna  '  is  now 
'  Dengie,'  and  the  '  Liberty  of  Havering-atte-Bower '  appears  to  have 
been  taken  out  of  Becontree,  the  'Beventreu'  of  Domesday.  Broadly 
speaking,  the  Essex  Hundreds  do  not,  either  by  their  names  or  their 
areas,  suggest  archaic  divisions.  Nine  of  them,  at  least,  take  their  names 
from  parishes  within  their  borders,  and  usually  near  their  centres ;  these 
are  Rochford,  Chelmsford,  Witham,  Tendring,  Dunmow,  Clavering, 
Harlow,  Ongar  and  Waltham.  Lexden,  it  is  important  to  observe, 
contains  two  parishes  which  are  cut  off  from  the  rest  of  the  Hundred  by 
the  Domesday  c  Hundred '  of  Colchester,  a  district  containing  between 
eleven  and  twelve  thousand  acres.  This  arrangement  obviously  suggests 
that  the  district  of  Colchester  had,  at  some  time,  been  taken  out  of 
Lexden  Hundred,  a  suggestion  strongly  supported  by  the  fact  that 
Lexden  parish  itself  is  within  the  borough  boundary.  Becontree  and 
Winstree  are  ancient  names,  and  I  cannot  but  think  that  '  Bentry  Heath  ' 
(now  '  Becontree  Heath  ')  in  Dagenham  was  at  one  time  the  meeting- 
place  of  its  Hundred,  as  must  have  been  Hundred  Heath  (no  longer  on 
the  map)  in  Tendring.  When  the  Liberty  of  Havering  was  part  of  the 
Hundred,  it  would  have  been  fairly  central.  Apart  from  Chelmsford 
and  Rochford,  three  of  the  Essex  Hundreds,  Uttlesford,  Hinckford  and 
Chafford,  took  their  name  from  fords,  like  several  parishes  in  the 
county.3 

On  the  name  of  one  of  these  three  Hundreds,  which  has  always 
been  deemed  an  insoluble  puzzle,  Domesday  throws,  I  think,  no  un- 
certain light.  The  great  Hundred  of  Hinckford  is  entered  in  the 
Survey  as  that  of  Hidincfort  (2),  Hidincforda  (2),  Hidinghfort  (i), 
Hidinghefort  (i),  Hidinghafort  (2),  Hidingeforda  (i),  Hidingaforda  (6), 
Hidingforda  (9),  Hidingfort  (10),  and  Hedingfort  (i)  ;  'but  where 

1  '  Walla '  was  no  more  in  it  than  were  Theydon  and  Loughton,  which  divide  it  from  '  Bineslea  ' 
in  the  text  (see  pp.  537-8  below). 

*  It  occurs  in  the  great  Hospitallers'  cartulary  (Nero  E.  VI.  fo.  332^)  as  a  place  apparently  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Middleton  and  of  Goldingham  (in  Bulmer),  and  Richard  son  of  Peter  de  Binesle 
is  found  in  Ancient  Deeds,  A.  539,  in  connection  with  Bulmer. 

'  '  Uttlesford  Bridge '  in  Wenden  (in  about  the  centre  of  the  Hundred)  preserves  the  memory  of 
the  first  of  these  fords.  The  course  of  the  great  London  road  is  marked  by  Stratford,  Ilford,  Romford, 
Widfbrd,  Chelmsford,  Easterford  (Kelvedon),  Copford  and  Empford  (Stanway  Bridge). 

406 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

the  Hiding  Ford  was  from  which  it  took  its  appellation,'  wrote  Morant 
(ii.  249),  'I  cannot  learn.'  Yet  we  have  not  to  look  further  than  the 
Hedinghams,  lying  in  the  very  heart  of  the  Hundred,  for  the  origin  of 
the  name.  The  road  by  which  they  were  united  must  have  traversed 
the  Colne  by  a  ford,  and  as  roads  from  the  four  quarters  of  the  Hundred 
all  met  close  to  that  ford,  it  would  form  an  ideal  spot  for  the  Hundred's 
moot.  Local  politicians  will  remember  the  famous  annual  meetings 
of  the  Hinckford  Hundred  Conservatives  at  Castle  Hedingham. 

The  remaining  Hundreds  are  those  of  Barstable,  Thurstable  and 
Freshwell.  Of  these  the  first  derives  its  name  from  Barstable  (Hall)  in 
Basildon,  a  manor  entered  in  Domesday,  which  is  almost  in  the  centre 
of  the  Hundred  ;  Thurstable  was,  no  doubt,  a  place  of  which  the  name 
is  now  lost  ;  Freshwell  derived,  according  to  Morant,  its  name  from  a 
little  stream  which  flows  into  the  Pant  between  Radwinter  and  Great 
Sandford,  and  which  rises  in  about  the  centre  of  the  Hundred.  In 
Domesday,  Maldon  and  '  Thunreslau  '  are  entered  as  '  Half  Hundreds, 
Clavering,  Freshwell,  Harlow,  Waltham  and  Witham  sometimes  as 
Hundreds  and  sometimes  as  *  Half  Hundreds,  but  the  two  first  more 
frequently  as  the  latter,  and  the  three  others  more  frequently  as  Hun- 
dreds. This  looseness  of  expression  may  prepare  us  for  the  fact  that 
Winstree  is  subsequently  styled  a  '  Half  Hundred  in  charters,  and  that 
on  the  Hundred  Rolls  Clavering,  Freshwell,  Harlow,  Thurstable, 
Winstree  and  Waltham  occur  as  '  Half  Hundreds,  while  Uttlesford, 
as  was  occasionally  the  case,  is  divided  into  the  Hundreds  of  '  Estho- 
delesford'  and  '  Westhodelesford.'  On  a  roll  of  1303  Thurstable,  Harlow 
and  Clavering  are  '  Half  Hundreds.1  It  will  have  been  seen  from  the 
foregoing  how  loose  was  the  classification. 

Apart  from  the  names,  the  boundaries  of  the  Hundreds  are  suggestive 
of  their  late  formation.  The  three  Thurrocks,  in  the  south  of  the 
county,  are  divided  between  the  Hundreds  of  ChafFord  and  Barstable  ; 
the  two  Bumpsteads,  in  its  north,  between  Freshwell  and  Hinckford  ; 
the  Rodings  are  partly  in  Dunmow  Hundred  and  partly  in  that  of 
Ongar  ;  the  parishes  of  Henham  and  of  Stansted  Mountfichet  are  divided 
between  the  Hundreds  of  Clavering  and  Uttlesford.1  Other  parishes 
similarly  divided  by  Hundredal  boundaries  are  North  Weald  Bassett, 
Epping,  Reydon,  High  Ongar,  Great  Leighs,  Danbury,  Little  Baddow 
and  Thundersley.  In  all  such  cases  it  may  be  concluded  that  the 
boundary  of  the  parish,  or  of  the  group  of  parishes  bearing  the  same 
name,  is  older  than  that  of  the  Hundred.  In  Clavering  we  seem  to  have 
a  Hundred  taken  out  of  Uttlesford  for  the  benefit  of  Suain  of  Essex,  who 
appears  to  have  been  its  lord.3 

In  at  least  two  remarkable  instances  original  settlements  are  cut 

1  Feudal  Aids,  pp.  1*9  et  seq.  Tendring,  conversely,  is  styled  'two  Hundreds'  in  Stephen's 
charter  of  disaffbresution. 

*  It  should,  however,  be  observed  that  Pledgdon  in  Henham  and  Bendfield  in  Stansted,  which  are 
the  portions  in  Clavering  Hundred,  are  distinct  hamlets  a  nd  were  separately  entered,  by  their  names,  in 
Domesday. 

8  See  p.  345  ;  and  p.  487  below  for  his  rights  in  that  of  Rochford,  the  other  centre  of  his  power. 

407 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

asunder  by  the  boundary  not  only  of  a  Hundred,  but  of  the  county  itself. 
The  Stour  constitutes  so  clear  a  boundary  between  what  are  now  two 
counties  and  were  once  portions  of  distinct  kingdoms  that  one  would 
hardly  expect  to  find  an  instance  of  overlapping.  The  great  lordship 
of  *  Eiland '  however,  which  belonged  to  Suain  of  Essex,  lay  a  cheval 
on  the  river,  and  was  surveyed  in  Domesday  partly  under  Essex  and 
partly  under  Suffolk.  It  derived  its  name  from  the  present  '  Nayland,' 
where  the  site  of  '  Court  Knoll '  is  still  marked  by  earthworks  on  the 
Suffolk  side  of  the  stream.  This  lordship  comprised,  in  Suffolk,  Wis- 
sington  (or  Wiston)  to  the  west,  Leavenheath  to  the  north,  and  Stoke 
to  the  east  of  Nayland  ;  and  in  Essex,  to  the  south,  the  two  Horkesleys, 
the  name  of  which  accordingly  does  not  appear  in  Domesday.  The 
lordship  had  still  the  same  constituents  in  much  later  days.1  But  this 
case  is  less  remarkable  than  that  of  Bures  on  the  same  river  a  little  higher 
up.  The  portion  on  the  Suffolk  side  of  the  stream  is  the  parish  of  Bures 
St.  Mary  ;  on  the  Essex  side  Bures  extends  over  3,000  acres,  of  which 
the  eastern  half  is  in  Lexden  Hundred,  and  forms  the  parish  of  Mount 
Bures,  while  the  western  portion,  '  Bures  hamlet,'  belongs  to  the  Essex 
Hundred  of  Hinckford,  although  it  is  a  hamlet  of  the  Suffolk  parish  of 
Bures  St.  Mary.2  To  this  anomalous  position  a  reference  is  made  in 
Domesday,  which  surveys  a  holding  there  under  Essex,  but  adds  :  '  Hec 
terra  est  in  comitatu  de  Sudfolc '  (fo.  84^).  As  at  Nayland,  the  same 
lord  was  holding  on  both  sides  of  the  Stour,  for  Richard  de  Clare,  John 
Fitz  Waleram  and  Roger  '  de  Ramis '  were  all  tenants-in-chief  at  Bures, 
both  in  its  Essex  and  its  Suffolk  portions. 

Another  anomaly,  though  less  extreme,  is  found  in  the  case  of 
Ballingdon  and  Brundon.  These  are  both  surveyed  under  Essex,  although 
they  belong,  for  certain  purposes,  to  Suffolk.3  In  these,  as  in  similar 
cases,  Domesday  follows  the  Hundred  in  which  they  were  assessed  for 
'  geld.'  One  may  here,  perhaps,  refer  to  the  singular  fact  that,  higher 
up  the  stream,  Kedington  on  its  right  bank  and  Haverhill,  although 
both  in  Suffolk,  were  conversely,  at  one  time,  hamlets  of  Sturmere  in 
Essex,  according  to  Morant.  This  however  appears  to  have  been  an 
error  on  his  part.  Sturmer,  he  wrote,  was  still  assessed  '  with  its  hamlets 
Haverhill  and  Ketton '  (ii.  347)  ;  but  this  assessment  only  referred  to 
the  Essex  portion  of  Kedington,  known  (as  in  the  case  of  Bures)  as 
Kedington  Hamlet,  which  has  now  '  been  transferred  to  Suffolk  for  civil 
purposes  ;  ...  it  is  now  only  included  in  Sturmere,  Essex,  for  par- 
liamentary and  land  tax  purposes.'  *  In  1 879  a  detached  part  of  Haverhill 

1  See  entry  of  Nov.  24,  1424,  in  Calendar  of  Patent  Rolls. 

2  Morant  ignored  all  this,  and  treated  Bures  hamlet  as  part  of  the  adjoining  parish  of  Alphamstone. 
Its  ambiguous  position  is  thus  set  forth  in  Kelly's  Post  Office  Directory  :  '  Bures  Hamlet,  a  suburb  of 
and  in  the  parish  of  Bures  St.  Mary,  Suffolk,  ...  in  the  Northern  Division  of  the  County  [of  Essex], 
Hinckford  Hundred,  South  Hinckford   Petty  Sessional  division  (Halstead   bench),  Sudbury  [Suffolk] 
union  and  county  court  district,  and  in  the  rural  deanery  and  archdeaconry  of  Suffolk  and  diocese  of  Ely.' 

3  '  Kelly '  states  that  '  Ballingdon  (or  Ballington)  is  a  suburb  of  the  town  of  Sudbury  in  Suffolk, 
.   .   .  and  with  Brundon  forms  a  parish  .  .  .  [in]  the  Northern   division  of  the  County  [of  Essex], 
Hinckford  Hundred,  Sudbury  petty  sessional  division,  Sudbury  Union  and  County  Court  district.   .   .   . 
Ballingdon  with  Brundon  forms  a  rectory  annexed  to  the  vicarage  of  All  Saints  Sudbury.'     Compare 
my  Ancient  Charters  (Pipe  Roll  Society),  p.  76.  *  Kelly. 

408 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

was  added  to  Sturmere,  and  on  the  other  hand  a  portion  of  Sturmere 
has  now  been  transferred  to  Kedington.1  Over  600  acres  of  Haverhill 
and  over  700  of  Kedington  are  now  reckoned  as  in  Essex.  On  this 
complication  however  Domesday  appears  to  be  silent. 

Even  the  Thames  to  the  south,  like  the  Stour  to  the  north  of  the 
county,  does  not  always  form  an  exact  boundary.  There  belongs  to  Kent 
a  portion  of  Woolwich  which  lies  on  the  Essex  bank  of  the  river,  and 
Domesday  reckons  as  in  Essex  a  Gravesend  ('  Gravesanda  ')  of  small 
extent,  which  has  not  been  identified. 

Before  leaving  the  Hundreds  and  their  boundaries,  one  may  note 
that  the  latter,  in  the  east  of  the  county,  coincide  with  the  parish  boun- 
daries, and  that  the  small  geographically  compact  Hundreds  of  Thur- 
stable  and  Winstree  are  suggestive  of  ancient  origin.  All  the  coast 
Hundreds  are  separated  by  estuaries  or  creeks,  and  the  quasi-peninsular 
character  of  Tendring  and  Dengie  has  given  them  a  certain  individuality 
which  makes  their  names  still  familiar.  The  '  Lexden  and  Winstree 
Board  of  Guardians  and  rural  district  council '  preserves  the  names  of 
two  others  which  figure  in  Domesday  Book.  Dengie  and  Rochford,  for 
some  reason,  have  been  locally  known  as  'The  Hundreds.'  Broadly 
speaking,  the  Hundreds  of  Essex  resemble  those  of  Suffolk '  rather  than 
the  small  ones  of  Sussex,  to  which,  for  racial  reasons,  one  might  have 
expected  them  to  approximate.  This  would  seem  to  confirm  the  view 
that  they  are  mainly  of  a  more  recent  date  than  the  original  settlement. 

In  Domesday  Book  the  Hundred  assumes  extreme  importance,  for 
the  whole  country  was  surveyed,  as  it  was  taxed,  by  Hundreds,  that  is 
to  say,  Domesday  Book  was  compiled  from  original  returns,  each  of 
which  contained  the  entries,  vill  by  vill,  for  a  single  Hundred  on  the 
authority  of  the  '  Hundred '  itself,  that  is,  of  its  sworn  representatives. 
It  is  possible,  in  the  Essex  portion  of  the  Survey,  to  detect  the  order  in 
which  the  returns  were  arranged  for  the  purpose  of  compilation.  There 
is  no  question,  in  my  opinion,  that  this  arrangement  began  with  the 
Hundred  of  Barstable  and  ended  with  that  of  Thurstable.  The  order 
of  the  intervening  Hundreds  is  doubtful  here  and  there,  but  after  analysing 
the  fourteen  principal  fiefs  in  the  county,  it  may  safely  be  given  thus  . 
Barstable,  Witham,  Harlow,  Waltham,  Becontree,  Dunmow,  Dengie  (i), 
Winstree,  Uttlesford  (i),  Clavering,  Hinckford,  Dengie  (2),  Lexden, 
Ongar,  Chafford,  Chelmsford,  Maldon,  Tendring,  Uttlesford  (2),  Fresh- 
well,  Rochford,  Thurstable.  The  two  points  to  observe  here  are  that 
the  Hundreds  of  Dengie3  and  of  Uttlesford  appear  to  come  twice  over,* 

•  Kelly. 

8  Essex  has  21,  counting  Colchester  and  Maldon  (but  not  Havering)  ;  Suffolk,  with  its  slightly 
smaller  area,   23,  counting  Ipswich,  or  24  counting  Bosmere  and  Claydon  as  two  (as  in  Domesday). 

*  Dengie  follows  both  Dunmow  and  Hinckford  on  the  Peverel  and  Boulogne  fiefs,  Dunmow  and 
Uttlesford  (i)  on  the  king's  fief,  Dunmow  and  Clavering  on  the  Mandeville  fief,  Rochford  and  Clavering 
on  Suain's  fief,  and  Beventrce  and  Hinckford  on  the  Montfort  fief ;  on  the  Baynard  fief  it  precedes 
Dunmow  and  also  follows  Hinckford.     Uttlesford  follows  both  Dengie  (i)  and  Tendring  on  the  king's 
fief,  and  both  Winstree  and  Tendring  on  the  Boulogne  and  on  the  Gernon  fief. 

4  Uttlesford   was  sometimes  reckoned  as   two  Hundreds   in   later  days   (p.  407   above),   but  this 
may  be  only  a  coincidence. 

I  409  52 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

and  that  geography  is  thrown  to  the  winds,  for  the  order  in  which  the 
returns  were  arranged  has  no  conceivable  relation  to  the  position  of  the 
Hundreds  on  the  map.  The  scribes,  working  from  these  returns,  picked 
out  in  each  Hundred  the  manors  belonging  to  the  fief  they  were  dealing 
with  in  Domesday  Book,  and,  in  spite  of  the  liability  to  confusion  result- 
ing from  this  process,  it  is  recognized  that  few  errors  resulted  from  the 
rearrangement. 

The  most  interesting  of  these  are  the  duplicate  entries  of  manors, 
which  possess  at  times,  as  I  have  elsewhere  shown,  unique  value  for  the 
light  they  throw  on  the  treatment  by  the  scribes  of  the  original  returns 
with  which  they  had  to  deal.1 

The  first  of  the  examples  which  follow  is  taken  from  the  fief  of 
Geoffrey  de  Mandeville  and  relates  to  a  manor  in  Dengie  Hundred  which 
I  identify  with  Stow  Maries.2 

FENNE    tenet   Hugo   de    G[oisfrido]    quod          PHENNAM  tenet  Hugo  de  verli  quod  tenuit 

tenuit    Friebernus    liber    homo    T.R.E.    pro  Friebernus  pro  Manerio  et  pro  iii  hidis.   Sem- 

Manerio  et  pro  iiii  hidis  T.R.E.    Semper  iiii  per   ii   villani.    Tune   ii    bordarii ;   modo  vii. 

villani.    Tune  ii  bordarii;  modo  vii.    Tune  ii  Tune    ii    servi  ;    modo    nullus.      Semper    ii 

servi ;  modo  nullus.    Semper  ii  caruce  in  do-  caruce  in  dominio.    Tune  i  caruca  hominum  ; 

minio.     Tune  i  caruca  hominum ;  modo  di-  modo  dimidia.     Silva  xl  porcis.     Pastura  xxx 

midia.     Silva  xl   porcis.     Pastura  xxx  ovibus.  ovibus.     Tune  v  porci  xxx  oves,  et  modo  Ixx 

Semper  val[uit]  Ix  solidos.     Habet  etiam  Idem  porci.     Val[et]   Ix  solidos.     In   eadem   tenet 

Hugo  i  hidam  quam  tenuit  liber  homo.    Valet  Idem    xxxvii  acras.     Tune   dimidia  caruca  ; 

xx  solidos.     Et  xxxvii  acras  habet  Idem  quas  modo  nulla.     Valet  v  solidos  (fo.  63). 
tenuit   i  liber  homo.     Tune  dimidia  caruca  ; 
modo  nulla.     Valet  v  solidos  (fo.  62). 

Here,  it  will  be  seen,  dictation  is  suggested  by  the  phonetic  spell- 
ings of  the  name;  the  numbers  of  the  hides  and  of  the  villeins  are 
given  differently ;  and  the  tenant's  name  is  in  one  case  given  and  in  the 
other  omitted.  Moreover  the  live  stock  is  entered  in  one  case  and  not  in 
the  other,  while  one  of  the  entries  omits  a  distinct  holding  of  a  hide. 

The  next  example  is  taken  from  the  same  Hundred  of  Dengie 
and  relates  to  a  manor  on  Suain's  fief,  which  was  probably,  I  have  sug- 
gested, Asheldam. 

HAINCTUNAM   tenet   Garner'    de    S[ueno]          HAINTUNAM  tenet  Radulfus  de  S[ueno]  pro 

quod  tenuit  Godric'  libere  T.R.E.  pro  Man-  Manerio  et  pro  dimidia  hida  et  xxxvii  acris 

erio  et  pro  dimidia  hida  et  xxxvii  acris.    Tune  quod  tenuit   I  liber  homo  T.R.E.     Semper  i 

iii  bordarii ;  modo  ii.    Semper  i  caruca,  v  acre  caruca.    Tune  iii  bordarii  ;  modo  ii.    v  acre 

prati.     Tune  nichil ;  modo  iii  animalia,  iiii  prati.     Valet  xx  solidos.    Hanc  terram  habuit 

porci,  xi    cap[re].     Valet    xx    solidos.     Hoc  Robertus  films  wimarcae  post  adventum  regis 

manerium  habuit  R[obertus]  films  wimarcae  Willelmi  (fo.  47). 
post  adventum  regis  Willelmi  (fo.  46). 

Here  the  points  to  observe  are  the  sharp  contradiction  as  to  the 
name  of  Suain's  tenant,  the  alternative  use  of  manerium  and  terra>  and 
the  entry  of  the  live  stock  in  one  case  and  not  in  the  other.  Its  entry 
appears  to  have  been  deemed  optional  throughout  the  survey  of  Essex. 

1  See  Feudal  England,  pp.  21-7.  And  compare  my  paper  on  'the  Domesday  manor'  in  Eng. 
Hitt.  Review  (xv.  299),  where  I  print  side  by  side  the  survey  of  Shelford,  Cambs.,  under  its  own  county 
(D.B.  i.  190^)  and  that  which  is  found  under  Newport,  its  head  manor,  in  the  Essex  survey.  The  dis- 
crepancies are  great.  See  p.  338  above  and  pp.  435-6  below.  2  See  p.  394  above. 

410 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

I  pass  to  Hawkswell  in  Rochford  Hundred : — 

HECHWELLAM  tenet  Pirot  de  Eudone  quod          (HACWELLA    tenet     Efudo]    in    dominio) l 

tenuit  Ulmer'  T.R.E.  pro  Manerio  et  pro  iii  quod  tenuit  Ulmar'  liber  homo  pro  Manerio 

hidis   et  dimidia  xv  acras  minus.     Tune  xi  et  (pro  iii  hidis  et  dimidia) '  xv  acras  minus, 

villani  ;  modo  viii.    Semper  v  bordarii.   Tune  T.R.E.    Tune  xi  villani  ;  modo  viii.    Semper 

ii  servi  ;  modo  iii.     Semper  ii  caruce  in  do-  v  bordarii.    Tune  ii  servi  ;  modo  iii.    Semper 

minio.     Tune  vi  caruce  hominum  ;  modo  v.  ii  caruce  in  dominio.     Tune  vi  caruce  homi- 

iiii  acre  prati.     Silva  x  porcis.     Tune  ii  run-  num  ;  modo  v.  iiii  acre  prati.     Silva  x  porcis. 

cini  et  v  animalia,  cii  oves,  xx  porci ;  modo  Tune  ii    runcini  ;   modo    vi.     Tune    v  ani- 

xvi  animalia,  cvi  oves,  xx  porci,  ii  vasa  apum.  malia  ;    modo    xvi.     Tune    cii    oves  ;    modo 

Tune  et  post  valuit  vi  libras  ;  modo  vii  (fo.  cvi.     Semper  xx  porci.     Modo  ii  vasa  apum. 

50).  Tune  valuit  vi  libras  ;  modo  vii  (fo.  5 1 6). 

The  variation  in  the  spelling  of  the  name  is  again  suggestive  of 
dictation,  while,  as  there  was  absolute  contradiction  in  the  last  instance 
as  to  the  name  of  the  under-tenant,  so  here  there  is  no  less  contradic- 
tion between  the  statement  that  Hawkswell  is  held  by  Eudo  in  demesne 
and  the  statement  that,  on  the  contrary,  it  is  held  of  him  by  Pirot. 
In  other  respects  there  is  close  agreement  here  between  the  two  versions, 
the  live  stock  being  merely  arranged  in  a  different  manner. 

Below  is  the  last  example  of  a  duplicate  entry  in  the  county, 
namely  that  which  relates  to  Braintree.  It  occurs  among  the  '  Inva- 
siones,'  and  the  reader  will  observe  that  '  Ledmar '  is  described  as 
*  Ledmar  '  of  Hempstead  in  one  version  and  as  '  Letmar '  the  reeve  in 
the  other.  Probably  in  the  original  return  he  was  styled  '  Ledmar  of 
Hempstead  the  reeve.' 

In  BRANCHETREU  xxx  acras  terrae  tenue-          In  BRANCHETREU  iii  liberi  homines  T.R.E. 

runt  iii  liberi   homines  T.R.E.,  et  val[et]   iii  xxx  ac[ras],  quas  Letmar'  prepositus  reclama- 

solidos.      Hanc    terrain    invasit    Ledmar'    de  vit  ad  feudum  Ricardi,  sed  homines  illius  non 

Hamesteda,  et  tenuit  ad  feudum  Ricardi,  et  testantur,  et  inde  dedit  vadem,  et  val[et]  iii 

R.  non  est  inde  sibi  tutor  (fo.  loib).  solidos  (fo.    103). 

Here  there  is  very  considerable  difference  between  the  two  accounts 
of  the  reeve's  failure  to  justify  his  action.  In  the  one  it  is  stated  that 
R[ichard  Fitz  Gilbert]  does  not  warrant  (using  that  term  in  the  techni- 
cal sense)  his  action ;  according  to  the  other,  Richard's  men  do  not 
testify  in  his  favour,  and  he  has  given  gage  (or  wed,  i.e.  security)  to 
stand  trial  in  the  matter  (inde). 

This  phrase  introduces  us  to  an  aspect  of  the  Domesday  Survey  as 
important  as  it  is  obscure.  It  is  only  by  incidental  allusions  that  we  are 
enabled  to  gather  that  '  pleas  '  of  some  kind  were  held  before  the  Domes- 
day Commissioners  (Legati).  Under  *  Invasiones  super  regem  in  Ex- 
sessa '  (fo.  99^)  we  read  that  certain  land  was  already  in  the  king's 
hands  'before  these  pleas  took  place'  (antequam  hcec  placita  fierent}.  A 
somewhat  tantalizing  entry  under  Newport  fails  to  make  it  certain  that 
it  was  the  commissioners  themselves  who  pronounced  an  invading 
clerk  at  the  king's  mercy  for  his  body  and  his  goods.1  On  fo.  25^ 
we  gather,  of  half  a  hide  at  Alresford,  that  as  no  one  came  forward 

1  The  words  within  the  brackets  have  been  deleted  in  the  MS. 
*  See  p.  436  below. 

4U 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

to  prove  the  right  of  the  Norman  '  invader,'  it  was  taken  by  the 
Domesday  Commissioners  into  the  king's  hands;1  at  Lawford  the  soke- 
men's  land  seized  by  Richard  Fitz  Gilbert  was  forfeited  for  the  same 
reason.2  At  Hatfield  Broadoak  they  appear  to  take  credit  to  them- 
selves for  having  similarly  recovered  half  a  hide  of  which  the 
king  had  been  wrongfully  deprived.3  In  the  case  of  Peldon  at 
least  their  language  is  free  from  doubt  ;  after  reciting  the  seizure 
by  the  same  offender  of  certain  land  they  expressly  state  .that  they 
have  taken  it  into  the  king's  hands.4  Returning  to  the  '  dedit  vadem ' 
phrase,  we  have  several  examples  of  its  use  in  the  Essex  Domesday. 
In  the  Rodings  (fo.  3)  a  sokeman  of  the  king  has  failed  to  render 
either  service  or  customary  due  and  has  therefore  given  gage  (ideo  dedit 
vadem)  ;  at  Horndon-on-the-Hill  Godwine  Cudhen  has  been  guilty  of 
two  '  invasions '  and  has  '  given  gage '  in  both  cases  (fo.  99) ;  Hugh 
de  Berners  had  denied  that  he  was  holding  land  of  the  king,  but  the 
land  has  been  proved  to  have  been  held  for  the  king's  use  (derationata 
ad  opus  regis),  and  so  he  has  'given  gage'  (fo.  ioo^).8  Two  small 
holdings  have  been  '  concealed,'  but  now  they  are  brought  to  light,  and 
so  the  holders  have  'given  gage'  (fo.  101).  At  Halstead  a  king's  reeve 
has  been  receiving  (and  pocketing)  a  small  freeman's  rent  (fo.  103),  but 
he  too  has  given  gage  (inde  dedit  vadem),  as  has  a  reeve  of  Richard 
de  Clare  who  was  in  trouble  for  his  doings  at  Chawreth  (fo.  103).  In 
Colchester  Ralf  Pinel,  whose  estate  was  at  Bromley,6  has  failed  to  pay 
the  customary  due  for  his  '  four  houses  within  the  walls,'  but  he  has  had 
to  'give  gage'  therefor7  (fo.  106).  While  on  the  subject  of  legal 
antiquities  we  may  note  that  '  vouching  to  warranty '  occurs  at  Chaw- 
reth, where  a  '  man '  of  Richard  de  Clare  unsuccessfully  vouches  Ilbodo 
(whose  connection  with  the  matter  is  unexplained),  and  a  reeve  of 
Richard,  with  no  more  success,  vouches  Richard  himself  (fo.  103). 
We  have  already  seen  Richard  failing  to  warrant  his  reeve's  aggressive 
action  at  Braintree.8  It  is  the  king  himself  whom  the  burgesses  of 
Colchester  and  Maldon  vouch  to  warranty  for  a  remission  of  the  rent 

'  Et  hundret  nescit  quomodo  habet  hanc  terram,  et  quia  neque  legatus  neque  alius  homo  venit  ex 
parte  sua  qui  derationasset  hanc  terram,  ideo  est  in  manu  regis  cum  alia.'  Compare  the  Goldhanger 
entry  (fo.  54b)  :  '  non  habuit  liberatorem,  sicut  hundret  testatur,  et  ita  est  in  manu  regis.' 

'dimidiam  hidam  et  xv.  acras,  que  modo  sunt  in  manu  regis  ideo  quod  nullus  fuit  ex  parte  ejus 
qui  dixisset  quomodo  eos  habuerit '  (fo.  6^).  This  would  seem  to  refer  to  the  proceedings  before  the 
commissioners. 

3  'Postea  recuperavimus  (sic)  dimidiam  hidam  quam  tenuit  socfemannus]  Haroldi  T.R.E.'  (fo.  ^V). 
But  the  entry  somewhat  mysteriously  proceeds: — 'modo  earn  tenet  Radulfus  de  Marcei  ad  feudum 
Hamonis.'     The  land  referred  to  is  the  subject,  as  '  Siriceslea,'  of  an  entry  under  Hamo's  fief  (fo.  5  5), 
where  there  is  no  hint  that  it  was  claimed  as  belonging  to  the  king.     This  raises  a  curious  question  as 
to  the  '  Postea '  clause,  which  may  have  been  entered  after  the  '  Siriceslea  '  entry  had  brought  the  fact 
to  their  notice. 

4  '  Tulit  Hamo  dapifer  Ixxx  acras  .  .  .  sicut  hundret  testatur,  et  hanc  occupationem  percepimus 
(sic)  in  manu  regis '  (fo.  94). 

6  Compare  p.  386  above.  6  See  p.  563  below. 

'  Indedit  vadem '  for  '  inde  dedit  vadem,'  a  corruption  characteristic  of  the  survey  of  Colchester. 
On  the  waging  of  law  by  this  '  contract  with  the  vadlum,  wed,  or  gage '  see  Prof.  Maitland's  The 
Court  Baron  (Selden  Society),  p.  17,  and  compare  my  Commune  of  London,  p.  153. 

8  See  pp.  355,  411  above. 

412 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

exacted  from  them  for  their  mints.1  Another  form  of  vouching  to 
warranty  is  that  in  which  a  former  sheriff  is  vouched  by  the  occupant 
of  land  as  having  given  him  livery  of  seisin.  On  the  king's  manor  of 
Lawford  two  instances  will  be  found  in  which  Suain  was  so  vouched.1 

Of  the  three  eastern  counties  Essex  is  the  first  with  the  Domesday 
of  which  I  have  dealt  for  the  Victoria  History.  The  peculiar  character 
of  the  volume  containing  the  survey  of  those  counties  is  largely  respon- 
sible for  the  length  of  this,  the  first  and  possibly  the  only  introduction 
to  a  portion  of  its  contents. 

Discussing  the  relationship  of  the  '  second,'  the  eastern  counties 
volume  to  that  which  contains  the  rest  of  the  Domesday  Survey,  I 
argued  in  Feudal  England  (pp.  138-42)  that  the  former  was  really  the 
first  to  be  compiled.  As  this  conclusion  has  been  accepted  by  the  Deputy- 
Keeper  of  the  Public  Records,3  I  may  here  repeat  in  part  the  argu- 
ment : — 

I  have  never  seen  any  attempt  at  a  real  explanation  of  the  great  difference  both 
in  scope  and  in  excellence  between  the  two  volumes,  or  indeed  any  reason  given  why 
the  eastern  counties  should  have  had  a  volume  to  themselves.  For  a  full  appreciation 
of  the  contrast  presented  by  the  two  volumes,  the  originals  ought  to  be  examined. 
Such  differences  as  that  the  leaves  of  one  are  half  as  large  again  as  those  of  the  other, 
and  that  the  former  is  drawn  up  in  double,  but  the  latter  in  single  column,  dwarf  the 
comparatively  minor  contrasts  of  material  and  of  handwriting.  So  too  the  fulness  of 
the  details  in  the  second  volume  may  obscure  the  fact  of  its  workmanship  being 
greatly  inferior  to  that  of  the  first.  .  .  .  The  muddled  order  of  the  tenants-in-chief 
for  Norfolk  and  for  Suffolk — where  laymen  precede  the  church — is  another  proof  of 
inferiority,  but  only  minute  investigation  could  show  the  hurry  or  ignorance  of  the 
scribes. 

Now  all  this  might,  I  think,  be  explained  if  we  took  the  so-called  second  volume 
to  be  really  a  first  attempt  at  the  codification  of  the  returns.  Its  unsatisfactory 
character  must  have  demonstrated  the  need  for  a  better  system,  which  indeed  its  un- 
wieldy proportions  must  have  rendered  imperative. 

I  am  now  prepared  to  go  further  and  to  say  that  this  hypothesis 
explains  and  is  supported  by  a  feature  in  the  portion  devoted  to  Essex 
which  appears  to  be  unique  in  Domesday.  On  fos.  8^  and  1 6b  the  text 
ends  for  the  time,  and  fos.  9  and  17  are  blank  save  for  lists  of  the  head- 
ings, six  and  ten  respectively,  to  certain  church  fiefs.  These  lists  have  been 
deleted  by  lines  drawn  across  them.  The  occurrence  of  these  extraordi- 
nary breaks  right  in  the  middle  of  the  text  obviously  calls  for  some  ex- 
planation, but  it  proved  difficult  to  account  for.  We  find  however  that 
the  headings  grouped  on  fo.  9  are  those  which  occur  on  fos.  9^—16^,  and 
that  those  similarly  grouped  on  fo.  17  occur  on  fos.  17^—24^.  But  after 
the  second  of  these  lists  (fo.  17)  there  is  no  further  break;  the  text 
proceeds  continuously. 

I  now  suggest  that  this  is  the  result  of  a  change  of  plan  as  the  work 
proceeded,  Essex  representing  the  first  portion  of  the  first  volume  under- 

1  '  Advocant  regem  adturtorem  '  (fo.  107).  The  phrase  should  run,  'ad  turtorem,'  and  even  then 
the  '  turtor '  is  a  corrupt  form  of  '  tutor.'  In  a  case  of  vouching  to  warranty  at  Boreham  the  word 
'defensor'  is  used  instead  of 'tutor'  (fo.  31^)  ;  and  at  Notley  Geoffrey  'clamat  regem  ad  warant'  (fo.  60). 
At  Hertford  'protector'  is  employed:  'de  quibus  advocat  Harduinus  regem  ad  protectorem'  (i.  13*)- 

1  '  inde  vocat  liberatorem  Suanum  .  .  .  inde  revocat  liberatorem  Suanum  '  (fo.  66).  Compare  the 
Tollesbury  case  on  p.  449  below. 

*  See  Catalogue  to  the  Muieum  of  the  Pubfu  Record  Office  (i9oz). 

413 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

taken.  The  original  idea  appears  to  have  been  to  compile  the  volume 
in  fasciculi  of  8  folios  each,  the  contents  of  which  alone  should  appear 
on  the  recto  of  the  first  folio.  When  these  fasciculi  were  bound  to- 
gether to  form  the  volume,  the  list  of  their  contents  would  become  use- 
less and  would  therefore  be  deleted.  But  it  was  soon  found  that  this 
plan  would  not  work  in  practice,  as  the  fiefs  could  not  be  adjusted  to 
fasciculi  of  8  folios.  The  idea  was  consequently  abandoned,  and  reliance 
placed  only  on  the  list  for  the  whole  county  which  covers  the  recto  of 
the  first  folio  in  the  case  of  all  three  of  the  eastern  counties. 

It  would  be  imagined  from  this  list  on  the  opening  page  of  the 
volume  that  the  survey  of  Essex  closes  with  what  it  terms  '  Invasiones.' 
But  these,  on  the  contrary,  are  followed  by  a  long  separate  survey  of 
what  is  styled  '  The  Hundred  of  Colchester.'  The  position  here  assigned 
to  Colchester  is  well  worthy  of  notice,  for  it  contrasts  with  that  accorded 
to  Ipswich  and  to  Norwich.  The  latter,  followed  by  Yarmouth  and 
Thetford,  is  surveyed  at  the  end  of  the  first  division  of  the  king's  land 
in  Norfolk  (fos.  116-8),  while  Ipswich  is  found  at  the  end  of  all  the 
king's  land  in  Suffolk  (fo.  290).  But  the  three  towns  have  this  in  com- 
mon ;  they  are  all  accorded  separate  treatment. 

I  shall  now  therefore  add  a  short  separate  introduction  to  that 
survey  of  Colchester  which  stands  altogether  apart  from  that  of  the  rest 
of  the  county. 

COLCHESTER 

Speaking  at  the  Colchester  Congress  of  the  Archaeological  Institute, 
in  1876,  Professor  Freeman  called  attention  to  the  rich  field  of  study 
presented  by  the  lengthy  survey  of  Colchester  in  Domesday  Book.1  To 
this  survey  I  subsequently  devoted  a  series  of  papers  in  the  Antiquary 
(1882),  and  it  is  also  referred  to  more  than  once  in  Professor  Maitland's 
volume,  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond.  It  is  hardly  possible,  indeed,  to 
accord  it  adequate  treatment  in  the  space  here  available,  more  especially 
as  the  text  is  corrupt  and  some  of  the  entries  extremely  difficult. 

A  glance  at  the  Domesday  map  will  show  that  the  '  Hundred  of 
Colchester,'  if  coterminous,  as  it  doubtless  was,  with  the  present  borough, 
comprised  a  considerable  area.  Three  terms  are  used  in  the  survey  for 
what  it  calls  Colchester — hundret,  civitas  and  burgus.  One  must  not 
linger  over  these  terms,  tempting  though  it  be  to  do  so  ;  but  I  will 
briefly  state  that  I  hold  the  burgus  to  represent  the  walled  enclosure,  108 
acres  in  area,  the  '  burh '  repaired  by  Edward  the  Elder,  where  it 
'  tobroken  was,'  in  92 1*  Civitas,  on  the  other  hand,  is  a  difficult  term, 
one  of  those  to  which  Domesday  students  have  been  apt  to  attach,  in  my 
opinion,  too  definite  a  meaning.  Mr.  Freeman,  who  was  always  eager 
to  discover  an  exactness  and  a  significance  in  a  terminology  which  re- 
joiced in  being  free  from  both,  spoke  of  Domesday  as  a  document  '  in 

1  Archttohgical  Journal,  vol.  xxxiv.  67-70. 

z  For  the  '  due  domus  in  burgo '  appurtenant  to  Greenstead  and  the  '  ii  domus  in  burgo  '  which 
formed  part  of  the  endowment  of  St.  Peter's  must  have  been  within  the  walls. 

414 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

which  cities  (crvt'tates)  are  in  a  marked  and  designed  way  distinguished 
from  other  towns  which  were  not  cities.'  '  That  the  term  '  city '  did 
not  then  imply  the  seat  of  a  bishopric  is  a  point  which  was  rightly  made 
by  Mr.  Freeman  ;  where  he  erred  was  in  holding,  most  characteristi- 
cally, that  Domesday  distinguished  clearly  between  chitates  and  burgi* 
and  that  it  reserved  the  former  term  for  '  the  great  and  important  towns.' 
Norwich,  greater  and  far  more  important  than  Colchester  or  most  of 
Domesday's  '  civitates,'  is  always  a  '  burgus  '  in  the  record.  It  may  be 
interesting  to  note  that  '  civitas '  is  applied  to  York,  Lincoln,  Chester, 
Shrewsbury,  Hereford,  Worcester,  Gloucester,  Leicester,  Exeter,  Oxford, 
Chichester,  Canterbury  and  Rochester,  as  well  as  to  Colchester.  But, 
as  at  Colchester,  we  find  '  burgus '  as  well  as  '  civitas '  used  at  Chester,3 
Leicester  *  and  Worcester,'  while  at  Gloucester  we  find  the  phrase  *  in 
burgo  civitatis.'  It  is  tempting  to  conclude  that  the  civitas,  at  Colchester, 
represents  the  entire  area  as  against  the  burgus  or  walled  space,  but  at 
Chester,  Hereford  and  Leicester  the  phrase  murus  civitatis  *  distinctly 
proves  that  civitas  was  used  for  the  walled  enclosure.  In  1882  I  sug- 
gested that  this  might  be  accounted  for  by  that  enclosure  monopolizing 
in  places  the  term  civitas  which  had  originally  belonged  to  the  whole 
area,  while  in  others,  as  at  Colchester,  the  differentiation  was  inchoate.7 
When,  in  the  case  of  the  Essex  town,  it  was  at  last  effected,  the  walled 
space  was  known  as  the  burgus  and  the  surrounding  area  as  the  banleuca, 
as  we  see  in  the  charter  of  Richard  I.  Whether  this  explanation  be 
deemed  satisfactory  or  not,  I  have  no  better  one  to  offer  now.8 

It  is  worth  noting  that  of  all  the  towns  to  which  Domesday  applies 
the  term  '  civitas,'  Colchester  and  Rochester  are  the  only  ones  which 
are  not  now  the  capitals  of  their  counties  ;  and  Rochester,  of  course, 
was  the  capital  of  west  Kent  and  is  still  the  seat  of  its  bishop's  see. 

The  opening  portion  of  the  survey  deals  with  Greenstead,  which  is 
still  one  of  the  four  parishes  outside  the  walls,  from  which,  indeed,  it 
stands  some  distance  off".  Four  hides  which  had  been  held  there  by 
Godric  were  equally  divided  between  his  sons,  an  interesting  example  of 
such  division.  The  meadow  (or  '  meadow  and  marsh  ')  was  also  equally 
divided,  *  1 2  acres '  falling  to  the  share  of  each  brother,  and  so  was  the 
mill  (on  the  Colne).  The  church,  however,  which  Godric  had  held,  was 
allotted  entire  to  one  portion,  probably  because  it  had  no  endowment. 
Houses  were  appurtenant  to  Godric's  estate,  and  the  phrase  '  iiii 

1  'City  and  Borough'  (Macmillan'i  Magazine  [1889],  IT.  31).  He  even  held  that  the  Norman- 
ized  Edward  and  his  successor  '  taught  people  to  distinguish  certain  places  as  civitates'  (ibid.  p.  33). 

8  '  The  places  to  which  the  name  of  city  is  given  are  clearly  the  great  and  important  towns,  some 
of  them  Roman  chesters,  some  of  them  English  settlements  which  had  greatly  outstripped  their  fellows, 
towns  which  were  local  centres  and  something  more,  towns  which  had  more  or  less  of  an  independent 
municipal  constitution,'  etc.,  etc.  (ibid.  p.  32). 

1  'Terra  in  qua  e>t  templum  Sancti  Petri  .  .  .  nunquara  pertinuit  ad  Manerium  extra  clvitatem, 
ted  ad  turgum  pertinet.' 

4  '  Redditus  cii-itatii  ...  in  eodem  iurgo.'  6  '  Consuetudines  burp  .  .  .  redditus  civitatii.' 

1  The/onatum  civitatis  occurs  at  Canterbury. 

7  See  Antiquary,  v.  249,  for  fuller  statement. 

*  It  is  remarkable  that  Colchester  was  still  entered  as  a  '  civitas '  in  the  Pipe  Roll  of  1 1 30. 

415 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

mansiones  terrae  '  is  of  some  interest.  '  Mansio  '  is  one  of  the  terms 
used  vaguely  in  Domesday  ;  in  Essex  it  clearly  means  '  manor  '  in  the 
phrase  '  dominus  mansionis  '  found  under  Hanningfield  and  Sutton,  and, 
apparently,  in  the  somewhat  mysterious  '  non  est  de  suis  c  mansionibus ' 
found  under  Orsett  (fos.  9^,  z6b);  but  at  Horndon-on-the-Hill  (fo.  97)  two 
'  mansiones '  have  been  '  taken  away '  by  Godwine  from  a  manor  of  one 
and  a  half  hides,  so  that  these  can  hardly  have  been  anything  but  houses. 
In  a  single  column  of  a  single  page  in  the  other  volume  of  Domesday 
(i.  8)  we  learn  that  to  one  Kentish  manor  there  belonged  '  iii  mansiones 
terrae  in  Rovecestre  '  and  to  another  '  ii  mansurae  terras  in  Cantuaria.' 
Here,  it  will  be  seen,  we  have  not  only  the  same  phrase  as  at  Colchester, 
but  an  obvious  equation  of  it  with  '  mansurae  terras.' !  And,  further,  as 
the  word  '  terrae  '  is  surplusage,  indifferently  used  or  not  after  acra, 
carucata,  and  so  forth,  I  think  the  mansurce  terrce  were  simply  the  mansurce 
which  meet  us  throughout  the  survey  of  Norwich  ;  and  as  masura  is 
once  used  instead  of  mansura  at  Norwich,  we  may  treat  these  words  as 
identical ;  indeed,  returning  to  Kent,  we  have  a  manor  to  which  were 
appurtenant  'in  Cantuaria  iii  masurae '  (i.  9).*  Lastly,  in  Fordwich  all 
the  houses  seem  to  be  entered  as  '  masuras  terrae,'  of  which  there  were 
nearly  a  hundred  (fo.  12).  Here  then  again  we  have  plain  warning  of 
the  survey's  loose  terminology  ;  and  we  need  not  see  in  Godric's  four 
'  mansiones  terrae '  more  than  houses  in  Colchester. 

The  next  entry  is  connected  with  the  first  as  relating  to  five  hides 
at  Lexden  which  the  burgesses  asserted  to  have  belonged  to  Godric's 
Greenstead  estate,  although  (as  the  Domesday  map  shows)  Lexden  lay 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  borough.  I  showed  in  my  original  paper 
that  Mr.  Freeman  had  misread  and  misunderstood  this  important  passage, 
and  discussed  its  meaning  both  there  *  and  at  greater  length  in  Domesday 
Studies  (pp.  122-31).  The  grievance  of  the  burgesses  was  the  same  as 
at  Shrewsbury  and,  apparently,  at  Chester.  The  '  rateable  area  '  had 
been  wrongfully  lessened,  and  the  sums  due  from  the  portion  in  dispute 
were  thus  lost  to  the  burgesses,  from  whom  however  the  Crown  con- 
tinued to  exact  the  same  total  amount.  This  must  imply  a  fixed  com- 
mutation, for  the  grievance  would  have  otherwise  no  meaning.*  Oddly 
enough  the  same  grievance  is  again  found  recurring  at  Colchester  some 
years  later  in  the  chronicle  of  St.  John's  Abbey,  according  to  which 
Eudo  '  dapifer '  came  to  the  rescue  of  the  townsfolk  in  their  difficulty. 

Terras  damnatorum  .  .  .  dum  nemo  coleret  exigebantur  tamen  plenaliter  fiscalia, 
et  hac  de  causa  populus  valde  gravabatur.  Has  ergo  terras  Eudo  sibi  vendicavit  ut 
pro  his  fisco  satisfaceret  et  populum  eatenus  alleviaret.5 

1  On  fo.  5  are  entered  80  '  mansurae  terras '  in  Rochester  as  appurtenant  to  two  of  the  bishop's  manors. 

2  On  fo.  10  there  are  several  other  instances,  and  mansura  and  masur<t  are  both  used  at  Canterbury 
(fo.  2).  s  Antiquary,  vi.  7. 

*  But  compare,  on  this  point,  Maitland's  Domesday  Book  and  Beyond,  pp.  207-8.  As  Mr.  Eyton, 
in  his  Dorset  Domesday  (p.  72),  well  puts  the  point  :  'A  reduced  number  of  contributors  had  to  make 
good  the  same  total  of  taxation  as  had  been  formerly  borne  by  many.' 

5  Printed  in  the  St.  John's  Cartulary  (Roxburghe  Club)  and  in  the  Monasticon.  The  authority  of 
the  narrative  of  course  can  only  be  accepted  valeat  quantum,  so  far  as  it  exalts  Eudo,  the  founder  of  the 
abbey,  but  it  is  good  evidence  as  to  the  system  and  the  grievance  from  which  the  burgesses  suffered. 

416 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

In  spite  of  the  clearness  of  this  passage  Mr.  Freeman  came,  as  I 
showed  in  1882,*  to  extraordinary  grief  over  it,  connecting  it,  in  his 
William  Rufus  (ii.  464—5),  with  'the  common  land  of  the  burgesses' 
entered  in  Domesday  and  with  the  Domesday  entry  of  Eudo's  houses  in 
Colchester,  in  which  he  read  '  d[omus]  '  as  '  denarios '  ! 

I  suggested,  in  my  original  paper,  that  the  suspicious  growth  in 
value  of  Stanway  since  the  days  of  the  Confessor  *  might  have  something 
to  do  with  the  extension  of  its  '  berewite '  of  Lexden  at  the  hands  of 
the  king's  officers.* 

After  these  two  preliminary  entries  we  plunge  into  a  long  list  of 
the  holders  of  houses  and  of  land,  which  is  probably  unrivalled 
in  Domesday,  though  short  ones  of  the  same  character  are  found 
under  Norwich  and  Oxford.  The  number  of  houses  would  seem  to 
have  been  about  450,  both  at  the  death  of  the  Confessor  and  in  1086. 
I  may  here  quote  my  summary  of  this  remarkable  list  : — 

If  we  examine  the  first  half  headed  'Isti  sunt  Burgenses  Regis  qui  reddunt 
consuetudinem'  we  find  the  names  of  276  burgesses,  several  of  them  owning  many 
houses  and  a  few  owning  none,  the  grand  total  of  their  houses  being  355.  Their 
land,  which  was  divided  into  unequal  plots,  amounted  to  no  less  than  1,296  acres  of 
arable  and  5 1  of  meadow.  Most  of  the  plots  were  but  a  few  acres  in  extent,  often 
but  one  or  two,  and  suggest  a  very  large  element  of  '  peasant  proprietors,'  dwelling 
probably  on  their  little  holdings,  of  which  many  must  have  been  distant  from  the  walls. 
There  were  also  several  properties  of  from  20  to  30  acres  ;  and  the  whole  effect  pro- 
duced is  that  of  a  land-owning  community,  with  scarcely  any  traces  of  a  landless, 
trading  element.  Hence,  we  may  presume,  the  relative  sparseness  of  population  ;  hence 
also  the  want  of  development  in  the  community.  Among  the  burgesses  we  find  seven 
priests  and  nearly  twenty  women,  one  of  the  latter,  Leofleda,  being  perhaps  the 
wealthiest  of  the  townsfolk,  with  her  three  houses,  her  25  acres  and  her  mill.  The 
pure  English  element  is  of  course  predominant  in  the  names,  and  lingered  long  among 
the  fields  and  copses  after  fashion  had  banished  it  from  the  font.  But  Hacon  and  Tovig, 
Osgod  and  Segrim,  were  names  that  told  of  Norse  descent.  And  followers  of  the 
Conqueror  as  well  figured  among  the  king's  burgesses.4 

The  only  correction  I  would  now  make  is  that  I  take  the  acres  to 
be  rather  '  geld  '  acres  than  measures  of  area.  This  view  is  supported 
by  the  prevalence  of  2o-acre,  i5~acre,  lo-acre  and  5-acre  holdings. 
Although  we  cannot  divide  the  list  into  two  sharply  defined  portions — 
for  some  Normans  are  found  in  the  first  portion  and  some  natives  in  the 
second — there  is  clearly  a  break  where  the  record,  after  giving  the  hold- 
ings of  the  burgesses,  adds  that  *  isti  burgenses  ' — a  rather  emphatic 
phrase — have  5 1  acres  of  meadow.  The  next  portion  begins  with  the 
very  interesting  entry  of  the  separate  estate  held  by  Hamo  '  dapifer,'  in 
which,  as  at  Faulkborne  and  Totham,  his  predecessor  was  Thurbern. 
It  included  *  i  curia,'  an  admittedly  difficult  word.  But  its  use  here 
seems  to  be  illustrated  by  the  entry  of  the  bishop's  curia  at  Norwich,  in 
which  were  fourteen  houses.'  In  addition,  it  would  seem,  to  this 
'  court '  he  had  a  '  hall '  of  his  own,  which  enjoyed  the  exceptional 
privilege  of  being  free  from  dues  to  the  king.  His  fifteen  burgesses 

1  Antiquary,  vi.  98—9.  '  See  p.  431  below. 

*  Antiquary,  vi.  7.  *  Ibid.  vi.  5. 

6  'Et  homines  episcopi  x  domus  et  in  propria  curia  episcopi  xiiii  mansure '  (fo.  117). 

I  417  53 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

were  liable  to  these  dues,  but  paid  only  that  portion  which  was  due 
from  them  personally  as  a  poll-tax  (de  suis  capitibus).  This  poll-tax  is 
alluded  to  in  two  other  places  in  the  survey  of  Colchester,  and  receives 
illustration  from  that  of  Ipswich,  where  we  read  of  a  hundred  poor  bur- 
gesses who  can  only  contribute  to  the  king's  geld  a  penny  each  on  their 
polls.1  We  also  read  of  20  bordars  belonging  to  Roger  Bigot  in  Thetford 
that  this  poll-tax  was  all  they  could  pay.2 

Of  the  houses  belonging  to  manors  in  the  neighbourhood  some- 
thing has  been  said  above  (p.  385),  but  among  those  enumerated  in 
the  second  portion  of  this  list  I  would  call  attention  to  the  two  in 
which  '  William  nephew  of  the  bishop '  had  succeeded  Thurkil.  For 
the  latter's  name  is,  in  Essex,  not  a  common  one,  and  when  we  find 
that  at  Peldon,  to  the  south  of  Colchester,  a  '  Turchil '  had  been  suc- 
ceeded by  '  William  the  deacon,'  it  is  difficult  to  resist  the  conclusion 
that  the  two  Williams  are  the  same  and  represent  a  nephew  and  name- 
sake of  William,  Bishop  of  London.  If  so,  Peldon  may  be  added  to  the 
list  of  those  manors,  such  as  Wigborough  and  West  Mersea  adjoining  it, 
which  had  houses  in  Colchester.  It  is  singular,  in  this  connection,  that 
in  the  charter  of  confirmation  granted  to  Bishop  Maurice  by  King 
William  the  lands  held  by  '  William  the  deacon  and  Ralf  his  brother  ' 
are  included,3  and  that  Peldon  was  thenceforth  held  of  the  Bishops  of 
London. 

The  most  difficult  portion  of  this  survey  remains.  At  the  close  of 
the  long  list  of  the  holders  of  houses  and  land  we  have  an  entry  of 
which  the  subject  is  '  the  king's  demesne.'  This  '  demesne  '  corresponds 
roughly  with  the  portion  of  a  manor  so  described,  and  I  did  not  hesi- 
tate to  identify  it  with  the  land  which  was  attached  from  time  imme- 
morial to  the  possession  of  the  royal  castle.*  Its  most  interesting  portion 
is  the  i  o  acres  of  meadow,  for  I  claim  these  as  identical  with  the  '  ten 
acres  in  king's  meadow  '  mentioned  in  the  will  of  Charles  Gray,  M.P. 
(1781),  who  was  owner  of  Colchester  Castle  and  the  lands  which 
descended  with  it.  These  '  ten  acres  '  consist  of  three  detached  portions 
lying  in  the  ancient  meadow  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  facing  the 
castle,  which  is  of  the  normal  '  dole '  type,  divided  into  strips.6 

In  addition  to  this  important  meadow,  which  still  remains  divided 
into  '  doles,' 8  the  extent  of  meadow  recorded  in  the  survey  of  Colchester 
is  large.  We  have  already  heard  of  the  burgesses  having  5 1  acres  ; 7 

1  '  C  pauperes  burgenses  qui  non  possunt  reddere  ad  geltum  regis  nisi  unum  denarium  de  suis 
capitibus '  (fo.  290).  *  '  De  supradictis  bordariis  habebat  rex  scotum  de  suo  capite  tantum  '  (fo.  117). 

8  Dugdale's  History  of  St.  Paul's,  p.  304.     The  charter  is  in  Old  English. 

*  Antiquary,  vi.  8-9,  95. 

6  In  actual  area  these  '  acres '  vary,  as  I  pointed  out,  from  -J  to  •£  of  the  modern  statute  acre.  I 
subsequently  found  it  stated  in  Mr.  Palmer's  Ancient  Tenures  of  Land  in  the  Marches  of  North  Wales  that 
'  the  normal  doles  of  the  old  common  meadows '  in  his  district  are  represented  by  an  area  of  '  a  little 
over  three  statute  roods,'  and  that  they  were  really  '  day's  maths,'  a  form  which  still  survives.  I  am 
disposed  therefore  to  treat  these  meadow  acres  at  Colchester,  not  as  geld  acres,  but  as  actual  day's  maths 
(Domesday  Studies,  pp.  218—9). 

6  There  were  '  King's  Meads '  at  Oxford  and  at  Canterbury,  and  the  latter  appears  to  be  alluded 
to  in  Domesday. 

7  p.  417  above.     This  may  be  compared  with  the  well-known  Port  Meadow  at  Oxford. 

418 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

Hamo  '  dapifer '  had  6  acres,  St.  Peter's  Church  1 2  acres,  and  the 
Bishop  of  London  6\  acres.  Thus,  with  the  king's  '  to  acres,'  there 
were  85^  acres,  to  which  must  be  added,  it  seems,  48  acres  at  Green- 
stead.  Under  Stanway,  also,  Lexden  is  credited  with  1 8  acres. 

The  king's  demesne  included  '  240  acres'  of  pasture  and  scrub  (inter 
pasturam  e t  fructe fam),  but  we  find  no  definite  mention  of  '  the  King's 
Wood '  to  the  north  of  the  town,  now  known  as  '  the  high  woods.' 
This  wood  is  subsequently  found  included  in  the  '  ferm '  of  the 
borough,  which  was  reduced  accordingly  by  forty  shillings  when  the 
king  took  the  wood  into  his  own  hands.1  At  the  close  of  the  entry  on 
the  king's  demesne  we  are  given  the  important  information  that  it  is 
all  included  among  the  sources  of  the  king's  ferm,2  which  at  once  proves 
that  a  firma  burgi  was  already  paid  to  the  Crown  for  Colchester  in  the 
days  of  the  Conqueror.  When  we  look  at  the  entries  which  follow  we 
see  how  clearly  the  survey  distinguishes  the  payments  which  are  com- 
pounded for  in  the  firma  from  those  which  are  not.3 

The  tenure  of  this  '  firma  '  is  as  obscure  as  it  is  important.  From 
the  earliest  pipe  roll  (1130)  Colchester  appears  as  farmed  separately 
from  the  rest  of  the  county  ;  and  I  gather  from  the  incidental  reference 
in  the  Domesday  Survey  to  Waleran  that  he  had  been  the  *  fermor '  at 
some  period  during  the  Conqueror's  reign.  Another  incidental  refer- 
ence leads  me  to  think  that  he  had  at  one  time  '  farmed  '  Norwich  with 
disastrous  results  to  its  burgesses.4  At  the  time  of  the  Survey  he  had 
been  succeeded  in  Essex,  Cambridgeshire  and  Suffolk  by  his  son  ;  but 
during  his  tenure  of  the  fief  he  had  given  to  the  Abbey  of  St.  Stephen 
of  Caen  his  *  little  manor '  of  Panfield  and  the  church  of  Bures  St. 
Mary.5  He  was  charged  with  depriving  the  monks  of  St.  Ouen  of 
their  house  in  Colchester  and  with  certain  encroachments  at  Aveley, 
Henny,  Halstead  and  Lawford  ;  but  in  this  respect  he  was  no  worse 
than  other  Normans,  if  so  bad. 

I  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  'fermor'  in  1086  was 
Walchelin  Bishop  of  Winchester.  The  words  'ten'  Walchelin'  ep'c  ' 
are  no  doubt  obscure,  but  that  Bishop  Walchelin  was  the  person  meant 
seems  beyond  dispute.  There  is  evidence,  as  I  have  elsewhere  shown, 
that  he  exacted  extortionate  rents  from  the  tenants  of  his  see  in  Hamp- 
shire ; 8  and  in  Berks,  Wilts  and  Somerset  there  are  traces  of  his  similar 
action.7  I  believe  therefore  that  at  Colchester  also  he  was  trying  to 

1  This  was  shortly  before  1 169,  when  we  read  :  '  Et  in  defalta  bosci  de  Kingeswuda,  qui  solebat 
essc  in  firma  burgi,  vi  li.  de  tribus  annis  '  (Pipe  Roll,  1 5  Hen.  II.  p.  48).  So  also  when  Stephen 
made  over  to  the  hospital  of  St.  Magdalen  1 8  acres  of  the  Crown  demesne  here,  he  reduced  the  firma 
burp  by  3/.  ^d.  in  consideration  thereof.  This  firma  was  the  sum  for  which  the  king's  dues  were 
'  farmed  '  out. 

'  Hoc  totum  jacet  ad  firmam  regis.' 

'  Et  hoc  pertinet  ad  firmam  regis  .  .  .  et  hoc  non  est  ad  firmam.' 

'  Vastati   .  .   .   partim  per  Walerannum  '  (fo.  1 1  ~jb). 

See  my  Calendar  of  Documents  preserved  in  France,  and  compare  p.  342  above. 

Victoria  History  of  Hampshire,  i.  414-5. 

*  One  of  his  Berkshire  manors  is  entered  in  Domesday  as  rented  above  its  value  ;  in  Wilts  there  is, 
at  Downton,  a  suspicious  rise  from  £60  to  £103,  and  equally  significant,  in  Somerset,  is  the  rise  on  his 
great  manor  of  Taunton  from  £50  to  £154. 

419 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

extort  from  the  burgesses  a  sum  unduly  large.  But  Colchester,  after  all, 
was  not  alone  in  its  grievance.  Then,  as  in  much  later  days,  towns 
complained  of  the  excessive  '  ferm '  exacted  from  them  by  the  Crown  or 
its  agents  ;  but  in  1086  there  was  reason  for  such  complaint.  Ipswich, 
like  Colchester,  appears  to  have  paid,  under  Edward  the  Confessor, 
rather  over  £15  a  year  ;  Roger  Bigot,  the  sheriff  of  Suffolk,  farmed  it 
out  under  William  for  £40,  but  was  compelled  to  reduce  the  amount  to 
£37,  as  the  money  could  not  be  paid.  Thetford,  which  had  suffered 
heavily  by  the  Conquest,  was  nevertheless  compelled  to  pay  nearly  /^Se- 
as against  £30  before  the  Normans  came.  Norwich,  which  had  also 
suffered  heavily,  had  to  submit  to  a  similar  increase,  about  £100  a  year 
being  exacted  from  it  in  1086.  Again,  in  Essex,  there  were  rural 
manors,  especially  on  the  king's  demesne,  which  were  farmed  out  for 
exorbitant  sums  at  the  time  of  the  Survey.1  These  examples  help  us  to 
understand  the  figures  given  for  Colchester,  although,  if  they  are 
accurately  given,  its  case  was  eminently  hard.  Under  the  Confessor  it 
had  paid  only,  as  a  commutation  for  the  king's  dues,  £15  $s.  ^d.  a  year, 
out  of  which  the  moneyers  provided  £4.  At  the  time  of  the  Survey 
it  was  paying  £80,  besides  some  minor  payments,  which  will  be  dis- 
cussed below  ;  and  what  made  the  grievance  worse  was  that  the  local 
mint  no  longer  contributed  to  the  payment,  but  was  now  separately 
farmed  at  an  exorbitant  rent. 

The  reader  must  again  be  warned  that  the  text  is  somewhat  corrupt, 
and  that,  even  allowing  for  Norman  exaction,  the  figures  are  strangely 
high  in  view  of  the  fact  that  in  the  next  century  the  town's  firma  was 
£40,  which  included,  as  under  the  Confessor,  the  payment  for  the  mint. 
The  minor  payments  spoken  of  above  as  exacted  in  addition  to  the  £80 
were  in  the  first  place  6  sestiers  of  honey,2  an  archaic  due  common  in 
towns.  Ipswich  and  Norwich  had  both  been  liable  to  provide  the  same 
amount,  and  Thetford  had  provided  4  sestiers.  Oxford  and  Warwick  had 
each  to  supply  6  sestiers  a  year,  and  the  entry  under  Warwick  that  the 
sestier  was  valued  at  1 5  pence  leads  us  to  view  with  some  suspicion  the 
statement  in  the  Colchester  survey  that  40  shillings  was  the  commutation 
for  the  6  sestiers.  Moreover,  an  unintelligible  '  iiii '  follows  this  estimate, 
which  may  either  refer  to  the  obscure  consuetudines  mellis  spoken  of  at 
Ipswich  and  elsewhere,  or  may  be  simply  a  corruption. 

The  next  addition  to  the  £80  is  the  curious  payment  '  for  feeding 
the  prebendaries,'  which  appears  to  be  peculiar  to  the  towns  of  the  three 
eastern  counties.  At  Colchester  it  is  IQJ.  8</.,  at  Ipswich  8j.,  at  Thet- 
ford i6j.  and  at  Norwich  2 is.  \d.  No  significance  may  at  first  sight 
be  suggested  by  these  figures,  but  it  will  be  found  that  they  are  based 
upon  a  unit  of  32  pence,  of  which  units  Ipswich  pays  three,  Colchester 
four,  Thetford  six  and  Norwich  eight.  And  this  unit  represents  2 
ounces  (orce)  at  1 6  pence  (instead  of  20  pence)  to  the  ounce.3 

1  See  p.  363  above.  8  See,  for  honey,  p.  383  above. 

3  Compare  Inyuisitio  comitatus  CatitaMgiemis,  p.  41,  and  p.  386  above  with  p.  432  note  9  below. 

420 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

Another  of  the  extra  payments  was  £5  to  the  sheriff '  de  gersuma.' 
This  phrase  is  one  which  is  always  difficult  to  translate,  but  the  amount 
is  recognizable  as  that  which  a  town  or  a  county  is  sometimes  entered 
in  Domesday  as  paying  to  the  queen.  Norwich,  in  1086,  was  paying 
£5  a  year  '  de  gersuma  regine,'  and  Warwickshire  the  same  '  reginas  pro 
gersuma.'  £5  a  year  also  was  paid  to  the  queen  as  a  gift  by  Worcester- 
shire and  by  Northamptonshire.  The  county  of  Oxfordshire  also  paid 
£5  '  de  gersumma  reginje.'  But,  in  spite  of  this  association  of  the  £$ 
with  the  queen,  I  should  look  upon  the  payment  at  Colchester  as  akin 
to  that  which  the  sheriff  received  from  some  royal  manors  in  the 
county,1  and  as  consideration  money  for  his  exclusion  from  thejirma. 

The  payments  we  have  just  been  considering  were  made  in  addition 
to  the  ferm,  and  Domesday  is  careful  to  explain  that  the  render  in 
respect  of  the  mint  was  also,  at  the  time  of  the  Survey,  over  and  above 
the  ferm. 

The  passage  relating  to  the  local  mint  is,  no  doubt,  difficult.  It 
has  been  recently  discussed  by  Mr.  Andrew,*  but  I  cannot  agree  with 
his  conclusions.  To  understand  it  we  must  study  it  in  conjunction  with 
the  mint  entries  for  Ipswich  and  for  Thetford.  At  Ipswich,  as  at 
Colchester,  the  moneyers  had  paid  £4  a  year  under  the  Confessor,  but 
their  annual  payment  had  been  raised  to  £20  at  the  time  of  the  Survey, 
though  they  were  greatly  in  arrears.8  At  Colchester,  as  I  read  the 
passage,  the  annual  payment  had  been  similarly  raised  to  £20,  though 
the  burgesses  of  Maldon  shared  the  burden.*  But,  as  at  Ipswich,  the 
payment  seems  to  have  proved  too  heavy,  for  the  burgesses  claim  that 
the  king  (or  his  fermor)  had  remitted  half  of  it.  Nevertheless,  they  say, 
Bishop  Walchelin,  their  fermor,  is  exacting  from  them  £40.'  Enormous 
as  this  demand  may  seem,  Thetford  was  actually  paying  for  its  mint  no 
less  a  sum  than  this  at  the  time  of  the  Survey.8 

It  must  be  admitted,  however,  that  sums  so  large  as  these  are 
difficult  to  explain,  for  at  Thetford,  as  Mr.  Andrew  points  out,  the  sum 
of  £4  a  year  was  eventually  remitted  in  express  compensation  of  the  loss 
of  four  moneyers,  while  at  Colchester  £3  a  year  was  similarly  remitted 
*  in  defectu  monetariorum  '  under  Henry  II.  down  to  his  thirteenth  year 
(1167),  when  the  amount  rises  to  £4,  which,  we  have  seen,  was  the 
annual  render  from  the  moneyers  at  Colchester,  as  at  Ipswich,  under 
Edward  the  Confessor.7  Yet,  inexplicably  large  as  are  the  renders  due 
in  1086,  I  cannot  agree  with  Mr.  Andrew  when  he  'boldly'  suggests 

1  See  p.  363  above. 

*  Numiimatif  Chronicle,  ser.  4,  i.  161-2. 

3  '  Monetarii  reddebant  per  annum  T.R.E.  iiii  libras  pro  moneta  ;  modo  debent  reddere  xx  libras  ; 
ted  de  quatuor  annis  non  reddiderunt  nisi  xxvii  libras '  (fo.  290^). 

*  Coins  of  this  period  were  issued  from  the  Maldon  mint. 

5  '  Reddebant  monetarii  iiii  libras  T.R.E.  .  .  .  Et  preter  hoc  reddunt  burgenses  de  Colecestra  et 
de  Melduna  xx  libras  pro  moneta  ;  et  hoc  constituit  Waleramus  ;  et  advocant  regem  adturtorem  quod 
condonavit  illis  x  libras  ;  et  ten'  Walchelinus  ep[is]c[opus]  querit  ab  illas  xl  libras.' 

*  '  Reddit  etiam  modo  regi  xl  libras  de  moneta  '  (fo.  1 1 9). 

7  It  is  evident  that  at  Colchester  and  at  Norwich  in  the  twelfth  century  the  remission  of  £  I  a  year 
represented  the  loss  of  one  moneyer. 

421 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

that  they  were  not  annual  renders  at  all,  but  '  certain  annual  instalments 
which  were  being  paid  by  the  burgesses  for  the  purchase  of  the  lease  of 
the  mint  from  the  king,'  in  fact,  '  that  the  burgesses  or  grantees  of  the 
mint  were  paying  a  fine  for  their  charter  of  the  privilege.' l  For  the 
language  used  in  the  Ipswich  entry  is  decisively  opposed  to  this  solution. 
High  payments,  indeed,  from  mints  were  not  exceptional  in  Domesday ; 
Gloucester  and  Leicester  paid  £20,  and  Lincoln  as  much  as  £75. 

Coins  of  the  Conqueror  with  the  names  of  four  Colchester  moneyers 
are  known.  These  four  are  Wulfric,  ./Elfsige,  Wulfwine  *  and  Derman.3 
Under  Henry  I.  the  names  of  Wulfwine  and  ./Elfsige  recur  on  Colchester 
coins,  while  those  of  Edward  and  Sasgrim  (?)  make  their  appearance.4 
Of  these  names  I  recognize  as  holders  of  houses  in  the  Survey,  Wulfric, 
./Elfsige,  Wulfwine  and  Derman,  while  we  also  find  a  Sacrim'  and  a 
Sagrim',  but  one  ought  to  add  that  these  names,  the  last  excepted,  are 
hardly  distinctive  enough  for  identification,  and  appear,  moreover,  to 
have  been  borne  by  several  burgesses.  Extreme  caution  is  needed  in 
dealing  with  the  question  of  jirma^  but  the  language  of  Domesday 
appears  to  leave  us  in  no  doubt  that  the  burgesses  themselves  were  called 
upon  to  find  the  fixed  annual  sum  of  £40,  instead  of  the  moneyers  being 
liable,  as  at  Ipswich,  for  the  payment.  The  Thetford  entry  leaves  us, 
perhaps,  in  some  doubt  on  the  point,  though  the  borough  itself  there 
appears  as  responsible. 

We  have  yet  to  deal  with  two  payments,  one  of  which  is  of  great 
interest,  and  apparently,  in  its  actual  form,  unique  in  Domesday.  The 
first  of  these  was  due  on  '  the  quinzaine  of  Easter  '  (quintodecimo  die  post 
pascham)  yearly,  and  was  a  fixed  sum  of  £i  6s.  8*/.  due  from  '  the  King's 
burgesses,'  and  included  in  the  ferm  ;  it  may  possibly  represent  the 
commutation  of  a  due.  The  other,  which  was  over  and  above  the  ferm, 
was  a  payment  of  sixpence  from  each  house,  and  was  connected  with 
military  service.  Like  other  passages  in  this  survey,  it  is  by  no  means 
free  from  obscurity,  but,  bearing  in  mind  that  it  had  to  be  paid  every 
year,  we  may,  I  think,  safely  render  it  as  meaning  that  the  proceeds  of 
this  payment  could  be  applied  either  to  the  mercenary  soldiers  (so/Marios) 
or  to  the  expenses  of  the  national  '  landfyrd  '  or  '  scypfyrd ' 6  (expetitionem 
terra  ve /  ma ris) ,  but  that  it  had  to  be  paid  whether  the  king  engaged 
soldiers  or  called  out  the  fyrd  or  not.9  We  have  a  payment  at  Exeter 
'  ad  opus  militum,'  for  which  the  '  Exon  Domesday  '  gives  '  ad  soldarios,' 
and  in  the  Dorset  boroughs  we  have  entries  of  payments  '  ad  opus 

1  Numismatic  Chronicle,  ser.  4,  i.  423. 

8  He  had  coined  here  also  under  Harold  (Archeeok&a,  iv.  363).  *  Ibid.  xxvi.  96. 

*  Numismatic  Chronicle,  ser.  4,  i.  166-7. 

8  dnglo-Saxon  Chronicle,  anno  999.  See  the  Victoria  History  of  Hampshire,  \.  248-9.  At  Bedford  the 
phrase  is  '  in  expeditione  et  in  navibus '  ;  at  Stamford,  '  in  exercitu  et  navigio '  ;  at  Leicester  we  read, 
'  Quando  rex  ibat  in  exercitu  per  terram  ...  si  vero  per  mare  in  hostem  ibat '  ;  at  Exeter,  '  Quando 
expeditio  ibat  per  terram  aut  per  mare '  ;  at  Wilton,  '  Quando  rex  ibat  in  expeditione  vel  terra 
vel  mari.' 

6  For  in  some  places  the  composition  only  applied  to  occasions  when  the  host  was  actually 
called  out. 

422 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

huscarlium.'  These  payments  deserve  to  be  compared  and  contrasted 
with  this  at  Colchester. 

Perhaps  the  most  difficult  entry  in  the  whole  survey  of  Colchester 
is  that  which  relates  to  what  appears  to  be  the  common  land  of  the 
burgesses.  Professor  Maitland  writes  of  it : — 

Concerning  Colchester  there  is  an  entry  which  perhaps  ascribes  to  the  community 
of  burgesses  the  ownership  or  the  tenancy  of  fourscore  acres  of  land  and  of  a  strip 
eight  perches  in  width  surrounding  the  town  wall ;  but  this  entry  is  exceedingly 
obscure.1 

The  entry  in  question  runs  : — 

In  commune  burgensium  iiii.  xx  acrar  terrac  ;  et  circa  murum  viii  percae  ;  de  quo 
toto  per  annum  habent  burgenses  Ix  sol.  ad  servicium  regis,  si  opus  fuerit,  sin  autem  in 
commune  dividunt. 

The  learned  Professor  observes  further,  '  as  to  this  most  difficult  passage,' 
that — 

Perhaps  the  most  natural  interpretation  of  it  is  that  the  community  or  commune  of 
the  burgesses  holds  this  land  and  receives  by  way  of  rent  from  tenants,  to  whom  it  is 
let,  the  sum  of  60  shillings  a  year,  which,  if  this  be  necessary,  goes  to  make  up  what 
the  borough  has  to  pay  to  the  king  or  otherwise  is  divisible  among  the  burgesses.  But, 
as  Mr.  Round  rightly  remarks,  60  shillings  for  this  land  would  be  a  large  rent.* 

The  great  importance  of  this  passage  lies  in  the  fact  that,  as  is  pointed 
out  by  the  same  writer,  '  traces  are  few  in  Domesday  Book  of  any 
property  that  can  be  regarded  as  the  property  of  a  nascent  municipal 
corporation,  and  even  of  any  that  can  be  called  the  joint  or  common 
property  of  the  burgesses.' '  I  need  not  here  recount  these  traces  as  set 
forth  by  Professor  Maitland,  but  I  may  call  attention  to  Domesday's  use 
of  the  rare  phrase  '  in  commune,'  a  few  pages  further  on.  Of  the  '  new 
borough  '  founded,  since  the  Conquest,  at  Norwich,  we  read  that — 

Tola  hec  terra  burgensium  erat  in  dominio  comitis  Radulfi,  et  concessit  earn  regi  in 
commune  ad  faciendum  burgum  inter  se  et  regent  (fo.  1 1 8). 

This  may  possibly  serve  to  illustrate  the  Colchester  entry.  As  to  the 
land  which  forms  its  subject,  I  advanced  the  view 4  that  it  was  doubtless 
identical  with  the  *  Borough  Field  '  (or  c  Fields ')  which  we  meet  with 
in  old  maps  and  deeds  as  lying  to  the  south  of  the  London  Road,  at  the 
back  of  the  present  Grammar  School,  and  which  appears  to  have  com- 
prised the  site  of  the  great  Roman  cemetery.'  The  '  eight  perches  about 
the  wall '  would  seem  to  represent  the  ditch  and  mounds  which  origi- 
nally formed  its  outworks. 

The  last  entry  in  the  Colchester  survey  is  that  which  relates  to  St. 
Peter's  church  and  its  endowment.  With  the  exception  of  Greenstead 
church,  spoken  of  above,  this  is  the  only  one  mentioned  in  the  survey, 
which  is  in  striking  contrast  to  the  numerous  churches  and  chapels 
mentioned  at  Ipswich  and  Norwich.  The  explanation  of  this  contrast 
is  found  in  the  fact  that  Domesday  only  concerned  itself  with  churches 

1  Domes  Jay  Book  and  Beyond,  p.  201.  *  Ibid.  *  Ibid.  p.  200. 

*  dntifuary,  vi.  97. 

'  A  '  Portmanncsfcld '  is  mentioned  in  an  early  charter  of  St.  John's  Abbey,  Colchester  (Cartulary, 
p.  321).     There  was  a  '  Porrmen's  meadow'  at  Ipswich  (compare  p.  418,  note  7  above). 

423 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 

in  those  cases  where  their  endowments  made  them  sources  of  revenue. 
Any  mention  of  others  would  only  be  incidental.  It  is  certain,  however, 
if  only  from  analogy,  that  Colchester  must  already  have  possessed  several 
churches,  and  indeed  seven  priests  are  named  in  the  survey.  Of  the  large 
endowment  here  entered  as  belonging  to  St.  Peter's  church,  no  trace  is 
found  afterwards,  so  that  it  would  seem  to  have  passed  into  lay  hands. 
It  appears  to  be  implied  that  the  church  had  been  in  the  king's  gift. 

The  remarkable  '  soke  '  of  the  Bishop  of  London  within  the  walls 
of  Colchester  is  not  mentioned  in  the  survey,  being  entered  with  his 
own  lands.1  It  consisted  of  two  portions,  both  described  as  '  in  Col- 
chester,' one  of  these,  which  consisted  of  fourteen  houses  and  four  acres, 
'  paid  no  due  but  scot,  except  to  the  bishop  ' ;  the  other  assessed  at  two 
hides  was  held  of  him  by  Hugh  and  paid  due(s).  It  must  be  the  former 
which  is  described  in  a  fine  of  1206  as  a  'soke'  bounded  by  Head  Street 
(on  the  east)  and  the  town  wall  (on  the  west)  and  extending  '  from  St. 
Mary's  lane  to  the  lane  next  Headgate  '  ('Havedgate'),2  which  bound- 
aries remain  unchanged.  It  then  belonged  to  '  the  barony  of  the  Bishop 
of  London '  and  included  the  '  schools  '  of  the  town  and  the  church  of 
St.  Mary  and  chapel  of  St.  Andrew,  the  advowson  of  which  church  was 
reserved  to  the  bishop,  in  the  gift  of  whose  successors  it  remained.  It 
is  probable  that  the  whole  of  the  bishop's  Domesday  holding  is  repre- 
sented by  the  existing  parish  of  St.  Mary's-at-the- Walls,  which  stretches 
out  from  the  church  for  a  mile  to  the  south-east  and  is  reckoned  to 
contain  487!  acres.  The  boundaries  and  '  detached  portions  '  of  the 
ancient  parishes  of  Colchester  preserve,  as  in  other  boroughs,  traces  of 
its  early  history. 

THE   COAST   FISHERIES    IN   DOMESDAY8 

The  word  applied  to  the  coast  fisheries  and  to  the  river  fisheries  in  Domesday  is  the 
same,  and  when  we  read,  for  instance,  that  at  East  Mersea  there  were  '  four  fisheries,'  it  seems 
clear  that  these  also  must  have  been  fixed  contrivances  of  some  kind.  It  is  at  first  sight  diffi- 
cult to  understand  how  the  principle  of  the  weir  fishery,  as  prevailing,  for  instance,  on  the  river 
Lea,  could  be  applied  on  the  open  coast,  or  even  in  creeks  and  estuaries.  But  the  provision  in 
'  Magna  Carta '  that  weirs  (kydelli)  should  be  taken  down  '  nisi  per  costeram  maris '  implies 
that  it  must  have  been  done.  Domesday  mentions  the  existence  of  a  '  heiamaris '  at  South- 
wold,  and  this,  as  Ellis  observes,  must  have  been  a  '  sea-hedge,'  though  his  identification  of  it 
with  a  species  of  net  is  doubtful.  A  sea-weir,  it  appears,  is  a  contrivance  still  in  use  where 
the  coast  shelves  off,  as  it  usually  does  in  Essex,  in  '  flats '  and  '  sands.'  We  find  it  thus  de- 
scribed 4: — 

On  some  parts  of  the  coast,  where  a  considerable  extent  of  sand  is  laid  bare  at  low-water, 
the  weir  consists  of  a  wattled  fence  so  placed  as  to  form  a  number  of  zig-zags  along  the  line  of 
beach,  the  lower  angles  of  the  weir  being  just  at  low-water  mark  .  .  .  and  at  the  low-water 
angle  a  conical  wicket  basket  with  a  mouse-trap  entrance  was  securely  fixed  at  the  place  where 
the  two  arms  or  fences  nearly  met.  The  manner  in  which  such  a  weir  works  is  very  simple. 
At  high-water  the  whole  weir  is  covered  by  the  water,  and  fish  may  in  some  cases  enter  it  above 
the  fence  ;  but  as  there  is  nothing  to  prevent  fish  from  passing  round  the  two  ends  of  the  long 
zig-zag  weir,  no  doubt  many  of  those  which  are  caught  enter  in  that  direction,  and  swimming 
along  between  the  weir  and  the  shore,  find  their  way  into  the  V-shaped  enclosures,  from  which, 
as  the  tide  ebbs  and  the  top  of  the  fence  appears  above  water,  they  cannot  make  their  escape. 
Ultimately  many  of  the  fish  make  their  way  into  the  wicker-baskets  we  have  mentioned. 

1  See  p.  440.  2  Feet  of  Fines  :  Essex,  i.  39,  (No.  210). 

3  See  p.  380  above.  4  Fisheries  Exhibition  Literature  (1884),  i.  318. 

424 


THE    DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

On  the  Severn,  of  which  the  wattled  '  basket  weirs '  are,  as  Mr.  Seebohm  has  shown, 
of  great  antiquity,  and  '  meet  the  difficulty  presented  by  the  unusual  volume  and  rapidity  of 
the  tidal  current,'  the  '  wattled  fence  (is)  '  technically  called  a  hedge.' l  It  is  probable  therefore 
that  the  '  heiamaris '  was  an  actual  wattled  weir  such  as  that  described  above. 

There  were,  however,  other  devices  for  catching  fish  on  the  coast  by  enclosing  them, 
namely  the  '  stake-net '  and  '  kettle-net."  The  latter  can  be  etymologically  connected  with 
the  '  kidels  '  of  the  Middle  Ages,  the  'kydelli '  of  the  Great  Charter.  But  this  is  so  imper- 
fectly realized  that  the  New  English  Dictionary  (1901),  while  rightly  deriving  the  word  under 
'  kiddle  '  (p.  690),  derives  it  also  from  '  kettle  '  on  p.  680  !  The  '  kettle-net '  is  a  variety  of 
'  stake-net,'  'excepting  that  the  enclosure  or  "  pond  "  is  quite  simple,  and  the  escape  of  the  fish 
is  cut  off  by  the  falling  tide.'  It  is  used  along  the  south  coast  from  Beachy  Head  to  Folke- 
stone for  the  capture  of  mackerel  inshore.*  '  By  an  arrangement  of  stakes,  nets,  and  a  pound, 
it  turns  the  fish  into  a  particular  direction  from  which  there  is  no  escape.'  With  '  the  outer 
edge  of  the  circle  just  below  low-water  mark  at  neap  tides,  the  interstices  between  the  stakes 
(from  id  to  12  feet  high)  are  filled  in  with  old  nets.'*  This  contrivance  is  worked  '  where 
the  shore  is  flat  and  sandy,'  and  is  condemned  as  '  perhaps  the  most  objectionable  of  all  sea 
fishing  nets.'*  The  kettle-net  was  defined  by  the  late  Lord  Herschell,  in  1891,  as  follows  : 
'A  kiddle  consists  of  a  series  of  stakes  forced  into  the  ground  some  700  feet  in  length  with  a 
similar  row  approaching  them  at  an  angle,'  etc.  (New  English  Dictionary). 

Domesday,  however,  mentions  that  seine  or  draw-nets  were  in  use  on  the  meres  of 
Cambridgeshire  and  at  Hampton  on  the  Thames,  and  proves  that  at  many  places  rents 
were  paid  in  herrings.  These  can  hardly  have  been  caught  by  the  contrivances  described 
above. 

Devices  of  this  kind  for  catching  fish  are  of  immemorial  antiquity  ;  '  the  stake-nets 
which  now  fringe  the  shore  of  Scotland  are  identical  in  principle  with  the  weirs  in  China,  in 
Malacca,  in  Brazil,  and  in  Borneo  ;  with  the  engines  which  in  the  sixteenth  century  were 
placed  on  the  coasts  of  Virginia  by  the  aboriginal  inhabitants,  and  which  are  now  placed  on 
the  same  coast  .  .  .  the  putts  and  putchers  which  are  confined  to  a  single  estuary  in  England 
[i.e.  the  Severn]  have  all  their  counterparts  in  the  Dutch  East  Indies." 5 

A  sea-water  fishery  on  the  Essex  coast  is  distinctly  mentioned  as  early  as  the  days  of 
Henry  I.,  when  a  grant,  at  one  of  the  Oakleys,  to  Savigny  Abbey  by  Alvred  Gernon  and  his 
wife  includes  a  fishery  on  the  sea  (in  mare).6  Domesday  records  the  existence  of  '  one  fishery' 
at  Little  Oakley. 

1  Fltheriet  Exhibition  Literature  (1884),  i.  319.  *  Ibid.  i.  317,  513. 

3  Ibid.  vii.  47.  *  Ibid.  x.  422. 

8  Ibid.  xiii.  7.     Compare  ii.  455-6.  '  Calendar  of  Documents  preserved  in  France,  p.  292. 


425  54 


NOTE 

The  reader  should  bear  in  mind  throughout  that  the  date  of  the 
Domesday  Survey  is  1086  ;  that  '  the  time  of  King  Edward,'  to 
which  it  refers,  normally  means  the  date  of  his  death  (Jan.  5,  1066)  ; 
and  that  the  intermediate  date,  which  is  sometimes  spoken  of  as 
'  afterwards '  and  sometimes  as  '  when  received,'  is  that  at  which  the 
estate  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  new  holder.  When  the  word 
'semper'  is  used  it  means  that  the  figures  were  the  same  in  1086  as 
in  1066.  The  Domesday  '  hide '  was  a  unit  of  assessment  divided  into 
four  quarters  called  '  virgates,'  each  of  which  was  reckoned  to  contain 
30  acres  ;  but  these  were  merely  fiscal,  not  areal  measures.  In  Essex 
the  word  'virgate'  is  of  somewhat  rare  occurrence,  '30  acres'  being 
used  instead.  '  Demesne,'  in  the  Essex  survey,  is  used  in  two  senses  : 
manors  held  '  in  demesne '  were  those  which  the  tenant-in-chief  (who 
held  directly  of  the  Crown)  retained  in  his  own  hands,  instead  of  en- 
feoffing  under-tenants  therein  ;  but  when  '  the  demesne  '  of  a  manor  is 
spoken  of,  the  term  denotes  that  portion  which  the  holder  (whether  a 
tenant-in-chief  or  only  an  under-tenant)  worked  as  a  home  farm  with 
the  help  of  labour  due  from  the  peasants  who  held  the  rest  from  him. 
Of  the  peasantry  the  three  classes  are  styled,  in  descending  order,  vil- 
leins, bordars  and  serfs  ;  above  them  were  the  '  free  men  '  and  sokemen, 
survivals  from  before  the  Conquest,  who  are  discussed  in  the  introduc- 
tion. The  essential  element  of  the  plough  ('  caruca ')  was  its  team  of 
oxen,  always  reckoned  in  Domesday  as  eight  in  number.  Apart  from 
the  plough-oxen  the  live  stock  on  the  lord's  demesne  is  generally, 
though  not  regularly,  entered  in  the  Essex  survey,  a  feature  which 
adds  greatly  to  its  length,  and  is  peculiar  to  the  three  eastern  counties. 
It  comprises  horses  (usually  '  rounceys,'  a  term  familiar  to  readers  of 
Chaucer),  asses  and  mules,  cows,  '  beasts,'  sheep,  swine,  goats  and 
hives  of  bees.  Thus  the  '  astonishing  attention  to  details '  spoken  of 
as  characterizing  the  agricultural  division  of  the  latest  census  of  the 
United  States,  where  all  these  are  similarly  enumerated  even  to  the 
swarms  of  bees,  was  actually  anticipated  in  Domesday,  when  the 
native  chronicler  bitterly  complained  that  the  king's  questions  were  so 
searching  that  not  '  an  ox  nor  a  cow  nor  a  swine  was  left  that  was  not 
set  down  in  his  writ.' 

It  must  be  remembered  that  when  Domesday  speaks  of  a  place  as 
held  by  a  certain  tenant,  it  does  not  follow  that  the  whole  of  it  is 
meant.  It  may  have  comprised  other  manors,  which  form  the  subject 
of  separate  entries. 

Although  a  new  translation  has  been  made  of  the  whole  text  for 
this  work,  it  is  but  justice  to  say  that  that  which  was  issued  by  the 
late  Mr.  Chisenhale-Marsh  in  1864  was  of  remarkable  excellence  for 
its  date,  and  that  its  occasional  criticism  of  Morant's  identifications  was 
in  the  main  sound,  though  a  far  more  sweeping  revision  has  now 
proved  necessary. 


426 


NOTES  TO  DOMESDAY  MAP 

[Compiled   by  J.  HoiAcr  ROUND,  M.A.] 

In  this  map  those  manors  in  which  the  king  had  an  interest 
have  a  scarlet  line  under  them  ;  a  blue  line  (broken)  is  under 
the  names  of  those  in  which  the  principal  ecclesiastical  tenants, 
namely  the  Bishop  of  London  and  the  canons  of  St.  Paul's,  held 
land  ;  a  green  line  denotes  those  of  which  part  or  all  was  held 
by  Count  Eustace  of  Boulogne,  the  greatest  lay  tenant  in  this 
county  as  in  Herts.  The  name  of  a  manor  or  of  a  Hundred 
is  often  given  in  more  than  one  form  by  Domesday,  but  only 
one  of  these  forms  can  be  shown  on  the  map.  As  the  boun- 
daries of  the  Hundreds  have  virtually  remained  unchanged  since 
Domesday,  the  modern  ones  are  given  on  the  map,  except  that 
the  Liberty  of  Havering  is  there  included  in  Becontree.  In 
fixing  the  position  of  manors  the  site  of  the  church  has  been 
the  guide  ;  for  in  Essex  church  and  hall  usually  stood  together, 
occasionally  at  some  distance  from  the  village  of  to-day.  The 
modern  river  names  have  been  added  for  the  convenience  of 
the  reader. 

The  entries  of  meadow  in  Domesday  serve  to  illustrate  the 
course  and  extent  of  the  streams,  which  were  also  responsible 
for  the  water-mills  of  the  text.  On  the  south-east  coast  ot 
the  county  blank  spaces  (shown  as  '  recent  alluvium  '  on  the 
geological  map)  represent  the  marshland,  which  is  specially 
discussed  in  the  Introduction,  and  the  extent  of  which  is  well 
seen  on  Chapman  and  Andre's  maps  (1772-4).  Blank  spaces  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Colchester  represent  a  belt  of  heath- 
lands,  such  as  those  of  West  Bergholt,  Horkesley,  Boxted, 
Dedham,  Ardleigh,  and  Crockleford  to  the  north,  with  Stan- 
way,  Lexden,  Layer  and  Black  Heath  to  the  west  and  south, 
which  remained  such  till  modern  times,  the  soil  of  this  district 
being  largely  glacial  loam,  with  glacial  sand  and  gravel,  the 
'  turnip  land '  of  agricultural  writers.  Another  blank  indicates 
the  position  of  Tiptree  Heath,  while  that  between  the  Colne 
and  the  Pant  remained  sparsely  inhabited.  The  blanks  in  the 
south-west  of  the  county  are  partly  due  to  forest  and  partly 
to  the  great  size  of  some  of  the  manors. 


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HISTORY  OF  ESSEX 


DOMESC 


CANTEBRUGESIRA 


flniilrna     .'    7!bnkhuui        .tlrnlliiilii 


OM  M  A  VTA  . 


lltirtt-nticbiviti 
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VVM.  TRAM 


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Stani'vrf 


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VI CTOR I  A     H I  STORY    0  i 


AY    MAP 


't^/,,.,- 

/.;„•  .''  ' 


RBFBRBNCB  TO   COLOURINO 
King's  Manor*  tbus 

Manors  of  Bishop  and  Canons  „ 

Count  Eustace  of  Boulogne's  Manors        ,. 


>!>•//.  /« 


EXSESSA 


[HOLDERS    OF    LANDS] 


fo.i 


II 

HI 

mi 
v 

VI 

VII 

VIII 

IX 

X 

XI 

XII 

XIII 

XIIII 

XV 

XVI 

XVII 

XVIII 

XIX 

XX 

XXI 

XXII 

XXIII 

XXIV 
XXV 

XXVI 

XXVII 

XXVIII 

XXVIIII 


WILLIAM     King    of    the 

English 
The     Holy     Trinity     of 

Canterbury 

The  Bishop  of  London 
The    fief    of    the    same 

bishop 

The  canons  of  St.  Paul's 
The  abbey  of  Westmin- 
ster 

The  Bishop  of  Durham 
The  canons  of  Waltham 
The  abbey  of  [Bark]  ing 
The  abbey  of  Ely 
The  abbey  of  St.  Edmund 
The  canons  of  St.  Martin 

of  London 
The  abbey  of  Battle 
St.  Walery 
The  abbey   of  the  Holy 

Trinity  of  Caen 
The  abbey  of  St.  Stephen 

of  the  same  [town] 
The  abbey  of  St.  Ouen 
The  Bishop  of  Bayeux 
The  Bishop  of  Hereford 
Count  Eustace 
Count  Alan 
Wfilliam]  de  Warene 
Richard    son    of    Count 

G  filbert] 
Suen  of  Essex 
Eudo  dapifer 
Roger  de  Otburville 
Hugh  de  Montfort 
Hamo  dapifer 
Henry  de  Ferrariis 


XLVIII  Wfilliam]  Peverel 
XLIX  Ralf  de  Limesy 
L  Robert  de  Toesni 
LI  Ralf  de  Toesni 
LII  Walter  de  Doai 
LIII  Mathew  of  Mortagne 
LIIII  The  Countess  of  Aumale 
LV  Countess  Judith 
LVI  Frodo     brother     of    the 

abbot 

LVII  Saisselin 

LVIII  Gilbert  son  of  Turold 
LIX  William  Levric 
LX  Hugh  de  St.  Quintin 
LXI  Edmund  son  of  Algot 
LXII  Roger  the  marshal 
LXIII  Adam  son  of  Durand 
LXIIII  Goscelin  the  lorimer 
LXV  John  nephew  of  Waleram 
LXVI  William  the  deacon 
LXVII  Walter  the  cook 
LXVIII  Moduin 
LXIX  Ilbodo 
LXX  Haghebern 
LXXI  Tedric  Point[el] 
LXXII  Roger    '  God     save     the 

ladies.' 

LXXIII  G  filbert]  son  of  Salomon 
LXXIIII  William  son  of  Constan- 

tine 

LXXV  Ansger  the  cook 
LXXVI  Robert  son  of  Roscelin 
LXXVII  Ralf  Pinel 
LXXVIII  Robert  son  of  Gobert 
LXXIX  Rainald  the  crossbowman 
LXXX  Gonduin 
LXXXI  Otto  the  goldsmith 


427 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


xxx  Geoffrey  de  Magnavilla 

xxxi  The  Count  of  Ou  [Eu] 

xxxn  Robert  Greno  [Gernon] 

xxxiii  Ralf  Baignard 

xxxini  Ranulf  Peverel 

xxxv  Aubrey  de  Ver 

xxxvi  Peter  de  Valognes 

xxxvn  Ranulf  brother  of  Ilger 

xxxvni  Tihel  the  Breton 

xxxvini  Roger  de  Ramis 

XL  John  son  of  Waleram 

XLI  Robert  son  of  Corbutio 

XLII  Walter  the  deacon 

XLIII  Roger  Bigot 

XLIIII  Robert  Malet 

XLV  W[illiam]  de  Scohies 

XLVI  Roger  de  Poitou 

XLVII  Hugh  de  Gurnai 

to.  lb 

I.  EXSESSA.  THE  KING'S  LANDS 

HUNDRET      OF      BERDESTAPLA      [BARSTABLfi] 

BENFLET  [Benfleet l]  was  held  by  Harold  in 
the  time  of  King  Edward  as  I  manor  and 
as  8  hides.  Xhis  manor  is  now  in  the  cus- 
tody of  Ranulf  brother  of  Ilger  (and  is)  in  the 
king's  hand(s).8  Then  12  villeins  ;  now  21. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  6  bordars.  Then  3  serfs; 
now  3  (sic).  Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  2.  Then  the  men  had  1 1  ploughs  ; 
now  5.  And  there  are  30  acres  of  wood- 
(land).  (There  is)  pasture  for  130  sheep, 
(and)  a  moiety  of  a  mill.  It  was  then  ap- 
praised at  8  pounds  ;  (and)  now  renders  12  ; 
but  it  is  only  appraised  at  8  pounds.  In  this 
manor  there  was  at  that  time  a  certain  free 
man  with  (de)  half  a  hide,  who  has  now  be- 
come (effectus  est)  one  of  the  villeins  and  is 
(included)  in  the  above  reckoning.  From 
this  manor  there  was  given  to  a  certain  church 
belonging  to  (de)  another  manor,  in  the  time 
of  King  Edward  half  a  hide.  But,  after  this 
manor  became  part  of  (venit  in)  the  king's 
demesne,  it  was  taken  away  from  the  church 
and  is  again  part  of  (jacet  in)  the  manor.  In 
the  whole  of  this  '  Hundret '  the  king  has  18 
free  men  holding  half  a  hide  and  49  acres  and 
pasture  for  20  sheep.  (This)  is  appraised  at 

1  It  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  disentangle  the 
manors  in  North  and  South  Benfleet  as  entered  in 
Domesday,  but  that  of  the  king  appears  to  have 
been  in  North  Benfleet. 

9  That  is  to  say,  Ranulf  was  in  charge  of  it  for 
the  king. 


LXXXII  Gilbert  the  priest 
LXXXIII  Grim 
LXXXIIII  Ulveva 
LXXXV  Edward 
LXXXVI  Turchil 
LXXXVII  Stanard 
LXXXVIII  Godwine 
LXXXVIIII  Free  men  of  the  king 
xc  Aggressions* 

*  It  is  practically  impossible  to  make  a  satis- 
factory translation  of  such  a  list  of  names  as  this. 
Those  which  were  Latinized  by  the  scribe  have 
been  here  translated  where  possible,  and  those 
which  were  given  in  a  contemporary  form  have 
been  here  retained.  But  the  reader  should  turn 
to  the  entries  in  the  text  for  fuller  information  on 
the  names.  In  the  MS.  this  list  of  names  is 
arranged  in  four  columns  of  which  the  first  two 
are  represented  by  the  first  of  the  above  columns. 


10  shillings.  In  the  demesne  of  the  abovesaid 
manor  are  I  rouncey  3  (runcinus),  I  ass,  30 
swine,  and  70  sheep. 

HALF  HUNDRET  4  OF  WITHAM 

WITHAM  was  held  by  Harold  in  the  time 
of  King  Edward  as  I  manor  and  as  5  hides. 
This  manor  is  now  in  the  custody  of  Peter 
the  sheriff6  (and  is)  in  the  king's  hand(s). 
Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3. 
Then  21  villeins  ;  now  15.  Then  9  bordars  ; 
now  10.  Then  6  serfs;  now  9.  Then  23 
sokemen  ;  now  the  same.  Then  the  men 
had  1 8  ploughs  ;  now  7  ;  and  this  loss  (of 
plough-oxen)  took  place  (fuit)  in  the  time  of 
Suean  and  of  Baignard  the  sheriffs  and  through 
the  death  of  the  beasts.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  150  swine,  30  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  pasture  (which)  used  to  render  6  pence 
(and)  now  (renders)  1 4  (pence).  Then  as  now 
(semper)  l  mill.  The  aforesaid  sokemen  hold 
2  hides  and  i  virgate  and  have  2  ploughs.  It 
was  then  worth  in  all  10  pounds  ;  now  20  ; 
but  the  sheriff,  what  with  his  (suas)  customary 

To.  2 

dues  and  (the  profits  of)  the  pleas  of  the  Half 
Hundret  receives  thence  34  pounds  and  4 
pounds  fine  (gersuma).6  Peter  took  over 
(recepit)  in  the  demesne  of  this  manor  4  7  and 

3  From  the  French  ranch  (compare  p.  426). 

4  For  the  occasional   mention   of  Essex   Hun- 
dreds as  'Half  Hundreds  see  Introduction,  p.  407. 

6  Peter  de  Valognes. 

6  Consideration  money  for  the  lease. 

7  A  word  must  have  been  omitted  here. 


428 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


24  beasts  (anima/ia)  and  136  swine  and  101 
sheep.  The  same  number  is  there  (totum 
similiter)  now.  In  this  manor  there  belonged 
(adjacebant),  in  the  time  of  King  Edward  34 
free  men  who  used  then  to  render  by  custom 
10  shillings  and  n  pence.  Of  these  Ilbodo 
holds  2  with  (de)  45  acres  ;  and  (they  are) 
worth  6  shillings  ;  and  they  render  to  the 
manor  their  customary  due.  Tedric  Pointel 
(holds)  8  with  (de)  half  a  hide  and  22^  acres, 
who  render  (their)  customary  due,  and  are 
worth  20  shillings.  Ranulf  Peverel  (holds) 
10  with  (de)  2  hides  and  45  acres,  who  do 
not  render  (their)  customary  due  and  are 
worth  15  shillings.  William  son  of  Grosse 
(holds)  5  with  (de)  i  hide  and  15  acres,  (of 
whom)  only  one  renders  (his)  customary  due, 
and  (they  are)  worth  3  pounds  and  1 3  shillings. 
Ralf  Baignard  (holds)  6  with  (de)  half  a  hide 
and  35  acres ;  one  renders  (his)  customary 
due,  and  (they  arc)  worth  2O  shillings. 
Hamo  dapifer  holds  I  with  (de)  half  a  hide  ; 
he  renders  (his)  customary  due,  and  is  worth 
2O  shillings.  Goscelin  the  lorimer  has  the 
land  of  one  and  does  not  render  (his)  cus- 
tomary due  ;  this  is  (scilicet)  I  hide,  which 
is  claimed  by  the  monks  of  St.  jEthelthryth. 
of  Ely  (eli) ;  and  (the  court  of)  the  Hundret 
testifies  in  their  favour  (eh)  concerning  a  half 
(of  it),  and  as  to  the  rest  (the  men  of  the 
Hundret)  know  nothing ;  it  was  then  worth 
100  shillings  ;  now  60  ;  and  when  Goscelin 
received  it,  I  oo.  In  all  the  manor  was  worth 
14  pounds  less  2  shillings  in  the  time  of  King 
Edward  ;  now  12  pounds  and  9  shillings. 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 

HADFELDA  [Hatfield  (Broadoak)]  was  held 
by  Harold,  in  the  time  of  King  Edward,  as  i 
manor  and  as  20  hides.  Then  5 1  villeins  ; 
now  60.  Then  1 9  bordars  ;  now  30.  Then 
20  serfs  ;  now  22.  Then  9  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  8,  and  3  rounceys  (runcini) 
and  40  beasts  (animalla)  and  195  swine  and 
193  sheep.  Then  the  men  had  40  ploughs 
now  31^  ;  this  loss  (of)  plough-oxen  took 
place  (fult)  in  the  time  of  all  the  sheriffs  and 
through  the  death  of  the  beasts.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  800  swine,  120  acres  of 
meadow,  (and)  pasture  which  renders  9 
wethers  (multones)  to  (in)  the  manor  and  41 

fo.  ab 

acres  of  ploughing  (aratura).1  To  the  church 
of  this  manor  there  used  to  belong  I  hide 
and  30  acres,  which  were  taken  away  from  it 
by  Suen  after  he  lost  the  shrievalty  ;  and  this 
land  used  to  render  a  customary  due  to  this 

1  i.e.  41  acres  on  the  lord's  demesne  had  to  be 
ploughed  in  return  for  the  use  of  the  pasture. 


manor.  There  also  belonged  to  this  manor, 
in  the  time  of  King  Edward,  i  sokeman  with 
half  a  hide,  which  G[eoffrey]  de  Magnavilla 
took  away  from  it.  To  this  land  (terre)* 
there  belongs  i  villein  of  i  acre  which  Count 
E[ustace  holds  ;  and  30  acres  which  were 
held  in  the  time  of  King  Edward  by  a  smith 
who  was  put  to  death  for  theft,  and  (there- 
upon) the  king's  reeve  added  that  land  to  this 
manor  ;  and  40  acres  of  wood(land)  which 
were  held  by  King  Edward's  reeve  ;  and 
Osmund  the  Angevin  disseised  the  king's 
reeve  and  the  manor  both  of  the  land  and  of 
the  wood(land)  ;  Robert  Gernon  now  holds 
(them).  Robert  Gernon  also  holds  half  a 
hide  which  was  held  by  a  sokeman  in  the 
time  of  King  Edward.  In  addition  to  this 
there  belonged  (adjacebant)  to  this  manor  in 
the  time  of  King  Edward  3  outlying  estates 
(berewitte),  Herefort  [Hertford],  Emwella 
[Amwell]  and  Hodesduna  [Hoddesdon],  lying 
in  Hertfordshire  (Herefort  lira),  which  are 
now  held  by  Ralf  de  Limesay.3  And  there 
is  I  sokeman  with  (de)  30  acres  now  as  then 
(semper)  belonging  to  this  manor.  And  the 
manor  was  then  worth  36  pounds  ;  now 
60  ;  but  the  sheriff  receives  from  it  £80  and 
I  OO  shillings  fine(gersuma),*  And  the  3  outlying 
estates  (berewita)  were  then  worth  1 2  pounds, 
and  the  land  of  the  sokemen  45  shillings. 
There  is  wood(Iand)  for  40  swine.  Subse- 
quently we  have  recovered  (ilc)  half  a  hide 
which  was  held  by  a  sokeman  of  Harold.  It 
is  now  held  by  Ralf  de  Marcei  as  belonging 
to  the  fee  of  Hamo.  It  was  then  worth  10 
shillings  ;  now  7.* 

HUNDRET  OF  BEVENTREU  [BECONTREE] 

HAVERING.*  6  [Havering]  was  held  by 
Harold  in  the  time  of  King  Edward  as  I 
manor  and  as  10  hides.  Then  41  villeins; 
now  40.  Then  as  now  (semper)  41  bordars, 
and  6  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  the  men  had  41  ploughs  ;  now  40. 
There  is  wood(land)  for  500  swine,  (and) 
IOO  acres  of  meadow.  (There  is)  now  I 
mill,  and  (there  are)  2  rounceys  (runcini),  and 
10  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  160  swine,  and  269 
sheep.  To  this  manor  there  belonged  in  the 

*  The  text  is  somewhat  obscure  here  ;  but  it 
seems  probable  that  the  scribe,  as  in  several  other 
cases,  has  here  used  terra  indifferently  for  manerium. 

*  This  passage  is  discussed  in  the  Introduction, 
p.  338. 

*  Consideration  money  for  the  lease. 

6  This  important  passage  relates  to  the  estate  of 
•Siriceslea'  entered  under  the  fief  of  Hamo  dapifer 
(see  p.  501  below  and  Introduction  p.  412). 

6  The  plural  form  points  to  an  English  '  Haver- 
ings.' 


429 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


time  of  King  Edward  4  free  men  with  (de)  4 
hides  which  rendered  customary  dues.  Now 
fo.  3 

Robert  son  of  Corbutio  holds  3  hides  l  and 
Hugh  de  Montfort  the  fourth  hide  *  ;  they 
have  not  paid  the  customary  due  since  they  had 
them.  And  moreover  the  same  Robert  (son  of 
Corbutio)  holds  4^  hides  which  used  to  be 
held  by  a  free  man  as  appurtenant  to  (ad)  this 
manor  in  the  time  of  King  Edward.3  There 
was  also  appurtenant  (attinebat)  I  sokeman 
with  (de)  30  acres  who  rendered  the  customary 
due  ;  and  now  John  son  of  Waleram  holds 
(it).  And  this  manor  was  worth  36  pounds 
in  the  time  of  King  Edward  ;  now  40  ;  and 
Peter  the  sheriff  receives  from  it  80  pounds 
rent  (de  censu)  and  10  pounds  fine  (gersuma).* 
To  this  manor  there  belong  20  acres  lying  in 
LOCHETUNA  [Loughton],  which  were  held  in 
the  time  of  King  Edward  by  Harold's  reeve  ; 
now  the  king's  reeve  holds  (them) ;  and  they 
are  worth  40  pence. 

HUNDRET    OF    DoMMAWA    [DUNMOW] 

In  SCELDA  [Shellow  (Bowells)]  (are)  3 
sokemen  with  (de)  35  acres,  and  this  is  worth 
3  shillings  and  10  pence. 

HUNDRET  OF   WITBRICTESHERNA    [DENGIE] 

In  LESSENDUNA  [Latchingdon]  Alwin',  a 
free  man,  held  in  the  time  of  King  Edward 
half  a  hide  and  30  acres.  Afterwards  Tedric 
Pointel  seized  (invasit)  it ;  and  now  the  king 
has  it.  Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough  ; 
and  it  is  worth  15  shillings.  Of  the  same 
estate  (terra)  I  villein  holds  30  acres  at  (ad) 
Estolleia  [  ]  and  it  is  worth  5 

shillings  ;  and  another  villein  1 5  acres,  and  it 
is  worth  3  shillings.  And  3  men  hold  half  a 
hide  and  10  acres,  and  (there  is)  half  a 
plough  ;  it  was  then  worth  8  shillings  ;  now 
5  shillings  and  4  pence. 

In  LACENDUNA  [Latchingdon]  Lewin',  a 
free  man,  (held)  30  acres  in  the  time  of  King 
Edward.  (There  was)  then  half  a  plough  ; 

1  These  would  seem  to  be  the  3  hides  at  Leyton 
(Leintuna)  which  Domesday  enters  under  the  fief 
of  Robert  son  of  Corbutio  (p.  546),  explaining  that 
they  had  been  held  by  8  sokemen  who  had  ren- 
dered and  who  were  still  rendering  (?)  their  cus- 
tomary   dues    to    the  king's  manor   of  Havering 
(HaveRngee). 

2  This  was  certainly  one  of  the  3|  hides  held  by 
Hugh  at  Leyton,  of  which  we  read  (p.  497)  that 
this  hide    used    to   pay   the    customary   due   to 
Havering,  but  did  so  no  longer. 

3  These    4^    hides   were    similarly    at   Leyton 
(see  p.  546)  and  are  entered  as  having  been  held 
by  Harold. 

4  Consideration  money  for  the  lease. 


now  none.  It  was  then  worth  8  shillings  ; 
now  5  (shillings)  and  4  pence.  In  the  same 
(place)  there  were  8  free  men  in  the  time  of 
King  Edward  ;  now  (there  are)  4  with  (de) 
52  acres  ;  (this)  was  then  worth  8  shillings  ; 
now  4  shillings  and  4  pence. 

In  RODINGES  [(White)  Roding]  Golstan,  a 
sokeman  of  King  William,  holds  I  hide  and 
has  never  rendered  service  or  customary  due 
for  it,  and  therefore  he  has  given  pledge  (idea 
dedit  vadem).6  In  this  hide  there  is  I  plough 
on  the  demesne,  and  i  bordar  and  3  serfs. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine  (and)  10 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  20 
shillings  ;  now  30. 

fo.  3b 

HUNDRET   OF   ODELESFORDA    [UTTLESFORD] 

CESTREFORDA  [(Great)  Chesterford]  was  held 
by  Earl  Edgar  (sic) 6  in  the  time  of  King  Edward 
as  i  manor  and  as  10  hides.  Now  Picot  the 
sheriff7  (has  the  custody  of  it)  in  the  king's 
hand(s).  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  ploughs  on 
the  demesne.  Then  the  men  had  1 8  ploughs  ; 
afterwards  and  now  14.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 24  villeins,  and  13  bordars,  and  6  serfs. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  1,000  swine,  (and) 
1 5  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

2  mills.     There  belongs  to  (jacet)  this  manor 
l£  hides  in  Cambridgeshire  (cantebruge  scira);8 
then  as  now  (there  were  there)  7  villeins  and 

3  bordars,  and  a  mill,  and  3  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men.     All  this  was  worth   then   24 
pounds ;    afterwards  and  now   30.      In   the 
demesne  of  this  manor  are  2  rounceys  (runcini), 
and  7  beasts  (animalia),  and  6 1  swine,  and  8 1 
sheep,  and  87  goats.     To  this  manor  there 
belonged    (adjacebat)    in    the    time    of    King 
Edward   i^   hides  which   Hardwin  'de  Sca- 
lariis'    holds,    but    by    what    right    (quomodo) 
the   Hundred  (court)  knows  not.     The  half 
hide  was  of  the   demesne,  and  on   it  dwelt 
one  man  ;  and  the  other  (sic)  hide  was  held 
by  a  sokeman  who  used  to   render  his  soke 
dues  (reddebat    socam)  in    the    king's   manor.9 

6  See  Introduction,  p.  412. 

6  See  ibid.  p.  337  and  p.  431,  note  4,  below. 

7  Of  Cambridgeshire. 

8  This  must   have    been  at  Histon,  Cambs,  to 
the  north    of   Cambridge.      Domesday    expressly 
states   (i.    189^)    that    Picot   had    there   i±   hides 
'  of  the  manor  of  Chesterford,'  which  were  taxed 
in  their  Cambridgeshire  Hundred,  but  '  appraised 
in  Essex.' 

9  These  two  holdings  were  probably  the  '  half 
hide  '  at  Babraham  held  under  Hardwin  by  Du- 
rand,  of  which   Domesday   observes  :  '  Hec  terra 
est  de  feudo  regis,'  and  the  '  I  hide  '  at  Histon 
held  of  Hardwin  by  Durand  (fo.  198),  which  had 
been  held  by  Estred  '  under  Earl 


430 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


And  Picot  holds  half  a  hide  *  which  was 
held  by  a  sokeman  in  the  time  of  King 
Edward.  In  these  2  hides  are  2  ploughs, 
and  (they)  are  worth  40  shillings. 

BECANGRA  [Birchanger*]  was  held  by  Horolf 
in  the  time  of  King  Edward.8  Now  Tascelin 
the  priest  holds  it  in  almoine  of  the  king  as 
I  hide.  Then  as  now  (semper)  there  were  I 
plough,  and  2  bordars,  and  2  serfs.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  40  swine,  5  acres  of  meadow 
and  i  mill.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
2O  shillings  ;  now  30. 

HUNDRET     OF     HlDINGEFORDA     [HlNCKFORD] 

CELDEFORDA  [Shalford]  was  held  by  Earl 
Algar*  as  i  manor  and  as  5  hides  and  30 
acres.  Afterwards  the  queen  6  held  (it). 
Now  Otto  the  goldsmith  rents  it  from  the 
king  (ad  ctmum  in  manu  rtgis).  Then  as 
now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  the  men  had  6  ploughs ;  afterwards 
and  now  5.  Then  and  afterwards  (there 
were)  13  villeins;  now  12.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  6  bordars.  Then  1 2  serfs  ;  after- 
wards and  now  8.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  100  swine,  2O  acres  of  meadow,  (and) 
I  mill.  It  was  then  worth  12  pounds  ; 
afterwards  and  now  22.  In  the  demesne 
are  4  rounceys  (runcinf),  56  beasts  (animalia) 
— formerly  (tune)  65,  and  52  sheep,  and  80 
swine — formerly  (tune)  1 1 8,  and  40  goats. 
This  manor  is  short  of  30  acres  of  wood(land) 
which  the  queen  gave  to  Richard  son  of 
Count  Gilbert.6  There  used  to  belong  (jace- 
bat)  to  this  manor,  in  the  time  of  King 
Edward,  half  a  hide  of  '  soke '  which  Walter 
son  of  Guibert  now  holds.7 

to.  4 

PHINCINGHEFELDA  [Finchingfield]  was  held 

1  This  must  be  the  f  hide  which  Domesday 
(i.  190)  assigns  to  Picot  at  Babraham,  Cambs, 
five  miles  north  of  Chesterford,  adding  that  the 
land  'jacet  in  Cestreforde.' 

*  There  are  two  Birchangers  in  this  Hundred. 
Morant  made  the  above  entry  refer  to  the  hamlet 
of  that  name  in  Newport,  but  I  know  not  on 
what  ground.  The  parish  of  Birchanger  is  in 
Domesday  '  Bilichangra  '  or  '  Blichangra.' 

8  He  had  also  held  at  Lindsell  some  10  miles 
away. 

4  Earl  ./Elfgar  of  Mercia  son  of  Earl  Leofric. 

5  William's  wife  Matilda. 

6  Alias  Richard  de  Clare. 

7  This  is  a  passage  of  some  importance,  for  it 
must  refer  to  the  half  hide  at  Shalford  ('  Scaldc- 
fort')  held  of  the   king  in    1086  by  Walter  'the 
cook,'   who   was   therefore   identical   with  Walter 
'  the   son   of  Guibert.'     This   half  hide   is  there 
entered  as  having  been  held  '  by  a  free  man  as  a 
manor  '  (p.  559  below). 


by  the  same  Algar  *  in  the  time  of  King 
Edward  and  afterwards  by  the  queen.8  Now 
the  same  Otto  rents  it  (ad  censum)zs  2^  hides. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne, and  5  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men, 
and  10  villeins,  and  9  bordars.  Then  6  serfs  ; 
afterwards  4 ;  now  2.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  60  swine,  16  acres  of  meadow,  and  I 
mill,  and  25  beasts  (animalia)  and  2  rounceys 
(runeini),  6 1  swine — formerly  (tune)  63,  and 
I  oo  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  9  pounds  ; 
afterwards  and  now  18. 

WESTREFELDA  [Wethersfield]  was  held  by 
the  same  Algar*  in  the  time  of  King  Edward 
as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  less  1 5  acres.8  Now 
Picot 9  holds  it  for  the  same,  (and  as)  in  the 
king's  hand(s).  Then  (there  were)  4  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  ;  afterwards  2  ;  now  3.  Then 
and  afterwards  the  men  had  1 5  ploughs ;  now 
10.  Then  and  afterwards  24  villeins  ;  now  28. 
Then  7  bordars ;  afterwards  1 5 ;  now  24. 
Then  7  serfs,  afterwards  14  ;  now  7.  Then 
(there  was)  wood(land)  for  800  swine  ;  after- 
wards and  now  for  500 ;  and  there  are  24  acres 
of  meadow.  Then  and  afterwards  I  mill ; 
now  2.  There  are  10  beasts  (animalia) — for- 
merly (tune)  17,  and  100  sheep,  (and)  40 
swine — formerly  I  oo,  and  40  goats — formerly 
6 1 .  To  this  manor  there  belonged  in  the  time 
of  King  Edward  6  sokemen — (there  are)  now 
8 — holding  I  hide  and  14  acres  ;  then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  (were  there)  and  i 
bordar  and  5  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  (all) 
then  worth  20  pounds  ;  afterwards  and  now 
28.  To  this  manor  there  belonged  (adjacebat) 
in  the  time  of  King  Edward  30  acres  of  land 
which  were  held  by  a  priest  in  almoine — and 
he  rendered  '  soke,'  and  8^  acres  belonging  to 
another  church  ;  these  2  estates  (terras)  are 
held  by  Gilbert  son  of  Warin  (Garin!)  and 
are  worth  10  shillings.  There  also  belonged 
to  this  manor  7^  acres  which  are  held  by 
Count  Alan,  and  45  acres  of  demesne  which 
Suen'  holds  as  belonging  to  (ad)  the  fief  of 
Richard  son  of  Count  Gilbert,10  and  they  are 
worth  8  shillings. 

In  this  Hundret  the  king  has  1 8  sokemen  ; 
they  hold  26^  acres  and  have  never  rendered 
(any)  customary  due  except  the  king's  service. 

8  i.e.  if  hides. 

•  The  sheriff  of  Cambridgeshire. 

10  Alias  Richard  de  Clare.  Domesday  (ii.  40) 
enters  these  acres  under  his  manor  of  Boyton 
Hall  (in  Finchingfield),  but  states  that  he  had 
taken  them  from  the  king's  manor  of  Wethersfield 
in  King  William's  time.  Both  entries  value  them 
at  8  shillings  (see  p.  480  below). 

Of  these  three  manors  of  Earl  Cigar's  Wethers- 
field adjoins  Finchingfield  and  Shalford. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


HUNDRET    OF    WjTBRICTESHERNA    [DfiNGIE]  * 

BENFLET  [Benfleet]  was  held  by  Leuard', 
a  free  man,  in  the  time  of  King  Edward, 
(and)  afterwards  by  Tedric  Pointel,  as  I  hide. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  bordar.  Then  I 
plough  ;  now  none.  Pasture  for  40  sheep. 
Then  i  fishery  (piscina)  ;  now  none.  And 
it  is  worth  20  shillings. 

fo.  4b 

STEPLA  [Steeple]  was  held  by  Aluric,  a  free 
man,  as  I  hide.  Then  I  bordar  ;  now  none. 
Then  i  plough  ;  now  half  a  one.  It  was  then 
worth  20  shillings  ;  now  1 6.  In  ULWINES- 
CHERHAM  [  *  ]  4  free  men  held 

(de)  i  hide  less  6  acres  in  the  time  of  King 
Edward  ;  now  they  are  not  there  ;  it  was 
then  worth  20  shillings;  now  10  ;  this  land 
is  claimed  by  Tedric  Pointel  (as  his)  by  ex- 
change. Free  (Franc!)  men  held  51  acres, 
and  they  are  not  included  in  the  king's  ferm 
(firma)  3  ;  (they)  were  then  worth  8  shillings  ; 
now  5  ;  this  land  is  held  by  a  servant  (famulus) 
of  the  king  and  does  not  pay  geld.  In  MEL- 
DUN  A  [Maldon]  are  2  free  men  with  (de)  10 
acres  ;  of  these  Ranulf  Peverel  (piperellus)  has 
5  acres,  and  Hugh  de  Montford  5  acres ;  it 
was  then  worth  10  pence,  (and)  now  12. 
Two  free  men,  in  the  time  of  King  Edward, 
held  6  acres  and  belonged  to  (jacuerunt  in)  the 
king's  Hundret,  and  now  Baignard  has  (them). 

In  the  Hundret  of  ROCHESFORT  [Rochford] 
Grim  the  reeve  holds  now  as  then  (semper)  10 
acres  worth  16  pence.* 

HUNDRET  OF  LASSENDENE  [LEXDEN] 

STANEWEGA  [Stan way]  was  held  by  Harold 
in  the  time  of  King  Edward  as  I  manor  and 
as  5^  hides.  Now  the  king  has  it  as  the 
same  (pro  totidem).  Then  1 2  villeins  ;  after- 
wards and  now  9.  Then  6  bordars  ;  after- 
wards and  now  9.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6 
serfs  and  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
the  men  had  1 3  ploughs ;  afterwards  and  now 
2^  (ploughs).  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  mill. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine  with  12 
acres  of  meadow,  2O  beasts  (animalia),  59 
swine,  260  sheep,  and  1 1  rounceys  (runcini). 

1  It  is  very  inexplicable  that  one  should  find  a 
wrong  Hundredal  heading  in  Domesday  prefixed 
immediately,  as  here,  to  the  name  of  a  manor. 
Benfleet  was  in  Barstaple  Hundred  (see  p.  428, 
note  I,  above). 

*  See  Introduction,  p.  391. 

s  i.e.  the  receipts  from  them  were  not  included 
in  the  sum  for  which  the  king  leased  out  the  estate. 

*  For  his  holdings  in  Barstable  Hundred  see  p. 
564  below. 


There  is  also  an  outlying  estate  (berewita)  of 
2i  hides  and  1*3  acres  called  LEGRA  [Layer], 
which  belongs  to  (et  jacet  in)  this  manor  ; 
then  as  now  (semper)  7  villeins  (were  there), 
and  2  bordars,  and  4  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  ;  then  the  men  had  2  ploughs, 
and  now  i^.  There  also  belongs  a  detached 
estate  (berewita)  called  LESSENDENA  [Lexden]5 
of  4  hides  ;  then  6  villeins  were  there,  (and) 
afterwards  and  now  5  ;  then  I O  bordars,  (and) 
afterwards  and  now  12  ;  then  4  serfs,  and 
afterwards  and  now  5  ;  then  as  now  (semper) 

2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  then  the  men  had 
4  ploughs,  and  now  3  ;  there  is  wood(land) 
for   I  oo  swine  (with)   1 8  acres  of  meadow  ; 
now  (there  are)  2  mills.     And  (there  are)  16 
sokemen  with  (de)  2  hides  and  36  acres  ;  then 
as  now  (semper)  (they  had)  2^  ploughs.     The 
whole  (manor)  was  then  worth   22   pounds  ; 
now  Peter6  receives  from  it  33  pounds  and 

fo-s 

3  pounds  fine  (gersuma).1     From  this  manor 
Reimund    Girald' 8   took   I    villein   with   (de) 
half  a  hide,  who  used  to  render  the  customary 
due  ;  now  as  then  (semper)  there  is  there  half 
a  plough,  and  it  is  worth  10  shillings  ;   Nor- 
man held  this  land  and  rendered  the  customary 
due,  but   Raimund   took  it  away  and  Roger 
(de  Poitou)  likewise.     And  Roger  de  Poitou 
(pictavensis)  has  taken  over  (accepit)    I  villein 
holding   i   acre.     And  Ingelric  took  away  i 
woman,  Bricteva  (by  name),  holding  1 8  acres, 
and  she  used  to  render  32  pence  (nommos)  to 
the  manor  every  year.9 

HUNDRET  OF  ANGRE  [ONGAR] 

ULFELMESTUNA  [Wolverston  (in  Chigwell)] 
was  held  by  Harold  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides 
and  40  acres.  Now  King  William  (holds  it). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  4  villeins.  Then  2 
bordars ;  now  6.  Then  the  men  had  I 
plough  between  them  ;  now  the  same. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  60  swine  (with) 

4  acres  of  meadow.     It  was  then  worth  20 
shillings  ;  now  40.     A  certain  free  man  held 
20  acres  in  the  time  of  King  Edward  ;  (there 
was)  then  half  a  plough  ;  now  nothing ;  and 
it  is  worth  3  (shillings).     He  (iste)  was  always 

5  Within  the  liberties  of  Colchester  (compare 
p.  574  below). 

6  Peter  de  Valognes,  the  sheriff. 

7  Consideration  money  for  the  lease. 

8  See  Introduction,  p.  354. 

9  This  is  clearly  the  customary  payment  spoken 
of  at  Babraham,  Belesham,  and  Iclinton,  Cambs. 
(Domesday,  i.  197^,  190^,   198),  as  2  ounces  (or<g 
or  ores)  or  32  pence.     At  the   two  latter  places 
Domesday  records  it  as  3  2  pence  and  the  Inyuisitio 
comitatus  Cantabrigiensts  as  2  ounces  (pp.  24,  41). 


432 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


demesne  (Juit  d[omi]nic[us]),  but  is  now  in  the 
sheriff's  hand(s)  and  included  in  the  king's  ferm 
(ad  firmam  regis).1 

HONDRET    OF    CESFEWORDA    [CHAFFORDJ  * 

The  king  has  PHINGHERIA  [Fingrith  *  (in 
Blackmore)]  which  was  held  by  Harold  in  the 
time  of  King  Edward.  (There  was)  then  as 
now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the  demesne  ;  and 
6  villeins  and  8  bordars  have  2  ploughs.  In 
the  demesne  are  24  beasts  (anima/ia).  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  1,000  swine,  (with)  3  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  4  pounds ; 
now  14.  In  WOCHENDUNA  [Ockendon]  the 
king  has  I  sokeman  with  (tit)  25  acres;  it 
was  then  worth  32  pence,  (and)  now  52. 

GINGA  [(Margarett)ing]  *  was  held  by  Frie- 
bert  in  the  time  of  King  Edward  as  a  manor 
and  as  3^  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6 
villeins  and  3  bordars.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now 
I.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  and  the  men  had  I  plough.  (There 
are)  4  acres  of  meadow  and  88  swine.  It  is 
appraised  (Apf)  in  Phingheria  [Fingrith].5 

CILTENDIS  [Childerditch]  was  held  by 
Harold  ;  afterwards  by  the  queen  ;  now  the 
sheriff  of  Surrey  (holds  it)  for  ii  hides. 
Then  3  villeins ;  now  5.  Then  3  bordars ; 

1  This  is  a  very  obscure  and  probably  corrupt 
passage. 

*  In  spite  of  this  Hundredal  heading,  the  two 
manors  which  follow  it  are  in  Chelmsford  Hun- 
dred.    It  is  not  till  we  reach  Childerditch  that  we 
find  ourselves  in  Chaffbrd  Hundred. 

*  This  place  was  not  identified  by  Mr.  Chisen- 
hale-Marsh,  and  Morant  asserted  that  there  was  not 
any  mention  of  Blackmore  in  Domesday.     This 
gives  some  importance  to  the  above  identification, 
which  is  confirmed  by  the  subsequent  occurrence 
of  the  three  manors  entered  together  in  the  text 
as  held  by  the  serjeanty  of  acting  as  chamberlain 
to  the  queen.     In  The  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer 
(p.  507)  we  read  :  •  Johannes  de  Sanford  Wolver- 
mestone  per   serjanteriam   in   camera   Reginx,  et 
Fingret,  et  Ginges,'  etc.     In  the  Testa  de  Nevill 
version  of  the  same  inquest  (1212)   we  similarly 
read  ;  '  Gilbcrtus  de  Saunford     .     .     .     Fingrie, 
Ginges,   et    partem   de    Wlfameston   per    serjant- 
[eriam]    quod    sit    camerarius    domine    Regine ' 
(p.  266).     The  first  and  last  names  are  preserved 
in  Fingrith  Hall  and  Wolston  Lodge. 

*  Thi» '  Ing  '  (Ginga)  is  identified,  like  Fingrith, 
by  its  forming  part  of  the  above  holding  by  ser- 
jeanty, which   explains   how  the  Sandfords  came 
to  hold  Margaretting.     Morant  wrongly  assigned 
other  Domesday  entries,  instead  of  this  one,  to 
Margaretting. 

6  This  last  sentence  and  the  Childerditch  entry 
which  follows  have  been  huddled  into  the  MS. 
subsequently. 


now  4.  (There  is)  I  serf.  Then  I  plough 
on  the  demesne;  now  i$.  Then  the 
men  had  2  ploughs ;  afterwards  and  now  i . 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and) 
pasture  for  60  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  3 
pounds  ;  now  4.* 

HONDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 

WRITELA  [Writtle7]  was  held  by  Harold  as 
a  manor  and  as  16  hides  in  the  time  of  King 
Edward.  Now  King  William  (holds  it)  as 
14  hides.8  Then  97  villeins  ;  afterwards  and 
now  73.  Then  36  bordars;  afterwards  and 
now  60.  Then  24  serfs ;  afterwards  and 
now  1 8.  Then  12  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 

fo.  jb 

afterwards  and  now  9.  Then  the  men  had 
between  them  64  ploughs  ;  afterwards  and 
now  45.  Then  (there  was)  wood(Iand)  for 
1,500  swine  ;  now  for  1,200.  (There  are) 
80  acres  of  meadow.  Then  I  mill ;  now  2. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  9  rounceys  (runtini) 
and  5  colts  (full!)  and  40  beasts  (anima/ia) 
and  318  sheep  and  172  swine.  This  manor 
then  rendered  10  nights'  ferm  (noctes  de  firmaf 
and  10  pounds.  It  now  renders  100  pounds 
by  weight  and  100  shillings  fine  (gersuma).10 
Ingelric  obtained  possession  of  (p'occupavit) 
2  hides  of  the  land  of  Harold's  reeve  who 
rendered  to  this  manor  all  the  customary  due, 
that  is  12  pounds,  after  the  king  came  into 
England  ;  and  Count  E[ustace]  now  holds  it 
because  his  predecessor  was  seised  of  it.11 
And  in  Harold's  time  there  was  I  swineherd 
rendering  the  customary  due  to  this  manor 
and  seated  (sedens)  on  I  virgate  of  land  and  1 5 
acres ;  but  Robert  Gernon  (grino),  after  the 
king  came  (into)  England  took  (accepit)  him 
from  the  manor  and  made  him  (a)  forester  of 


6  This  Childerditch  entry  has  been  crowded  in 
afterwards  by  the  scribe  on  an  insufficient  blank 
space. 

7  This  comprised  more  than   the  present  parish 
of  Writtle ;  Roxwell,  for  instance,  which  was  only 
a  hamlet  or  chapelry  of  Writtle. 

8  Because  Ingelric  had  annexed  2  hides  (as  in 
the  text). 

»  See  Introduction  (p.  336)  for  this  phrase. 

10  Consideration  money  for  the  lease. 

11  Under  the  fief  of  Earl  Eustace  (p.  468  below) 
Domesday  states  that  his  manor  of  Newland  (Hall 
in  Roxwell)  had  been  held  by  Harold  '  as  i  manor 
and  as  3  (iif)  hides '  and   had  belonged  to  Writtle 
in  the  time  of  King  Edward,  but  had  been  seised 
by  Ingelric.     As  its  value  had  only  risen  from  /; 
to  £ 7,  there  seems  to  be  something  wrong  about 
the  alleged  due  of  £11  from  it.     And  its  3  hides 
are  2  in  the  Writtle  entry. 


433 


55 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


the  king's  woods  (siha).1  And  i  hide  was 
given  by  Harold  to  a  certain  priest  of  his  ; 
but  the  Hundret  (court)  knows  not  whether 
he  gave  (it  to  be  held)  freely  (liber<e)  or  in 
almoine.  It  is  now  held  by  R[obert]  Bishop 
of  Hereford.  And  (there  is)  half  a  hide 
which  was  held  freely  by  I  sokeman  who 
rendered  '  soke '  in  the  manor,  but  (et  tamen) 
could  betake  himself  (posset  ire)  with  his  land 
whither  he  would.8  Count  Eustace  added 
(adjunxit)  him  to  his  land.  In  this  manor  are 
still  included  (semper  jacent)  2  sokemen  with 
(de)  half  a  hide  and  10  acres,  who  have  now 
as  then  (semper)  half  a  plough  ;  there  are  4 
acres  of  meadow  ;  (this  is)  included  (apprecia- 
tum)  in  the  above  100  pounds. 

In  WIRITELA  [Writtle]  the  same  bishop 
holds  2  hides  and  20  acres,  of  which  i  hide 
belonged  to  (fuit  in)  the  church  in  the  time 
of  King  Edward  and  the  other  (was)  of  (in) 
the  king's  fee  (sic).  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
villeins  and  I  priest.  Then  2  bordars  ; 
now  8.  Then  2  serfs  ;  (now  none).  Then 
as  now  (semper)  I  plough  on  the  demesne  and 
2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (with)  8  acres  of 
meadow  ;  and  it  is  worth  50  shillings.3 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  MELDUNA  [MALDON] 

In  MALDUNA  [Maldon]  the  king  has  i 
house  and  pasture  for  100  sheep.  And  (there 
is)  i  sokeman  with  (de)  49  acres  who  has  i 
bordar  ;  (there  was)  i  plough  in  the  time 
of  King  Edward,  (and)  now  a  half  ;  it  was 
then  worth  10  shillings,  (and)  now  5.  In  the 
same  (Maldon)  the  king  has  180  houses  held 
by  burgesses  and  1 8  messuages  (mansuras)  that 
are  waste  ;*  of  which  (burgesses)  15  hold  half 
a  hide  and  21  acres,  while  (et)  the  other  men 

fo.  6 

hold  no  more  than  their  houses  in  the 
borough.  And  among  them  they  have  12 
rounceys  (runcinos)  and  140  beasts  (animalia) 
and  103  swine  and  336  sheep.  From  the 
king's  hall  (balla)  there  are  always  received 
(exeunt)  6  shillings  and  8  pence,  and  from 
Suen's  land  4  shillings,6  and  from  (the)  2 
houses  of  Eudo  dapifer  16  pence  which  the 

1  This  is  an  interesting  allusion  to  Robert's  own 
office  of  king's  forester. 

2  i.e.  could  choose  his  lord. 

3  This  entry  of  the  bishop's  land  in  Writtle  is 
repeated  below  under  his  own  fief  (p.  460). 

*  This  passage  seems  to  imply  that  '  quas  tenent 
burgenses  '  merely  means  '  inhabited  '  as  opposed 
to  '  vastatas '  uninhabited. 

6  This  is  duly  entered  under  Suain's  fief  below 
(p.  491)  as  a  '  customary  due '  received  by  the  king. 


king  has  not  received  (non  habuit)  since  he 
came  into  this  land.  From  the  aforesaid 
sokeman  Ranulf  Peverel  has  received  (habuit) 
yearly  a  customary  due  of  (consuetudinem  per)  3 
shillings  ;  but  in  King  Edward's  time  his  pre- 
decessor had  only  (the  man's)  commendation. 
And  in  King  Edward's  time  the  whole  to- 
gether rendered  13  pounds  and  2  shillings; 
and  when  Peter6  received  it  24  pounds  ;  now 

1  6  pounds  by  weight. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDERING   [TENDRING] 
AND  .  .  .  7 

BRICTRICESEIA  [Brightlingsea]  was  held  by 
Harold  as  a  manor  and  as  10  hides.  Now 
King  William  (holds  it).  Then  as  now 
(semper)  24  villeins.  Then  I  o  bordars  ;  after- 
wards 1  1  ;  now  1  6  bordars  ;  and  i  o  bordars 
who  hold  no  land.8  Then  4  serfs;  new  5. 
Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  afterwards 
and  now  2.  Then  the  men  had  16  ploughs  ; 
afterwards  and  now  1  1  .  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  100  swine.  (There  is)  now  i  mill. 
Pasture  for  600  sheep.  Then  as  now 
(there  were)  16  beasts  (animalia)  and  5  roun- 
ceys (runcini)  and  1  66  sheep  and  62  swine. 
Then  Brictriceseia  [Brightlingsea]  and  Her- 
chesteda  [Harkstead]9  between  them  rendered 

2  nights'  ferm  (nodes  de  firma)  ;10   and  when 
Pfeter]11  received  them  25  pounds  ;  now  22 
pounds.      But  that  outlying  estate  (berewita) 
lies  in  Suffolk.12    In  the  demesne  are  4  beasts 
(animalia)  and  5  swine. 

LALEFORDA  [Lawford]  was  held  by  Harold 
as  i  manor  and  as  10  hides,  and  is  now  so 
(pro  totidem)  held  by  King  William.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  there  were  1  5  villeins  and  24 
bordars.  Then  7  serfs  ;  now  6.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  the  men  had  20  ploughs  between 
them  ;  and  16  when  Baignard  held  (it)  ;18  but 
when  P[eter]14  received  it,  9  ;  and  9  (similiter) 

6  Peter  de  Valognes,  the  sheriff. 

7  So  read  by  the  Record  Commission's  edition, 
but  probably  '  Tenderinge  '  only  was  intended. 

8  It  is  just  possible,  judging  from  the  entry  of 
Leigh  on  the  Thames  below,  that  these  represent 
a  maritime  element. 

9  In   Suffolk,  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Stour 
estuary. 

10  See  Introduction,  p.  336. 

11  Peter  de  Valognes,  the  sheriff. 

12  The  meaning  of  this  passage  seems  to  be  that 
the  diminution  in  the  value  of  Brightlingsea  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  at  the  time  of  the  survey  Harkstead 
was  farmed  separately  by  Peter  as  a  part  of  Suffolk, 
where  we  find   it  separately  valued  in    1086   (ii. 


13  i.e.  as  sheriff. 

14  Peter  de  Valognes,  the  sheriff. 


434 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


now.  There  is  wood(land)  for  15  swine, 
(with)  1 2  acres  of  meadow.  Then  i  mill  ; 
now  2.  Pasture  for  300  sheep.  Now  i  salt- 
pan. It  then  l  rendered  2  nights'  ferm  (nodes 
de  firma)  ;  n  and  when  Baignard  held  it,  14 
pounds  ;  now  1 1  (pounds).  To  this  manor 
there  belonged  (jacuerunt)  in  the  time  of  King 
Edward  17  sokemen  (with)  i  hide  who  ren- 
dered all  customary  due(s) ;  and  after  the  king 
came  into  this  land,  and  Bain[ard]  was  sheriff, 
Tedric  Pointel  obtained  possession  of  (occupavit) 
that  land  ;  and  when  he  received  it  there  were 
dwelling  on  (manebant  in)  it  I  7  sokemen  who 
had  9  ploughs  ;  they  are  now  in  the  king's 

fo.  6b 

hand(s),  and  1 3  men  hold  this  land  and  have  4 
ploughs  ;  (there  is)  wood(land)  there  for  15 
swine,  with  2^  acres  of  meadow  ;  it  was  then1 
worth  4  pounds ;  and  when  Tedric  Pointel 
held  it  4  pounds  ;  now  40  shillings.  Peter 
(de  Valognes)  took  over  (accepit)  on  the  de- 
mesne of  this  manor  2 1  beasts  (anima/ia)  and 
4  rounceys  (runcinos)  and  45  swine  and  190 
sheep.  To  this  manor  there  belonged  in  the 
time  of  King  Edward  an  outlying  estate 
(btrrwita)  of  4  hides  which  Engelric  seized 
(invasit)  ;  Count  Eustace  holds  it.*  There 
also  used  to  belong  21  sokemen  holding  I 
hide  and  2  virgates  and  5  acres,  whom  Roger 
de  Ramis  has — in  exchange,  as  he  says — and 
he  vouches  Suain  to  warranty  (inde  vocat 
liberatorem  suanum).3  And  there  were  in  this 
manor,  in  King  Edward's  time,  4  sokemen 
who  rendered  all  customary  due(s)  ;  Richard 
son  of  Count  Gilbert  seized  them  (invasit) 
when  Suen  was  sheriff;  they  hold  half  a  hide 
and  15  acres,  which  are  now  in  the  king's 
hand(s),  because  there  was  no  one  on  Richard's 
(ejm)  part  who  could  say  how  he  came  to 
have  them  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough 
was  (there),  and  in  King  Edward's  time  it  was 
worth  13  shillings,  and  hitherto  Richard  has 
had  that  rent.*  Waleram  seized  I  sokeman 

1  i.e.  in  King  Edward's  time. 

*  There  is  some  difficulty  in   identifying  this 
estate.      The    count    had    succeeded    Ingelric    in 
several  estates  lying  in  Tendring  Hundred,  among 
which   was    Dale    Hall   in    Lawford,   but   this   is 
entered  as  a  manor  of  only  2  hides ;  nor,  it  would 
seem,  is  Ingelric  charged  with  seizing  more  than 
j  hide  there  (see  p.  470  below). 

'  That  is  to  say  he  alleged  that  Swegen  of  Essex, 
when  in  charge  of  the  manor  as  sheriff,  gave  him 
livery  of  this  land  (see  Introduction,  p.  413).  It 
cannot  be  clearly  identified  among  his  lands  below 

(PP-  543-4)- 

*  Under  Richard's  land  (p.  480  below)  we  only 
find  37  acres  (at  '  Aleforda  ')  entered  as  belonging 
to  Lawford,  though  held  by  him  at  the  time  of 


with  (de)  30  acres  ;  (there  was)  then  I  plough, 
and  now  none  ;  and  it  is  worth  10  shillings ; 
and  Waleram  has  had  that  rent  till  now.6 
Hagebert6  holds  30  acres,  which  were  held 
by  I  sokeman,  and  he  vouches  Suain  to  war- 
ranty (inde  revocat  liberatorem  suanum) ;  (there 
was)  then  i  plough,  (and)  now  a  half  ;  it  was 
then  worth  5  shillings  and  4  pence,  (and)  now 
32  pence.  Count  Eustace  holds  i£  hides  and 
45  acres  which  were  seized  by  Engelric  ;  and 
that  land  was  held  by  8  sokemen.  The 
Bishop  of  Bayeux  holds  half  a  hide,  which 
Ralf  son  of  Turold  holds  under  him.7  Ranulf 
brother  of  Ilger  holds  1 5  acres  ;8  Hugh  de 
Mon(t)fort  30  acres  ;  Ralf  Baignart  half  a 
hide  and  35  acres  ;*  Eudo  dapifer  37$ 
acres  ;  Roger,  a  man  of  the  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don,10 i  hide  and  30  acres  ;  Walter  the  deacon 
5  acres.  AH  this  land  used  to  render  every 
customary  due  to  the  abovesaid  manor  in  King 
Edward's  time. 

fo.7 
HUNDRET    OF    ODELESFORT    [UfTLESFORD] 

NEUPORT  [Newport]  was  held  by  Harold, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  as  a  manor  and  as  8^ 
hides.  Now  King  William  (holds  it).  Then 
1 8  villeins;  afterwards  15;  now  26.  Then 
8  bordars  ;  afterwards  6  ;  now  13.  Then  4 
serfs  ;  afterwards  and  now  2.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  afterwards  and  now 
I.  Then  and  afterwards  the  men  had  8 
ploughs  between  them  ;  now  10.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (with)  24  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  mills  and 
IO  beasts  (animalia)  and  I  rouncey  (runcinus) 
(and)  79  swine  (and)  102  sheep.  It  used 
then  *  to  render  2  nights'  ferm  (noctes  defirma).11 
There  is,  moreover,  an  outlying  estate  (bere- 
wita)  of  3  hides  and  46  acres,  which  lies  in 

the  Survey  ;  and  its  rent  was  only  6  shillings  (for- 
merly 10). 

6  This  does  not  seem  to  be  accounted  for  under 
his  (son's)  land. 

8  This  was  doubtless  the  Haghebern  whose  land 
is  entered  on  p.  561  below,  but  there  is  no  men- 
tion of  this  there. 

7  Under   the   bishop's  land    Domesday  enters 
a  half  hide  at  Alresford  as  having  been  seized  by 
Turold    (of    Rochester) — RalPs   father — and    as 
being  in  the  king's  hands  in   1086  because  Ralf 
could  not  prove  his  right  to  it  (p.  460  below). 

8  These  are  duly  entered,  under  his  land,  as  in 
the  manor  of  Lawford. 

9  This  estate  is  entered  under  his  land,  where  it 
is  said  that  he  claims  to  have  obtained  it  by  ex- 
change. 

10  Probably  the  '  Roger '  who  held  of  him  New 
Hall  in  Tendring. 

11  See  Introduction,  p.  336. 


435 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Cambridgeshire  (Cantebruge  sira)  and  is  called 
Scelfort  [Shelford]1;  then  as  now  (semper) 
there  were  (there)  8  villeins  and  5  bordars, 
and  i  plough  on  the  demesne,  and  2  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men,  and  15  acres  of  mea- 
dow ;  then  I  rouncey,  (and)  now  none  ;  then 
as  now  (semper)  10  beasts  ;  then  80  swine, 
(and)  now  50 ;  then  80  sheep,  (and)  now  87 ; 
then  13  goats,  (and)  now  24.  This  outlying 
estate  (berewita)  was  included  in  the  above 
ferm  *  in  King  Edward's  time,  but  now  (the 
manor)  renders  25  pounds  and  16  shillings. 
Robert  Gernon  (grino)  holds  2  sokemen  with 
(tie)  2%  hides  who  belong  to  this  manor  and 
render  all  customary  due(s) ;  he  received  them 
when  Suen  was  sheriff,  and  the  Hundret 
(court)  knows  not  how  he  came  to  have  them, 
for  there  came  into  the  Hundred  neither  writ 
nor  officer  (legatus)  on  the  king's  behalf  (to 
say)  that  the  king  had  given  him  that  land. 
A  certain  clerk  of  Count  Eustace  had  ob- 
tained possession  of  (invaseraf)  42  acres  and 
was  holding  them  as  part  of  (ad)  the  fief  of 
Count  Eustace  ;  but  the  Hundret  (court) 
testifies  that  they  (belong)  to  Newport,  and 
so  the  king  now  has  (them) ;  and  the  clerk  is 
adjudged  (judicatus)  to  be  at  the  king's  mercy 
as  to  (de)  all  his  possessions  (cessu)  and  his 
body  ; s  in  that  land  there  was  then  i  plough, 
(and)  now  none  ;  (there  is)  i  acre  of  meadow, 
(and)  wood(land)  for  6  swine,  and  it  is  worth 
6  shillings. 

RICHELINGA  [Rickling]  was  held  by  Harold 
as  a  manor  and  as  8  hides  (and  is)  now  so 
(pro  totidem)  held  by  King  William.  Then 
13  villeins  ;  afterwards  1 6  ;  now  20.  Then 
and  afterwards  6  bordars  ;  now  10.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  4  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  Then  and  afterwards  the  men  had 
8  ploughs  ;  now  i  O.  (There  is)  wood(land) 

fo.  7b 

for  30  swine,  (with)  3  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  then  worth  8  pounds  ;  now  1 2  pounds 
and  1 6  shillings.  On  the  demesne  are  7 
beasts  (animalia)  and  70  sheep. 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  FROSSCEWELLA   [FRESH- 
WELL] 

SANFORT  [(Great)  Sampford]  was  held  by 

1  A  few  miles  south  of  Cambridge  (see  Intro- 
duction, p.  338). 

8  i.e.  the  two  estates  together  provided  the  two 
nights'  ferm.  Compare  the  case  of  Brightlingsea 
with  Harkstead  above. 

3  This  entry  is  suggestive  of  trial  and  judgment 
before  the  Domesday  Commissioners  (see  Introduc- 
tion, p.  411). 


Edeva,4  (and)  afterwards  by  Earl  Ralf,8  (and 
is)  now  (in  charge  of)  Godric  '  dapifer  '  in  the 
king's  hand(s)  as  a  manor  and  as  7  hides  and 
30  acres.  Then  26  villeins  ;  afterwards  13  ; 
now  1 6.  Then  9  bordars  ;  afterwards  6  ; 
now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  serfs,  and  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  the  men  had 
22  ploughs  between  them;  afterwards  15  ; 
now  14.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  1 50  swine, 
(with)  30  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  mill.  It  was  then  worth  2O  pounds; 
afterwards  26  ;  now  30. 

HUNDRET  OF  TURESTAPLA  [THURSTABLE] 

King  William  has  in  this  Hundret  4  salt- 
pans, of  which  the  sheriff  has  charge  (custodit), 
and  3  men  with  (de)  10  acres,  and  (they  are) 
worth  20  pence. 

fo.8 

II.   THE  LANDS  OF  THE  HOLY 

TRINITY  OF  CANTERBURY  «  \CAN- 

TORBERU]  FOR  THE  SUPPORT 

OF  THE  MONKS 

HUNDRET  OF  WITHAM 

In  COGHESSALA  [(Little)  Coggeshall]  the 
Holy  Trinity  7  held  in  King  Edward's  time 
and  holds  now  (modo  similiter)  3  virgates  of 
land.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs.  Then 
I  bordar  ;  now  8.  Then  3  serfs;  now  i. 
(There  are)  8  acres  of  meadow  (and)  i  mill. 
And  it  is  worth  60  shillings.  On  the  demesne 
are  4  rounceys  (runcini),  3  beasts  (animalia),  2O 
sheep,  and  7  swine. 

BOCHINGES  [Bocking]  was  always  held  by 
the  Holy  Trinity  as  a  manor  and  as  4^ 
hides  ;  and  there  are  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  Then  the  men  had  35  ploughs ; 
now  29.  Then  19  villeins;  now  18.  Then 
25  bordars  ;  now  44.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  2. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  300  swine,  pasture 
for  60  sheep,  22  acres  of  meadow  (and)  a 
mill.  And  (there  are)  6  beasts  (anima/ia), 
and  100  sheep,  and  54  swine.  There  belong 
to  this  manor  now  as  then  (semper)  2  hides  in 
Meresai  [(Bocking  Hall  in  East)  Mersey] ;  and 
(there  are  there)  i  plough  on  the  demesne,  and 
I  plough  belonging  to  the  men,  and  2  villeins, 
and  i  bordar,  and  pasture  for  50  sheep.  Then 
the  whole  together  was  worth  24  pounds  ; 
now  28. 


4  Edith  the  Fair  (see  Introduction,  p.  350). 

5  Of  Norfolk,  forfeited  1075. 

6  i.e.  Christchurch. 

7  i.e.  the  cathedral  church  of  Christchurch. 


436 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


STIESTEDA  [Stisted]  was  held  by  the  Holy 
Trinity  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide.  Then 
4  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3.  Then 
the  men  had  5  ploughs  ;  now  6.  Then  8 
villeins;  now  13.  Then  n  bordars  ;  now 
25.  Then  6  serfs ;  now  4.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  800  swine,  (with)  27  acres  of 
meadow  and  i  mill.  (There  are)  3  rounceys 
(runcini),  and  40  beasts  (animalia),  and  I2O 
sheep,  (and)  77  swine.  It  was  then  worth  10 
pounds  ;  now  15. 

HUNDRET     OF     WlTBRICTESHERNA     [DfiNGIE] 

LALINGE  [Lawling  ']  was  held  (ten')  by 
the  Holy  Trinity  as  a  manor  and  as  14  hides. 
Then  14  villeins;  now  21.  Then  16  bor- 
dars ;  now  20.  Then  3  serfs  ;  now  4.  Then 

2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3.     Then 
the  men  had  17$  ploughs;  now  16^.    Then 
as   now  (semper)   i   mill.      (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  800  swine,  and  (there  are)  3  roun- 
ceys  (runcini),   and    I    mule,   and    1 6    beasts 
(animalia)  and  60  swine  and  200  sheep,  and 
1 8   goats.     It  was  then   worth    1 2   pounds  ; 
now  1 6. 

LACHENDUNA  [Latchingdon]  was  held  (ten') 
by  the  Holy  Trinity  as  a  manor  and  as  2 
hides.  And  there  is  I  plough  on  the  demesne. 
(There  are)  now  2  villeins  and  i  serf.  (There 
is)  pasture  for  30  sheep,  and  (there  are)  6 
beasts  (animalia),  and  60  sheep,  and  1 6  swine. 
It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  25. 

NIWELANT  [West  Newland  *]  was  held 
(ten')  by  the  Holy  Trinity  as  a  manor  and  as 

3  hides.     Then  I  villein  ;  now  3.     Then  as 

fo.  Bb 

now  (temper)  2  serfs.  Then  2  ploughs ;  now 
i.  Then  24  sheep,  and  now  the  same.  It 
was  then  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  40. 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

MILDENTUNA  [Milton  (Hall) 3]  was  held 
(ten')  by  the  Holy  Trinity  as  a  manor  and  (as) 
2  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  8  villeins. 
Then  13  bordars;  now  15.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  serf,  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  6  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There 
is)  wood(Iand)  for  60  swine.  And  (there  are) 
8  beasts  (animalia'),  and  2  rounceys  (runcini), 
and  25  swine,  and  124  sheep.  It  was  then 
worth  100  shillings;  now  8  pounds. 

1   In  Latchingdon. 

*  A  manor  in  St.  Lawrence. 

»  In  Prittlewell. 


SUDCERCA  [Southchurch]  was  held  (ten')  by 
the  Holy  Trinity  as  a  manor  and  as  4  hides. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  14  villeins  and  5  bor- 
dars. Then  2  serfs  ;  now  i.  Then  as  now 
(temper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  6 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
pasture  for  200  sheep,  wood(land)  for  40 
swine,  and  2  fisheries.  And  (there  are)  4 
rounceys  (runcini),  and  8  beasts  (animalia), 
and  13  swine,  and  150  sheep,  and  16  goats. 
It  was  then  worth  100  shillings  ;  now  7 
pounds. 

STANBRUGE  [(Little)  Stambridge]  was  held 
by  the  Holy  Trinity  as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide 
in  King  Edward's  time.  Now  Ralf  Baignar[d] 
(holds  it)  of  the  church.4  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  plough  on  the  demesne.  Then  3 
bordars ;  now  7.  And  (there  is)  I  acre  of 
meadow,  (and)  pasture  for  200  sheep.  And 
(there  are)  4  beasts  (animalia),  and  10  swine, 
and  58  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  30  shillings; 
now  40. 


fo.  gb  > 


EXS^SSA 


III.     THE   LAND   OF  THE   BISHOP 
OF  LONDON 

HUNDRET  OF  BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLE] 

LEGENDUNA  [Laindon 6],  which  was  held 
by  Alftred,  a  certain  woman,  in  King  Ed- 
ward's time,  is  held  by  the  bishop  as  I  manor 
and  as  9  hides.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne ;  now  3.  Then  the  men  had  7 
ploughs  ;  now  6.  Then  8  villeins  ;  now  3. 
Now  14  bordars.  Then  as  now  6  serfs. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and) 
pasture  for  100  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  9 
pounds ;  now  10 ;  but  the  bishop  receives 
thence  14  pounds.  Of  this  manor  Ralf  and 
William  hold  3  hides  and  80  acres  of  the 
bishop ;  and  (there  are  there)  i  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men;  and  it  is  worth  100  shillings  (which  is 
included)  in  the  above  valuation  (pretio).  The 
bishop  took  over  (recepit)  on  the  demesne  97 
sheep  and  10  swine. 

ORSEDA  [Orsett],  which  was  held  by  Bishop 
William  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
the  bishop  as  a  manor  and  as  13  hides  ;  but 

*  i.e.  of  Christchurch. 

5  At  the  top  of  fo.  9  is  a  list  of  the  five  next 
tenants-in-chief,   which    has  been    deleted.     The 
rest  of  that  folio  is  blank.     A  similar  list,  similarly 
deleted,   is   found   on   fo.    17  of  this  volume  of 
Domesday  (see  Introduction,  p.  413). 

6  See  Introduction  p.  398,  and  p.  441,  note  4, 
below. 


437 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Count  Eustace  holds  one  of  these,1  which 
does  not  belong  to  his  100  manors  (qute  nan 
at  de  suis  c  mansionibus).  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per] 2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  34 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  22. 
Then  34  villeins  ;  now  22.  Then  6  bor- 
dars ;  now  36.  Then  4  serfs ;  now  2.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  1,000  (swine),2  and  (there 
are)  6  beasts  (animalia),  and  1 1 5  sheep,  and  40 
swine.  It  was  then  worth  35  pounds  ;  now 
28.  Of  this  same  manor  Tidbald',  Anschi- 
till,  William,  (and)  Gilbert  hold  4^  hides  and 
40  acres  ;  and  (there  are  there)  6  ploughs  ; 
and  it  is  worth  8  pounds  (which  is  included) 
in  the  above  valuation  (eodem  pretio). 

RAMESDANA  [Ramsden  (Belhus)]  is  held  of 
the  bishop  by  William  as  a  manor  and  as  3 
hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  half  a  plough  belonging  to  the 
men.  Then  6  bordars  ;  now  8  ;  and  (there 
is)  i  serf.  Wood(land)  for  100  swine.  Now 
i  mill.  It  was  then  worth  60  shillings ; 
now  40. 

HUNDRET    OF    WlTHAM 

In  SLAMONDESHEIA  [Slamondsay  (in  White 
Notley)]  Roger  holds  of  the  bishop  1 5  acres ; 
and  it  is  worth  30  pence. 

HUNDRET  OF  BEVENTREU  [BECONTREE] 

WENESTEDA  [Wanstead]  was  held  by  St. 
Paul  ;  now  Ralf  son  of  Brien  (holds  it)  of  the 
bishop  as  i  manor  and  as  i  hide.  Then  i 
plough  on  the  demesne  ;  now  I-J-.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ; 
and  3  villeins.  Then  7  bordars ;  now  8. 
Then  2  serfs ;  now  none.  Wood(land)  for 
300  swine.  Now  i  mill.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  saltpan.  And  it  is  worth  40 
shillings. 

fo.  10 

HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU   [WINSTREE] 

LEGRA  [Layer  (Marney)]  was  held  by  2 
free  men  in  King  Edward's  time  ;  now 
Roger  (holds  it)  of  the  bishop  as  3  hides.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i£  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Then 
5  villeins  ;  now  4.  Then  4  bordars  ;  now 
6.  Then  3  serfs  ;  now  4.  Wood(land)  for 
150  swine  and  2  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
then  worth  70  shillings ;  now  4  pounds. 

LEGRA  [Layer  (Marney)]  is  held  by  the 
same  Roger  of  the  bishop,  and  was  (quod) 


1  Loft  Hall  in  Orsett  (see  p.  461  below). 

2  The  word  '  swine '  is  omitted. 


held  in  King  Edward's  time  by  i  free 
woman  as  3  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Now  half  a  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  Now  i  villein. 
Then  i  bordar  ;  now  4.  Then  3  serfs  ; 
now  4.  Wood(land)  for  150  swine.  Now 
I  mill.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  saltpan. 
It  was  then  worth  70  shillings  ;  now  4 
pounds.  Bishop  W[illiam]  proved  his  right 
to  (deratiocinavit)  these  two  manors,  for  the 
use  of  (ad opus)  his  church  after  King  Edward's 
death  by  King  William's  command. 

HUNDRET  OF    HIDINGHAFORT   [HINCKFORD] 

RAINES  [Rayne  3]  was  held  by  Bishop 
William  in  King  Edward's  time  as  4  hides 
and  30  acres.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  5  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  4.  Then  1 6 
villeins  ;  now  10.  Then  9  bordars  ;  now  8. 
Then  4  serfs  ;  now  3.  Wood(land)  for  200 
swine,  (and)  16  acres  of  meadow.  Now  i 
mill.  And  (there  are)  10  beasts  (antmalia) 
and  45  sheep  and  24  swine.  To  this  manor 
have  been  added,  in  King  William's  time,  15 
acres  which  were  held,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  by  i  free  man,  as  the  Hundret  (court) 
testifies.  It  was  then  worth  10  pounds  ; 
now  14.  In  this  manor  Roger  holds  of  the 
bishop  3  virgates  ;  and  (there  are  there)  I 
plough  and  2  serfs  ;  and  it  is  worth  50 
shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

In  SUDMUNSTRA  [Southminster]  (are)  30 
hides  which  are  held  by  the  bishop  in 
demesne.4  And  in  King  Edward's  time 
(there  were)  22  villeins  ;  now  1 1.  Then  23 
bordars;  now  25.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5 
serfs,  and  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
1 8  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  n. 
Pasture  for  1,000  sheep.  It  was  then  worth 
24  pounds  ;  now  1 6.  In  this  manor  there 
were,  in  King  Edward's  time,  15  free  men 
who  held  1 8  hides  and  1 3  acres  ;  now  there 
are  14  men  who  hold  these  of  the  bishop  ;5 
then  (there  were  there)  4  bordars,  (and)  now 

3  This  part  of  the  Domesday  Rayne  was  after- 
wards included  in  Braintree  as  the  bishop's  manor. 

4  Originally  written   '  are  held  of  the  bishop  by 
14  knights,'  which   was  deleted  and  an  interlinea- 
tion substituted  as  in  the  text.     The  bishop's  30 
hides  here  included  more  than  Southminster  itself 
(see  Introduction,  p.  395). 

6  This  would  seem  to  have  been  the  origin  of 
the  erroneous  entry  of  the  '  14  knights'  which  (as 
explained  in  the  preceding  note)  was  deleted. 
They  held  this  subordinate  estate,  not  the  chief 
manor. 


438 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


1 6  ;  then  4  serfs,  (and)  now  8  ;  then  12 
ploughs,  (and)  now  7  ;  pasture  for  300  sheep  ; 
it  was  then  worth  12  pounds  ;  now  8.  On 
the  demesne  of  this  manor  are  1 1  beasts 
(animalia),  and  696  sheep,  and  2O  swine. 
King  Canute  (Gnut)  took  away  this  land,  but 

fo.  iob 

Bishop  William  recovered  it  in  King  William's 
time. 

COPEFORDA  [Copford  *]  is  held  by  the 
bishop  in  demesne  as  i^  hides  and  18  acres. 
Then  16  bordars  ;  now  14.  Then  5  serfs; 
now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne.  Then  the  men  had  7  ploughs  ; 
now  5.  Wood(land)  for  100  swine,  and  16 
acres  of  meadow.  And  (there  are)  6  beasts 
(animalia),  and  12  swine  and  37  sheep.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  8  pounds.  To 
this  manor  there  belonged,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  12  sokemen — (there  are)  now  10 — 
holding  I  hide  and  2-J  acres ;  and  they  could 
not  withdraw  themselves  (recedere)  *  as  the 
Hundret  (court)  testifies  ;  (there  were)  then 
between  them  2  ploughs  ;  now  i  £  ;  the  value 
(of  them)  is  (included)  in  the  above  valuation 
(pretio).  Of  this  land3  (terra)  Roger  holds  of 
the  bishop  25  acres,  and  (there  is  there)  half  a 
plough,  and  it  is  worth  15  shillings.  In  this 
manor  17  acres,  which  were  held  by  the 
bishop  in  King  Edward's  time,  are  now  held 
by  Robert  Gernon  of  the  king's  gift.  Robert 
also  holds  1  virgate  of  land  which  was  held  by 
the  bishop  ;  and  a  certain  free  man  so  held  it 
that  he  could  betake  himself  (irt)  whither  he 
would,4  but  the  soke  remained  in  the  manor. 

HUNDRET  OF  CEFFEORDA  [CHAFFORD] 

WARELEIA  [(Little)  Warley]  was  held  by 
Guert  as  a  manor  and  as  4  hides  less  1 5  acres. 
Now  Humfrey  (holds  it)  of  the  bishop.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  5  villeins  and  2  bordars. 
Now  2  serfs.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
the  men  had  3  ploughs.  Wood(land)  for  700 
swine.  Pasture  for  100  sheep.  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  6  pounds  ;  now  7. 
Of  this  manor  Tascelin  the  priest  holds  15 
acres.6  This  manor  was  given  to  Bishop 
William  by  King  William  after  he  had 
crossed  the  sea,  because  it  belonged  of  old  to 

1  In  Lexden  Hundred. 

*  i.e.  betake  themselves  to  another  lord. 

3  i.e.  of  this  manor,  as  in  the  next  clause.     The 
whole  entry  affords  additional  illustration   of  the 
convertible    use   of  '  terra '   and  '  manerium  '  in 
Domesday. 

4  i.e.  to  another  lord. 

5  Compare  p.  43 1  above  under  '  Becangra.' 


(in  antiquo  tempore  fuit  de)  the  church  of  St. 
Paul. 

CELMERESFORT  [Chelmsford]  6  was  held  by 
Bishop  William  in  King  Edward's  time.  Now 
the  bishop  holds  it  in  demesne 7  as  a  manor 
and  (as)  8  hides.  Then  5  villeins  ;  now  4. 
Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3. 
Then  the  men  had  5  ploughs  between  them  ; 
now  i .  Wood(land)  for  300  swine,  (and)  30 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
mill.  And  (there  are)  2  beasts  (animalia)  and 
27  swine,  and  100  sheep.  And  it  is  worth  8 
pounds. 

HUNDRET  OF  TURESTAPLA  [THURSTABLE] 

WICHAM  [Wickham  (Bishops)],  which 
Bishop  William  held  in  King  Edward's  time, 
is  held  by  the  bishop  in  demesne  as  a  manor 
and  as  3  hides.  Then  7  villeins  ;  now  5. 
Then  i  bordar  ;  now  4.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  serfs  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  the  men  had  4  ploughs  ;  now  2^. 
Wood(land)  for  30  swine,  (and)  31  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  mill. 
And  (there  are)  6  beasts  (animalia'),  50  sheep, 
IO  swine,  (and)  20  goats.  And  it  is  worth  6 
pounds.  In  it  is  I  free  man  with  (de)  5  acres, 


fo.   II 

and  (he)  is  worth  1 2  pence. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDERINGA  [TENDRING] 

CICE  [Chich 8]  is  held  by  the  bishop  in 
demesne  as  a  manor  and  (as)  7  hides.  And  in 
King  Edward's  time  (there  were)  1 8  villeins ; 
now  9.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5  bordars. 
Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  2. 
Then  the  men  had  between  them  9  ploughs  ; 
now  5.  There  are  4  acres  of  meadow,  (and) 
pasture  for  200  sheep.  And  (there  are)  6 
beasts  (animalia),  150  sheep,  and  16  (sic),* 
and  30  swine.  It  was  then  worth  1 8  pounds  ; 
now  12. 

CLACHINTUNA  [Clacton]  was  always  the 
see's  (in  episcopatu)  as  a  manor  and  (as)  20 
hides.  Then  50  villeins  ;  now  45.  Then 
2O  bordars;  now  50.  Then  13  serfs;  now 
7.  Then  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now 
3.  Then  the  men  had  50  ploughs  between 
them  ;  now  2O.  Wood(land)  for  400 
swine,  (and)  20  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  I  fishery ;  now  I  mill.  (There 

6  In  Chelmsford  Hundred. 

7  This  manor  thus  came  to  be  known  as  Bishop's 
Hall. 

8  Now  St.  Osyths. 

9  Possibly  for  '  and  1 6  (sheep  over).' 

439 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


is)  pasture  for  100  sheep.  And  (there  are)  i 
rouncey  (runcinus)  and  7  beasts  (animalia),  and 
30  swine,  and  41  sheep.  It  was  then  worth 
40  pounds  ;  now  26.  Of  this  same  manor 

5  knights  hold  4  hides,  and  (there  are  there) 

6  ploughs,  and   (there  are)  2  villeins  and  45 
bordars  and    3   serfs   who    have   3  ploughs ; 
and  it   is    worth    8   pounds   and  2    shillings 
(included)  in  the  above  valuation  (eodem  pretio). 

In  COLECF.STRA  [Colchester]  the  bishop  has 
14  houses  and  4  acres,  which  render  no 
customary  due,  save  scot,  to  any  one  but  the 
bishop.1  There  also  (in  eaderri)  Hugh  holds 
of  the  bishop  2  hides  and  i  acre  and  renders 
customary  due(s) ;  (there  were  there)  then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 

1  plough  belonging  to  the  men,  and  2  villeins, 
and  1 1   bordars,  and   i   serf,  and  6^  acres  of 
meadow  ;  now  i  mill  ;  then  and  afterwards 
it  was  worth  40  shillings,  and  now  50.* 

IIII.    (THE)    FEE    OF    THE    BISHOP 
OF   LONDON3 

HUNDRET    OF    CEFFEORDA    [CHAFFORD] 

WOCHEDUNA  [Cranham  4]  was  held  by 
Alvric  in  King  Edward's  time  as  a  manor  and 
(as)  3  hides  and  40  acres.  Now  Hugh  (holds 
it)  of  the  bishop.  Then  6  villeins  ;  now  8. 
Then  5  bordars;  now  15.  Then  6  serfs; 
now  4.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on 
the  demesne,  and  4  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  Wood(land)  for  500  swine,  (and)  2O 
acres  of  meadow.  (There  are)  4  colts  (pulli)y 
144  sheep,  (and)  20  beasts  (animalia).  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  4  pounds  ; 
now  6. 

TOTEHAM  [(Rok  Hall  in  Little)  Totham  B], 
which  Edwolt  held  as  a  manor  and  (as)  half 
a  hide  and  30  acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by 
William  son  of  Brien.  (There  is)  now  I 
villein.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6  bordars,  and 

2  serfs,    and    I    plough    on    the    demesne. 
Wood(land)  for  60  swine,  4  acres  of  meadow, 
and  i  fisherman  (piscator).     (There  is)  pasture 
for  40    sheep,   and    i    saltpan.     (There  are) 
now  4  beasts  (animalia),  and  4  swine,  (and) 

1  '  Non  reddentes  consuet[udinem]preter  Scotum 
nisi  episcopo.'      The  '  scot '  was  clearly  the  geld, 
which  was  payable  to  the  king. 

2  See  further  the  Introduction  to  the  Survey  of 
Colchester  (p.  424  above). 

3  This  heading  is  not  rubricated  like  the  others 
and  is   in   a   cramped    space.      The    initial    F   of 
'  Feudum '  actually  overlaps  the  text. 

4  Otherwise  Ockendon  episcopi. 
6  In  Thurstable  Hundred. 


60  sheep.      It  was  worth  then  as  now  (semper) 
30  shillings. 

fo.  zxb 

TOTEHAM  [(Rok  Hall  in  Little)  Totham], 
which  Alvric  held  as  a  manor  and  (as)  half  a 
hide  and  30  acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by 
William  Bait.  Now  3  bordars.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  plough,  and  I  saltpan,  and  2  acres 
of  meadow,  (and)  wood(land)  for  30  swine. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  30  shillings. 

ELESFORDA  [Alresford6]  was  held  by  Edwold 
as  a  manor  and  (as)  2  hides  of  land.  Now 
Humfrey  (holds  it)  of  the  bishop.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  villeins.  Then  2  bordars  ; 
now  6.  Then  3  serfs  ;  now  2.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  none.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  I  plough  belonging  to  the 
men.  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now 
20. 

TENDERINGE  [(New  Hall  in)  Tendring], 
which  Alward  held  as  i  hide  and  45  acres  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by 
Roger.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5  bordars. 
Then  4  serfs  ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  (there  are)  3 
acres  of  meadow.  Pasture  for  50  sheep. 
Then  3  rounceys  (runcini)  ;  now  4.  Now  3 
beasts  (animalia).  Then  6  swine;  now  1 6. 
Then  36  sheep ;  now  66.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  it  was  worth  30  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLE] 

TURRUCA  [(Little)  Thurrock],  which  was 
held  by  Ulwine,  a  free  man,  under  King 
Edward  as  i  manor  (and)  as  2  hides  and  2 
acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by  Anschetil. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne. Then  i  bordar ;  now  6.  Then  6 
serfs;  now  I.  Wood(land)  for  50  swine. 
Pasture  for  50  sheep^  Then  I  fishery  (piscina'); 
now  none.  Then  4  beasts ;  now  5.  Now 
2  rounceys  (runcini)  and  2  colts.  Then  12 
swine  ;  now  1 6.  Then  80  sheep  ;  now  128. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  30  shillings 
and  4  pence. 

WELLA  [  ],  which  was  held  by  the 

same  Ulwine  in  King  Edward's  time  as  a 
manor  and  as  i  hide  and  30  acres,  is  held  of 
the  bishop  by  Ralf  and  Torold.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  plough.  Then  i  villein  ;  now 
none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  bordars. 
Wood(land)  for  40  swine.  And  it  is  worth 
20  shillings. 


8  In  Tendring  Hundred. 


440 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


BURGHESTEDA  [(Little)  Burstead],  which 
Godwine  held  in  King  Edward's  time  as  a 
manor  and  as  3  hides,  is  held  of  the  bishop 
by  Walter.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  belonging  to 
the  men,  and  2  villeins.  Then  I  bordar  ; 
now  6.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  I .  Wood(land) 
for  60  swine,  and  30  acres  more  (alia)  are 
claimed  from  King  Edward's  time.1  Now  2 
colts  and  4  beasts  (animalia).  Then  5  swine  ; 
now  24.  Then  50  sheep;  now  88.  And  44 
goats.  It  was  then  worth  60  shillings ;  now 
50. 

CORRINCHAM  [Corringham],  which  was 
held  by  Sigar,  a  free  man,  as  I  manor  and  as 
4  hides  and  10  acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by 

Co.  lib 

William.  (It  is)  now  assessed  at  3^  hides  and 
10  acres.  Half  a  hide  has  been  taken  away 
from  it  and  is  held  by  the  Bishop  of  Bayeux. 
Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  2\. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  the  men  had  4  ploughs. 
Then  3  villeins  ;  now  2.  Then  7  bordars  ; 
now  25.  Then  5  serfs ;  now  3.  Wood- 
(land)  for  300  swine.  Pasture  for  400  sheep. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  mill.  Then  2  roun- 
ceys  (runcini) ;  now  none.  Then  3  beasts 
(animalia);  now  6.  Then  8  swine  ;  now  10. 
Then  400  sheep  ;  now  500  ;  and  21  goats.  It 
was  then  worth  7  pounds  ;  now  7  (pounds) 
and  6  shillings. 

HORNINDUNA  [Horndon  (on -the- hill*)], 
which  Goduin,  a  free  man,  held  as  I  manor 
and  (as)  i^  hides,  is  held  of  the  same 
William.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on 
the  demesne,  and  4  bordars,  and  I  serf.  Wood- 
(land)  for  I  o  swine,  (and)  the  eighth  part  of  I 
fishery.  Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  2O 
shillings.  From  this  manor  has  been  taken 
away  half  a  hide,  which  is  held  by  the  Bishop 
of  Bayeux. 

CELDEWELLA  [Chadwell],  which  Alvric  a 
thegn  of  King  Edward  held  as  a  manor  and 
(as)  2  hides,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by  Hughling 
(Hugolinus).  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  if,  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men.  Then  i  priest  and  3  bordars ;  now 
I  priest  and  7  bordars.3  Then  as  now  (semper) 
4  serfs.  Pasture  for  100  sheep.  Then  I 
fishery  ;  now  none.  (There  are)  2  rounceys 

1  '  calumpniantur  de  tempore  R.E.' 

*  i.e.  the  estate  of  Cantis  there  (see  Introduc- 
tion, p.  398). 

*  This  is  an  unusual  entry,  and  so  is  the  men- 
tion of  a  priest  (compare  Introduction,  p.  385). 


(runcini),  10  beasts  (animalia),  (and)  81  sheep. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  40  shillings; 
now  30. 

RAMESDANA  [Ramsden  (Belhus)],  which 
Godric  held  as  a  manor  and  (as)  i  hide  and 
10  acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by  William. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the  de- 
mesne, and  4  bordars.  Wood(land)  for  25 
swine.  There  are  8  swine,  50  sheep,  (and) 
12  goats.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

LEIENDUNA  [Laindon4],  which  was  held 
by  Ulmar  as  a  manor  and  (as)  half  a  hide  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by 
Ralf.  Then  i  serf;  now  none.  And  it  is 
worth  6  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    WlTHAM 

BRACTEDA  [(Little)  Braxted],  which  was 
held  by  Alvric,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as 

1  hide,  is  held  of   the  bishop    by  Hughling 
(Hugolinus).     Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on    the    demesne.      Then    the    men    had    2 
ploughs  ;  now  none.     Then  4  villeins  ;  now 
none.    Then  3  bordars  ;  now  8  and  i  priest.6 
Then   4  serfs ;  now  2.     Wood(land)  for  40 
swine,  (and)  i  mill.     (There  are)  i   rouncey 
(runcinus)t  4  beasts  (animalia),  13  swine,  (and) 
130    sheep.     Then    as  now   (semper)  it  was 
worth  60  shillings. 

HOBRUGE  [Hubbridge  (Hall)],'  which  Alwin, 
a  free  man,  held  as  a  manor  and  (as)  half  a 
hide,  is  held  (of  the  bishop)  by  Ralf  son  of 
Brien.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on 
the  demesne,  and  I  plough  belonging  to  the 
men,  and  i  villein,  and  10  bordars.  Then 

2  serfs ;    now    none.     Wood(land)    for   100 
swine,  and  1 2  acres  of  meadow.     (There  are) 
1 6  beasts  (animalia},  100  sheep,  20  goats  (and) 
14  swine.     And  it  is  worth  40  shillings. 

fa.  I3b 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 

In  HALINGHEBERIA  [Hallingbury]  Edith 
(Edeva)  held  30  acres  in  King  Edward's  time. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough  and  2 
acres  of  meadow.  And  it  is  worth  5  shil- 
lings. 

4  It  ii  of  importance  here  to  observe  that  the 
Domesday  forms  'Legenduna'  (p.  437  above)  and 
'  Leinduna,'  which  denote  Laindon  (belonging  to 
the  Bishop  of  London)  are  entirely  distinct  from 
'  Langenduna,'  which  denotes  Langdon  (Hills)  to 
the  south  of  it  (compare  Introduction,  p.  398). 

6  See  note  3  above. 

8  A  manor  in  Witham. 


441 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


HUNDRET    OF  WlTBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

ULEHAM,1  which  Coder',  a  free  man,  held 
in  King  Edward's  time  as  a  manor  and  as 
2  hides  and  20  acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop 
by  Hugh.  Then  3  villeins ;  now  none. 
Then  3  bordars  ;  now  I .  Then  4  serfs ; 
now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne.  Then  the  men  had  I  plough  ; 
now  none.  (There  is)  pasture  for  30  sheep. 
(There  are)  3  rounceys  (runcini)  and  140 
sheep.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
60  shillings  ;  now  40. 

MILDEMET  [Middlemead  2],  which  Alwin, 
a  free  man,  held  as  i  manor  and  (as)  half  a 
hide  and  14  acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by 
Ralf  son  of  Brien.  Then  2  villeins ;  now 
none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  bordars. 
Then  I  serf;  now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
i  plough.  Wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  8 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

V.   THE  LAND  OF  THE  CANONS 
OF  ST.  PAUL'S  IN  ESSEX  (EXSESSA) 

HUNDRET  OF  BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLE] 

LEA  [(West)  Lee  3]  was  held  freely  by  Edeva 
in  King  Edward's  time  as  a  manor  and  (as) 
half  a  hide  and  30  acres.  Then  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  and  2  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men  ;  now  none.*  Then  2  villeins ;  now 
6.  Then  6  bordars;  now  5.  Then  2  serfs; 
now  3.  Wood(land)  for  25  swine.  Pasture 
for  IOO  sheep.  (There  are)  I  beast  (animal), 
i  pig,  and  7  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  40 
shillings ;  now  20.  This  land  is  claimed  for 
the  king's  use  (ad  opus  regis). 

HUNDRET  OF  WALTHAM 

CINGHEFORT  [Chingford  (St.  Pauls)]  was 
held  by  St.  Paul  in  King  Edward's  time  as 
i  manor  and  as  6  hides.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
the  men  had  3  ploughs  ;  now  4.  Then  7 
villeins  ;  now  8.  Then  3  bordars  ;  now  6. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  4  serfs.  Wood(land) 
for  500  swine,  50  acres  of  meadow,  and  2 
fisheries.  (There  are)  9  beasts  (anima/ia),  2 

1  A  manor  in  Lawling.     Now  'Ulehams  farm.' 

2  A  manor  in  Baddow  (in  Chelmsford  Hundred), 
including  the  later  manors  ofVidelews  and   Bas- 
sets.    It   was    afterwards    '  Middlemead    hamlet,' 
which,  though  in  Little  Baddow,  was   in  Dengie 
Hundred,  being  just  across  the  border. 

3  Alias  Lee  Chapel  (extra-parochial). 

4  This  is  a  difficult  passage,  as  it  seems  unlikely 
that  all  four  plough(team)s  would  have  disappeared, 
especially  as  the  villeins  had  increased.     The  value 
however  had  diminished  by  half. 


rounceys  (runcini),  2J  swine,  (and)  IOO  sheep. 
It  was  then  worth  4  pounds  ;  now  IOO 
shillings.  From  this  manor  Peter  de  Valognes 
took  away  i  hide  (of  land)  and  8  acres  of 
meadow,  which  belonged  to  this  manor  in 
King  Edward's  time,  with  (ei)  wood(land)  for 
50  swine  ;5  it  is  worth  10  shillings.  From  the 
same  manor  Geoffrey  de  '  Magna  villa '  took 
(away)  10  acres  of  meadow. 

HUNDRET   OF    HIDINGAFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

BELCHAM  [Belchamp  (St.  Pauls)]  was  held 
by  St.  Paul  in  King  Edward's  time  as  a 
manor  and  (as)  5  hides.  Then  as  now 

fo.  13 

(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  12 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  are) 
24  villeins,  i  o  bordars,  (and)  5  serfs.  Wood- 
(land)  for  60  swine,  (and)  30  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  are)  9  beasts  (antmalia), 
2  rounceys  (runcini),  40  swine,  100  sheep, 
(and)  5  goats.  Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was 
worth  1 6  pounds. 

WICHAM  [Wickham  (St.  Pauls)]  was  held 
by  St.  Paul  in  King  Edward's  time  as  a 
manor  and  (as)  3  hides  less  I  virgate. 
Then  i  plough  in  the  demesne  ;  now  2. 
Then  4  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
3.  Then  6  villeins  ;  now  5.  Then  4  bor- 
dars ;  now  10.  Then  i  serf ;  now  3. 
Wood(land)  for  200  swine,  (and)  10  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  are)  2  rounceys  (runcini), 
4  beasts  (anima/ia),  23  swine,  50  sheep,  24 
goats,  and  2  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth 
40  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 

HUNDRET  OF   WITBRICTESHERNA    [DENGIE] 

TILLINGHAM  was  held  by  St.  Paul  as  a 
manor  and  (as)  20  hides  and  6  acres.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  20  villeins,  and  8  bordars,  and 
4  serfs.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  4.  Then  as  now  (semper)  the  men  had 
10  ploughs.  (There  is)  pasture  for  400 
sheep.  Now  i  mill  and  i  fishery.  (There 
are)  15  beasts  (animalia),  30  swine,  (and)  340 
sheep.  In  addition  to  this  land  there  were 
given  to  the  church  10  acres,  which  belong 
(jaceni)  to  this  manor.  The  whole  was  then 
worth  10  pounds;  now  15. 

HUNDRET  OF  ANGRA  [ONGAR] 

NORTUNA  [Norton  (Mandeville)]  was  held 
in  King  Edward's  time  by  Godid,  a  certain 

5  This  hide  (with  appurtenances)  was  entered 
in  the  1181  Inquisition  as  'ruthehydam  quam 
occupatam  detinet  Robertus  de  Valoniis '  (Domesday 
of  St.  Paul's,  p.  144). 


442 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


woman,  as  half  a  hide.  Now  St.  Paul  (holds 
it).  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  and  2 
bordars.  Wood(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  4 
acres  of  meadow.  There  are  i  rouncey 
(runcinus)  (and)  5  beasts  (animaiia).  It  is 
worth  20  shillings.  Godid  gave  this  land  to 
St.  Paul  after  the  king  came  into  England  ; 
but  (the  canons)  do  not  produce (ostend[un\t)  the 
king's  writ  or  permission.1 

NASESTOCA  [Navestock]  was  held  by  2  free 
men,  Houard  and  Ulsi,  as  2  manors  and  as  5 
hides  less  20  acres  ;  now  St.  Paul  has  it  as 
the  same  (pro  totidem)  since  the  king  came 
into  this  land  and  (the  canons)  say  that  they 
had  it  by  the  king's  gift.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  1 2  villeins  and  1 1  bordars.  Then  4 
serfs  ;  now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  4  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men.  Wood(land)  for  600 
swine,  and  44  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  13  beasts  (animaiia),  2  rounceys 
(runcini),  116  sheep,  24  swine,  24  goats,  and 
4  hives  of  bees.  Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was 
worth  10  pounds. 

The  other  NESSETOCHA  [Navestock]  *  was 
held  by  Turstin  the  red  (ru]f[us'])  as  a  manor 
and  as  I  hide  and  40  acres.  Now  St.  Paul 
has  seized  it  (invasit),  and  it  is  with  the  other 
land,  and  he  holds  it  for  the  same  amount 
(tantundem).  Then  I  bordar  ;  now  2.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs.  Wood  (land)  for 
100  swine.  Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was 
worth  30  shillings.  In  the  same  vill  7  free 

fo.  lab 

men  held  2  hides,  which  St.  Paul  holds  in 
like  manner3  and  (there  are)  now  in  this 
land  1 2  men  ;  now  3  bordars ;  then  as  now 
(semper)  4  ploughs  ;  wood(land)  for-  210 
swine,  (and)  7  acres  of  meadow  ;  then  as 
now  (semper)  it  was  worth  40  shillings.  In 
Nassestoca  [Navestock]  i  priest  holds  half  a 
hide  and  20  acres ;  but  the  Hundret  (court) 
bears  witness  that  it  is  St.  Paul's  ;  then  as 
now  (semper)  2  bordars  (were  there)  ;  then  i 
plough,  (and)  now  a  half ;  then  as  now 
(semper)  it  was  worth  10  shillings  ;  it  is  now 
in  the  king's  hand(s). 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORDA  [CHELMSFORD] 

RUNEWELLA  [Runwell]  is  held  now  as  then 
(semper)  by  St.  Paul  as  8  hides.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  8  villeins  and  8  bordars.  Then 

1  Without  which  the  land  could  not  be  lawfully 
given. 


*  Compare  Introduction,  p.  403. 
8  i.e.  (probably)  as  z  hides. 


2  serfs  ;  now  i.  Then  3$  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  and  now  the  same.  Then  the 
men  had  2^  ploughs  between  them.  Wood- 
(land)  for  200  swine.  (There  are)  2  rounceys 
(runcini),  I  beast  (animal),  8  swine,  (and)  IOO 
sheep.  Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  8 
pounds. 

HUNDRET  OF  TURESTAPLA  [THURSTABLE] 

TIDWOLDITUNA  [Heybridge]  is  held  by  St. 
Paul  as  8  hides  and  as  I  manor  ;  but  Ralf 
Baignard  holds  half  a  hide,  and  the  Hundret 
(court)  knows  not  how  he  came  to  have  it.* 
Then  as  now  (semper)  16  villeins,  and  4 
bordars,  and  4  serfs.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  i$.  Then  8  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men  ;  now  3.  Wood(land) 
for  60  swine,  (and)  30  acres  of  meadow. 
Pasture  for  160  sheep.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
I  mill,  and  I  saltpan.  There  are  I  rouncey 
(runcinus),  8  beasts  (animaiia),  12  swine,  150 
sheep,  and  3  hives  of  bees.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  it  was  worth  8  pounds. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA 

J£LDULVESNASA  [The  Sokens]  8  is  held  now 
as  then  (semper)  by  St.  Paul  as  a  manor  and  as 
27  hides.  Then  86  villeins  ;  now  63. 
Then  40  bordars  ;  now  50.  Then  as  now 
6  serfs  and  6  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
the  men  had  60  ploughs  between  them  ;  now 
30.  Wood(land)  for  300  swine,  (and)  9  acres 
of  meadow.  Now  2  mills.  Then  3  saltpans  ; 
now  2.  Pasture  for  300  sheep.  (There  are) 
22  beasts  (animaiia),  30  swine,  200  sheep, 
(and)  4  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  26 
pounds  ;  now  30  and  i  marc  of  silver.6 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

BERLINGA  [Barling]  is  held  now  as  then 
(semper)  by  St.  Paul  as  I  manor  and  as  2\ 
hides  less  15  acres.  Then  2  villeins;  now 
none.  Then  5  bordars  ;  now  9.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  serf,  and  i  plough  on  the 
demesne  and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men. 
Pasture  for  40  sheep.  (There  are)  2  rounceys 
(runcini),  2  beasts  (animaiia),  4  swine,  and  1 60 
sheep.  It  was  then  worth  4  pounds  and  10 
shillings  ;  now  6  pounds.  In  the  same 
(Barling)  I  free  man  held  half  a  hide  and  10 

*  This  must  be  the  half  hide  recorded  below 
under  Half's  manor  of  Langford,  where  it  is  entered 
as  having  formerly  been  held  of  St.  Paul's  by 
yEthclmir  at  a  money  rent  (ad  centum). 

6  Walton-le-Soken,  Kirby-le-Soken,  and  Thorpe- 
le-Soken. 

6  '-e.  £3°-  '  V-  *t- 


443 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


fo.  14 

acres  in  King  Edward's  time  ;  now  St.  Paul 
(holds  it)  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  ; 
and  it  is  worth  20  shillings  ;  the  canons  ob- 
tained possession  of  (occupaverunt)  this  land 
after  the  king  came  into  England. 

VI.   THE  LAND   OF  ST.  PETER  OF 
WESTMINSTER 

HUNDRET    OF    BERDESTAPLA     [BARSTABLE] 

In  BENFLET  [South  Benfleet]  St.  Peter 
has  7  hides  and  30  acres  which  used  to  belong 
to  (jacebant  in)  the  church  of  St.  Mary l  in 
King  Edward's  time  ;  but  King  William 
gave  the  church  with  the  land  to  St.  Peter 
of  Westminster^  In  which  land  (there  are)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  5  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
15  villeins.  Then  7  bordars  ;  now  12. 
Pasture  for  200  sheep.  (There  is)  now  a 
moiety  of  a  mill.  (There  are)  50  sheep,  and 
3  swine.2  It  was  then  worth  4  pounds  ; 
now  6.  (An)  eighth  hide  belonging  to  (de)  the 
same  church  of  St.  Mary  *  was  given  by 
Ingelric  to  St.  Martin 3  and  still  belongs  to 
it  (ibi  est)  as  the  county  (consulatus)  bears  wit- 
ness, without  the  king's  command.4 

In  PHANTUNA  [Fauton  (Hall)6]  (are)  4  hides 
and  30  acres.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough 
on  the  demesne.  Then  4  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  i .  Then  6  villeins  ;  now 
i.  Then  4  serfs.  Then  i  bordar  ;  now  9. 
And  in  the  same  vill  there  can  be  (employed) 
2  ploughs  more  (adhuc)  on  the  demesne. 
There  are  30  acres  of  wood(land)  which  are 
waste  (stive  vast<s)f  2  rounceys  (runcini)  and 
30  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  60  shillings  ; 
now  6  pounds. 

In  BURA  [Bowers  (Gifford)]  St.  Peter  has 
50  acres  which  are  held  of  him  (ee)  by  I 
Englishman.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  villein. 
And  it  is  worth  50  pence. 

1  This  has  been  identified  by  the  historians  of 
Essex  as  Barking  Abbey,  but  it   is  singular   that 
there  is  no  reference  to  the  loss  under  the  lands 
of  that  abbey  below.     Such  an  act  of  spoliation, 
moreover,  would  be  very  remarkable. 

2  This  sentence  is  interlined. 

3  St.    Martin-le-Grand,    London.      This    hide 
cannot  be  indentified  among  the  holdings  of  that 
house  or   of  Count  Eustace  (Ingelric's  successor) 
below. 

4  That  is  to  say  that  the  king  had  not  sanc- 
tioned the  gift. 

6  Or  Fan  Hall,  a  manor  in  North  Benfleet. 
6  '  Waste  '  was  a  technical  term  for  the  extensive 
felling  of  trees  in  a  wood  (Diahgus,  i.  1 3). 


PHANTUNA  [Fanton  (Hall)7]  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  Alestan  Stric  as  a 
manor  and  (as)  I  hide.  Then  I  plough  ;  now 
none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  bordar.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  20  shillings ; 
now  10.  This  land  is  claimed  for  the  king's 
use  (opus)  on  the  ground  that  (quod)  it  came 
to  the  church  through  a  forged  (falsum)  writ. 
In  the  demesne  (are)  2  rounceys  (runcini), 
(and)  30  sheep. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITHAM 

In  CHEU.EVEDANA  [Kelvedon],  in  King 
Edward's  time,  (there  were)  5  hides,  which 
were  held  by  St.  Peter.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  8 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  4. 
Then  20  villeins  ;  now  18.  Then  3  bordars  ; 
now  7.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  serfs. 
Wood(land)  for  50  swine,  and  25  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  is)  i  mill.  It  was  then 
worth  100  shillings ;  now  8  pounds  ;  and 
the  abbot  has  thence  12  pounds.  In  the 
demesne  are  2  rounceys  (runcini),  6  beasts 
(anima/ia),  35  swine,  (and)  35  sheep. 

fo.  >4b 

HUNDRET  OF  BEVENTREU  [BECONTREE] 

HAME  [(East  ?)  Ham]  was  held  by  St.  Peter 
in  King  Edward's  time  as  a  manor  and  (as)  2 
hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough. 
Then  3  bordars  ;  now  5.  Wood(land)  for 
8  swine.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ; 
now  60. 

In  LEITUNA  [Leyton]  Ralf  Baignard  holds 
of  the  abbot  i  hide,  which  was  held  by  Tosti 
in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  i  plough  ; 
now  a  half.  Now  5  bordars.  (There  are) 
2O  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  i  mill.  It  was 
then  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  40. 

HUNDRET  OF  LEXENDENA  [LEXDEN] 
PHERING-E:  8  [Peering]  was  held  by  Harold 
in  King  Edward's  time  as  4  hides  and  30 
acres.  Now  St.  Peter  holds  (it).  Then  34 
villeins;  now  27.  Then  10  bordars;  now 
24.  Then  as  now  (semper)  n  serfs  and  4 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  15  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  10.  Wood(land) 
for  500  swine,  20  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  3 
mills.  And,  in  addition  to  this  abovesaid 
land,  (there  were)  12  sokemen  dwelling  on 
(manentes  in)  1\  hides,  who  could  not  with- 
draw themselves  (recedere)  ;9  under  them  now 

7  Or  Fan  Hall,  a  manor  in  North  Benfleet. 

8  This  Latin  form  points  to  an  English  '  Fee- 
ringes.'     The  adjacent  vill  of  Messing  appears  in 
Domesday  as  '  Metcinges.' 

9  i.e.  could  not  choose  another  lord. 


444 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


as  then  (semper)  are  6  bordars  and  2^  ploughs  ; 
wood(land  there)  for  20  swine  (and)  12  acres 
of  meadow.  And  (there  are)  2  houses  in 
Colchester  (cole  castro)  which  belong  (jacent) 
to  this  manor.  In  the  demesne  are  5  roun- 
ceys  (runcini),  1 6  beasts  (animalia),  60  swine, 
(and)  84  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  22  pounds 
and  10  shillings;  now  34  pounds  and  10 
shillings.  Roger  *de  Ramis"  holds  of  the 
abbot  85  acres  and  renders,  every  year,  to  the 
abbot  as  his  service  10  shillings.1  Mauger 
(Malgerus),  a  man  of  the  archbishop,*  seized 
to  the  king's  wrong  (invasit  super  regem)  1  free 
man,  who  belonged  to  (erat  de)  St.  Peter's 
manor  in  King  Edward's  time,8  a  holder  of 
half  a  virgate  ;  and  (it)  is  now  in  the  king's 
hand(s)  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough 
(there)  ;  and  it  is  worth  5  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    ANGRA    [ONGAR] 

KELVENDUNA  [Kelvedon  Hatch]  was  held 
by  Ailric  in  King  Edward's  time  as  a  manor 
and  (as)  2  hides.  Now  St.  Peter  (holds  it). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  villein.  Then  5 
bordars  ;  now  10.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i 
plough  belonging  to  the  men.  Wood(land) 
for  200  swine,  and  16  acres  of  meadow. 
Now  i  mill.  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ; 
now  60.  This  abovesaid  Ailric  went  (to 
take  part)  in  a  naval  battle  (navale  prcelium) 
against  King  William  ;  and  when  he  returned, 
fell  ill  (cecidit  in  infirmate},  (and)  then  gave 
this  manor  to  St.  Peter  ;  but  none  of  the  men 
from  the  county  (ex  comitatu)  knows  this  but 
one ;  and  hitherto  St.  Peter  has  thus  (tali 
modo)  held  the  manor,  and  (the  monks)  have 
had  neither  writ  nor  officer  from  the  king 
(famulum  regis  ex  parte)  since  the  king  came 

fo.  15 

into  this  land.4 

In  WOCHENDUNA  [(North)  Ockendon] 
William  the  chamberlain  holds  of  the  abbot 
I  hide.  And  (there  is)  I  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men. 
(There  are)  4  villeins.  It  is  worth  40  shil- 
lings. 

1  Roger  held  an  adjacent  manor  at  Messing. 

*  He    held   Orpington,    Kent,  as  one  of  the 
archbishop's  '  knights." 

1  This  phrase  does  not  imply  that  St.  Peter 
(Westminster  Abbey)  had  held  the  manor  in  King 
Edward's  time. 

*  No  such  gift  could  be  valid  without  the  king's 
express  sanction,  and  none  of  his  officers  had  come 
down  to  give  them  seizin  of  the  land. 


HUNDRET  OF  CEFFEORDA  [CHAFFORD]  5 

WOCHENDUNA  [(North)  Ockendon]  was 
held  by  Harold  as  a  manor  and  (as)  2  hides 
less  40  acres  in  King  Edward's  time.  Now 
St.  Peter  holds  (it).  Then  8  villeins ;  now 
7.  Then  5  bordars  ;  now  8.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  6  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
4.  Wood(land)  for  300  swine.  There  are 
I  rouncey  (runcinus),  6  beasts  (anima/ia),  30 
swine,  and  no  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  4 
pounds ;  now  10  pounds.  This  land  has 
been  obtained  by  (est  pro)  exchange  since  the 
king  crossed  the  sea  (transfretavit). 

WEMTUNA*  [Wellington]  is  held  now  as 
then  (semper)  by  St.  Peter  as  a  manor  and  (as) 
2^  hides.  Then  3  villeins ;  now  2.  Then 
3  bordars ;  now  i .  Then  2  serfs ;  now 
none.  Then  I  plough  on  the  demesne  ;  now 
a  half.  Then  i  plough  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  a  half.  (There  are)  i  rouncey 
(runcinus),  I  cow,  4  swine,  (and)  60  sheep. 
It  was  then  worth  40  shillings ;  now  60. 
One  free  man  gave  St.  Peter  (mistt  in  Sancto 
Petro)  half  a  hide,  but  Robert  '  invesiatus,*  a 
man  of  Robert  Gernon  (grenonis)  secured 
possession  (p[re]occupavit).  And  it  renders 
2O  pence  a  year. 

GEDDESDUNA  [  T]  is  held  by  St. 

Peter  as  I  hide.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
villein  and  I  bordar.  Then  half  a  plough  ; 
now  I.  It  was  worth  then  as  now  (semper) 
2O  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 

MOLESHAM  [Moulsham]  is  held  now  as 
then  (semper)  by  St.  Peter  as  5  hides  less  30 
acres.  Then  8  villeins  ;  now  3.  Then  4 
bordars;  now  21.  Now  2  serfs.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  4 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Wood(land) 
for  400  swine,  (and)  30  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  is)  I  mill.  (There  are)  I  rouncey 
(runcinus),  2  cows,  36  swine,  (and)  100  sheep. 
It  was  then  worth  9  pounds  ;  now  1 2. 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

PACHESHAM  [Paglesham]  is  held  by  St. 
Peter  as  a  manor  and  as  i  £  hides.  Then  2 
bordars;  now  II.  Then  4  serfs.  Then  2 

8  This  Hundredal  heading  should  have  come 
before  the  preceding  entry. 

8  This  is  probably  a  scribal  error  for  '  Weni- 
tuna.' 

7  This  name  has  been  much  discussed,  but  the 
place  has  not  been  identified. 


445 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


ploughs  on  the  demesne;  now  I.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  I  plough  belonging  to  the  men. 
(There  is)  pasture  for  20  sheep.  (There  are) 
I  rouncey  (runcinus),  4  beasts  (anima/ia),  (and) 
too  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  4  pounds  ; 
now  6.  This  land  was  given  to  the  church 
by  I  thegn  when  he  went  with  Harold  to 
York  to  the  battle  (ad  helium  in  Eurewic). 

to.  ijb 

VII.  THE   LANDS  OF  THE  BISHOP 
OF  DURHAM  IN  ESSEX  (EXSESSA) 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  WALTHAM 

WALHAM  [Waltham  (Abbey)]  was  held  by 
Harold  in  King  Edward's  time  as  i  manor 
and  (as)  40  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  80 
villeins  and  24  bordars.  Then  6  serfs  ;  now 
7.  Then  7  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  6. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  37  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men.  Wood(land)  for  2,200  swine,  (and) 
80  acres  of  meadow.  There  are  2  rounceys 
(runcini),  20  beasts  (ammalia\  80  sheep,  12 
goats,  (and)  40  swine.  There  is  pasture  there 
which  is  worth  18  shillings.  Then  I  mill; 
now  3.  (There  are)  5  fisheries  (piscina). 
And  (there  were)  then  20  rent-paying  tenants 
(censarii)  ;  now  36.  And  I  plough  more 
could  be  employed  on  the  manor.1  To  this 
manor  belong  (adjacent)  2  sokemen,  who  held 
(tenentes)  6  hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  (and) 
now  5  ;  half  of  the  sixth  hide  is  held  by  (the 
abbey  of)  the  Holy  Cross,  and  the  other  half 
(partem)  was  taken  by  William  de  War[enne]. 
And  (there  belong)  4  sokemen  with  (de)  2 
hides  and  half  a  virgate  ;  and  there  also  be- 
longed to  this  manor  I  hide  less  15  acres 
which  was  taken  by  the  same  William.8  And 
Ranulf  brother  of  Ilger  has  taken  30  acres  of 
land  and  4  of  meadow.8  All  those  sokemen 
who  are  there  now  have  between  them  7 
hides  and  1 5  acres  ;  *  and  they  used  to  have 
on  their  demesne  in  King  Edward's  time  4 
ploughs ;  now  4^  ;  and  (there  was)  then  as 
now  (semper)  I  villein  ;  then  6  bordars,  and 

1  '  i  car[uca]  potest  in  manerio  restaurari.' 
That  is  to  say,  the  '  stock '  used  to  include  one 
more  plough(team),  which  might  be  replaced. 

8  The  lands  thus  seized  do  not  appear  under 
William's  fief. 

8  This  is  entered,  under  RanulPs  fief,  as  '  I 
virgate  of  land,'  which  the  Hundred  charged 
him  with  having  taken  from  Waltham  and  added 
to  his  manors  of  Nazing  and  Epping. 

4  This  is  the  sum  of  the  5  hides  entered  as  held 
by  2  sokemen  and  the  z  hides  and  half  a  virgate 
entered  as  held  by  4  sokemen.  Thus  here,  as  in 
the  preceding  note,  the  '  virgate  '  is  treated  as  the 
equivalent  of  '  30  acres,'  the  appurtenant  meadow 
in  both  cases  being  reckoned  separately. 


(now)  8  ;  then  2  serfs,  and  now  none ; 
wood(land)  for  182  swine;  16^  acres  of 
meadow,  and  4  acres  of  pasture.  From  all 
this  Harold  used  to  have  in  King  Edward's 
time  36  pounds  ;  and  the  bishop's  men  ap- 
praise it  at  63  pounds  and  5  shillings  and  4 
pence.  But  now,  as  (the)  other  men  of  the 
Hundret  testify,  it  is  worth  100  pounds. 
And  in  London  (Londonite)  there  belong  to 
the  manor  12  houses  which  render  20  shil- 
lings, and  one  gate  which  the  king  gave  to 
the  predecessor  of  the  bishop  and  which  also 
renders  20  shillings. 

VIII.    THE  LANDS  OF  THE  CANONS 

OF  THE  HOLY  CROSS  OF 

WALTHAM 

HUNDRET  OF  WALTHAM 

EPINGA  [Epping]  is  held  by  the  Holy  Cross 
as  a  manor  and  (as)  2  hides  and  1 5  acres. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i-J  ploughs  on  the 
demesne,  and  2  bordars,  and  2  serfs.  Wood- 
(land)  for  50  swine,  (and)  3  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  are)  10  beasts  (animalia),  I  rouncey 

fo.  16 

(runcinus),  20  swine,  20  sheep,  (and)  8  goats. 
And  it  is  worth  15  shillings. 

NASINGA  [Nazing]  is  held  now  as  then 
(semper)  by  the  Holy  Cross  as  5  hides.  Then 
I  plough  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i^.  Then 
I  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  i£. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  5  villeins.  Now  2 
bordars.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  none.  Wood- 
(land)  for  50  swine,  (and)  13  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  is)  a  moiety  of  a  fishery.  (There  are) 
I  rouncey  (runcinus),  4  beasts  (animalia),  10 
swine,  (and)  1 5  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  40 
shillings ;  now  60. 

HUNDRET  OF  BEVENTREU  [BECONTREE] 

WDEFORT  [Woodford]  is  held  now  as  then 
(semper)  by  the  Holy  Cross  in  King  Edward's 
time  (sic)  as  5  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  1 3  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  7.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  1 3  villeins.  Then  4  bordars ; 
now  7.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  none.  Wood- 
(land)  for  500  swine,  and  26  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  i  mill  ;  now  none.  Then  i  beast 
(animal)  ;  now  6.  (There  are)  10O  sheep,  50 
swine,  (and)  40  goats.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
it  was  worth  100  shillings. 

LOCHINTUNA  [Loughton]  is  held  now  as 
then  (semper)  by  the  Holy  Cross  as  a  manor 
and  (as)  4  hides  and  20  acres.  Then  2 


446 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men, 
and  2  villeins.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  5. 
Wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  5  acres  of 
meadow.  One  plough  more  could  be  em- 
ployed.1 (There  are)  5  beasts  (animalia)  (and) 
5  sheep.  And  it  is  worth  40  shillings. 

LOCHINTUNA  [Loughton]  is  held  by  the 
Holy  Cross  as  a  manor  and  (as)  2k  hides. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the 
demesne.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  4.  Wood- 
(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  4  acres  of  meadow. 
There  are  9  beasts  (animalia),  10  swine,  (and) 
20  sheep.  And  it  is  worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    ANGRA    [ONGAR] 

PASSEFELDA  [Passelow*]  is  held  now  as 
then  (semper)  by  the  Holy  Cross  as  a  manor 
and  (as)  2  hides  less  30  acres.  Then  6  vil- 
leins ;  now  5.  Now  4  bordars.  Then  7 
serfs  ;  now  3.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne ;  now  3.  Then  3  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  2.  Wood(land)  for  700 
swine,  (and)  8  acres  of  meadow.  Then  3 
beasts  (animalia') ;  now  6.  Then  20  swine  ; 
now  30.  (Now)  50  sheep.  Then  16  goats  ; 
now  36.  Now  I  rouncey  (runcinus).  Then 
as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  6  pounds. 

ALVERTUNA  [Alderton  (Hall)  *]  is  held  now 
as  then  (semper)  by  the  Holy  Cross  as  a  manor 
and  (as)  4^  hides  and  10  acres.  Then  7 
villeins  ;  now  9.  Then  2  bordars ;  now  6. 
Then  5  serfs  ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  3 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  2. 
Wood(land)  for  400  swine,  (and)  15  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  are)  2  beasts  (animalia),  8 
sheep,  1O  swine,  and  15  goats.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  it  was  worth  4  pounds. 

TIPPEDANA  [Debden  *]  is  held  now  as  then 
(semper)  by  the  Holy  Cross  as  a  manor  and  (as) 

3  hides  and  40  acres.     Then  as  now  (semper) 

4  villeins  and  7  bordars.     Then  4  serfs ;  now 
none.    Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne ;  now 
i.     Then  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ; 

fa  i6b 

now  I.  Wood(land)  for  300  swine,  (and)  6 
acres  of  meadow.  (There  are)  2  beasts 
(animalia),  8  swine,  (and)  9  sheep.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  it  was  worth  40  shillings. 

A  certain  free  man  held  40  acres,  which 

1  '  I  car'  pot'  restaurari '  (see  p.  446,  note  i). 
*  A  manor  in  High  Ongar. 
3  In  Loughton.  4  Ibid. 


the  church  *  seized  (invasit)  after  the  king 
came  into  this  land  and  (which  it)  still  holds. 
Then  i  plough  ;  now  none ;  and  when  they 
obtained  the  land  (quanda  recep')  a  half.  There 
are  4  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth 
6  shillings  and  8  pence  ;  now  5  shillings  and 
4  pence. 

HUNDRET  OF  CEFFEORDA  [CHAFFORD] 

WELDA  [(South)  Weald]  is  held  now  as 
then  (semper)  by  the  Holy  Cross  as  one  manor, 
and,  in  King  Edward's  time  as  2  hides  ;  now 
as  i^.  Geoffrey  '  de  magna  villa'  has  the 
other  half  (hide),  but  the  Hundret  knows  not 
why  he  has  (it) ;  and  Geoffrey  says  that  he 
has  it  by  exchange  (pro  escangio).  Then  as 
now  (semper)  10  villeins,  and  6  bordars,  and  3 
serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
6  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  4. 
Wood(land)  for  200  swine,  (and)  i£  acres  of 
meadow.  Now  4  beasts  (animalia).  Then  10 
swine  ;  now  25.  Then  25  sheep  ;  now  65. 
And  it  is  worth  6  pounds.  In  this  manor 
(there)  belonged  (jacuit)  i  sokeman  who  held 

1  carucate  of  land  ;   Robert  Gernon  has  (it) 
now  by  the  king's  gift,  as  he  himself  says.6 

UPMONSTRA  [Upminster]  is  held  by  the 
Holy  Cross  as  2$  hides  and  40  acres.  Then 
8  villeins  ;  now  6.  Then  2  bordars ;  now  4. 
Then  4  serfs  ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  4  ploughs  be- 
longing to   the   men.      Wood(land)  for  300 
swine,  and  6  acres  of  meadow.     There  are  2 
beasts  (animalia).     Then  20  sheep  ;  now  50. 
Then    1 1   swine ;  now  30.     Then  as  now 
(semper)    it   was   worth    4   pounds.     To    this 
manor  belongs  i   sokeman  with  (de)  30  acres 
and  half  a  plough  ;  and  (it)  is  worth  20  pence. 

WALCFARA  [Walkfares 7]  is  held  now  as 
then  (semper)  by  the  church  *  as  4  hides  less  40 
acres.  Then  4  bordars  ;  now  10.  Then  6 
serfs ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  I  plough  be- 
longing to  the  men.  Wood(land)  for  30 
swine,  (and)  1 8  acres  of  meadow.  (There  is) 
now  i  rouncey  (runcinus).  Then  as  now 
(semper)  5  beasts  (animalia),  5  swine,  40  sheep, 
(and)  2  hives  of  bees. 

8  i.e.  the  canons  of  the  Holy  Cross. 

*  This  appears  to  be  represented  by  the  i  hide 
in  '  Walda,"  which  is  entered  under  Robert's  fief  as 
held  by  him  in  1086,  and  as  having  been  held  by 
Sprot  as  a  '  manor.'  The  story  there  told  is  that 
he  got  it  '  by  exchange  '  (see  p.  5 1 8  below). 

7  In  Boreham. 

8  i.e.  by  the  canons  of  the  Holy  Cross. 


447 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


fo.  l?b  1 

IX.     THE  LAND  OF  ST.  MARY  OF 
BARKING  [BERCHINGES] 

HUNDRET    OF    BERDESTAPLA    [BARSTABLE] 

MUCINGA  [Mucking]  is  held  by  St.  Mary  8 
as  7  hides ;  and  Turold  de  Rovecestra 
[Rochester]  took  away  from  it  (inde)  30  acres, 
and  they  (now)  belong  to  (jacent  ad)  the  fief 
of  the  Bishop  of  Bayeux.3  And  there  was  I 
plough  on  the  demesne  in  King  Edward's  time; 
now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  9  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  villeins,4  and  12  villeins.  Then 
14  bordars  ;  now  25.  Then  4  serfs;  now 
none.  Wood(land)  for  300  swine,  pasture  for 
300  sheep,  (and)  40  acres  of  meadow.  Now 
i  mill.  (There  is)  i  fishery.  (There  are)  10 
beasts  (animalla),  2  rounceys  (runcini),  1 8 
swine,  (and)  250  sheep.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) it  was  worth  10  pounds. 

BULGEVEN  [Bulphan]  is  held  by  St.  Mary 
as  7  hides.  Then  i  plough  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  2.  Then  7  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  10.  Then  10  villeins  ;  now  16. 
Then  5  bordars  ;  now  1 6.  (There  are)  3 
serfs.  Wood(land)  for  500  swine.  (There 
are)  8  beasts  (animalia),  15  swine,  I  rouncey 
(runcinus),  (and)  80  sheep.  It  was  then  worth 
8  pounds;  now  10.  From  this  land  Ravengar 
took  (away)  24  acres. 

In  FANTUNA  [Fanton  (Hall6)]  i  villein 
holds  40  acres  of  land  ;  then  as  now  (semper) 
half  a  plough  (there) ;  and  it  is  worth  40 
pence. 

Of  (De)  the  abovesaid  manor,  namely  Much- 
inga  [Mucking]  William  holds  half  a  hide 
and  30  acres  ;  and  (there  are)  3  bordars ;  and 
it  is  worth  18  shillings  of  (/'»)  the  abovesaid 
appraisement  of  the  same  manor. 

In  this  Hundred  are  6  free  men  who  hold  2 
hides  and  50  acres.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  (were  there).  Then  3  bordars  ;  now 
6.  Then  i  serf ;  now  none.  Then  wood- 

1  At  the  top  of  fo.  17  is  a  list  of  the  ten  next 
tenants-in-chief,  which  has  been  deleted.  The 
rest  of  that  folio  is  blank  (compare  p.  413  and 
p.  437,  note  5,  above). 

8  Barking  Abbey. 

3  I  feel  no  doubt  that  these  are  entered  below 
(p.  456),  under  the  fief  of  the  Bishop  of  Bayeux,  at 
Chadwell  (held  of  him  by  'the  son  of  Turold'), 
where  we  read  that  30  acres  of  the  land  there  had 
belonged  '  to  another  estate '  (terrani). 

4  '  Villanis,'  not  '  hominum  '  (as  usual). 
6  A  manor  in  North  Benflet. 


(land)  for  100  swine  ;  now  for  55.  (There  is) 
a  1  3th  part  of  i  fishery.  The  whole  is 
worth  30  shillings.  These  free  men  belonged 
to  (exstiterunt  ad)  Barking  (berchinguni)  ;  but 
now  the  king  can  do  with  them  (ex  ipsis)  what 
he  likes  (quod  sibl  placuerii).  From  the  wood- 
(land)  of  this  estate  (terree)  Robert  Gernon  6 
(grinon)  has  50  swine.  And  of  the  abovesaid 
estate  (terra)  Godwine  cudhen  holds  3  vir- 
gates  ;  and  it  is  worth  i  o  shillings. 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 

In  PERENDUNA  [Parndon]  St.  Mary  holds 
now  as  then  (semper)  half  a  hide.  Half  a 
plough  (is  there,  and)  I  bordar.  Wood(land) 
for  10  swine,  and  5  acres  of  meadow.  It  is 
worth  10  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  BEVENTREU  [BECONTREE] 


[Barking]  is  held  now  as  then 
(semper)  by  St.  Mary  as  30  hides.  Then  4 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3,  and  a  4th 
could  be  (employed).  Then  70  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  68.  Then  100 
villeins;  now  140.  Then  50  bordars;  now 
90.  Then  10  serfs;  now  6.  Wood(land)  for 
1,000  swine,  (and)  100  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  are)  2  mills,  i  fishery,  2  rounceys  (run- 
cini),  34  beasts  (animalia),  150  swine,  114 
sheep,  19  goats,  (and)  10  hives  of  bees.  In 
London  (there  are  appurtenant)  28  houses, 

fo.  18 

which  render  8  13  shillings  and  8  pence, 

and  a  moiety  of  a  church  which,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  used  to  render  6  shillings  and  8 
pence,  and  now  does  not.  This  manor  was 
worth,  in  King  Edward's  time,  80  pounds  ; 
and  now  the  same  (similiter)  as  the  English 
say  ;  but  the  French  appraise  it  at  100  pounds. 
To  this  manor  there  used  to  belong,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  24  acres,  which  Goscelin  the 
lorimer  has  taken  from  it.9  And  3  knights 
hold  2  hides  ;  and  (there  are  there)  3  ploughs, 
and  3  villeins,  and  i  o  bordars  ;  and  it  is  worth 
45  shillings  of  the  above  sum  (in  eodem  pretio).10 

HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU  [WINSTREE] 

WICGHEBERGA  [Wigborough  "]  is  held  by 
St.  Mary  now  as  then  (semper)  as  1  1£  hides  and 
1  3  acres.  Then  2^  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 

6  The  king's  forester. 

7  Compare  p.  444,  note  8,  above. 

8  A  slight  gap  here  in  the  MS. 

9  His  own  estate  was  at  Little  Ilford  close  by. 
10  The    entry  of  the    3    knights'   holding    was 

crowded  in  subsequently. 

11  i.e.  the  manor  of  Abbess  Hall  in  Great  Wig- 
borough. 


448 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


now  2.  Then  10  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  9.  Then  9  villeins  ;  now  10. 
Then  24  bordars  ;  now  33.  Then  as  now 
(temper)  8  serfs.  Wood(land)  for  100  swine, 
(and)  pasture  for  100  sheep,  which  renders  16 
pence.  Six  saltpans.  Then  1 2  beasts  (anima/ia), 
and  now  the  same  (similiter),  (with)  2  rounceys 
(runcini),  14  swine,  (and)  230  sheep.  It  was 
then  worth  12  pounds;  now  10.  To  this 
manor  belong  3  houses  in  Colchester  (cole 
castro). 

HUNDRET    OF    CEFFEORDA    [CHAFFORO] 

WARELEIA  [(Great)  Warley  *]  is  held  now 
as  then  (semper)  by  St.  Mary  as  3  hides.  Now 
as  then  (semper)  9  villeins.  Then  8  bordars  ; 
now  10.  Then  3  serfs;  now  5.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  8  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
6.  Wood(land)  for  200  swine,  (and)  pasture 
for  1 00  sheep.  There  are  8  beasts  (animalia), 
n  swine,  150  sheep,  (and)  I  hive  of  bees. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  7  pounds. 
In  STIFORDA  [Stiffbrd]  St.  Mary  has  40  acres. 
There  are  2  villeins — formerly  i,  and  2  bor- 
dars ;  and  i  acre  of  meadow.  Then  I  plough 
was  there  ;  now  a  half ;  and  it  is  worth  3 
shillings.  There  were  also  (belonging)  to 
this  estate  (terram)  30  acres  which  William 
de  War(enne)  has  8 — by  (pro)  exchange  as  he 
says  himself.  There  are  also  30  acres  more 
(alite)  with  (ef)  2^  acres  of  meadow ;  and 
(this  is)  worth  3  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 

INGA  [Ing(atestone)]  is  held  now  as  then 
by  St.  Mary  as  3^  hides  and  10  acres.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  villeins.  Then  6  bordars  ; 
now  7.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  serf,  and  I 
plough  on  the  demesne.  Then  the  men  had 
i^  ploughs;  now  i.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  500  swine.  And  (there  is)  I  sokeman 
with  30  acres.  (There  are)  i  rouncey  (run- 
cinus),  9  beasts  (animalia),  2O  swine,  (and)  1 6 
sheep.  It  was  then  worth  70  shillings  ;  now 
60. 

FESTINGES  [Fresling  ?  *]  is  held  by  St.  Mary 
as  i$  virgates.  Then  3  bordars;  now  4. 
Then  I  serf;  now  none.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  plough.  Wood(land)  for  200 

»  Alias  Abbess  Warley. 

*  His   own    estate    in    this    Hundred   was   at 
Avelcy   adjoining.      '  Exchange '    was     his    usual 
plea. 

*  Alias  Thyrstlinge  Hall,  a  manor  in  Butsbury. 
This  is  Morant's  identification,  but   neither  the 
form  of  the  name  nor  the  history  of  the  manor 
confirms  it. 


swine.  (There  are)  4  beasts  (animalia),  37 
sheep,  (and)  10  goats.  It  was  then  worth 
8  shillings  ;  now  10. 

fo.  i8b 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

HOCHELEIA  [Hockley]  is  held  now  as  then 
(semper)  by  St.  Mary  as  a  manor  and  (as)  7^ 
hides.  Then  24  villeins  ;  now  27.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  1 2  bordars.  Then  3  serfs  ; 
now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  1 5  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men.  Pasture  for  200  sheep,  (and)  i 
mill.  (There  are)  2  rounceys  (runcini),  8 
beasts  (animalia),  151  sheep,  (and)  26  swine. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  i  o  pounds. 
Of  this  manor  William  de  Bursigni  holds  of 
the  abbey  (ecclesia)  3  virgates  ;  and  i  plough 
(is  there)  ;  and  it  is  worth  2 1  shillings  of  the 
above  total  (in  eodem  pretio). 

HUNDRET  OF  TURESTAPLA  [THURSTABLE] 

TOLESBERIA  [Tollesbury  *]  is  held  now  as 
then  (semper)  by  St.  Mary  as  a  manor  and  as 
8  hides.  Then  1 1  villeins  ;  now  12.  Then 
14  bordars;  now  16.  Then  5  serfs;  now 
7.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  Then  8  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  7.  Wood(land)  for  500  swine, 
(and)  pasture  for  400  sheep.  (There  are) 
now  I  mill,  and  I  fishery,  and  2  saltpans. 
(There  are)  2  rounceys  (runcini),  10  beasts 
(animalia),  28  swine,  (and)  300  sheep.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  10  pounds. 
Ranulf  Peverel  (piperellus)  holds  I  hide  which 
was  held  by  Siward  of  the  abb(ey),  and  he 
himself  is  willing  to  do  such  service  as  his 
predecessor  did,  but  the  abbess  is  not  willing, 
because  (the  land)  was  appropriated  to  the 
maintenance  of  the  nuns  (erat  de  victu 
ecclesia).6  Odo  a  man  of  Suain  (suani)  has 
obtained  (accepit)  10  acres  which  belonged 
to  the  abbey  (fuerunt  de  ecclesia),  and  the 
Hundret  bears  witness  to  this  ;  but  he  vouches 
his  lord  to  warranty  for  them  (inde  vocat 
dominum  suum  ad  tutorem)  ;  now  as  then  (sem- 
per) they  are  worth  16  pence.6 

*  i.e.  St.  Mary's  manor  there. 

8  Siward  was  an  Essex  thegn  with  many  scattered 
manors,  almost  all  of  which  had  been  obtained  by 
Ranulf  Peverel.  Among  these  was  Tolleshunt 
(Darcy)  adjoining  Tollesbury,  which  accounts  for 
Siward's  appearing  here.  The  abbess  evidently 
denied  that  this  was  '  thegnland '  and  claimed  it 
as  part  of  the  inalienable  demesnes  of  her  house. 

*  Here  again  a  neighbour  had  encroached  on 
the  nuns.     For  Odo  was  Suain's  under-tenant  at 
Tolleshunt  adjoining. 


449 


57 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


X.  THE   LANDS   OF   ST.  /ETHEL- 
THRYTH   (ADELDRED^)    OF    ELY 

HUNDRET    OF    DoMMAUA    [DuNMOW] 

BROCCHESHEVOT  [Broxted]  is  held  now  as 
then  (semper)  by  St.  ./Ethelthryth  as  a  manor 
and  (as)  3  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  4  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.  (There  are)  16 
villeins.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  5.  (There 
are)  5  serfs.  Wood(land)  for  250  swine,  (and) 
30  acres  of  meadow.  Then  and  now  16 
beasts  (animalia),  2  rounceys  (runcini),  70 
sheep,  and  2  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then 
worth  10  pounds  ;  now  8.  From  this  manor 
were  taken  away,  in  King  William's  time,  9 
acres  of  land,  which  are  held  by  Eudo  '  dapi- 
fer,'  and  moreover  2  carucates  of  land  from 
the  demesne,  which  are  held  by  the  same 
Eudo,  and  (this)  is  worth  4  pounds.1 

fo.  19 

RODINGES  [(Aythorp  ?)  Roding]  is  held  now 
as  then  (semper)  by  St.  uEthelthryth,  and  (was 
assessed)  at  3  hides  and  45  acres  in  King 
Edward's  time  ;  now  at  2  hides  and  45  hides  ; 
and  William  de  Warenne  has  taken  the  third 
hide  from  the  demesne,  to  which  it  belonged 
in  King  Edward's  time.2  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 8  villeins,  I  priest,  2  bordars,  (and)  4 
serfs.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now 
2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  ploughs  belong- 
ing to  the  men.  Wood(land)  for  100  swine, 
(and)  20  acres  of  meadow.  There  are  2 
rounceys  (runcini),  9  beasts  (animalia),  28 
swine,  (and)  15  sheep.  And  there  belong  to 
this  manor  3  sokemen  with  (et)  1 1  bordars 
and  3  serfs.  It  was  then  worth  4  pounds  ; 
now  6. 

RATENDUNA  [Rettendon]  was  held  by  St. 
.flSthelthryth  in  King  Edward's  time  as  i 
manor  and  as  20  hides  ;  it  is  now  held  as 
16^  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  26  villeins 
and  6  bordars.  Then  7  serfs  ;  now  6.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  1 2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Wood- 
(land)  for  300  swine.  (There  are)  9  beasts 
(animalia),  41  swine,  (and)  164  sheep.  It 
was  then  worth  17  pounds  ;  now  20.  And 

1  This  is  entered  below,  under  Eudo's  fief,  as 
his  manor  of  Broxted,  assessed  at  9  acres  and  valued 
at  4  pounds,  which  makes  the  assessment  nominal. 
It  is  there  stated  to  have  been  held  of  the  abbey 
by  2  sokemen. 

8  This  was  again  an  aggression  by  a  neighbour. 
William  de  Warenne  was  lord  of  Leaden  Roding 
adjoining,  and  under  his  fief  Domesday  mentions 
that  he  had  added  this  hide  to  it,  thus  raising  its 
assessment  from  %\  to  3^  hides. 


I  hide  and  30  acres  were  held  (tenet)  by 
Siward  of  St.  /Ethelthryth,  and  are  now  held 
by  Ranulf  Peverel  (piperellus)  of  the  king. 
But  the  Hundret  testifies  that  they  are  the 
abbey's  (testatur  de  abbatia).3  And  (there 
are)  2  hides  and  30  acres  4  which  were  held 
by  the  abbey  (ecc/esiy),  and  of  the  abbey  (de  ea) 
by  Levesun,  in  King  Edward's  time  ;  now 
Eudo  holds  (the  land)  of  the  abbot  because 
his  predecessor  held  it ;  but  the  Hundret 
bears  witness  that  he  was  not  able  to  sell  it 
without  the  abbot's  leave.6 

HALF   HUNDRET  OF   FROSSEWELLA    [FRESH- 
WELL]. 

CADENHOU  [Hadstock6]  is  held  now  as 
then  (semper)  by  St.  .flJthelthryth  as  I  manor 
and  as  2  hides.  Then  8  villeins;  now  12. 
Then  8  bordars;  now  13.  Then  4  serfs; 
now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne.  Then  3  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  4.  Wood(land)  for  100 
swine,  and  6  acres  of  meadow.  Then  i 
mill  ;  now  none.  There  are  i  rouncey 
(runcinus),  4  beasts  (animalia),  1 6  swine,  36 
sheep,  (and)  8  goats.  It  was  then  worth  6 
pounds ;  now  i  o. 

HUNDRET  OF   UDELESFORT  [UTTLESFORD] 

LITELBYRIA  [Littlebury]  is  held  now  as 
then  (semper)  by  St.  j*Ethelthryth  as  I  manor 
and  (as)  25  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  39 
villeins,  and  19  bordars,  (and)  7  serfs.  Then 
5  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  4.  Then 
17  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men;  now  15. 
Wood(land)  for  160  swine,  (and)  55  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  mills,  2 
rounceys  (runcini),  32  swine,  80  sheep,  (and) 
3  hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth  20  pounds. 
There  is  also  an  outlying  estate  (berewita) 
which  is  called  STRATHALA  [Strethall],  which 
was  held  by  2  men  William  7  and  Elwi  as  5 

8  This  is  duly  entered  under  Ranuli's  fief,  as 
having  been  held  as  a  manor  by  Siward  (see  p.  449 
above),  with  a  note  that  the  Abbot  of  Ely  claims  it. 

4  It  will  be  observed  that  these  two  holdings 
amount  to   3   hides    and   60  acres,  which,   being 
deducted  from  20  hides,  leaves  the  '  1 6£  hides ' 
at  which  the  abbey's  estate  was  assessed  in  1086. 

5  This  holding  is  duly  entered  under  the  fief  of 
Eudo  '  dapifer '  as  having  been  held  as  a  '  manor ' 
by  Levesun,  with  a  note  that  it  is  claimed  by  the 
Abbot  of  Ely  and  that  the  Hundred  supports  the 
claim. 

6  As  this  was  the  only  holding  of  the  abbey  of 
Ely  in   the  Hundred,  it  must  be  represented  by 
'  Cadenhou,'  though  the  latter  name  is  now  lost. 

7  The  occurrence  of  this  distinctively  Norman 
name  as  that  of  a  former  holder  is  noteworthy. 


450 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


hides ;  and  they  could  not  withdraw  them- 
selves (recedere)  from  the  land  *  without  the 

fo.  igb 

abbot's  leave  ;  now  Hugh  holds  (it)  under  the 
abbot ;  then  7  villeins  (were  there,  and)  now 
6  ;  then  4  bordars,  (and)  now  7.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  6  serfs,  and  3  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne. Then  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men, 
and  now  5  ;  wood(land)  for  10  swine,  12 
acres  of  meadow,  and  i  mill  ;  it  was  then 
worth  7  pounds,  (and)  now  8  ;  in  the  de- 
mesne are  7  beasts  (anima/ia),  IOO  sheep,  22 
swine,  (and)  2  hives  of  bees. 

There  is  also  (adhuc)  an  outlying  estate  (bert- 
wita)  which  is  called  HAINDENA  *  [Heydon], 
which  Elwi  held  as  half  a  hide  and  1 5  acres. 
Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  I . 
Then  4  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then  and  now 
(semper)  55  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  60 
shillings  ;  now  30.  Of  this  manor  William 
Cardon,  a  man  of  Geoffrey  '  de  Magna  villa,'  3 
secured  (accepit)  24  acres  of  wood(land),  when 
Suain  (Suanus)  was  sheriff,  as  the  Hundret 
testifies. 

XI.  THE  LAND  OF  ST.  EDMUND* 

HUNDRET  OF  WITHAM 

BREDDINCHOU  [Bennington  (Hall) 6]  is  held 
of  the  abbot  by  William  son  of  Grosse  as  i 
hide  and  15  acres.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  i .  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
plough  belonging  to  the  men,  (and)  4  villeins, 
(and)  3  bordars.  (There  is)  now  i  mill. 
Wood(land)  for  50  swine,  (and)  20  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  are)  2  rounceys  (runcini), 
6  beasts  (anima/ia),  12  swine,  (and)  5  goats. 
It  is  worth  50  shillings. 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 

HERLAUA  [Harlow]  is  held  now  as  then 
(semper)  by  St.  Edmund  as  i  manor  and  (as) 
i^  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and .  6  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men,  and  12  villeins,  and  15  bordars,  and 
4  serfs.  Wood(land)  for  150  swine,  30  acres 
of  meadow,  (and)  I  mill.  (There  are)  4 
rounceys  (rundni),  25  beasts  (anima/ia),  3  colts 
(pu//i),  50  swine,  60  sheep,  (and)  5  hives  of 
bees.  To  this  manor  have  been  added,  in 
King  William's  time,  3  hides  which  were 

1  i.e.  seek  another  lord. 

*  '  Hamdena '    in    the    Record    Commission's 
edition,  but  '  Haindena  '  apparently  in  the  MS. 

8  He  held  of  Geoffrey  the  adjoining  manor  of 
Great  Chishall. 

*  The  abbey  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 
»  In  Witham. 


held  by  5  free  men  in  King  Edward's  time  ; 
in  these  there  are  now  as  then  (semper)  6 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  8  bordars,  (and)  4 
serfs;  wood(Iand)  for  100  swine,  and  14 
acres  of  meadow.  The  manor  was  then  as 
now  (semper)  worth  8  pounds ;  and  the  3 
hides  were  worth  then  70  shillings  ;  now  4 
pounds. 

LATTUNA  [Latton],  which  was  held  in  King 
Edward's  time  by  Turgot,  a  free  man,  is  held 
by  St.  Edmund  as  a  manor  and  as  3^  hides. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne,  and  I  plough  belonging  to  the  men. 
There  are  4  villeins.  Then  4  bordars ;  now 

lO.  30 

5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  serfs.  Wood- 
(land)  for  2OO  swine,  and  35  acres  of  meadow. 
There  are  4  beasts  (anima/ia),  50  swine,  30 
sheep,  and  25  goats.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
it  was  worth  6  pounds. 

HUNDRET  OF    HIDINGHEFORT   [HINCKFORD] 

In  ALFELMESTUNA  [Alphamstone]  St. 
Edmund  holds  half  a  hide.  (There  is)  i 
plough  on  the  demesne.  Then  i  serf ;  now 
3  bordars.  (There  are)  2  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  20. 

HUNDRET  OF  LAXEFELDA  8  [LEXDEN] 

In  COLUN  [  Colne]  St.  Edmund  holds 

36  acres.  Then  3  bordars  ;  now  4.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough.  Wood(land) 
for  40  swine,  (and)  3  acres  of  meadow.  It  is 
worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  ANGRA  [ONGAR] 

STAPLEFORT  [Stapleford  (Abbots)]  is  held 
now  as  then  (semper)  by  St.  Edmund  as  3^ 
hides  and  6£  acres.  Then  8  villeins  ;  now  9. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  5  bordars,  and  2  serfs, 
and  i  plough  on  the  demesne.  Then  4 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men ;  -now  3. 
Wood(land)  for  250  swine,  and  12  acres  of 
meadow.  There  are  2O  beasts  (anima/ia),  I 
rouncey  (runcinus),  48  sheep,  43  swine,  (and) 
3  colts  (pul/i).  And  in  the  soke  of  the  manor 1 
are  2  free  men  with  (de)  36$  acres  ;  I  plough 
(is  there) ;  wood(land)  for  40  swine,  and  2 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  45 
shillings  ;  now  50. 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 
WALTHAM  [(Little)  Waltham  "],  which  was 

6  Sit. 

7  This  is  an  exceptional  phrase  in  Essex. 

8  i.e.  the  manor  of  Channels  therein. 


451 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


held  by  Stanhard  in  King  Edward's  time  as 
I  manor  and  (as)  2  hides  less  15  acres,  is  held 
of  the  abbot  by  Albert.  And  St.  Edmund 
(has  it)  of  the  king's  gift.  Then  as  now 
(semper]  I  villein,  and  7  bordars,  and  2  serfs, 
and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  I  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  Wood(land)  for  30 
swine,  (and)  7  acres  of  meadow.  (There  are) 
i  beast  (animal],  50  sheep,  2  swine,  (and)  10 
goats.  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now 
60. 

HUNDRET    OF    TfiNDRINGA     [TENDRINGJ 

WRABENASA  [Wrabness]  is  held  now  as 
then  (semper)  by  St.  Edmund  as  I  manor  and 
as  5  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6  villeins, 
8  bordars,  (and)  6  serfs.  Then  3  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  ;  now  2.  Then  6  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men  ;  now  $^.  There  is  i 
acre  of  meadow,  and  now  i  mill,  and  i  salt- 
pan. (There  are)  2  colts  (pulli),  30  swine, 
200  sheep,  (and)  5  hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth 
6  pounds. 

fo.  aob 

XII.  THE  LAND  OF  ST.  MARTIN 

OF  LONDON1 

ESTRA  [(Good)  Easter]  was  held  by  Ailmar, 
a  thegn  of  King  Edward,  and  Count  (consul) 
Eustace  gave  it  to  St.  Martin  as  i  manor  and 
(as)  4  hides  and  50  acres.  Then  3  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  ;  now  2.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  8  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and 
8  villeins.  Then  16  bordars;  now  21. 
Then  8  serfs  ;  now  3.  Wood(land)  for  60 
swine,  (and)  2O  acres  of  meadow.  (There  is) 
now  I  mill.  It  was  then  worth  8  pounds ;  now 
10.  To  this  manor  there  belonged  in  King 
Edward's  time  an  outlying  estate  (attinebat  I 
berewita)  of  half  a  hide  and  2O  acres,  but 
Count  (consul)  Eustace  has  retained  it  for  him- 
self (sibi)  ;  and  it  lies  in  the  Hundret  of 
Celmeresfort  (Chelmsford).2 

XIII.  THE  LAND  OF  ST.  MARTIN 

OF  BATTLE3 

HUNDRET  OF  BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLE] 

ATAHOU  [Hutton]  was  held  by  Goti,  a  free 
man,  in  King  Edward's  time,  as  i  manor  and 
(as)  3  hides  less  20  acres.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  3 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Then  i  vil- 
lein ;  now  2.  Then  10  bordars;  now  15. 

1  St.  Martin-le-Grand,  founded  by  Ingelric,  the 
predecessor  of  Count  Eustace. 

2  Good  Easter  itself  lies  just  within  Dunmow 
Hundred. 

3  Battle  Abbey. 


(There  are)  4  serfs.  Wood(land)  for  1,000 
swine.  Then  i  fishery  ;  now  none.  Then 
2  rounceys  (runcini)  ;  now  3.  Then  4  beasts 
(animalia);  now  19.  (There  are)  100  sheep. 
Then  60  swine  ;  now  92.  (There  are)  4 
hives  of  bees.  And  (there  are)  3  sokemen 
with  (de)  i  hide  and  30  acres  ;  then  as  now 
(semper)  i  plough  (is  there)  ;  and  (there  are) 
1 5  acres  of  free  land  (Rberce  terrce  *).  It  was 
then  worth  100  shillings  ;  now  6  pounds ; 
and  those  1 5  acres  are  worth  30  pence. 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

HERSAM  [Hersham  (Hall) 5]  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Orgar,  a  free  man,  as  a 
manor  and  as  i  hide.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  be- 
longing to  the  men.  Then  and  afterwards  5 
villeins ;  now  3.  Then  i  bordar ;  now  3. 
Then  3  serfs  ;  now  2.  (There  are)  13  acres 
of  meadow,  8  beasts  (ammalla\  10  swine, 
(and)  25  sheep — formerly  28.6  There  are  3 
hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth  40  shillings. 

XIIII.  THE  LAND  OF  ST.  WALERY7 

HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 

METCINGA  [Matching  8]  was  held  in  King 
Edward's  time  by  Godric,  a  free  man,  as  40 
acres.  Then  i  plough  ;  now  none.  It  is 
worth  10  shillings  and  8  pence. 


LINDESELA  [Lindsell 9]  was  held  in  King 
Edward's  time  by  Horolf,  a  free  man,10  as  I 
manor  and  as  I  hide.  Now  St.  Walery  (holds 

fo.  31 

it).  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne,  and  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men. 
Then  8  villeins  ;  now  9.  Then  4  bordars  ; 
now  15.  Then  4  serfs;  now  none.  Wood- 
(land)  for  50  swine,  (and)  6  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  are)  4  beasts  (anima/ia),  40  swine,  28 
sheep,  (and)  5  hives  of  bees.  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  100  shillings  ;  now 
6  pounds. 

*  This  is  a  singular  phrase.  It  is  not  easy  to 
say  what  it  means,  unless  it  denotes  exemption 
from  'geld.' 

5  In   Bumpsted  Helion.     It  is  now  just  within 
Freshwell  Hundred. 

6  'iii'  has  been  interlined  above  'xxv.' 

7  See  Introduction,  p.  342. 

8  Matching-Barnes  with  Brent-Hill  in  Hatfield 
Broad-Oak. 

9  i.e.  the    manor    of   Prior's   Hall  in   Lindsell 
(which,  is  in  Dunmow  Hundred). 

10  Compare  p.  431,  note  3,  above. 


452 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


HUNDRET    OF    UDELESFORT  [UlTLESFORD] 

TACHELEIA  [Takeley  '],  which  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  Turchill,  a  free  man, 
as  half  a  hide,  is  held  by  St.  Walery.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 
3  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  are) 
8  villeins.  Then  and  afterwards  3  bordars  ; 
now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  serfs.  Then 
and  afterwards  wood(land)  for  1,000  swine  ; 
now  for  600.  (There  are)  24  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  and  afterwards  i  mill  ;  now 
a  moiety  (of  a  mill).  (There  are)  3  rounceys 
(runcini),  4  beasts  (anima/ia),  30  swine,  28 
sheep,  50  goats,  (and)  5  hives  of  bees.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  6  pounds ;  now  7. 

BILICHANGRA  [Birchanger]  was  held  by  the 
same  Turchill  as  2  hides  and  as  i  manor. 
Then  and  afterwards  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  I.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  (and)  i  villein, 
and  5  bordars.  Then  2  serfs.  Then  wood- 
(land)  for  100  swine  ;  now  for  50.  (There 
are)  6  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  i  mill.  (There 
are)  2  rounceys  (runcini),  6  beasts  (anima/ia), 
28  swine,  and  36  goats.  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  60  shillings  ;  now  50. 

WIDITUNA  [Widdington  *]  was  held  by 
the  same  Turchill  as  a  manor  and  (as)  4^ 
hides.  Then  and  afterwards  3  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  ;  now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
6  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Then  and 
afterwards  8  villeins  ;  now  1 1 .  (There  are) 
2O  bordars,3  (and)  6  serfs.  Wood(land)  for 
10  swine,  (and)  12  acres  of  meadow.  (There 
are)  5  beasts  (anima/ia),  24  swine,  (and)  50 
sheep.  Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  7 
pounds.  To  this  estate  belong  (terra  jacent) 
2  hides  which  are  held  now  as  then  (semper) 
by  4  sokemen,  and  are  worth  33  shillings.* 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

EFFECESTRA  [Bradwell B]  was  held  in  King 
Edward's  time  by  Turchill,  a  free  man,  as  i£ 
hides  and  20  acres.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  3. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  serfs  and  i  plough. 
(There  is)  pasture  for  300  sheep,  (and)  I 
fishery.  (There  are)  3  beasts  (anima/ia),  20 
swine,  (and)  216  sheep.  It  was  worth  40 
shillings ;  now  70.  In  the  same  (vill)  are  3 

1  i.e.  St.  Walery's  (or  Warish)  Hall  in  Takeley. 

*  i.e.  Prior's  Hall  in  Widdington. 

*  'Ov[es]'    in    the    MS. —  an    obvious    scribal 
error. 

*  '  iii '  is  interlined  above  '  xxx.' 

*  i.e.  the  manor  of  East  Hall  there  (see  Intro- 
duction, p.  392). 


free  men   with  (tie)   i±  hides;    i    plough  (is) 
there  ;   it  is  worth  20  shillings. 

DANESEIA  [Dengie]  was  held  by  the  same 
(Turchill)  as  2^  hides.  There  are  4  villeins. 
Then  i  bordar ;  now  8.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  serfs  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There 
is)  pasture  for  200  sheep.  Then  (it  was 
worth)  4  pounds  ;  now  100  shillings.  In  the 

fo.  lib 

same  vill  50  acres  are  held  by  4  free  men  and 
are  worth  5  shillings. 

XV.  THE  LAND  OF  THE  HOLY 
TRINITY  OF  CAEN6 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORT  [HINCKFORD] 

PHENSTEDA  [Felstead]  was  held  in  King 
Edward's  time  by  Earl  Algar 7  as  5  hides,  (and 
is)  now  held  by  the  Holy  Trinity  as  4  hides. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne,  and  16  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  Then  22  villeins  ;  afterwards  and  now 
2O.  Then  and  afterwards  23  bordars  ;  now 
33.  Then  as  now  II  serfe.  Wood(land) 
for  600  swine,  36  acres  of  meadow,  and  2 
mills.  (There  are)  21  beasts  (animalia),  200 
swine,  58  sheep,  30  goats,  (and)  I  rouncey 
(runcinus).  To  this  manor  belonged  in  King 
Edward's  time  55  acres,  which  were  held  by 
3  sokemen,  (and  are)  now  (held)  by  4  ;  then 
2  ploughs  (were  there),  and  now  3  ;  there 
are  now  2  bordars ;  wood(land)  for  30  swine, 
(and)  1 2  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth 
20  pounds  ;  afterwards  30  ;  now  32.  The 
fifth  hide  is  not  now  (belonging)  to  this  manor, 
for  King  William  gave  to  Roger  '  God  save 
the  ladies '  (dominus  iaheet  dominas)  3  virgates 
and  to  Gilbert  son  of  Salomon  the  4th.8 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORDA  [CHELMSFORD] 

BADUUEN  [(Great)  Baddow]  was  held  by 
Earl  Algar  7  as  I  manor  and  as  8  hides.  Now 
the  Holy  Trinity  holds  it  for  as  much.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  1 6  villeins.  Then  8  bordars; 

8  The  Abbaye  aux  Damet. 

7  Earl  ^Elfgar  of  Mercia,  son  of  Leofric. 

8  Both  these  holdings  will  be  found  below  (pp. 
562,  563)  under  the  names  of  these  two  men  respec- 
tively.    The  first  is  there  entered  as  '  half  a  hide 
and  30  acres,'  and  as  having  been  held  by  'Ulsius' 
under  Earl  vElfgar,  while  the  latter  is  entered  as 
30  acres,  and  as  having  been  held  by  a  free  man. 
It  should  be  observed  that  these  Felstead  entries 
well  illustrate  the  fact  that  30  acres  were  reckoned 
to  the  virgate  and  4  virgates  to  the  hide  in  the 
geld  assessment  (see  p.  334,  note  4,  above). 


453 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


now  15.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6  serfs,  and 
3  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  8  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  12.  Wood(land) 
for  400  swine,  45  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  i 
mill.  There  are  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  I 
colt  (pullus),  and  14  beasts  (animalia),  96 
swine,  38  sheep,  (and)  13  goats.  And  (there 
are)  3  sokemen  with  (de)  I  virgate  and  20^ 
acres,  who  could  not  withdraw  themselves 

fo.  32 

(recedere).1  It  then  rendered  8  nights'  ferm 
(nodes  de  firma)  ;  now  1 7  pounds. 

XVI.  THE  LAND  OF  ST.  STEPHEN 

OF  CAEN8 

HUNDRET    OF    HlDINGHFORT    [HlNCKFORD] 

PENFELDA  [Panfield]  was  held  in  King 
Edward's  time  by  i  free  woman  as  i  hide 
and  3  virgates  in  King  Edward's  time  (sic). 
Then  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3. 
Then  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  when 
received,  none  ;  now  half  (a  plough).  Then  4 
villeins  ;  now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
8  bordars.  Then  8  serfs  ;  now  7.  Wood- 
(land)  for  200  swine,  (and)  12  acres  of  mea- 
dow. (There  are)  2  rounceys  (rundni),  12 
beasts  (animalia),  165  sheep,  (and)  37  swine. 
It  was  then  worth  10  pounds  ;  afterwards 
100  shillings  ;  now  10  pounds. 

XVII.  THE  LAND   OF  ST.  OUEN  3 
HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU  [WINSTREE] 

MERESAIA  [(West)  Mersea4]  was  held  by 
St.  Ouen  (Audoenus)  in  King  Edward's  time  as 
20  hides.  Then  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  6.  Then  as  now  (semper)  16  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.  (There  are)  36  vil- 
leins, (and)  62  bordars.  Then  10  serfs  ;  now 
3.  (There  are)  1 1  rounceys  (rundni),  2  colts 
(pulli),  1 6  beasts  (animalia),  34  swine,  (and) 
300  sheep.  To  this  manor  belongs  (adjacet) 
half  a  hide,  which  is  held  now  as  then  (sem- 
per) by  i  priest  and  is  worth  10  shillings. 
Wood(land)  for  200  swine,  (and)  pasture  for 
300  sheep.  (There  was)  then  i  fishery.  It 
was  then  worth  26  pounds  ;  now  22.  There 
is  also  in  Colchester  i  house  which  belonged 
to  this  estate  (terrte6),  but  Waleram  took  it 

1  i.e.  betake  themselves  to  another  lord. 

8  The  Abbaye  aux  Hommes. 

3  The  Abbey  of  St.  Ouen,  Rouen,  which  re- 
ceived this  estate  from  Edward  the  Confessor. 

*  Including  the  manors  of  Fingringhoe  and 
Peete  on  the  mainland. 

6  Here  again  '  manerium'  and  '  terra  '  are  used 
indifferently. 


away.6  And  in  the  Hundret  of  Wensistreu 
[Winstree]  there  are  8  sokemen  of  the  king 
holding  107  acres  and  worth  10  shillings  ;  of 
these  St.  Ouen  has  two-thirds  (n  partes).  And 
2  sokemen  with  (de)  half  a  hide  and  30  acres 
were  taken  (away)  by  Ingelric  ;  Count 
E(ustace)  has  them  now.  And  (there  were) 

2  sokemen  who  have  been  added  to  LEGRA 
[Layer],  a    manor    of  the    king    in    another 
Hundret.7    And  of  all  this  soke  St.  Ouen  has 
now  as  then  (semper)  two-thirds  (partes)  and 
the  king  a  third.     And  (St.  Ouen  has)  now 
as  then  (semper)  two-thirds  (n  partes)  of  the 
forfeitures  of  the  Hundret.8 

fO.  22b 

XVIII.   THE  LANDS  OF  THE  BISHOP 
OF  BAYEUX  IN  ESSEX  [EXSESSA] 

HUNDRET  OF  BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLE] 

PHENGE  [Vange],  which  was  held  by  2 
free  men  as  5^  hides,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by 
(Ralf)  the  son  of  Turold.9  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  and  4 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  are)  6 
villeins,  9  bordars,  (and)  i  serf.  (There  is) 
half  a  hide  of  wood(land).10  Pasture  for  120 
sheep,  (and)  I  fishery.  (There  is)  now  I 
mill.  There  are  2  rounceys  (runcint),  4 
beasts,  (and)  4  swine.  Then  67  sheep  ;  now 
270.  Of  this  estate  (terra)  30  acres  were 
held  by  i  free  man,  and  were  added  in  King 
William's  time  to  the  aforesaid  land,  and  it  is 
not  known  how.  It  was  then  worth  100 
shillings  ;  now  8  pounds. 

BURGHESTEDA  [(Great)  Burstead],  which 
Ingar  (the)  thegnnheld  in  King  Edward's 
time  as  I  manor  and  (as)  10  hides,  is  held  by 
the  bishop  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

3  ploughs  on  the  demesne.    Then  1 2  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;   now  11.     Then  20 
villeins  ;  now  22.    Then  5  bordars  ;  now  10. 
Half  a  hide  of  wood(land),10  (and)  pasture  for 
150  sheep.     There  are  2  rounceys  (runcint), 
II  beasts  (animalia),  1 06  swine,  21 9  sheep.   It 
is  worth   20  pounds.     To  this  manor   have 
been  added  in  King  William's  time  28  free 
men  holding  28  hides  and  5  acres,  on  which 
were  then  1 6  ploughs,  (and)  now  1 3 ;  (there 
are)  5  hides  of  wood(land),10  23  acres  of  mea- 
dow, and  pasture  for  250  sheep  ;   (there  are) 

6  See  p.  419  above. 

7  See  p.  432  above,  where  'Legra'  is  styled  a 
mere  '  berewita  '  of  Stanway. 

8  i.e.  the  penalties  imposed  in  it. 

9  See  p.  342  above. 

10  This  unusual  reckoning  of  woodland  in  terms 
of  the  hide  should  be  observed  (see  p.  376  above). 
11  See  Introduction,  p.  352. 


454 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


54  bordars,  and  4  serfs  ;  this  addition  is 
worth  1 6  pounds,  (and)  was  then  worth  20. 

DANTUNA  [Dunton],  which  was  held  by  a 
priest — a  free  man  (presbyter  liber  homo) — in 
King  Edward's  time  as  7  hides  and  40  acres, 
is  held  by  the  bishop  in  demesne.  Then  4 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  2.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  4  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men. 
Then  7  villeins ;  now  2,  and  6  bordars. 
Then  5  serfs  ;  now  2.  There  are  2  rounceys 
(runcini),  2  beasts  (animalia),  15  swine,  34 
sheep.  It  was  then  worth  12  pounds;  now  7. 

BERDESTAPLA  [Barstable  (Hall)],1  which 
was  held  by  a  free  man  as  5$  hides  and  30 
acres  is  held  of  the  bishop  by  (Ralf)  the  son 
of  Turold.  And  (there  are)  30  acres  of  wood- 
(land)  *  (and)  pasture  for  i  oo  sheep.*  Then 
as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  2  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  are)  6 
villeins  (and)  1 1  bordars.  It  was  then  worth 
4  pounds  ;  now  100  shillings.  (There  were) 
then  in  the  demesne  2  rounceys  (runcini),  5 
beasts  (animalia),  1 8  swine,  (and)  36  sheep  ; 
now  i  rouncey  (runcinus),  9  beasts  (animalia'), 
24  swine,  (and)  80  sheep. 

INGA  [Ingrave],  which  was  held  in  King 
Edward's  time  by  a  free  man  as  2  hides,  is 
held  of  the  bishop  by  (Ralf)  the  son  of 
Turold.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on 
the  demesne,  and  i  plough  belonging  to  the 
men.  (There  is)  I  villein.  Then  i  bordar  ; 
now  5.  (There  are)  3  serfs,  and  i^  hides  of 

fo.  93 

wood(land).8  (There  are)  3  rounceys  (runcini), 
(and)  8  beasts  (animalia).  Then  30  swine  ; 
now  58.  Then  40  sheep  ;  now  76.  Then 
32  goats;  now  14.  It  was  then  worth  60 
shillings  ;  now  70.  To  this  manor  have  been 
added  in  King  William's  time  7  free  men 
with  (de)  8  hides ;  then  as  now  (semper)  5 
ploughs  (were  there)  ;  (there  are)  i£  hides  of 
wood(land),  1 1  bordars,  (and)  4  acres  of  mea- 
dow;* this  was  then  worth  4  pounds;  now 
40  shillings. 

RAMESDANA  [Ramsden  (Cray B)]  is  held  of 

1  A  manor  in  Basildon. 

'  This  woodland  and  pasture  clause  is  interlined 
here,  but  seems  to  be  misplaced. 

3  Here  again  this  reckoning  of  the  woodland  in 
hides  should  be  observed. 

*  Here  the  order  should  be  observed  as  well  as 
the  '  hides '  of  woodland. 

6  The  only  ground  I  can  find  for  this  identifi- 
cation by  Morant  is  that  Ramsden  Belhoute  was 
all  held  by  the  Bishop  of  London. 


the  bishop  by  2  knights,  and  was  held  as  3 
hides  by  2  free  men  ;  and,  according  to  the 
English  (jurors),  Ravengar  took  away  the 
land  from  one  of  them,  and  Robert  Fitz 
Wimarc  the  land  (alteram  terram)  from  the 
other,  and  now  they  know  not  how  it  came 
to  the  bishop.  (These  men)  had  then  2 
ploughs  ;  now  there  is  no  plough  there.  Then 
5  bordars  ;  now  7.  (There  is)  half  a  hide  of 
wood(land),  (and)  pasture  for  100  sheep.  It 
was  then  worth  3  pounds ;  now  4. 

In  WATELEIA  [Wheatley  *]  and  in  WINC- 
FORT  [Wickford]  Pointel  and  Osbern  hold  2 
hides  which  were  held  in  King  Edward's 
time  by  2  free  men.  Then  2  ploughs  ;  now 
i.  (There  are)  4  bordars.  (There  is)  i  hide 
of  wood(land),  25  acres  of  meadow,  (and) 
pasture  for  40  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  40 
shillings  ;  now  30.  And  this  land  was  taken 
away  from  the  free  men  by  Ravengar  ;  and 
now  the  English  know  not  how  it  has  come 
into  the  bishop's  hand(s). 

WICFORT  [Wickford],  which  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  5  free  men  as  2  hides 
and  48  acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by  (Ralf) 
the  son  of  Turold.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  ploughs,  5  bordars,  and  2  serfs.  Woodland 
for  30  swine.  It  is  worth  40  shillings. 

WICFORT  [Wickford]  is  held  of  the  bishop 
by  Teher,  and  was  held  in  King  Edward's 
time  by  Godric,  a  free  man,  as  I  hide.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  1  plough.  Then  I  bordar  ; 
now  2.  Wood(land)  for  30  swine,  and  8 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

HASINGHEBROC  [Hassingbroke 7],  which 
was  held  in  King  Edward's  time  by  16  free 
men  as  12  hides  and  13^  acres,  is  held  by 
(Ralf)  the  son  of  Turold.  Then  1 1  ploughs  ; 
now  7.  There  are  now  14  bordars  (and)  20 
sokemen  (sac').  Wood(land)  for  200  swine, 
1 6  acres  of  meadow,  and  pasture  for  400 
sheep.  It  is  worth  10  pounds. 

CELDEWELLA  [Chadwell],  which  was  held 
by  Edwolt,  a  reeve  of  King  Edward,  as  i^ 
hides,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by  the  same  Ralf. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i^  ploughs  on  the 
demesne,  (and)  half  a  plough  belonging  to  the 
men.  Then  6  bordars  ;  now  7.  Then  2 
serfs  ;  now  I .  (There  is)  a  (quidam)  sokeman 

6  A  manor  in  Rayleigh,  and  therefore  within 
Rochford  Hundred  now.     But  both  here  and  on 
p.  484  below  it  is  entered  as  then  in   Barstable 
Hundred. 

7  In  Stanford-le-Hopc. 


455 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


with  (de)  30  acres.  Wood(land)  for  80  swine, 
(and)  pasture  for  1 00  sheep.  Then  i  fishery  ; 

fo.  asb 

(there  is)  now  none,  but  there  could  be.  Of 
this  estate  (terra)  30  acres  belonged  to  (fuerunt 
ad)  another  estate  (terram)  in  King  Edward's 
time.1  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now, 
including  the  addition  (totum  simui),  30  shil- 
lings. 

In  TORINDUNA  [Thorndon  *]  the  bishop 
has  20  acres  which  were  held  by  a  free  man 
in  King  Edward's  time.  It  is  worth  30 
pence.8 

HUNDRET    OF    WlTHAM 

In  HAFELDA  [Hatfield  (Peverel)?]  (the 
bishop  has)  15  acres  which  were  held  by  a 
sokeman.  It  was  then  worth  3  shillings  ; 
now  4. 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

STANBRUGE  [(Great)  Stambridge],  which 
was  held  by  Osward  in  King  Edward's  time 
as  3^  hides  and  30  acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop 
by  Suen.4  Then  7  villeins ;  now  none. 
Then  5  bordars  ;  now  10.  Then  3  serfs  ; 
now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne.  Then  3  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  4.  Pasture  for  300  sheep, 
(and)  I  mill.  Now  I  rouncey  (runcinus). 
Then  4  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  2.  Then 
15  swine  ;  now  25.  Then  100  sheep  ;  now 
58.  Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  6 
pounds. 

BACHENEIA  [Beckney?6],  was  held  by 
Ravengar,  and  is  now  (held  by)  the  bishop  in 
demesne  as  half  a  hide.  Then  i  serf ;  now 
I  bordar.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough 
on  the  demesne.  (There  is)  pasture  for  30 
sheep.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ;  now 

1  See  p.  448,  note  3,  above. 

8  i.e.  in  what  is  now  (East  and  West)  Horndon. 

8  This  small  holding  is  not  identified. 

*  i.e.  Suain  of  Essex,  the  great  baron  of  the 
district. 

6  This  has  been  identified  as  Beeches  in  Raw- 
reth  ;  but  as  that  manor  was  held  of  the  Honour 
of  Rayleigh,  it  must  be  sought  among  the  lands 
of  Suain  of  Essex  below. 

I  feel  no  doubt  myself  that '  Bacheneia '  was  really 
Beckney,  a  detached  portion  of  Assingdon,  which 
was  '  a  considerable  estate '  and  even  '  a  manor  '  in 
the  sixteenth  century  (Morant,  i.  321—2).  The 
form  of  the  name  makes  the  identity  practically 
certain,  and  the  '  pasture  for  sheep '  confirms  it  ; 
but  owing  to  the  breaking  up  of  the  Bishop  of 
Bayeux's  fief,  it  is  often  difficult  to  prove  the 
descent  of  its  manors. 


30.  In  this  valuation  of  30  shillings  are  in- 
cluded (adhuc)  30  acres  and  I  bordar  and  half 
a  plough.6 

BERLINGA  [Barling7],  which  was  held  by 
a  free  man  as  half  a  hide,  is  held  by  the  bishop 
in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  bordar. 
Then  i  plough  ;  now  none  ;  but  there  could 
be  (one  employed  there).  It  is  worth  10 
shillings. 

SOBERIA  [Shoebury  '],  which  was  held  by  a 
free  man  as  i  hide  and  30  acres,  is  held  by 
the  bishop  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  villeins.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  3.  Then 
I  plough  on  the  demesne ;  now  2  oxen.9 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  belonging  to 
the  men.  Pasture  for  40  sheep.  It  was  then 
worth  40  shillings  ;  now  55. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

CRICCHESEIA  [Cricksea],  which  was  held  by 
Edric,  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's  time  as 
I  manor  and  as  I  hide,  is  held  of  the  bishop 
by  Suen.10  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  3.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  serfs  and  i  plough  on  the 
demesne.  Wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and) 
pasture  for  20  sheep.  (There  were)  then  4 
beasts ;  now  the  same.  It  was  worth  23 
shillings  then  and  afterwards ;  now  30. 

CRICCHESEIA  [Cricksea],  which  was  held  by 
Leuric  in  King  Edward's  time  as  half  a  hide, 
is  held  of  the  bishop  by  Pointel.  Then  half 
a  plough  ;  now  none.  It  was  then  worth  10 
shillings ;  now  5. 

fo.  24 

HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU  [WINSTREE] 

SAMANTUNA  [Sampton  n],  which  was  held 
by  2  free  men  as  half  a  hide  and  35  acres,  is 

8  i.e.  this  was  in  addition  to  the  '  half  hide  ' 
estate. 

7  i.e.  the  manor  of  Mucking  Hall  there. 

8  The  actual  manor  has  not  been  identified. 

9  i.e.  a  quarter  of  a  plough  team. 

10  i.e.  Suain  of  Essex,  the  Domesday  baron. 

11  This  entry  was  placed  by  Morant  under  Sal- 
cot  Verli,  but  on   the  ground  of  evidence  which 
places  it,  on  the  contrary,  in  Peete  (i.  424).     The 
manor  of  Peete  lay  in  Mersea  and  Peldon,  and  an 
Inquisition  on  Thomas  Tey  in  1543  assigns  to  him 
'a    capital   messuage   called    Samptons   Wyke    in 
Peldon    and     Sampton,'    and    '  closes    in    Peldon 
and  Sampton,'   formerly   belonging  to   the   abbot 
of  St.    Osyth    (i.   419).     I    can    feel,    therefore, 
no    doubt    that    Sampton    is    represented    by   the 
'Sampsons'  shown  on  Morant's  map  (1768)  and 
now  known  as  '  Sampson's  farm,'  about  a  mile  to 
the  south  of  Peldon.     '  Sampson's  Creek '  lies  to 
the  south  of  it. 


456 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


held  of  the  bishop  by  Ralf  son  of  Turold. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough.  Now  2 
bordars.  It  was  then  worth  16  shillings  ;  now 
'5- 

HUNDRET    OF    HlDINCFORT    [HlNCKFORD] 

NEPSTEDA  [(Little)  Maplestead  ?  *],  which 
was  held  in  King  Edward's  time  by  8  free 
men  as  22^  acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by 
Aubrey's  wife.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
plough.  Wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  6 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  it 
was  worth  30  shillings. 

In  this  Hundret  Tihel  de  Herion  *  holds 
22  free  men  with  (de)  2  hides  and  13^  acres. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  5  ploughs  (were  theirs). 
Then  and  afterwards  I  bordar  ;  now  9. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  serf.  Wood(land) 
for  4  swine,  and  3 1  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  60  shillings  ; 
now  4  pounds. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

DANESEIA  [Dengie],  which  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  Siric  as  2$  hides,  is 
(now)  held  by  one  of  the  bishop's  knights. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  villeins.  Now  6 
bordars.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  serfs,  and  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  and  i  plough  belong- 
ing to  the  men.  Pasture  for  160  sheep.  It 
was  then  worth  4  pounds  ;  now  1 00  shillings. 
In  the  demesne  are  150  sheep,  i  rouncey 
(runcinus),  and  13  swine.  There  belonged 
(erant)  to  this  manor  in  King  Edward's  time 
2  free  men  with  (de)  47  acres,  of  whom  the 
above  knight  of  the  bishop  has  taken  posses- 
sion (occupavit)  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  it  was 
worth  4  shillings. 

HACFLET  [  •],  which  was  held  by 

Alward,  a  free  man,  as  2  hides  and  30  acres, 
is  (now)  held  by  one  of  the  bishop's  knights. 
Then  4  bordars;  now  10.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  plough.  (There  is)  pasture  for  260 
sheep,  (and)  i  fishery.  The  church  holds  40 
acres.  It  was  then  worth  60  shillings  ;  now 
4  pounds  and  1 1  shillings.  In  this  \  ill  was  a 
free  man  with  (de)  30  acres,  who  was  out- 
lawed (et  udlagav\if\)  ;  now  Suen's  men  have 

1  Thii  place  seems  to  be  clearly  identical  with 
the  '  Mappcstcda  '  entered  on  p.  569  below  as  held 
by  Aubrey's  wife. 

»  This  was  Tihel  'the  Breton,'  who  held 
Bumpstead  Helion  and  other  manors  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood (see  p.  541).  His  surname  ('Herion' 
or  '  Helion ')  appears  here  only  in  the  survey  of 
Estez. 

*  See  Introduction,  p.  395. 


taken  (acceptrunt)  the  land  and  are  still  holding 


it. 


HUNDRET  OF  LASSENDENE  [LEXDEN] 

ALDEHAM  [Aldham]  was  held  by  Leueva 
as  i  hide  less  5  acres  in  King  Edward's  time. 
Now  the  wife  of  Aubrey  holds  it  of  the 
bishop.  Then  i  villein  ;  now  none.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  4  serfs  and  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  Wood(land)  for  12  swine,  (and)  3 
acres  of  meadow.  (There  are)  i  rouncey 
(runcinus)  (and)  6  beasts  (animalia).  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  30  shillings ; 
now  60. 

HUNDRET  OF  ANGRA  [ONGAR] 

KELENDUNA  [Kelvedon  (Hatch)],  which 
was  held  by  Algar,  a  free  man,  as  half  a  hide 
and  20  acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by  (Ivo) 
the  nephew  of  Herbert.6  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  bordars  and  I  plough.  Wood(land) 

fo.  146 

for  60  swine,  and  7$  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  are)  I  beast  (animal),  5  swine,  and  47 
sheep.  It  is  worth  2O  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  CEFFEORDA  [CHAFFORD] 

UPMUNSTRA  [Upminster],  which  was  held 
by  Ulwin  as  i^  hides,  is  held  of  the  bishop 
by  Mauger.9  Then  2  bordars,  and  now  the 
same.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough.  It 
was  then  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  30. 

ALVITHELEA  [Aveley],  which  was  held  by 
Edward,  a  free  man,  as  I  hide  and  30  acres, 
is  held  by  the  same  Mauger.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  6  bordars,  and  i  plough  on  the  de- 
mesne, and  I  plough  belonging  to  the  men. 
It  was  then  worth  20  shillings ;  now  30. 

TUROCHA    [Thurrock7],  which  was  held 

*  This  might  suggest  that  '  Hacflet '  must  have 
adjoined  a  manor  of  Suain  of  Essex,  who  held  in 
this    Hundred   Iltney  and    '  Hainctone '    (which 
latter  I  identify  with  Ashcldham).     But  the  action 
may  have  been  taken  when  Suain  was  sheriff. 

6  '  Ivo  nephew  of  Herbert '  was  a  considerable 
under-tenant  of  the  bishop  in  Beds  and  in  Kent. 

*  Doubtless    the   same    as    the    Mauger    who 
held  of  the  bishop  at  Orpington  and  some  other 
places  in  Kent. 

7  This  and  the  two  other  manors  of  the  bishop 
at  '  Thurrock '  must  have  been  in  West  Thurrock 
or  Grays  (Thurrock),  as  they  were  in  Chafford 
Hundred.     Morant  placed  them   in  West  Thur- 
rock, but  (as  is  often  the  case  with  Odo's  manors) 
this  can  only  be  conjectural.     Moreover  I  have 
proved  that  the  Count  of  Eu's  great  manor  was  at 
West  Thurrock,  not,  as  Morant  guessed,  at  Grays. 


457 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


by  Alward,  a  free  man,  as  i  hide  and  40 
acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by  Hugh.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  bordars.  Then  2  ploughs  ; 
now  i.  Wood(land)  for  10  swine,  8  acres 
of  meadow,  (and)  pasture  for  50  sheep.  It 
was  then  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  40. 
(There  were)  then  i  rouncey  (rundnus),  (and) 
I  beast  (animal)  ;  now  2  (beasts).  Then  25 
swine  ;  now  9.  Then  50  sheep  ;  now  48. 

TUROCHA  [Thurrock1],  which  Mannic, 
a  free  man,  held  in  King  Edward's  time, 
as  2^  hides  and  40  acres,  is  held  of  the  bishop 
by  Anschetil.2  (There  are)  now  2  villeins. 
Then  3  bordars ;  now  8.  Then  6  serfs  ; 
now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough 
on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  belonging  to 
the  men.  (There  are)  8  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  then  worth  3  pounds  ;  now  4. 

RENEHAM  [Rainham3],  which  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Alsi,  a  free  man,  as 
a  manor  and  as  4  hides,  is  held  of  the  bishop 
by  Hugh.  Then  as  now  (semper)  8  villeins. 
Then  3  bordars;  now  5.  Then  4  serfs; 
now  none.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  when  (the  manor  was)  received  *  2  ;  now 
none.  Then  and  afterwards4  3  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men  ;  now  2.  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  6  pounds  ;  now  40 
shillings. 

In  TUROC  [Thurrock  *]  half  a  hide,  which 
Ulwin  held,  is  now  held  of  the  bishop  by 
Hugh.  Then  I  plough  ;  now  none.  Wood 
(land)  for  5  swine,  8  acres  of  meadow,  (and) 
pasture  for  50  sheep.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

ESTINFORT  [Stifford]  was  held  by  Alvric,  a 
free  man,  as  i  hide  and  30  acres.  Now  the 
same  Hugh  holds  it  of  the  bishop.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  I  bordar,  i  plough,  (and)  5  acres 
of  meadow.  It  is  worth  30  shillings.  Of  this 
estate  (terra)  15  acres  are  in  the  soke  of 
William  Peverel  (piperelli)  of  Turoc  [Thur- 
rock] 6  as  the  county  (court)  testifies.  To  the 
church  of  this  manor  (sic)  there  belong  30 
acres  given  by  (the)  neighbours  in  almoine. 

1  See  p.  457,  note  7,  above. 

2  See  p.  553,  note  5,  below. 

3  i.e.  the  manor  of  Southall  there. 

4  This  is  a  good  instance  of  the  indifferent  use 
of 'when  received'  and  'afterwards'  to  denote  the 
intermediate  stage. 

6  The  jurisdiction  over  them  belong  to  his 
manor  of  (Grays)  Thurrock  (on  which  see  p.  553 
below).  This  passage  is  of  value  for  the  distinc- 
tion it  draws  between  the  tenure  of  the  land  and 
the  jurisdiction  over  it. 


CRAOHU  [  6],  which  was  held  by 
Alwin,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  i£ 
hides,  is  held  of  the  bishop  by  Hugh.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  I  villein  and  I  bordar.  Then 
I  plough  ;  now  half  (a  one).  Wood(land)  for 
100  swine,  (and)  i^  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  50  shillings  ;  now 
20. 

In  ESTINFORT  [Stifford]  Gilbert,  a  man  of 
the  Bishop  of  Bayeux,  held  i£  hides,  which  are 

fo.  as 

(now)  held  of  the  bishop  by  (Ralf)  the  son  of 
Turold.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  villeins,  and 
4  borders,  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  It 
is  worth  30  shillings.  The  Hundret  (court) 
testifies  that  this  hide  (sic)  in  King  Edward's 
time  belonged  to  (jacuit  in)  Turroc  [(Grays) 
Thurrock],  a  manor  of  William  Peverel 
(pipere/H),  save  IO  acres.7 

LIMPWELLA  [  ]  which  was  held 

by  Edric,  a  free  man,  as  i  manor  and  (as) 
half  a  hide,  is  held  of  the  bishop  8  by  Hugh. 
Then  i  bordar  ;  now  2.  Then  i  plough  ; 
now  half  (a  one).  Wood(land)  for  20  swine, 
(and)  pasture  for  20  sheep.  It  was  then  worth 
IO  shillings;  now  2O. 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 

HANEGHEFELDA  [(South)  Hanningfield]  was 
held  by  Friebert  in  King  Edward's  time  as  i 
manor  and  as  9  hides.  It  is  now  held  of  the 
bishop  by  Ralf  the  son  of  Turold.9  Then  as 
now  (semper)  3  villeins.  Then  2  bordars  ; 
now  5.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  8.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  60  swine.  (There 
are)  3  rounceys  (runcini),  1 6  beasts  (animalia), 
32  swine.  Then  117  sheep  ;  now  810  (sic). 
It  was  then  worth  IOO  shillings  ;  now  7 
pounds. 

In  the  same  (vill)  14  hides  were  held  by 
23  free  men,  who  could  withdraw  themselves 

6  This  place  has  not  been  identified,   but,  al- 
though the  name  is  now  lost,  I  suspect  that  it  is 
the  'Crawenho'  which  occurs  in   a  plea  of  1234 
(Bracton's  Note  Book,  ii.  531).     Its  tenant  is  there 
charged   by  John  de   Beauchamp,  its  owner,  with 
cutting  down  oaks  on  it  and  giving  twenty  of  them 
to  the  parson  of  Aveley.     As  twenty  oaks  are  not 
likely  to  have  been  sent  far,  the  place  was  prob- 
ably near  Aveley. 

7  See  the  relative  entry,  under  William  Peverel's 
fief,  on  p.  553  below. 

8  The  scribe  had  written  '  comite,'  but  has  de- 
leted it  and  substituted  '  episcopo.' 

9  See  p.  342  above. 


458 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


(rtctderi)  without  (seeking)  leave  of  the  lord  of 
the  said  manor.1  These  (men)  are  held  by 
the  bishop,  but  the  county  (court)  knows  not 
how  he  came  to  have  them  (tot  habuerit). 
(There  were  there)  then  as  now  (semper")  I 
villein,  and  1 8  bordars,  and  8  serfs.  Then 
ii  ploughs;  now  10.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  1 50  swine.  It  was  then  worth  8  pounds  ; 
now  7  pounds  and  2  shillings.  These  hides 
were  originally  seized  (preoccupavit)  by 
Turold  *  of  Rovecestra  [Rochester]. 

And  the  abbey  of  Ely  claims  2  hides  and  3 
virgates,  which  were  held  by  2  men  ;  and  the 
Hundret  (court)  testifies  that  these  men  (ipsl) 
held  their  land  freely  and  were  only  '  com- 
mended '  to  the  abbot  of  Ely.3 

BEREWIC  [  ]   was   held    by  Oin 

the  Dane,4  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's 
time.  Now  Turold  5  (holds  it)  of  the  bishop 
as  6£  hides  and  37  acres.  Then  \  villeins; 
now  6.  Then  4  bordars  ;  now  6.  Then  3 
serfs ;  now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  2  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.  Wood(land)  for  100 
swine,  (and)  3  acres  of  meadow.  Then  3 
rounceys  (runcini)  ;  now  5,  and  10  colts  (pullf). 
Then  4  beasts;  now  18.  Then  16  swine; 
now  61.  Then  60  sheep  ;  now  126.  It 
was  then  worth  4  pounds ;  now  6. 

LAGHENBERIA  [(Old)  Lawn  ?']  was  held  by 
Turchil  in  King  Edward's  time  as  a  manor 
(and)  as  2^  hides  and  6  acres.  Now  R[alf 
the  son  of  Turold  holds  it]  of  the  bishop 
similarly  (pro  tantundem).  Then  2  villeins  ; 
now  I.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5  bordars, 
and  2  serfs  and  i  plough  on  the  demesne, 
and  I  plough  belonging  to  the  men.  Wood- 
(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  1 7  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  3  rounceys  (runcini) ;  now  i .  Then  5 
beasts  (animaiia) ;  now  9.  Then  19  swine  ; 

1  'ipsius  mansionis.'  This  is  one  of  the  interest- 
ing cases  in  which  the  scribe  uses  '  mansio '  for  a 
manor  (compare  p.  416  above). 

8  Father  of  Ralf  their  tenant  in  1086. 

5  The  abbey  held  the  manor  of  Rettendon  ad- 
joining South  Hanningfield  on  the  south-east. 

*  'Oin'dacus.' 

6  This  I  suspect  to  be  a  scribal  error  for  •  Ralf 
the  son  of  Turold.' 

*  As  the  Domesday  '  Laghemannus '  (see  fo.  95^ 
below)    represents    Lawman,    we    should    expect 
'  Laghenberia '    to  represent  some   such    form  as 
Lawnbury.      Now   in  Great  Waltham,  which  is 
close  to   Broomfield  and    Boreham,  there  was  a 
manor   of  '  Lawn    Hall '    or    '  Old    Lawn,'   and 
'  -bury '  is  merely  the  manorial  suffix  aa  in  Mash- 
bury,  Plesheybury  and  Walthambury  just  to  the 
south,  and  Felstedbury  to  the  north. 


now  40.  Then  45  sheep  ;  now  no.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now 
60. 

fo.  a;b 

WALFARA  [Walkfare(s)  7]  was  held  by 
Anunt  the  Dane  (dacui)  in  King  Edward's 
time  as  a  manor8  and  as  i£  hides.  Now 
R[alf  the  son  of  Turold  holds  it]  of  the 
bishop.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  bordars, 
and  I  serf,  and  I  plough.  Woodland  for  60 
swine,  (and)  1 5  acres  of  meadow.  (There 
is)  I  rouncey  (runcinus).  Then  5  beasts 
(animaiia)  ;  now  4.  Then  1 5  sheep  ;  now 
50.  Then  1 1  swine  ;  now  1 7,  (and)  i  goat. 
It  was  then  worth  20  shillings ;  now  30. 

PACINGS  9  [Patching  (Hall) 10]  was  held  by 
Segar  in  King  Edward's  time  as  a  manor  and 
as  2  hides  and  30  acres.  Now  R[alf  the  son 
of  Turold  holds  it]  of  the  bishop.  Then  I 
villein  ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4 
bordars,  and  i  serf,  and  i  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men. 
Woodland  for  1 5  swine,  8  acres  of  meadow, 
and  I  mill.  Then  3  rounceys  (runcini) ;  now 
4.  Then  2  beasts  (animaiia)  ;  now  4.  Then 
1 1  sheep  ;  now  23.  It  is  worth  40  shillings. 

MELESHAM  [(Great)  Mulsham  ?  u]  was  held 
by  Godric  as  a  manor  and  as  2£  hides  and 
30  acres.  Now  R[alf  the  son  of  Turold 
holds  it]  of  the  bishop.  Then  i  villein  ; 
now  2.  Then  I  bordar  ;  now  6.  Then  4 
serfs  ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  i£  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  i.  Wood(land) 
for  60  swine,  (and)  10  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  mill.  Then  3 
rounceys  (runcini)  and  I  colt  (puilus) ;  now 
2  rounceys  and  4  colts.  Then  9  beasts 
(animaiia) ;  now  28.  Then  47  sheep  ;  now 
140.  It  was  then  worth  50  shillings  ;  now 
4  pounds. 

The  other  MOLESHAM  [(Little)  Mulsham  ? "] 

7  In  Boreham. 

8  '  M[anerium]  '  has  been  interlined  above  '  III,' 
and,  as  the  latter  has  not  been  deleted,  the  reading 
is  left  doubtful.      But  the  text  above  is  probably 
correct. 

»  The  plural  represents  an  English  '  Patchings." 

«>  In  Broomfield. 

11  In  Great  Leighs.  Morant  assigned  these 
entries  to  Mulsham  in  Great  Lees,  but  the  only 
ground  that  he  can  have  had,  so  far  as  I  know,  for 
doing  so  is  that  the  manor  of  Moulsham  in  Chelms- 
ford  seems  to  have  belonged  wholly  to  Westminster 
Abbey.  And  Mulsham  in  Great  Leighs  is  in  the 
Witham  (not  the  Chelmsford)  Hundred  portion  of 
the  parish. 


459 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


was  held  by  Ulmar,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor 
and  as  i  hide  and  40  acres.  Now  R[alf  the 
son  of  Turold  holds  it]  of  the  bishop.  Then 

1  bordar.    Then  as  now  (semper)  2  serfs  and  I 
plough.1      Wood(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  10 
acres  of  meadow.     It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    TENDRINGE 

TORINDUNA  [Thorrington]  was  held  by 
Adstan  as  I  (uno)  manor  and  as  4  hides. 
Now  Ralf  (the  son  of  Turold  holds  it)  of 
the  bishop  similarly  (pro  tantundem).  And 
(it  was)  Turold  of  Ri'vecestra  [Rochester]  8 
who  seized  (invasit)  this  land.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  3  villeins,  9  bordars,  and  5  serfs. 
Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i£  ; 
but  a  third  (plough)  could  be  employed  (potest 
esse).  Then  the  men  had  between  them  (in- 
ter homines]  2^  ploughs;  now  i£.  Wood- 
(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  I  acre  of  meadow, 
pasture  for  100  sheep.  (There  are)  now  I 
mill,  (and)  I  saltpan.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
it  was  worth  4  pounds. 

A  certain  man  held  in  EILESFORDA  [Aires- 
ford]  half  a  hide,  which  Turold  seized  (invasit) 
like  (sicut)  the  other  land  ;  and  when  he  re- 
ceived it  (recepit),  there  was  half  a  plough  ; 
now  (there  is)  none ;  but  there  could  be. 
And  the  Hundret  (court)  knows  not  how 
he  had  (///)  this  land  ;  and,  as  neither  a 
representative  (Legates3)  nor  any  other  man 
came  on  his  behalf  to  prove  his  right  to  this 
land,  it  is  (taken)  in(to)  the  king's  hand  with 
the  rest.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
10  shillings;  now  5  (shillings)  and  4  pence. 

HUNDRET  OF  TURESTAPLA  [THURSTABLE] 

TOLESHUNTA  [Tolleshunt 4]  was  held  by 
Oslac,  a  free  man,  as  i  hide.  Now  the 
bishop  holds  it  similarly  (pro  tantundem).  Then 

fo.  96 

2  bordars ;    now   3  ;  now  I    serf.     Then   I 
plough  ;    now   a   half.      Wood(land)   for   30 
swine,  and    pasture    for    60    sheep.     It    was 
then  worth  20  shillings  ;  afterwards  and  now 
3°. 

1  The  words  '  on  the  demesne '  are  probably 
omitted  here. 

*  Father  of  Ralf  the  tenant. 

3  This  use  of  '  Legatus '  for  the  representative 
of  any  one  but  the  king  is  remarkable.  The 
entry  possibly  refers  to  a  half  hide  spoken  of  under 
the  king's  manor  of  Lawford  (see  p.  435,  note  7, 
above  and  Introduction,  p.  412). 

*  This  manor  has  not  been  identified. 


XIX.     THE  LAND  OF  THE  BISHOP 
OF  HEREFORD 

In  WRITA  [Writtle]  the  bishop  holds  2 
hides  and  20  acres,  of  which  (hides)  one  was 
the  church's  (in  ecclesia)  in  King  Edward's 
time,  and  the  other  (in)  Harold's  fee  (feudo). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  3  villeins  and  i  priest. 
Then  2  bordars ;  now  8.  Then  2  serfs ; 
now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough 
on  the  demesne  and  2  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men.  Wood  (land)  for  100  swine,  and  8 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  50  shillings.8 


XX.     THE  LANDS  OF  COUNT 
EUSTACE6    IN    ESSEX    (EXSESSA) 

HUNDRET  OF    BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLE] 

PHOBINGE  [Fobbing]  was  held  by  Brictmar, 
a  thegn  of  King  Edward,  as  5  hides  and  as 
I  (uno)  manor.  Now  Count  Eustace  holds 
it  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  5  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men.  Then  8  villeins  ;  now 
3.  Then  8  bordars;  now  22.  Then  12 
serfs ;  now  6.  Wood(land)  for  700  swine, 
pasture  for  700  sheep,  (and)  a  moiety  of  a 
fishery  (piscinte).  (There  are)  31  swine,  700 
sheep,  and  1 7  (goats  ?).  From  this  land  30 
acres  were  taken  by  Turold  and  are  (now 
appurtenant)  to  the  Bishop  of  Bayeux'  fief.7 
Ingelric,8  besides  this,  added  to  this  manor 
22  free  men  holding  15^  hides  and  15^  acres, 
in  whose  (qua)  land  there  were  and  are  (sem- 
per) 12  ploughs,  and  20  bordars,  and  3  serfs  ; 
wood(land  there)  for  50  swine,  10  acres  of 
meadow,  (and)  pasture  for  400  sheep  ;  (there 
is)  a  third  of  a  fishery  (piscina:)^  and  there 
could  be  added  3^  ploughs.  The  manor  was 
then  worth  20  pounds,  and  the  land  of  the 
sokemen  9  1 2  pounds  ;  now  the  whole  to- 
gether (inter  totum)  36  pounds. 

HORNINDUNA  [Horndon  (on  the  hill)],  which 
was  held  by  Ulvric,  a  free  man,  as  i  (uno) 
manor  and  as  2  hides  and  50  acres,  is  held  of 


6  This  is  a  duplicate  entry  (see  p.  434  above). 
It  is  noteworthy  that  '  the  king's  fee '  of  the  other 
entry  becomes  here  '  Harold's  fee '  (compare  p. 
336  above). 

6  Of  Boulogne. 

7  See  under  Vange  (p.  454  above). 

8  The  count's  predecessor. 

9  It  is  important  to  observe  that  these  socemannl 
are  the  Rberi  homines  spoken  of  just  before.     Here 
then  the  two  terms  are  distinctly  equated  (see  In- 
troduction, p.  358). 


460 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


the  count  by  Garner.1  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  2  villeins  ; 
now  none.  Then  7  bordars  ;  now  12. 

fo.  rib 

Then  2  serfs;  now  3.  (There  are)  12  acres 
of  meadow,  (and)  pasture  for  60  sheep. 
(There  are)  2  cows,  10  swine,  (and)  no 
sheep.  Besides  this  (there  are)  15  acres 
belonging  to  the  church  in  almoine  (ad 
e/emosinam  ecclesiit).  It  was  then  worth  60 
shillings  ;  now  50. 

SCENEFELDA  [Shenfield],  which  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  Bodd',  a  free  man, 
as  I  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held  of  the 
count  by  Roger.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  i.  Now  half  a  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  Then  i  bordar  ; 
now  6.  There  2  serfs  ;  now  none.  Wood- 
(land)  for  40  swine.  (There  are)  2  beasts 
(animalia),  2O  swine,  (and)  15  goats.  It  is 
worth  60  shillings. 

DORSEDA  [Orsett  *],  which  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  the  Bishop  of  London, 
(and)  which  Ingelric  3  held  of  (his)  church,4 
is  held  by  the  count.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
i  plough  on  the  demesne  ;  and  I  priest  has 
there  I  plough.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 
This  hide  does  not  belong  to  (jacet  ad)  his 
hundred  manors  (c  man').6 

GRAVESANDA  [Gravesend  ?  *]  was  held  by 
Harold,  and  by  Ingelric  of  him,  as  a  manor 
and  as  i  hide.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
plough.  Then  i  villein  ;  now  2.  It  was  then 
worth  10  shillings  ;  now  20.  And  this  hide 
does  not  belong  to  (adjacet)  his  hundred  manors 
(c  maneriii).7 

HUNDRBT    OF    WlTHAM 

NUTLEA  [(White)  Notley],  which  was  held 
by  Harold  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  * 

1  Garner\iiu].  The  name  is  the  same  as 
•Warner.' 

*  i.e.  the  manor  of  Loft  Hall  there. 

*  The  count's  predecessor. 

*  i.e.  as  the  bishop's  tenant. 

6  The  same  observation  is  made  on  this  hide 
where  it  is  mentioned  under  Orsett  above  (p.  438). 
The  allusion  to  the  count's   100  manors  is  obscure 
and  has  not  been  explained. 

'  It  is  not  known  what  place  is  represented  by 
'  Gravesanda.'  Gravesend  in  Kent  is  not  men- 
tioned under  that  name  in  Domesday  (compare  p. 
409  above. 

7  See  note  5  above. 

*  The  scribe  (doubtless  misled  by  the  tenant's 
English  name)  first  wrote  'tenuit,'  but  altered  it 


of  the  count  by  Alvric  the  thegn  as  I  (uno) 
manor.  Then  and  afterwards  3  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  ;  now  2.  Then  and  afterwards 
5  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  3. 
Then  and  afterwards  10  villeins  ;  now  6. 
Then  3  bordars  ;  afterwards  and  now  16. 
Then  9  serfs ;  now  4.  Then  wood(land) 
for  200  swine  ;  now  for  i  oo.  (There  are) 
30  acres  of  meadow  (and)  pasture  for  100 
sheep.9  (There  are)  now  2  mills.  (There 
are)  5  cows  (vacai),  14  swine,  100  sheep,  7 
goats,  and  3  horses  (equoi).  From  this  manor 
Ralf  de  Marci  took  30  acres,  and  they  arc 
(jacent)  in  the  fief  of  (Hamon)  the  son  of 
Hamon.10  Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was 
worth  10  pounds. 

COGHESHALA  [Coggeshall],  which  was 
held  in  King  Edward's  time  by  Colo,  a  free 
man,  is  held  by  the  count  in  demesne  as  I 
(uno)  manor  and  as  3$  hides  and  33  acres. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  u  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  and  when  he  received  the  land 
(earn)  i  plough.  Then  1 6  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  afterwards  and  now  14.  Then 
1 1  villeins  ;  afterwards  and  now  9.  Then 
22  bordars  ;  now  31.  Now  4  serfs.  Then 
wood(land)  for  600  swine  ;  now  for  500. 
(There  are)  38  acres  of  meadow,  and  ten  pence 
worth  of  pasture.11  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
mill.  (There  are)  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  15 
swine,  4  goats,  4  hives  of  bees.  To  this 
manor  belong  1 1  sokemen,  and  I  priest,  and  i 
swineherd,  and  I  hired  servant  (mercennarius).13 
To  this  estate  (terra)  have  been  added  38 
(acres)  which  I  free  man  holds  (tenet)  of  the 

fo.  17 

king.  This  manor  was  then  worth  10  pounds  ; 
now  14  ;  but  it  renders  2O  pounds  neverthe- 
less ;  and  the  abovesaid  38  acres  are  worth 
IO  shillings. 

RUENHALE  [Rivenhall],  which  was  held  by 
Queen  Edeva  u  in  King  Edward's  time  as 
I  (uno)  manor  and  as  2\  hides,  is  held  by 
the  count  in  demesne.  Then  3  ploughs  on 

to  '  tenet '  on  realizing  that  Alvric  was  the  under- 
tenant at  the  time  of  the  Survey. 

9  This  is  a  remarkable  feature  in  a  manor  so  far 
from  the  sea. 

10  They   are  duly  entered  under   the    fief  of 
Hamon  (dapifer)  at  White  Notley  (p.  500  below). 

11  It  should  be  observed  that  semper  is  here  used 
strictly  in  the  sense  of  '  then  as  now,'  the  inter- 
mediate stage  being  denoted  by  quando  earn  rtcepit. 

u  Tantum  pasture  qua  valet  xd. 
IS  This  occurrence  of  the  word  appears  to  be 
unique  in  Domesday. 

14  Eadgyth,  wife  of  Edward  the  Confessor. 


46l 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


the  demesne  ;  now  2.  Then  8  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  6.  Then  12 
villeins  ;  now  13.  Then  8  bordars  ;  now 
14.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6  serfs.  Then 
(there  was)  wood(land)  for  400  swine  ;  now 
for  350  (ccc  et  dim).  (There  are)  30  acres 
of  meadow,  (and)  pasture  from  which  are 
received  3  shillings.  Then  I  mill  ;  now  a 
moiety.1  There  are  I  sokeman  with  (de)  15 
acres,  and  a  burgess  at  Colch  ester  (de  colecastro). 
And  a  moiety  of  the  mill  was  taken  away  by 
Richard  de  Sachevilla.1  (There  are)  I  rouncey 
(runcinus),  6  beasts  (anima/ia),  40  swine,  8 
goats,  (and)  2  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then 
worth  9  pounds;  now  12,  but  it  renders  2O 
pounds  nevertheless. 

RUENHALA  [Rivenhall],  which  was  held  by 
Harold  as  I  manor  and  as  I  hide  and  15 
acres  is  held  by  the  Count  in  demesne.  Then 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i .  Then 
as  now  (semper)  I  plough  belonging  to  the 
men.  Then  2  villeins ;  now  5.  Then  i 
bordar  ;  now  2.  Then  5  serfs  ;  now  4. 
And  (there  are)  21  acres  of  meadow  (with) 
pasture  worth  (de)  6  pence.  (There  are)  10 
swine,  (and)  27  sheep.  It  was  then  worth 
60  shillings  ;  now  30. 

BLUNDESHALA  [Blunts  Hall  8],  which  was 
held  in  King  Edward's  time  by  i  free  woman 
as  i  manor  and  (as)  half  a  hide,  is  held  by 
the  count  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
i  plough  on  the  demesne  and  i  bordar. 
(There  are)  6  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then 
worth  2O  shillings  ;  now  10. 

WiTHAM,3  which  was  held  by  Harold  as 
51  acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Richard. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  on  the  demesne 
and  i  bordar.  (There  are)  2^  acres  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    HERLAUA    [HARLOW] 

PERENDUNA  [(Great)  Parndon],  which  was 
held  in  King  Edward's  time  by  Ulf  a  thegn 
of  King  Edward  as  i  (uno)  manor  and  as 
3^  hides,  is  held  of  the  count  by  lunain  (sic). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men. 
Then  4  villeins  ;  now  3.  Then  4  bordars  ; 

1  See  Introduction,  p.  379. 

*  InWitham. 

3  Morant  assumed  that  this  was  a  part  of  Blunts 
Hall  manor,  but  it  seems  more  probable  that  its 
tenant  was  the  Richard  who  held  of  the  Count 
at  Rivenhall  and  that  the  land  would  be  on  the 
Rivenhall  side  of  Witham. 


now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  serfs. 
Wood(land)  for  2OO  swine,  (and)  14  acres  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  4  pounds. 

LATTUNA  [Latton  *],  which  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  Ernulf,  a  free  man, 
as  I  (uno)  manor  and  as  i^  hides  and  30 
acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Adelolf(de  Merc).6 

fo.  ayb 

Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne ;  now  i . 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  villein  and  2  bordars. 
Then  4  serfs  ;  now  2.  Wood(land)  for  300 
swine,  (and)  35  acres  of  meadow.  And 
there  is  I  priest,  who  holds  half  a  hide  belonging 
to  one  church.  It  was  then  worth  50  shillings  ; 
now  60. 

HERLAUA  [Harlow],  which  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  Brictnar,6  a  free  man, 
as  half  a  hide,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Geoffrey. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough.  Wood- 
(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  3  acres  of  meadow. 
It  is  worth  1 1  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  DOMMAWA  [DUNMOW] 

DOMMAWA  [Dunmow  7],  which  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  Edmar,  a  free  man, 
as  I  (uno)  manor  and  as  2  hides  and  30  acres, 
is  held  of  the  count  by  Adelolf  de  Merc.6 
Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  2. 
Then  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
3.  Then  3  villeins;  now  13.  Now  9  bor- 
dars. Then  i  o  serfs  ;  now  4.  Wood(land) 
for  300  swine,  and  36  acres  of  meadow.  And 
I  plough  (more)  could  again  be  employed 
(restaurari).  There  are  12  beasts  (animalia), 
50  swine,  IOO  sheep,  I  rouncey  (runcinus), 
(and)  4  hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth  8  pounds. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

ELTENAI  [Iltney 8],  which  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  Ingelric  as  I  (uno) 
manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held  by  the  count  in 
demesne.  Then  i  serf ;  now  2  bordars. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  on  the  de- 
mesne. Pasture  for  50  sheep.  It  is  worth  30 
shillings. 

PURLAI    [Purleigh 9]    was    held    in    King 

4  i.e.  the  manor  of  Marks  Hall  there,  which 
derives  its  name  from  the  family  descended  from 
the  Domesday  under-tenant. 

6  See  Introduction,  p.  344. 

6  Probably  an  error  for  Brictmar. 

7  i.e.  the  manor  of  Merks  in  Great  Dunmow, 
which  took  its  name  from  Adelolf's  family. 

8  In  Mundon   (see  Introduction,  p.  391). 

9  The  actual  manor  has  not  been  identified. 


462 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


Edward's  time  by  Edeva  as  I  (uno)  manor  and 
as  i  hide  and  30  acres ;  but  was  not  (part)  of 
Ingelric's  *  fief ;  and  now  Count  Eustace  has 
it.  It  was  then  worth  16  shillings  and  8 
pence  ;  now  23  shillings.  Then  2  men 
dwelt  there  ;  now  I  priest. 

HUNDRET    OF    DoMMAWA    [DuNMOW] 

PLESINCHOU  [  •],  which  was  held 

in  King  Edward's  time  by  i  free  man  as  half 
a  hide  is  held  of  the  count  by  Bernard.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough.  Then  2  bor- 
dars ;  now  i  serf.  Wood(land)  for  20  swine, 
(and)  5  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  10 
shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU  [WINSTREE] 

LANGHOU  [Langenhoe]  was  held  in  King 
Edward's  time  by  Ingelric  as  i  (uno)  manor 
and  as  7  hides.  Now  the  count  holds  it  in 
demesne.  Then  5  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
afterwards  4  ;  now  3.  Then  and  afterwards 
i^  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  2. 
Then  5  villeins ;  now  9.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  7  bordars.  Then  12  serfs;  now  8. 
Wood(land)  for  200  swine,  I  acre  of  meadow, 

fo.  a8 

and  pasture  for  500  sheep.  (There  are)  i 
mill,  (and)  i  saltpan.  (There  are)  2  beasts 
(animalia),  300  sheep,  13  swine,  and  3  roun- 
ceys  (runcini).  To  this  manor  Ingelric  added, 
in  King  William's  time,  2  hides  which  were 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man, 
and  half  a  hide,  which  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  3  free  men  ;  in  these  (two) 
hides  and  a  half  there  are  now  as  then  (sem- 
per) 2  ploughs  ;  now  4  bordars  ;  (there  is) 
pasture  for  100  sheep.  Then  the  whole  to- 
gether (simul)  was  worth  1 7  pounds  ;  and 
now  1 7  (pounds)  and  5  shillings ;  and  when 
received,  the  same. 

EDBURGHETUNA  [Abberton],  which  was 
held  in  King  Edward's  time  by  Siward,  a  free 
man,  as  I  (uno)  manor  and  as  i^  hides  and 
I  virgate,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Ralf  de 
Marci.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on 
the  demesne.  Then  half  a  plough  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  and  now  the  same.  Then  4 
bordars ;  now  3.  Then  i  serf ;  now  none. 
Wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  4  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  are)  4  beasts  (animalia), 

1  Count  Eustace's  predecessor. 

*  Not  Pleshey,  as  believed  by  Morant,  but  a 
tenement  in  the  Willingales  of  which  the  name  is 
now  lost  (see  my  proof  of  this  in  Essex  Arcbito- 
logual  Traniactioitt  [n.s.],  viii.  333-4,  376). 


i  oo  sheep,  30  swine,  and  2  rounceys  (runcini). 
It  is  worth  (60  shillings. 

LEGRA  [Layer  (De  La  Hay)]  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Alric,  a  free  man,  as 
2^  hides  and  i  virgate.3  Then  i£  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  ;  now  2.  Then  I  bordar  ; 
now  3.  Then  2  serfs;  now  i.  Wood(land) 
for  40  swine.  Now  I  mill.  Then  i  roun- 
cey  ;  now  2.  Then  3  beasts  (animalia) ; 
now  5.  Then  38  sheep  ;  now  146.  (There 
are)  6  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  4 
pounds  ;  now  3. 

HUNDRET  OF  ODELESFORDA  [UTTLESFORD] 

SORTEGRAVA  [Shortgrove  *]  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man.  Now 
Adelolf  (de  Merc)  holds  it  of  the  count  as 
I  (uno)  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  30  acres.5 
Then  and  afterwards  I  plough  on  the  de- 
mesne ;  now  2.  Then  and  afterwards  I 
villein  ;  now  none.  Then  and  afterwards  I 
bordar;  now  3.  Then  I  serf;  now  none. 
(There  are)  9  acres  of  meadow.  (There  are) 
3  beasts  (animalia\  2  rounceys  (runcini),  1 1 
swine,  (and)  90  sheep.  It  is  worth  40  shil- 
lings. This  land  was  seized  (occupavii)  by 
Ingelric  in  King  William's  time. 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINCFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

RIDEWELLA  [Ridgwell]  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man,  named  Goduin, 
as  I  (uno)  manor  and  as  2  hides  and  3  vir- 
gates.  Then  5  ploughs  on  the  demesne ; 
afterwards  and  now  4.  (There  are)  14 
villeins,  14  serfs,  and  3  bordars.  Wood(land) 
for  80  swine,  and  36  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  are)  22  beasts  (animalia),  44  swine, 
i  O2  sheep,  30  goats,  and  2  rounceys  (runcini). 
To  this  manor  belong  now  as  then  (adjacent 
semper)  14  sokemen  with  (de)  67^  acres,  who 
have  i^  ploughs  ;  there  are  6  acres  of  mea- 
dow. The  whole  was  then  worth  1 8  pounds ; 
afterwards  and  now  24.  The  count  holds 
this  in  demesne. 

fo.  »8b 

SORTEGRAVA  [Shortgrove*],  which  was 
held  in  King  Edward's  time  by  a  free  man  as 
i  (uno)  manor  and  as  I  hide  and  30  acres, 
is  held  of  the  count  by  Adelolf  (de  Merc).5 

8  The  name  of  the  tenant  in  1086  is  not  given. 

*  In  Newport. 

*  It  should  be  observed  that  the  assessment  of 
the  two  manors  in  Shortgrove  is  identical,  suggest- 
ing that  an  original  one  had  been  equally  divided ; 
but  the  other  figures  differ  considerably. 

6  In  Newport. 


463 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Then  I  plough  on  the  demesne  ;  now  none. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  villein  and  I  bordar. 
And  (there  is)  I  acre  of  meadow.  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  30  shillings;  now  33. 

CLARE  [Claret *]  was  held,  in  King  Ed- 
ward's time,  by  Ledmar,  a  free  man,  as  i£ 
hides  and  35  acres.  Then  5  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  afterwards  and  now  3.  Then  as 
now  (semper]  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men. 
Then  7  villeins  ;  afterwards  and  now  4. 
Afterwards  and  now  12  bordars.  Then  10 
serfs  ;  afterwards  and  now  4.  (There  are)  27 
acres  of  meadow,  (and)  I  mill.  (There  are)  3 
rounceys  (runcini),  8  beasts  (animalia),  40 
swine,  (and)  239  sheep.  To  this  manor  be- 
longs now  as  then  (semper)  a  detached  estate 
(berewita),  called  GELDEHAM  [(Little)  Yeld- 
ham],  of  2  hides  and  1 8  acres  ;  then  3  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  (and)  afterwards  and  now  2  ; 
then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men  ;  then  8  villeins,  (and)  afterwards  and 
now  6  ;  afterwards  and  now  8  bordars  ;  then 
8  serfs,  and  afterwards  and  now  6  ;  (there 
are)  1 8  acres  of  meadow.  Further  (there) 
belong  (adjacent}  to  this  manor  7  sokemen  with 
35  acres  of  land,  who  have  i  plough.  This 
manor  was  then  worth  1 8  pounds  ;  afterwards 
and  now  22.  To  this  manor  also  Ingelric 
added,  in  King  William's  time,  i  free  man, 
who  used  to  have  1 5  acres  and  i  plough  ;  and 
it  is  worth  10  shillings.  The  count  holds 
this  manor  in  demesne.* 

BELCHAM  [Belchamp  (Otton)]  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Ledmar,  a  free  man, 
as  i  hide  and  45  acres.  It  is  now  held  of  the 
count  by  Ulmar.3  Then  as  now  (semper)  1 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  2  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men,  and  4  villeins.  Then 
and  afterwards  4  bordars  ;  now  5 .  Then  and 
afterwards  4  serfs  ;  now  2.  Wood(land)  for 
20  swine,  (and)  8  acres  of  meadow.  To  this 
manor4  belong  (Jacent)  5  sokemen,  2  of 

1  Claret  Hall  manor  in  Ashen. 

2  It   should    be   observed    that,   although    the 
holder  in  King  Edward's  time  is  not  said  to  have 
held  this  estate  '  as  a  manor '   (fro  matterio),  it  is 
styled  a  '  manor '  five  times  in  the  course  of  the 
entry.     This  may  serve   to  illustrate   further  the 
absence  of  importance  to  be  attached  to  the  words 
'  pro  manerio  '   (see  my  paper  on  '  The  Domesday 
Manor '  in  English  Hist.  Rev.  xv.  293-302). 

s  In  the  1 2 1 2  Survey  of  the  Honour  of  Bou- 
logne it  is  entered  as  held  by  William  'films 
Otonis,'  from  whose  family  (on  whom  see  p.  351 
above)  it  derives  its  name. 

4  Here  again  the  omission  of  the  words  '  pro 
manerio'  is  shown  to  be  of  no  consequence  by 
this  incidental  mention  of  the  estate  as  a  manor. 


whom  were  seized  (occupavit)  by  Ingelric  in 
King  William's  time  and  were  previously 
(qui  tune  erant)  free  men  ;  6  and  they  have  35 
acres  of  land.  On  the  demesne  (are)  9  beasts 
(animalia),  2  rounceys  (runcini),  20  swine, 
(and)  100  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  40 
shillings  ;  afterwards  and  now  4  pounds. 

BUMMESTEDA  [(Steeple)  Bumpstead  6],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free 
man,  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide,  is  held  of 
the  count  by  Adelolf  de  Merc.7  Then  3 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  afterwards  and  now 
2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men,  7  villeins,  1 1  bordars,  (and)  4 
serfs.  (There  are)  15  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  are)  i  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  3  beasts 
(ammalia).  And  to  this  manor  Engelric 
added  i  free  man  (with)  3^  acres.8  It  was 
then  worth  4  pounds  ;  afterwards  and  now 
IOO  shillings. 

fo.  39 

BELCHAM  [Belchamp  (St.  Ethelbert)  ],9 
which  was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time, 
by  Etnod,  a  free  man,  as  half  a  hide  and  10 
acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Bernard. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  on  the 
demesne.  (There  are)  now  2  bordars,  2 
serfs,  4  acres  of  meadow,  i  sokeman,  with 
20  acres,  i  rouncey  (runcinus),  (and)  4  cows.10 
Then  14  swine  ;  now  none.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  50  sheep.  It  is  worth  30 
shillings. 

WESTUNA  [Weston  n],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man,  as 
30  acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Adelolf.12 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  and  4  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ; 
now  25. 

PHINCINGEFELDA  [Finchingfield],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by 
Norman  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  and 
10  acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Guy. 

6  This  is  a  passage  to  be  observed  for  its  bearing 
on  the  terms '  sokemen  '  and  '  free  men.' 

6  The  manor  of '  Gernons '  there. 

7  See  p.  344  above. 

8  This  clause  is  interlined. 

9  In  Ovington  (Morant). 

10  The  separate  mention  of  cows  is  exceptional. 

11  Entered    in    the    1212    survey    as    '  Weston 
juxta    Clare,'     probably     to    distinguish    it    from 
'  Weston    near   Beauchamp,'    a    Bigot    manor    in 
Foxearth.      The    name    of  the    count's    Weston 
has  now  disappeared  from  the  map. 

13  Adelolf  de  Merc  (see  p.  344  above). 


464 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  i  bordar,  and  I  serf.  Wood- 
(land)  for  20  swine,  and  9  acres  of  meadow. 
There  are  3  beasts (animalia)  (and)  1 9  (swine  ?).1 
It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  40. 

PHINCINGHEFELDA  [Finchingfield]  was  held 
by  Ulvric,  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's 
time.  Now  the  same  Guy  holds  it  of  the 
count  as  37  acres.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
i  plough.  Then  i  serf ;  now  2  bordars. 
Then  wood(land)  for  20  swine  ;  now  for  5. 
(There  are)  4  acres  of  meadow  (and)  i  mill. 
It  is  worth  1 6  shillings. 

SMEDETUNA  [Smeeton  (Hall)*],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free 
woman  as  I  manor  and  as  3  hides,  is  held 
of  the  count  by  Raner.  Then  4  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  ;  afterwards  and  now  2. 
Then  and  afterwards  i£  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  i.  Then  and  afterwards 
4  villeins  ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (tem- 
per) 14  bordars  and  2  serfs.  Wood(land) 
for  20  swine,  (and)  20  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  then  worth  7  pounds  ;  now  8.  These 
manors  were  held  by  Ingelric.8 

TOPESFELDA  [Toppesfield  ] ,  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man 
as  15  acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Bernard. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  (there  are)  i  villein,  and  I 
bordar.  Then  i  serf;  now  none.  Wood- 
(land)  for  10  swine,  (and)  6  acres  of  meadow. 
It  is  worth  2O  shillings. 

HUNDRET     OF     WlTBRICTESHERNA     [DENGIE] 

MELDUNA  [Maldon],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  I  free  man,  as 
i^  hides  and  30  acres,  and  afterwards  by 
Ingelric,  is  held  of  the  count  by  St.  Martin 
of  London.*  (There  were)  then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 6  bordars  and  2  serfs  and  2  ploughs. 
Wood(land)  for  30  swine,  (and)  pasture  for 
100  sheep.  On  the  demesne  (there  are)  2 
cows,6  14  swine,  (and)  100  sheep.  It  was 

fo.  »9b 

then  worth  4  pounds;  now  100  shillings. 
There  also  (In  eadem)  30  acres  were  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  i  free  man,  whom 
Ingelric  annexed — St.  Martin  holds  (it)  now 

1  The  word  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 

*  In  Hulmcr. 

8  The  count's  predecessor.  It  is  not  clear  to 
how  many  of  the  above  manors  the  phrase  ap- 
plies. 

St.  Martin-le-Grand,  Ingelric's  foundation. 

6  See  p.  464,  note  10,  above. 


of  the  count — with  (et)  another  free  man 
who  had  (de)  30  acres.  Ingelric  attached 
(pofuit)  these  men  to  his  hall.8  In  their  land 
there  is  and  was  (est  semper)  I  plough  ;  and 
it  is  worth  20  shillings. 

ULEHAM  [Uleham7],  which  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  i  free  man,  and 
by  Ingelric  afterwards,  as  i  hide,  is  held 
of  the  count  by  Robert.  It  was  then  worth 
8  shillings  and  4  pence  ;  now  14  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  LASSENDENA  [LEXDEN] 

TEIA  [(Great)  Tey]  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man  as  3$  hides. 
Now  Count  Eustace  (holds  it).  (There 
were)  then  6  villeins  ;  now  2.  Then  16 
bordars;  now  35.  Then  9  serfs  ;  now  10. 
Then  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  2. 
Then  6  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  (inter 
homines')  ;  now  4.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  1 60  swine,  (and)  2O  acres  of  meadow. 
There  are  3  rounceys  (runcini),  7  beasts 
(animalia),  68  swine,  80  sheep,  (and)  34 
goats.  To  this  manor  belongs  an  outlying 
estate  (jacet  una  berewita)  of  i^  hides  less 
IO  acres  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  i  bordar 
and  2  serfs  (were  there)  ;  then  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  (and)  now  i  ;  woodland 
for  24  swine.  And  (there  are)  in  this  manor 
17  sokemen  holding  2  hides  and  5  acres, 
which  land  is  now  held  by  16  sokemen. 
Under  them  (there  were)  6  bordars  then  as 
now  (semper)  ;  (and)  then  2  serfs,  (and)  now 
none.  Then  6  ploughs  between  them,  (and) 
now  4.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine, 
(and)  12  acres  of  meadow;  and  these  soke- 
men could  not  withdraw  themselves  (recedere) 
from  this  manor.  And  there  also  belongs 
(jacet)  to  this  manor  i  house  in  Colchester 
(colecestra).  This  manor  was  then  worth  16 
pounds  ;  and  the  same  when  received.  It  is 
now  worth  22  pounds  blanch  (Candidas).* 

There  also  (In  eadem)  5  free  men  held 
60  acres  and  28  acres  (sic),  which  (free  men) 
did  not  belong  to  (erant  de)  this  manor,  (and) 
whom  the  count  now  has  because  his  prede- 
cessor 9  was  seised  (of  them)  ;  and  the  value 
of  this  land  is  (included)  in  the  above  value 
(of  the  manor). 

BOCCHESTEDA  [Boxted]  was  held  by  Alvric 
as  4^  hides.  Now  the  count  (holds  it)  in 

*  This  phrase  is  of  importance. 

7  Now  Ulehams  farm  in  Lawling. 

8  i.e.   assayed    by   fire.     Compare   Diahgui   de 
Scaccario  [Clarendon  Press,  1902],  pp.  34-5.     But 
there  are  four  instances   here   (pp.   465-7),  not 
three  as  there  stated.  9  i.e.   Ingelric. 


465 


59 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper}  5  villeins 
and  1 8  bordars.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  none. 
Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  (and)  now 
the  same.  Then  as  now  6  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  300  swine  and  8  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  i  mill ;  now  none.  And  (there  is) 
I  sokeman,  who  could  not  withdraw  him- 
self (recedere),  holding  half  a  hide  ;  then  half 
a  plough  (was  there,  and)  now  none.  (There 
are)  2  acres  of  meadow,  13  beasts  (animalia), 
35  swine,  140  sheep,  25  goats,  (and)  3 
rounceys  (runcini).  Then  and  afterwards 

fo.  30 

it  was  worth  8  pounds ;  now  1 2  (pounds) 
blanch  (Candidas).1 

DUNULANDA  [(East)  Donyland]  was  held 
by  Edric  as  a  manor  and  as  i^  hides.  It 
is  now  held  by  the  count  in  demesne. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  10  bordars.  Then 
4  serfs  ;  now  I .  Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  i.  Then  2  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men  ;  now  i .  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  100  swine,  6  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  pasture  for  100  sheep.  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  40  shillings ;  now 
3  pounds.  On  the  demesne  are  80  sheep. 
There  also  i  free  man  held  half  a  hide, 
which  is  now  held  by  the  count  ;  but 
Ingelric  had  it,  and  the  Hundred  (court) 
knows  not  how  he  came  to  have  (habuerit)  it. 
It  is  worth  5  shillings. 

BRICCEIA  [(Great)  Birch],  which  was  held 
by  Edric  as  i  manor  and  as  3  hides,  and 
afterwards  by  Ingelric,  is  held  of  the  count 
by  Hugh.  Then  13  villeins  ;  now  6. 
Then  5  bordars;  now  17.  Then  6  serfs; 
now  4.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  2^.  Then  8  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men  ;  now  6.  There  is  wood(land) 
for  i  oo  swine  (and)  1 6  acres  of  meadow  ; 
and  (there  are)  2  houses  in  Colchester  (cole- 
cast ro)  which  belong  (jaceni)  to  this  manor, 
and  I  sokeman,  who  could  not  withdraw 
himself  (recedere),  with  (de)  13  acres;  now 
as  then  (semper]  he  has  half  a  plough.  In 
the  demesne  (were)  then  i  rouncey  (runcinus), 
now  3  ;  then  20  beasts  (animalia),  now  10  ; 
then  35  swine,  now  34  ;  then  140  sheep, 
now  1 2O  ;  then  40  goats,  now  20.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  6  pounds  ;  now 
100  shillings. 

ESTORP  [East  Thorpe],  which  was  held 
in  King  Edward's  time  by  Edric,  a  free 


1  See  p.  465,  note  8,  above. 


man,  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  25 
acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by  the  same 
(Hugh).  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  8.  Then 
4  serfs  ;  now  2.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  i.  Then  i  plough  be- 
longing to  the  men  (inter  homines)  ;  now  3. 
Wood(land)  for  30  swine,  (and)  6  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus)  and 
1 6  beasts  (animalia),  and  15  swine,  and  30 
sheep  ;  now  i  o  swine  and  i  rouncey.  It 
was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  30. 

COLUN  [Colne  (Engaine)2],  which  was 
held  by  Alvric  biga,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  as  i  virgate  and  10  acres,  is  held  of 
the  count  by  Robert.  Then  i  bordar  ; 
now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne ;  now  i  plough  belonging 
to  the  men  (inter  homines).  Then  5  serfs  ; 
now  3.  (There  are)  13  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  wood(land)  for  40  swine.  It  was 
then  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  40.  This 
Alvric  held  this  land  freely,  but  Ingelric 
had  it  after  the  king  came,  and  the  Hundred 
(court)  knows  not  how. 

DUNILANDA  [(East)  Donyland]  which  was 
held  by  Godric  of  Colchester  (col<s  castro3)  as 
25  acres,  is  held  by  the  same  (Robert).  It 
is  worth  12  pence. 

fo.   aob 

HUNDRET    OF    ANGRA    [ONGAR] 

STANFORT  [Stanford  (Rivers)]  was  held 
by  Lewin  in  King  Edward^s  time,  and 
afterwards  by  Ingelric,  as  i  manor  and  as 
9  hides.  Now  the  count  holds  it  in  demesne 
as  the  same  (pro  tantundem).  Then  as  now 
(semper)  24  villeins.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now 
17.  Then  22  serfs ;  now  16.  Then  10 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  and  when  (the 
manor)  was  received,  7  ;  now  5.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  15  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  400  swine, 
(and)  50  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  mill,  4  rounceys  (runcini),  40 
beasts  (animalia),  1 1  swine,  (and)  233  sheep. 
It  was  then  worth  24  pounds,  and  the  same 
when  received  ;  now  40  pounds  blanch 
(b/ancas).* 

There  also  (In  eadem)  a  free  man  held  40 
acres,  but  Ingelric  took  him  and  added  him 
to  this  estate  (accepit  eum  adjungens  isti  terrte)  ; 

8  Wrongly  identified  by  Morant  and  his  suc- 
cessors as  Wakes  Colne  (see  my  paper  on  '  The 
Manor  of  Colne  Engaine'  in  Essex  Arckttol.  Trans. 
[n.s.]  viii.  192-8). 

3  See  pp.  415-6  above. 

4  i.e.  assayed  by  fire  (see  p.  465,  note  8,  above). 


466 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


now  as  then  (semper)  there  is  there  half  .1 
plough  ;  wood(land)  for  20  swine  ;  it  is 
worth  now  as  then  (semper)  5  shillings. 
And  Brictwin  held  20  acres,  which  Ingelric 
added  to  his  own  land,  and  it  is  appraised  in 
the  above  (40)  pounds. 

PARVA  STANFORT  *  [(in)  Stanford  (Rivers)] 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Alvric's 
father  as  I  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  80 
acrcj.  Now  Count  Eustace  (holds  it)  for 
the  same  (fro  tantum)  as  of  Ingelric's  fee 
(feudd).  Then  3  villeins ;  and  when  (he) 
received  (it),  5  ;  now  the  same  (number). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  3  serfs.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  none.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  plough  belonging  to  the 
men.  Wood(land)  for  100  swine,  6  acres 
of  meadow,  6  beasts,  (anima/ia),  (and)  213 
sheep.  It  is  worth  40  shillings. 

Of  this  manor  Alvric  holds  of  the  count 
half  a  hide,  which  is  valued  at  10  shillings 
in  the  said  total  (pretio). 

LACAFARA  [(High  ?)  Laver  *]  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Lewin  as  I  hide 
and  40  acres  ;  and  Alwin  held  another  part 
of  that  manor  as  I  hide  and  40  acres 
(and)  as  a  manor  ;  but  Ingelric  added  (it)  to 
his  own  manor.  Now  Count  Eustace  (holds 
it)  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  7 
villeins  and  10  bordars  and  15  serfs  and  5^ 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  and  5  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.  Wood(land)  for  200 
swine,  37^  acres  of  meadow,  2  beasts 
(anima/ia),  1 1  swine,  80  sheep,  (and)  3 
rounceys  (runcini).  Then  and  afterwards  it 
was  worth  16  pounds ;  now  20  (pounds) 
blanch  (Candidas).3 

Of  this  manor  Ralf  holds  80  acres  ;  and 
(there  are)  I  villein  and  3  bordars  and  i 
plough,  and  it  is  worth  20  shillings  (which 
are  included  in  the  said  total  (pretio). 

There  also  a  free  man  held  40  acres, 
which  Ingelric  added  to  this  estate  (terra). 
It  is  now  held  of  the  count  by  Ralf,  and  is 
(included)  in  the  said  valuation,  and  it  worth 
10  shillings. 

ANGRA  [(Chipping)  Ongar]  was  held  by 
Ailida  as  i  hide  and  as  I  manor.  Now  the 
count  (holds  it)  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 

1  Compare  p.  403  above. 

1  Count  Eustace  held  both  at  High  and  at  Little 
Laver.  It  is  hardly  safe  to  distinguish  between 
the  two  in  Domesday. 

1  i.e.  assayed  by  fire. 


fo.   31 

(semper)  8  villeins  and  8  bordars  and  3  serfs 
and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  and  3  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.  Wood(land)  for 
1,000  swine,  28  acres  of  meadow,  2  rounceys 
(runcini),  10  beasts  (anima/ia),  36  swine, 
(and)  112  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  100 
shillings  ;  now  8  pounds. 

There  also  i  free  man  held  half  a  hide 
which  belonged  to  (fuit  de)  this  manor  ;  now 
Ralf  Baignard  holds  (it). 

LAGHEFARA  [(Little  ?)  Laver4],  which  was 
held  by  Brictmar  as  40  acres  and  as  I 
manor,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Richard. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  serf,  and  I  plough. 
There  are  6  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth 
10  shillings. 

LAMBURNA  [Lambourne],  which  was  held 
by  Lefsi  as  i  manor  and  as  2  hides  and 
80  acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by  David. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  villein.  Then  IO 
bordars;  now  12.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
I  serf  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i 
plough  belonging  to  the  men.  Wood(land) 
for  100  swine,  (and)  20  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  60. 
On  the  demesne  (are)  9  beasts  (antmaiia)  and 
80  sheep. 

FIFHIDA  [Fyfield],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Brictmar  as  40 
acres  and  as  I  manor,  is  held  of  the  count 
by  Richard.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  serfs 
and  i  plough  on  the  demesne.  Wood(land) 
for  24  swine,  (and)  20  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  20. 
A  free  (man)  held  10  acres,  but  Ingelric 
annexed  him  (invasit) ;  then  as  now  (semper) 

3  serfs  were  there   (and)  wood(land)  for  24 
swine,  and  4  acres  of  meadow  ;  it  was  then 
worth  5  shillings,  now  10  shillings.5 

FIFHIDA  [Fyfield],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Alwin,  as  i  manor 
and  as  80  acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by 

4  Iunan[us].'8     Then     as     now     (semper)     I 
villein.     Then   4    bordars  ;  now  6.      Then 
as  now    (semper)    2    serfs    and    i    plough   on 
the  demesne,  and   I    plough  belonging  to  the 
men.     (There  is)  wood(land)  for   50  swine, 
(and)    10   acres   of  meadow.      It  was  then 
worth  30  shillings  ;  now  40. 

*  See  note  2  above. 

6  The  entry  of  this  free  man's  holding  was 
crowded  in  subsequently. 

1  The  count's  tenant  at  Great  Parndon  (p.  462 
above). 


467 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


100  shillings  ;  now  6  pounds. 


HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD]      belonging   to  the  men.     Wood(land)  for  80 

swine.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
NEWELANDA  [Newland  (Hall)]1,  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Harold 
as  i  manor  and  as  3  hides,  is  held  of  the 
count  by  Mauger  (Malgerus).  Then  as 
now  (semper)  15  villeins,  and  7  bordars,  and 


nvy»»      i  j^nt^f^i  j       -  j 

2  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 
2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.     (There  is) 


WALTHAM  [(Little)  Waltham],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Lefstan 
as  I  manor  and  as  2  hides  and  I  virgate,  is 
held  of  the  count  by  Lambert  ;  and  Ingelric 


2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (1  here  is)  annexed  iimiasit)  this  (also).  Then  and 
wood(land)  for  100  swine  and  20  acres  of  afterwards  +  bordars .  now  7.  Then  2 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  100  shillings  ;  serfs  now  ^  Then  and  afterwards  2 
now  7  pounds.  Ingelric  annexed  (invasit)  Q'  ^  {he  demesne  .  now  ji.  Then 
this  manor,  and  the  Hundred  (court)  testifies  as  now  ^emper^  naif  a  plough  belonging  to 
that  it  belonged  to  (j'acuit  in)  Writtle  in  ^  ^^  Wood(land)  for  IO  swine,  12 
H-mo-  VA ward's  time,  and  now  Co>  acres  of  meadow>  x  rouncey  (runcinus),  8 

beasts  (animalia),    (and)    IOO  sheep.      Then 
and  afterwards   it    was  worth   50  shillings  ; 


King     Edward's     time, 
Eustace  holds  it.* 


BADWEN  [(Little)  Baddow 8]  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Lewin  as  5  hides. 
Now  Lambert  holds  (it)  of  the  count  for  the 
same  (pro  tantundem).  Ingelric  annexed  (inva- 
sit) this  land  also  after  the  coming  of  the  king. 
Then  and  afterwards  3  villeins  ;  now  none. 
Then  and  afterwards  4  bordars  ;  now  8. 
Then  and  afterwards  6  serfs  ;  now  3.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 

fo.  sib 

Then  and  afterwards  I  plough  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  none.  Wood(land)  for 
IOO  swine,  24  acres  of  meadow,  i  rouncey 


BORHAM  [Boreham],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  14  free  men  as  8 
hides  and  23  acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by 
Lambert  ;  and  Ingelric  annexed  (invasit) 
this  (also)  after  the  king  came  into  this  land. 
Under  these  men  (ipsis)  were  then  4  bordars  ; 
now  8.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  serfs  and 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  The  men  had 
then  between  them  13  ploughs  ;  when  (the 
manor  was)  received,  and  now,  2.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine  and  54  acres  of 


(runcinus),    15    beasts    (animalia),    50    swine,      meadOw.     (There   is)   now    I    mill.     There 
(and)    135    sheep.     Then   and  afterwards   it      are  !  rouncey  (runcinus),  15  beasts  (animalia), 

(and) 


was  worth  100  shillings  ;  now  6  pounds. 

RUNEWELLA   [Runwell],  which  was  held, 
in    King    Edward's    time,    by    Lefstan  as  a 

1.1  >          111  /•     ,  i 


v«— y  .j-  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  12 
pounds  ;  and  when  (the  manor  was)  received 
6  pounds  ;  now  8  (pounds). 

There  also  (In  eadem)  i  free  man  holds  5 


manor  and  as  i   hide,    is  held  of  the  count     acres,  and  it  is  worth  10  pence. 


Ranulf  Peverel  (piperellus)  claims  half  a 
hide  and  18  acres,  which  belong  to  (jacent 
ad)  the  church  of  this  manor,  and  a  moiety 
of  the  church,  and  Ingelric  was  not  seised 
(thereof) ;  but  Count  Eustace  gave  (it)  to  a 
certain  knight  of  his,  who  vouches  him  to 
warranty  for  it  (unde  revocat  earn  [sic]  ad 
RUNEWELLA  [Runwell],  jvhich  was  held,  defensorem) ;  and  (he)  also  claims  30  acres 

fo.  33 

which    used    to 


i  <  .. 

by  the  same  Lambert ;  and  Ingelric  annexed 
(invasit)  this  (also).  Then  2  bordars  ;  now 
3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough.  Wood- 
(land)  for  50  swine,  2  acres  of  meadow,  13 
beasts  (animalia),  20  swine,  (and)  36  sheep. 
It  is  worth  20  shillings. 


in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Edeva  as  I  manor 
and  as  4  hides,  is  held  of  the  count  by 
Adelolf  (de  Merc)4 ;  and  Ingelric  annexed 
(invasit)  this  (also).  Then  4  bordars;  now 
5.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  i.  Then  and  after- 
wards half  a  plough  on  the  demesne  ;  now  2^ 
(sic).  Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough 

A  manor  in  Roxwell. 


-    pay    12    pence    a   year    to 

Ranulf  Peverel's  predecessor,  says  the  Hun- 
dred (court).5 

HUNDRET  OF  TURESTAPLA  [THURSTABLE] 
TOLESHUNTA  [Tolleshunt  (Guines)6],  which 


i  A  manor  in  Roxwell.  Torbern  as  i  manor  and  as  8* 

»  This  •  manor'  appears  to  be  the  estate  spoken      was  nem   oy    i  oro  Adelolf4  (de 

under   Wriule    (p.   431  above)    as  seized  by      hides,  is  held   of  the  count  by  Adelolt     (de 


of  under  Writtle  (p.  433  above)  as  seized  by 
Ingelric  and  held  by  Count  Eustace  as  his  suc- 
cessor ;  but  it  is  there  entered  as  2  hides,  and 
its  value  is  given  differently. 

8  i.e.  the  manor  of  Bassets  or  Videlowes  there. 

*  See  p.  462,  note  5,  above. 


8  Ranulf  held  the  adjacent  manor  of  Spring- 
field. 

6  In  Tollesbury.  The  Count  of  Guines  held 
it  afterwards  of  the  Honour  of  Boulogne. 


468 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


Merc).  Then  5  villeins  ;  now  3.  Then  16 
bordars  ;  now  14.  Then  8  serfs;  now  4. 
Then  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3. 
Then  4  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
2.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  60  swine  (and) 
pasture  for  300  sheep.  Then  12  saltpans  ; l 
now  5.  There  are  2  rounceys  (runcini),  16 
beasts  (animalia),  40  swine,  (and)  400  sheep. 
It  was  then  worth  10  pounds  ;  now  100 
shillings. 

There  also  (In  eadetri)  3  free  men  held 
half  a  hide  and  i  acre  (which  is)  worth  10 
shillings. 

GOLDHANGRA  [Goldhanger],  which  was 
held  by  Elric  as  i  hide  and  15  acres,  is  held 
of  the  count  by  the  same  Adelolf  (de  Merc). 
(There  are)  now  4  bordars.  Then  2  serfs  ; 
now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough 
on  the  demesne,  (and)  now  half  a  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  Wood(land)  for  40 
swine,  3^  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  pasture  for 
50  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  2O  shillings  ; 
now  30. 

TOLESHUNTA  [Tolleshunt*],  which  was 
held  by  Almar  as  2  hides,  and  5  acres,  is  held 
by  the  count  in  demesne.  Then  3  bordars  ; 
now  5.  Then  as  now  (temper)  2  serfs  and  I 
plough  on  the  demesne,  and  I  plough  belong- 
ing to  the  men.  Wood(land)  for  100  swine, 
(and)  pasture  for  160  sheep.  (There  are)  50 
sheep.8  It  was  worth  40  shillings  then,  and 
15  shillings  when  received  ;  now  20. 

TOLESHUNTA  [Tolleshunt],  which  was  held 
by  Ulvric,  a  free  man,  as  i  manor  and  as  I 
hide  and  35  acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by  St. 
Martin.*  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  bordars 
and  I  plough.  Wood(land)  for  30  swine. 
(There  is)  I  beast  (animal).  It  is  worth  30 
shillings. 

In  BLACHAM  [  ]  4  free  men  held 

half  a  hide,  which  they  could  sell.  Count 
Eustace  holds  it  now.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
i  plough.  It  was  worth  10  shillings  (then), 
and  10  shillings  when  received  ;  now  7  shil- 
lings. 

TOLESBERIA  [Tollesbury],  which  Gud- 
mund,  a  free  man,  held  as  I  manor  and  as 

1  Of  which  the  memory  is  preserved  in  the 
name  of  the  adjacent  Salcote  (see  Introduction). 

*  In  Tollesbury.     This  was  afterwards  held  of 
the  Honour  as  i  fee  by  the  family  of  Loholt. 

*  "  past.'  clx  ov.'  1  ov."    The  rendering  is  per- 
haps doubtful. 

4  St.  Martin-le-Grand,  London. 


3  hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  the 
count  by  Alm[er]frid.     And  this  is  of  Inpjel- 
ric's  fee.     Then  4  bordars  ;   now  3.     Then 

4  serfs  ;    now   2.     Then  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne ;    now   2.     Then    as   now   (semper) 
half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men.     (There 
is)  pasture  for  100  sheep,  (and)  i  saltpan.     It 
was  then  worth  4   pounds ;  afterwards   and 
now  3. 

fo.  3>b 

HUNDRET    OF    TfiNDERINGA    [TENDRING] 

CITA  [Chiche6],  which  was  held  by  Ed- 
ward as  I  manor  and  as  3  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  and  afterwards  by  Ingelric,  is 
held  by  the  count  in  demesne.  Then  9 
villeins  ;  afterwards  and  now  7.  (There  are) 
now  2  bordars.  Then  8  serfs  ;  afterwards  and 
now  2.  Then  I  plough  on  the  demesne  ; 
and  when  (the  manor  was)  received,  none  ; 
now  i.  Then  6  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  afterwards  and  now  3.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  400  swine  and  6  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  are)  i  cow,  (and)  1 1  sheep. 
It  was  then  worth  12  pounds  ;  and  40  shillings 
when  received  ;  now  10  pounds.  To  this 
manor  belongs  (jacet)  l  outlying  estate  (btn- 
wita)  called  FRATINGA  [Frating]  of  40  acres, 
(where  is)  now  half  a  plough  ;  it  is  appraised 
above.9  And  at  BURNA  7  [  ]  there  are 

30  acres,  (where  was)  then  i  plough  ;  now  a 
half ;  it  is  worth  20  shillings.  And  in 
FRORWICA  [Frowick  (Hall)]8  are  50  acres, 
(where  were)  then  as  now  (semper)  3  bordars, 
and  i  serf,  and  i^  acres  of  meadow  ;  (there 
is)  now  I  plough  ;  wood(land)  for  1 2  swine  ; 
it  is  worth  10  shillings. 

TENDRINGA  [Tendring9]  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  Frewin  as  I  manor  and 
as  half  a  hide.  Now  the  count  holds  it  in 
demesne  for  the  same  (tantundem).  Then  as 
now  (semper)  I  villein,  and  2  bordars,  and  2 
serfs.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne ; 
afterwards  and  now  I .  Then  as  now  (semper) 
I  plough  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 

6  Now  St.  Osyth.     This  manor  is  that  of  Earl's 
Hall  there.     The    name    in    the  MS.    is   clearly 
4  Ci/a,'  as  read  in  the  Record  Commission's  edi- 
tion, which  is  an  interesting  scribal  error  ;  for  in 
the  two  other  entries  relating  to  the  place  the  name 
is  '  Cice,'  and  it  ought  to  be  '  Cica  '  here.    Such  an 
error  would  seem  to  imply  that  the  scribe  was 
copying  from  a  document  which  he  misread  (com- 
pare p.  395  above). 

•  i.e.  included  in  the  '  10  pounds.' 

7  '  Ad    Burnam.'      This    leaves    it    doubtful 
whether  '  Burna '  or  4  Burnam  '  is  intended. 

•  In  St.  Osyth  ('  Chiche  '). 

•  i.e.  the  manor  of  Old  Hall  there. 


469 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


wood(land)  for  30  swine  and  2  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini)  ;  now 
4.  Then  4  beasts  (anima lia)  ;  now  7.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2O  swine.  Then  40  sheep  ; 
now  100.  Then  14  goats  ;  now  20.  It  was 
then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  60. 

ELESFORDA  [Alresford],  which  was  held  by 
Edward  as  i  manor  and  as  2  hides  and  50 
acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Haco[n].  Then 
4  bordars  ;  now  7.  Then  6  serfs  ;  now  2. 
Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  and  when 
(the  manor  was)  received  none  ;  now  half  (a 
plough).  Then  i  plough  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  a  half.  There  is  wood(land)  for 
100  swine,  3  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  pasture 
for  2O  sheep.  It  is  worth  60  shillings. 

FRIETUNA  [Frinton],  which  was  held  by 
Harold,  in  King  Edward's  time,  as  i  manor 
and  as  3  hides,  and  was  afterwards  held  by 
Ingelric,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Ralf  de 
Marci.  Then  6  villeins  ;  now  4.  Then  3 
bordars ;  now  none.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  i . 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the 
demesne.  Then  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  half  (a  plough).  (There  is)  pas- 
ture for  60  sheep.  (There  are)  2  beasts 
(animalia),  7  -swine,  (and)  2O  sheep.  It  was 
then  worth  60  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds  and 
JO  shillings. 

BIRICHOU  [Bircho1],  which  was  held  by 
Ingelric  of  St.  Paul('s)  of  London 2  as  i 
manor  and  as  3  hides,  is  held  of  the  count  by 
Robert.3  Then  6  bordars  ;  now  8.  Then 

fo.  33 

2  serfs ;  now  I .  Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  none.  Then  i  plough  be- 
longing to  the  men  (inter  homines)  ;  now  2. 
There  is  wood(land)  for  10  swine,  (and)  pas- 
ture for  i  oo  sheep.  Then  2  rounceys  ;  now 
none.  Then  8  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  none. 
Then  13  sheep  ;  now  none.  Then  6  swine  ; 
now  none.  It  was  then  worth  60  shillings  ; 
now  4  pounds  and  7  shillings.4 

HOILANDA  [(Little)  Holland],  which  was 
held  by  Lefstan  as  i  manor  and  as  4  hides 

1  In  Kirby  ;  now,  by  corruption,  Birch  Hall. 

*  It  had  clearly  been  part  of  the  soke  of  Ead- 
wulfsness,  which  belonged  to  the  canons  of  St. 
Paul's  and  which  included  Kirby. 

3  Who  also  held  of  him  at  Colne  (Engaine). 

4  This  is  a  remarkable  instance  of  a  manor  on 
which  the  plough-teams  had  decreased  from  3  to  2, 
while  all  the  other  live  stock  had  disappeared,  being 
valued   nearly   50   per  cent    higher  than  it  was 
before  ! 


in  King  Edward's  time,  and  afterwards  by 
Ingelric,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Adelolf  (de 
Merc).  Then  n  villeins;  now  8.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  5  bordars.  Then  2  serfs  ; 
now  i.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  i.  Then  6  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  (inter  homines]  ;  now  2.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  50  swine,  (and)  pasture  for 
100  sheep.  (There  are)  13  swine,  (and)  14 
sheep.  It  was  then  worth  6  pounds  ;  now  4. 

LELEFORDA  [Lawford6],  which  was  held  by 
Alvric  in  King  Edward's  time,  and  afterwards 
by  Ingelric,  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held 
of  the  count  by  the  same  (Adelolf).  Then  4 
villeins;  now  i.  Then  7  bordars;  now  10. 
Then  4  serfs ;  now  I .  Then  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne ;  now  I .  Then  4  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men  (inter  homines)  ;  now  2. 
Wood(land)  for  I  o  swine,  6  acres  of  meadow, 
pasture  for  2OO  sheep,  4  beasts  (animalia),  80 
sheep,  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  (and)  8  swine. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  i  o  pounds. 
There  also  (In  eadem)  half  a  hide  and  30 
acres  were  held  by  3  sokemen,  whom  Ingelric 
annexed  (invasit) ;  and  Count  Eustace  now 
holds  them,6  and  the  same  Adelolf  (holds 
them)  of  him  ;  they  had  (inter  eos)  then  2 
ploughs,  now  I  ;  there  are  2  acres  of  meadow  ; 
it  is  worth  20  shillings. 

TENDRINGE  [Tendring7],  which  was  held 
by  ./Etnod  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  less  15 
acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Bernard  ;  and 
this  is  of  Ingelric's  fee  (feudo).  Then  8  vil- 
leins ;  now  6.  Now  6  bordars.  Then  6 
serfs  ;  now  I.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  3  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  200  swine,  (and)  2  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth  4  pounds. 

HuNDRET    OF    UDELESFORT    [UTTLESFORD] 

CRISTESHALA  [Chreshall]  was  held  by  Ing- 
war  8  as  i  manor  and  as  6  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time.  Now  Count  Eustace  holds 
it  in  demesne  (as)  of  Ingelric's  fee  (feudo). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  32  villeins.  Then  6 
bordars  ;  now  13.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6 

fo.  33b 

serfs  and  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  1 6 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  There  is 
wood(land)  for  20O  swine,  and  8  acres  of 

5  i.e.  Dale  Hall  in  Lawford. 

6  Compare  p.  43  5  above,  where  Ingelric's  aggres- 
sions at  Lawford  are  differently  stated. 

7  i.e.  Old  Hall  in  Tendring. 

8  See  Introduction,"  p.  352. 


4/0 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


meadow.  There  are  I  rouncey  (runcinus), 
40  swine,  I  50  sheep,  24  goats,  and  4  hives 
of  bees.  Then  as  now  (semper]  it  was  worth 

1 5  pounds.     To  this  manor  belong  2  soke- 
men  with  (de)  8  acres,  and    I   sokeman  with 
(de)  8   acres  whom   (quern)  Ingelric   annexed 
(occupavit)  in  King  William's  time  ;  on  (in) 
those  8  acres  are  4  bordars,  and  (this)  is  worth 

1 6  pence.     To    this    manor    there   used    to 
belong  (attinebat),  in  King  Edward's  time,  I 
sokeman  with  (de)  3   virgates,   who  is   now 
held  by  William    Cardun    (as  belonging)  to 
the  fief  (feudum)  of  G[eoffrey]   de  '  Magna 
Villa,'1  and  (who)  used  to  pay  2  pence  a  year. 

CISHELLA  [(Little)  Chishall],  which  was 
held  by  Sired,  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  as  a  manor  and  as  6  hides  and  30  acres, 
is  held  of  the  count  by  Guy.*  Then  5  vil- 
leins ;  now  6.  Then  3  bordars  ;  now  5. 
Now  as  then  (semper)  6  serfs  and  3  ploughs  on 
the  demesne,  and  5  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men,  and  8  acres  of  meadow.  (There  are) 
24  swine,  (and)  250  sheep.  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  100  shillings  ;  and  now  6 
pounds. 

CISHELLA  [(Little)  Chishall]  was  held  by 
Godric,  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's  time. 
Now  the  same  Guy  holds  it  of  the  count 
as  I  manor  and  as  2$  hides.  It  is  worth 
60  shillings. 

There  also  (In  eadem)  I  free  man  held  half 
a  hide  which  Ingelric  seized  (occupavit)  in 
King  William's  time  ;  and  now  Anselm 
(Enseimus)  holds  it  of  the  count.  In  that 
land  are  and  were  (sunt  semper)  2  bordars  and 
i  plough  and  2  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth 
10  shillings. 

ELM[ER]DUNA  [Elmdon],  which  was  held 
by  Almar,  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  is  held  of  the  count  by  Roger  de 
Sumeri.  And  Ingelric  seized  (occupavit)  this 
manor  in  King  William's  time.  Now  as 
then  (semper)  there  are  14  hides,3  and  26 
villeins  and  1 5  bordars.  Then  1 2  serfs  ;  now 
none.  Then  6  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  and 
3  when  (the  manor  was)  received  ;  now  4. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  10  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  250 
swine,  (and)  7  acres  of  meadow.  (There 
are)  2O  swine,  (and)  288  sheep.*  It  was  then 

1  He  held  of  Geoffrey  the  adjoining  manor  of 
Great  Chishall. 

*  This  was  Guy  '  the  Angevin,'  who  was  the 
under-tenant  of  the  count  on  his  Norfolk  manors. 

3  This  formula  is,  in  Essex,  quite  abnormal. 

4  <<  cc  ov'  et  Ixxxviii  ov*."     The  use  of  this 


worth  1 6  pounds,  and  (the  same)  when  re- 
ceived ;  now  2O  pounds. 

LEA  [Leebury5],  which  was  held  by  Bric- 
tulf,  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's  time,  as  a 
manor  and  as  2^  hides,  was  afterwards  held 

to.  34 

by  Ingelric.  Now  the  same  Roger  (holds  it) 
of  the  count.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5  vil- 
leins. Then  I  bordar;  afterwards  and  now 
8.  Then  4  serfs ;  now  none.  Then  3 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  afterwards  and  now 

2.  Then  4  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ; 
and  3  when  (the  manor  was)  received  ;    and 
now  the  same  (similiter).     Wood(land)  for  50 
swine.     Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  4 
pounds;  now  I OO  shillings. 

CRAWELSA  [Crawleybury '],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Lefsi,  a 
free  man,  as  30  acres,  and  was  seized  by 
Ingelric  afterwards,  is  held  of  the  count  by 
the  same  Roger.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
bordars.  Then  I  serf.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) i  plough.  (There  are)  2  acres  of  meadow. 
It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  FROSSEWELLA*  [FRESH- 
WELL] 

BENEDISC  [Bendish  (Hall)8]  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Ledmar  the  priest 9 
as  a  manor  and  as  4^  hides.  Ingelric  held 
(it)  afterwards.  Now  the  count  (holds  it)  in 
demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  8  villeins, 
and  3  bordars,  and  8  serfs,  and  4  ploughs  on 
the  demesne.  Then  4  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men  (inter  homines) ;  afterwards  and  now 

3.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine  and 
8  acres  of  meadow.     (There  are)  28  swine, 
(and)  1 1 2  sheep.    And  I  sokeman  held  I  acre 
and  I  rood  (pertic[atam§  ;    Ingelric  annexed 
(invasit)  him,  and  now  the  count  holds  (him). 
The  whole  was  then  worth  1 1  pounds  ;  now 
12. 

NEWHAM  [Newenham lo]  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  Alsi  as  I  hide  ;  Ingelric 
held  (it)  afterwards.  Now  the  count  holds 
(it)  in  demesne.  Then  6  villeins  ;  now  9. 
Then  2  bordars  ;  afterwards  and  now  7. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  6  serfs  and  3  ploughs 

cumbrous  phrase  may  be  due  to  the  fact  that 
«cc'  meant  240,  being  reckoned  by  'the  long 
hundred.' 

5  In  Elmdon. 

•  In  Chreshall. 

1  '  Hund"  de  Frossewella  dimidium  '  (tit). 

8  In  Radwinter.  »  See  p.  348  above. 

10  A  manor  in  Ashdon. 


471 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


on  the  demesne.  Then  4  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  afterwards  and  now  3.  There 
is  wood(land)  for  20  swine  and  5  acres  of 
meadow.  There  are  14  swine,  56  sheep, 
(and)  i  rouncey  (rundnus).  To  this  manor 
belonged  (fuerunt)  5  sokemen  holding  half  a 
hide  and  35  acres,  who  could  not  leave  their 
soke  (remanentes  cum  soca  l)  ;  3  ploughs  (were 
there)  then  ;  afterwards  and  now  2  ;  (there 
are)  5  acres  of  meadow.  (The  whole)  was 
then  worth  n  pounds  ;  now  12. 

BIRDEFELDA  [(Little)  Bardfield],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Norman  as 
2  hides  and  I  virgate,  and  afterwards  by 
Ingelric,  who  annexed  him  (et  invasit  eum\  is 
held  of  the  count  by  Adolof  (de  Merc). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  6  villeins.  Then  and 
afterwards  I  bordar  ;  now  12.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  serfs  and  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  200  swine  and  49  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  are)  5  beasts  (animalia),  25 
swine,  2  hives  of  bees,  30  goats,  (and)  I 


fo. 


rouncey  (rundnus).  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
mill.  Now  i  fishery.  It  was  then  worth  8 
pounds  ;  now  I  O  pounds. 

HUNDRET    OF    ROCHEFORT    [RoCHFORD] 

SCOPELANDA  [Shopland]  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man  as  5  hides. 
Ingelric  held  (it)  afterwards.  Now  Count 
Eustace  (holds  it)  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  5  villeins  and  2  sokemen  ;  and  their 
lord  used  to  have  '  soc  and  sac  '  (et  dominus 
forum  habebat  socam  et  sacam)?  Then  as  now 
(semper)  9  bordars,  and  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne,  and  5  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  40  swine,  (and) 
pasture  for  400  sheep.  (There  are)  2  beasts 
(animalia),  54  sheep,  14  swine,  13  goats,  (and) 
3  rounceys  (runcini).  It  was  then  worth  6 
pounds  ;  now  I  O.  There  also  I  free  man 
held  half  a  hide  and  30  acres,  which  (quod] 
Ingelric  seized  (occupavit)  ;  then  as  now 
(semper)  I  plough  (was  there)  and  3  bordars  ; 
and  this  is  appraised  as  part  of  the  (in)  10 
pounds.8 

1  The    rendering    of  this    difficult    phrase  can 
only  be  conjectural. 

2  This  is  an  important  phrase,  but  its  meaning 
is  somewhat  uncertain. 

3  Here    again    is    a   manor    which    has    nearly 
doubled  its  value,  though  the  plough-teams  have 
not   increased.     The   addition   to   it  of  the  rela- 
tively small  estate  seized   by   Ingelric  seems  quite 
insufficient  to  account  for  the  rise. 


fo.  35 

XXI.  THE  LAND  OF  COUNT  ALAN* 

HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 

EPPINGA  [Epping]  was  held,  in  King  Ed- 
ward's time,  by  Wisgar,  a  free  man,  as  i 
manor  and  as  i^  hides  and  half  a  virgate. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  half  a  plough  belonging  to  the 
men,  and  2  villeins  and  2  bordars.  There  is 
wood(land)  for  100  swine  (and)  8  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings, 
now  30.  This  manor  is  held  of  the  count 
by  Osbern. 

HUNDRET  OF  DOMMAUA  [DUNMOW] 

ULINGHEHALA  [Willingale  (Spain)],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Edeva5 
as  I  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  i^  virgates, 
is  held  of  the  count  by  Hervey  ('  de  Ispania  '). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne,  and  i^  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men,  and  4  villeins,  and  8  bordars,  and  4 
serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  250  swine, 
(and)  12  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then 
worth  60  shillings  ;  now  100. 

CANEFELDA  [(Great)  Canfield],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Edeva  B  as  I 
hide  and  30  acres,  is  held  of  the  count  by 
Aubrey  (Albericus)  de  Ver.6  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  plough  on  the  demesne,  and  i£ 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Then  3  vil- 
leins ;  now  I .  Then  5  bordars  ;  now  I  O. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and) 
48  acres  of  meadow,  counting  meadow  and 
marsh  (inter  pratum  et  maresc^).  Then  as 
now  (semper)  it  was  worth  60  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGHAFORT  [HINCKFORD] 

PHINCINGEFELDA  [Finchingfield8],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  3  free 
men,  under  Edeva,5  as  2^  hides,  is  held  of  the 
count  by  Hervey  ('  de  Ispania ').  Then  as 
now  (semper)  5  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 
7  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  3  vil- 
leins, and  50  (sic9)  bordars,  (and)  5  serfs. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  160  swine,  (and) 
1 6  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  100 
shillings  ;  now  8  pounds. 

4  Of  Brittany  (see  Introduction,  p.  350).    This 
heading  is  in  large  lettering. 

5  Edith  '  the  fair  '  (see  Introduction). 

G  Who  also  held  Canfield  as  a  tenant  in  chief 
(see  p.  532  below). 

7  This  is  an  unusual  phrase. 

8  i.e.  the  manor  of  Spain's  Hall  there. 

9  The  number  is  suspiciously  large. 


472 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


IN  BUMESTEDA  [(Steeple)  Bumpstead]  i 
knight  (miles)  holds  7^  acres,  which  were 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  sokeman 
under  Edeva,6  and  i|  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  then  worth  2  shillings  ;  now  3. 

In  GERHAM  [  ]  are  42  acres  which 

were  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free 

fo.  356 

man.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough,  and 
3  bordars.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  i.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  1 5  swine,  (and)  5  acres  of 
meadow  ;  now  i  mill.  It  was  then  worth 
20  shillings,  (and)  now  25. 

In  PHINCINGEFELDA  [Finchingfield]  the 
count  holds  in  demesne  38^  acres,  which 
were  held  by  2  sokemen  and  i  free  man  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
half  a  plough,  and  2  bordars,  and  2  acres  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  5  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  ANGRA  [ONGAR] 

ROINGES  [(Beauchamp)  Roding],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Lewin  and 
Etsi  as  a  manor  and  as  1 1  hides,  is  held  of  the 
count  by  Aubrey  (A 'Ibericus)  de  Ver.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  villeins,  and  13  bordars, 
and  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  200  swine,  (and)  50  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  then  worth  4  pounds  ;  afterwards  and 
now  100  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA  [TENDRING] 

BENETLEA  [(Little)  Bentley],  which  was 
held  by  Elwin  as  42^  acres  freely  (libere),  is 
held  of  the  count  by  Hervey  'de  Ispania.' 
This  land  was  held  by  Earl  Rfalf].1  Then 
as  now  (semper)  3  villeins,  and  half  a  plough, 
and  I  acre  of  meadow.  (There  is)  wood(Iand) 
for  6  swine.  It  is  worth  3  shillings.  The 
same  (Iste  idem)  held  half  a  hide.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  4  villeins  (were  there),  and  I 
plough.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  6  swine, 
(and)  half  an  acre  of  meadow.  It  is  worth 
10  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  UDELESFORDA  [UTTLESFORD] 
MONEHALA    [Manhall*],   which   was  held 

1  Ralf,  Earl  of  Norfolk,  whom  Count  Alan  had 
succeeded  similarly  in  Norfolk,  in  sundry  manors, 
after  his  forfeiture  (fos.  144,  147,  149). 

1  In  (Saffron)  Waldcn.  The  name  was  pre- 
served in  '  Manhall  wood,'  which  forms  a  promi- 
nent feature  on  Chapman  and  Andre's  map 
(1772-4)  but  which  is  now  reduced  to  the 
southern  portion  of  Little  Chesterford  Park  as 
'  Emanuel  wood  '  (Ordnance  map)  ! 


by  Siward  as  i  hide,  is  held  of  the  count  by 
the  same  H[ervey].  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
villeins.  Then  i  serf;  now  none.  Now  I 
bordar.  Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough. 
There  are  7  acres  of  meadow,  and  two-thirds 
of  a  mill.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

HALF  HUNDRET   OF   FROSSEWELLA   [FRESH- 
WELL] 

In  RODA  [Rothe  (End)3]  the  same  (Hervey) 
holds  30  acres,  which  were  held  by  Edeva.6 
Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough.  There 
is  wood(land)  for  8  swine  and  2^  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  5  shillings ; 
now  10. 

In  STAVINTUNA  [Stevington  (End)4]  Edeva6 
held  5  acres,  which  Hervey  holds.  It  is 
worth  2  shillings. 

fo.  36 

XXII.  THE  LAND  OF  WILLAM  DE 
WARENNA  IN  ESSEX 

HUNDRET  OF  BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLE] 

UPHAM  [  ]  was  held,  in  King  Ed- 

ward's time,  by  a  certain  woman,  Edeva,  as 
half  a  hide  arid  30  acres.  Now  William 
(holds  it)  in  demesne.  It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

TILIBERIA  [Tilbury  6],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Sueting,  a  free  man, 
as  30  acres,  is  held  of  William  by  Ranulf. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  bordar.  (There  is) 
pasture  for  40  sheep,  (and)  i  acre  of  meadow. 
It  was  then  worth  7  shillings  ;  now  14. 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 

OUESHAM  [Housham  (Hall)7],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Holefest,  a  free 
man,  as  i  manor  and  as  I  hide  and  3  virgates, 
is  held  of  W[illiam]  by  Richard.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  I.  Then  3^ 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  5.  Then 
6  villeins  ;  now  IO.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
bordars.  Then  3  serfs  ;  now  I.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  50  swine,  and  10  acres  of 
meadow.  When  (the  manor  was)  received 
there  were  5  beasts  (animalia\  i  calf,  and  40 
swine,  (and)  40  sheep.  Now  6  beasts,  and 
50  swine,  90  sheep,  (and)  3  hives  of  bees.  To 
this  manor  (has  been)  added,  in  King  William's 
time,  i  virgate,  which  was  held,  in  King  Ed- 
ward's time,  by  Ulvric,  a  free  man  ;  then  half 
a  plough  (was  there)  ;  now  none.  Then  as 

8  In  Ashdon,  i  J  miles  south  of  the  village. 

4  In  Ashdon.  6  See  p.  472,  note  5. 

0  The  exact  manor  has  not  been  ascertained. 

7  In  Matching. 


473 


60 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


now  (semper)  i  bordar  ;  (there  is)  wood(land) 
for  10  swine,  (and)  2  acres  of  meadow  ;  it 
was  then  worth  4  shillings  ;  now  6.  And 
the  manor  was  then  worth  6  pounds  ;  now  7. 

CUICA  [Quick  (Bury)1],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Alwin  '  Godtuna,'  2 
as  3  hides,  is  held  of  William  by  the  same 
Richard.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne.  Then  3^  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  3.  Then  7  villeins  ;  now 
6.  Now  6  bordars.  Then  5  serfs  ;  now  2. 
(There  are)  20  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  mill.  Then  47  sheep  ;  now  52; 
and  2  colts  (pulli).  It  is  worth  100  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    DoMMAUA    [DuNMOWJ 

ESTANES  [(Great)  Easton3]  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Duna,4  a  free  woman, 
as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides.  Now  William 
(holds  it)  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  4  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  2.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  4  villeins.  Then  3  bordars  ; 
now  8.  Then  3  serfs  ;  now  2.  (There  was) 
then  wood(land)  for  200  swine  ;  now  for 
150.  (There  are)  52  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  i  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  7  beasts 
(anima/ia),  and  60  swine,  and  60  sheep. 
Now  i  rouncey,  23  beasts,  20  swine,  70 
sheep,  (and)  4  hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth 
100  shillings. 

fo.  36b 

CANEFELDA  [(Little)  Canfield]  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  2  free  men  as  2 
hides  less  8  acres.  Now  William  (holds  it) 
in  demesne.  Then  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  2.  Then  8  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  6.  Then  i  priest  and  9  villeins  ; 
now  I  priest  and  7  villeins.  Then  3  bor- 
dars ;  now  1  7.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  serfs. 
Now  i  mill.  (There  was)  then  wood(land) 
for  1  60  swine  ;  now  for  120.  There  are  70 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  i  rouncey  (rundnus), 
and  8  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  100  swine,  and 
200  sheep.  Now  I  rouncey,  15  beasts,  50 
swine,  70  sheep  and  9  goats.  It  was  then 
worth  8  pounds  ;  now  9.* 


1   In  Sheering.     Alias  Cowick  Bury. 

8  He  had  held  land  in  Stanstead  and  its  neigh- 
bourhood, across  the  Hertfordshire  border,  to  the 
west. 

3  i.e.  the  manor  of  Blamsters  there.     Wrongly 
identified   by  Morant  as  Little   Easton   (compare 
Introduction,  p.  393). 

4  Or  perhaps  '  Duua.' 

5  Here  is  a  manor  on  which  the  plough-teams 


RODINGES  [(High)  Roding],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  the  Abbot 
of  Ely  as  i  manor  and  as  2^  hides,  is  held  of 
William  by  William  de  Wateville.6  Then 
as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  i 
priest  and  8  villeins.  Then  12  bordars;  now 
1 1 .  Then  as  now  (semper)  7  serfs.  Wood- 
(land)  for  300  swine,  (and)  42  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  rounceys 
(runcini),  8  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  120  sheep. 
(There  are)  now  7  swine.  It  was  then  worth 
10  pounds;  and  when  (the  manor  was)  re- 
ceived, 12  ;  now  1 8. 

RODINGES  [(Leaden)  Roding],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  a  free 
woman  as  i  manor  and  as  2^  hides,  is  held 
of  William  by  Walter.  And  now  there  are 
3^  hides.7  Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  2  ;  and  when  (the  manor  was)  received 
3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  belong- 
ing to  the  men.  Then  3  villeins  ;  now  I 
priest  and  4  villeins.  Then  4  bordars  ;  now 
13.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  2.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  50  swine,  (and)  30  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  are)  now  4  beasts  (animalia), 
and  40  swine,  83  sheep,  (and)  i  hive  of  bees. 
It  is  worth  8  pounds.  And  that  hide  which 
is  added  to  this  belonged  (adjacebat),  in  King 
Edward's  time,  to  the  abbey  of  Ely,  as  the 
Hundred  (court)  testifies. 

DOMMAUA  [Dunmow8],  which  was  held 
by  Earl  ./Elfgar9  (Algarus\  in  King  Edward's 
time,  as  half  a  hide,  is  held  of  William  by 
Guibert.  Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough 
on  the  demesne.  Now  3  bordars.  Then  3 
serfs  ;  now  none.10  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  40  swine,  and  7  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
10  swine,  and  30  sheep  ;  now  9  beasts 
(anima/ia),  30  swine,  80  sheep,  1 2  goats,  (and) 
8  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  20 
shillings  ;  and  when  received,  30  shillings  ; 
now  35  shillings. 


have  decreased  from  12  to  8,  and  the  woodland  has 
considerably  diminished,  while  the  swine  and  sheep 
have  been  greatly  reduced  in  number.  Yet  its 
total  value  is  entered  as  greater  than  it  was. 

8  He  and  his  wife  held  several  manors  of 
William  de  Warenne  in  what  is  now  Brighton 
and  its  neighbourhood. 

7  This  increase  is  explained  at  the  end  of  the 
entry. 

8  i.e.  the  manor  of  Southall  there. 

9  Of  Mercia,  son  of  Earl  Leofric. 

10  This  looks  like  a  clear  case  of  the  conversion 
of  serfs  into  bordars. 


474 


THE    HOLDERS   OF    LANDS 


fo.  37 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  CLAVELINGA  [CLAVERING] 

PACHEN  HOU  [Payton  Hall1],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man 
as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide  and  30  acres,  is  held 
of  William  by  Simond.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) i  plough  on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  Then  and  afterwards 
3  villeins  ;  now  2.  Then  and  afterwards 
3  bordars ;  now  7.  (There  are)  7  acres 
of  meadow.  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinui)  and 

9  swine.     Now  I  rouncey,  9  swine,  and  40 
sheep.    It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ;  now 
25- 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

In  HALTESTEDA  [Halstead*]  William  dc 
Gar[enne]  holds  2  hides  less  4  acres,  which 
were  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  30 
free  men.8  In  that  land  there  are  and  were 
(iunt  semper)  10  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 
3  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  8  vil- 
leins, and  23  bordars,  and  6  serfs.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  1 40  swine,  and  46  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  are)  2  mills.  Then  6 
beasts  (animaiia),  40  sheep,  (and)  12  swine. 
Now  14  beasts,  36  sheep,  2O  swine,  2  roun- 
ceys, (and)  2  hives  of  bees.  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  i  o  pounds ;  now  1 3 
pounds  17  shillings  and  4  pence.  Of  this 
land  Richard  holds  34  acres,  and  it  is  worth 

10  shillings  in  the  above  valuation  (pretio). 

In  BUMESTEDA  [(Steeple)  Bumpstead  4]  Gul- 
bert  holds6  3  hides  and  18  acres,  which  were 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  1 2  free  men.6 
In  that  land  are  and  were  (sunt  semper)  9 
ploughs,  and  3  villeins,  and  18  bordars,  and 
5  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(Iand)  for  20  swine, 
(and)  40  acres  of  meadow.  Then  i  rouncey 
(runcinus),  40  sheep,  (and)  30  swine.  Now 
I  rouncey,  16  beasts  (anima/ia),  100  swine, 
i  oo  sheep,  (and)  4  hives  of  bees.  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  10  pounds ;  now  12. 

1  In  Manuden  ;  styled  '  Pakenhoo-hall  '  in 
15*4. 

The  manor  of  Hipworth  Hall  therein. 

*  The  very  large  number  of  its  former  tenants 
should  be  observed  ;  also  the  low  assessment,  and 
the  abnormal  proportion  of  the  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  to  those  of  the  men,  a  result  of  its  former 
tenure. 

4  i.e.  Moyns  manor  therein. 

»  i.e.  of  William. 

6  Here  again  the  number  of  former  holders  is 
large,  though  the  case  is  less  extreme  than  in  the 
Halstead  case. 

7  In  Pebmarsh. 


In  POLHEIA  [Polhey7]  William  holds  3^ 
hides  and  13  acres.  Of  this  land  25  acres 
are  held  by  Richard,  and  3  virgates  by 
Gladiou.  The  whole  estate  (terra)  was  held 
by  23  men  in  King  Edward's  time.6  Then 
they  had  10  ploughs  ;  afterwards  (there  were), 
and  are  there  now  8  ploughs.  (There  are) 
now  6  bordars.  Then  7  serfs ;  now  none5  (sic). 
(There  is)  now  I  mill.  (There  was)  then 
wood(land)  for  60  swine  ;  now  for  40,  (with) 
30  acres  of  meadow.  (There  were)  8  beasts 
(anima/ia),  2O  swine,  (and)  20  sheep  ;  now 
12  beasts,  30  swine,  60  sheep,  (and)  2  hives 
of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  I  o  pounds  ;  now 

fo.  376 

14  pounds  and  16  shillings.     William  claims 
(that  he  obtained)  these  lands  by  exchange.8 

HUNDRET  OF  CEFFEURDA  [CHAFFORD] 

KELITUNA  [Kenningtons 9]  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  3  free  men  as  4  hides. 
Now  William  (holds  it)  for  the  same  (tantun- 
dem)  by  exchange,  as  he  says  ;  and  Wlbert 
(holds  it)  of  him.  Then  i  villein  ;  now  7. 
Now  i  bordar.  Then  3  serfs ;  now  i. 
Then,  in  all  (inter  Mum 10),  3  ploughs  ;  now 
i^.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine, 
and  8  acres  of  meadow.  Then  2  beasts 
(anima/ia),  and  1 5  swine,  (and)  2O  sheep  ; 
now  2  beasts,  15  swine,  and  50  sheep.  It 
was  then  worth  n  shillings  ;  and  when  (the 
manor  was)  received,  30  ;  now  97  shillings.1* 
Ranulf  (sic)  has  also  half  a  hide,  which  was 
held  by  Ulwin,  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's 
time  ;  then  i  plough  (was  there) ;  now  a  half. 
It  is  worth  6  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 

HANINGEFELDA  [(West)  Hanningfield]  was 
held  by  3  free  men  as  3  manors  and  as  4 
hides  and  27  acres.  Now  William  holds  it 
for  the  same  (tantundem),  by  his  exchange  ; 
and  Ulbert  holds  it  of  him.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  3  bordars  and  2  serfs.  Then  3 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  4.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  40  swine,  2  acres  of  meadow, 
and  pasture  for  I  oo  sheep.  Then  2  rounceys 
(runtini),  and  12  beasts  (animaiia),  60  sheep, 
(and)  40  swine  ;  now  2  rounceys,  30  beasts, 

8  '  Istas  terras  rcclamat  Willelmus  pro  escangio.' 
This  probably  refers  to  the  lands  at  Bumpstead  and 
Polhey.      William's  persistent  reference   to   'ex- 
change '  as  the  source  of  his  title  should  be  ob- 
served. 

9  In  Aveley  (see  p.  490,  note  10). 

10  This  probably  means  those  on  the  demesne 
and  the  others  taken  together. 

11  The  figure  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 
u  "  c  sol*  iii  tol'  minus." 


475 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


100    sheep,    (and)    15    swine.     It   was    then 
worth  60  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 

HANINGEFELDA  [(West)  Hanningfield], 
which  was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by 
Godric  scipri  as  I  manor  and  as  2  hides  less 
30  acres,  is  held  of  William  by  Ranulf.  Then 
2  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
plough.  (There  are)  3  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  then  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  40. 

BORHAM  [Boreham],  which  was  held  by 
Anschill  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide,  is  held 
by  William  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) i  bordar.  Then  i  serf ;  now  none. 
Then  i  plough  ;  now  a  half.  (There  are)  5 
acres  of  meadow.  Wood(land)  for  20  swine. 
It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

BELESTEDA  [Belstead  (Hall)  *],  which  was 
held  by  Godric  poinc  as  a  manor  and  as  I 
hide  less  10  acres,  is  held  of  William  by 
Richard.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  i.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  I.  (There 
are)  6  acres  of  meadow.  Wood(land)  for  20 
swine.  It  is  worth  40  shillings. 

fo.  38 
HUNDRET    OF    UoELESFORT    [UTTLESFORD] 

WENDENA  [(Little)  Wenden],  which  was 
held  by  Uhnar  as  a  manor  and  as  i^  hides 
and  30  acres,  is  held  of  William  by  Richard. 
And  this  is  (William's)  by  exchange  (pro 
escangio).  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  villeins 
and  7  bordars.  Then  and  afterwards  i 
plough  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i£.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i^  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  (There  are)  16  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  1 7  swine  ;  now  none.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  50  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  40 
shillings  ;  now  60. 

EINESWRDA     [Eynsworth  *],    which     was 

1  In  Broomfield. 

8  Morant  identifies  this  as  Wood  Hall  in  Arkes- 
den,  but  the  Arkesden  manors  are  difficult  to  dis- 
tinguish, and  their  names  have  been  changed  or 
lost.  I  have  had  to  ascertain  their  identity  through 
charters  entered  in  the  cartulary  of  (Saffron)  Wai- 
den  (Harl.  MS.  3697).  We  have  there  a  grant 
by  Ralf  de  Arden,  Kt.,  in  24  Hen.  III.  (1239-40) 
of  '  totum  tenementum  de  Eynesworth  in  parochia 
de  Arkesden  de  feodo  domini  Comitis  Warennae  ' 
(fo.  140),  references  to  the  '  capella  de  Eynes- 
worth' and  its  endowment  (fos.  I34d,  139),  and 
lastly  mention  of  an  acre  of  meadow  '  in  villa  de 
Eynesworth,'  abutting  on  the  road  from  Arkesden 
to  'Wyggefosse'  (fo.  13 3d).  Now  '  Wyggefosse  ' 
can  be  definitely  identified  as  another  manor  in 
Arkesden,  which  appears  in  Domesday  as  '  Wigghe- 
pet '  and  which  is  now  represented  by  Rockell's. 


held  by  Ulmar  as  a  manor  and  as  2^  hides, 
is  held  (of  William)  by  the  same  R[ichard]. 
Then  4  villeins  ;  now  3.  Then  3  bordars  ; 
now  8.  Then  2  serfs.  Then  i^  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  ;  and  none  (nichlf)  when 
(the  manor  was)  received  ;  now  \\  ploughs. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i\  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men.  (There  are)  10  acres  of 
meadow.  There  was  no  stock  on  the 
manor  when  received  (Tune  nichil  recepit)  ; 
now  (there  are)  32  swine,  52  sheep,  2  beasts 
(anima/ia),  and  3  hives  of  bees.  It  was 
then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  60. 

In  CISHELLA  [(Great)  Chishall4]  8  free 
men  held  i  hide  and  45  acres.5  Now 
William  de  War[enne]  (holds  it)  by  ex- 
change ;  and  the  same  R[ichard]  of  him. 
Then  3  ploughs  ;  now  2  ;  and  when  (it 
was)  received,  none  (nichil).  (There  are)  2 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  30  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

In  PACHESHAM  [Paglesham e]  William 
de  Gar[enne]  7  holds  in  demesne  I  hide, 
which  was  held  by  i  free  man  in  King 
Edward's  time.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
plough  on  the  demesne.  Then  4  serfs  ; 
now  3.  (There  is)  pasture  for  100  sheep. 
It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

In  PLUMBERGA  [Plumberow 8]  Ranulf 
holds  of  W[illiam]  30  'acres,  which  were 
held  by  i  free  man  in  King  Edward's  time. 
Then  half  a  plough  ;  now  i.  Then  (it 
was  worth)  5  shillings  ;  now  10.  He  claims 
(that  he  obtained)  these  estates  in  exchange 
for  (lands  in)  Normandy.9 

HUNDRET  OF  LEXSENDENA  [LEXDEN] 

In  FORHAM  [Fordham]  Alvric  held  freely 
(libere)  25  acres.  Now  William  holds  them 
in  virtue  of  the  same  exchange  (pro  eodem 

Consequently  the  road  spoken  of  is  that  along  the 
Wenden  Water,  and  '  Eineswrda,'  therefore,  can- 
not have  been  Wood  Hall,  and  is  probably  repre- 
sented by  Chardwell  (see  also  p.  391,  note  2 
above). 

3  The  figure  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 

4  i.e.  the  manor  of  Tewes  or  Lisles  there. 

6  Here  again  William  is  found  in  possession  of 
an  estate  which  had  been  held  by  a  number  of 
free  men,  and  alleging  exchange  as  his  title. 

6  i.e.  the  manors  of  East  Hall  and  South  Hall 
therein. 

7  i.e.  Warenne. 

8  In  Hockley. 

9  '  has   terras  reclamat  pro  escangio  de   Nor- 
mannia.' 


476 


THE    HOLDERS   OF    LANDS 


tscangio).  Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a 
plough.  (There  are)  i£  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  6 
shillings  and  8  pence.  This  land  is  of  the 
king's  soke  (socna). 

to.  38b 

XXIII.    THE   LAND   OF   RICHARD 
SON   OF   COUNT   GILBERT1 

HUNDRET    OF    HERLAUA    [HARLOW] 

WALLA  [Wallbury  ?  *],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Toti,  a  free 
man,  as  i  manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held 
by  Richard  in  demesne.  Then  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne ;  now  i.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men. 
Then  2  bordars ;  now  6.  Then  2  serfs ; 
now  none.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  100 
swine,  (and)  24  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
then  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  40. 

HUNDRET  OF  DOMMAWA  [DUNMOW] 

TACHESTEDA  [Thaxted]  was  held  by 
Wisgar8  in  King  Edward's  time.  Now 
R[ichard]  (holds  it)  in  demesne  as  I  manor 
and  as  9^  hides.  Then  8  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  7.  Then  34  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men  ;  now  18.  Then  55 
villeins ;  now  52.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
24  bordars  and  16  serfs.  (There  was)  then 
woodland  for  1 ,000  swine ;  now  for  800. 
There  are  120  acres  of  meadow.  Then  i 
mill  ;  now  2.  The  stock  could  be  increased 
by  1 6  ploughs.4  Then  as  now  (semper)  4 
rounceys  (runcini),  and  36  beasts  (anima/ia), 
(and)  128  swine.  Then  200  sheep  ;  now  320. 
Then  10  hives  of  bees;  now  16.  It  was 
then  worth  30  pounds  ;  and  when  (it  was) 
received,  the  same.  It  is  now  worth  50 
pounds,  say  the  French  and  the  English,6 
but  Richard  has  given  it  on  lease  (ad  censum) 
to  a  certain  Englishman  at  60  pounds  ;  but 

1  Alias  Richard  de  Clare  (from  his  Suffolk 
lordship  of  Clare)  and  Richard  de  Tonbrige 
(from  his  Kent  lordship  of  Tunbridge). 

*  A  manor  in  Great  Hallingbury  (compare  In- 
troduction, p.  397). 

*  This  was  the  English  lord   of  Clare,  whose 
wide  possessions  Richard  had  obtained. 

4  '  Adhuc  possunt  restaurari  xvi  carucae.' 
This  information  is  very  rare  in  the  survey  of 
Essex. 

6  The  men  of  the  Hundred  were  represented 
before  the  Domesday  Commissioners  by  foreigners 
and  natives  in  equal  proportion.  It  should  be 
observed  that,  here  again,  a  great  decrease  in  the 
plough-teams  and  a  diminution  of  the  woodland 
are  accompanied  by  a  marked  increase  of  value. 


he  looses  (deficiunt  ;'///')  at  least  10  pounds 
every  year.6  To  this  manor  belong  now  as 
then  (adjacent  semper)  3  sokemcn  with  (de)  2 
hides  and  15  acres,  whom  Garner  holds  of 
R[ichard]  ;  then  4  ploughs  (were  there), 
now  3^  ;  then  10  villeins,  now  2  ;  then  2 
bordars,  now  i  o  ;  then  4  serfs,  now  none  ; 
(there  is)  wood(land)  for  50  swine,  (and)  34 
acres  of  meadow  ;  it  is  worth  6  pounds. 
And  of  this  estate  (terra)  i  sokcman  of  the 
king  held,  in  King  Edward's  time  7^  acres, 
which  have  been  added  to  this  manor  in 
King  William's  time,  and  have  not  paid  the 
king's  due  (consuetudinem). 

DOMMAWA  [(Great)  Dunmow]  was  held 
by  Wisgar,8  in  King  Edward's  time,  as  I 
manor  and  as  2  hides  and  30  acres.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  5 
villeins.  Then  4  bordars  ;  now  7.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  4  serfs.  (There  was)  then 
wood(land)  for  500  swine  j  now  for  300. 
There  are  15  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  mill.  Then  and  afterwards 
it  was  worth  60  shillings  ;  now  100.  And 
this  land  is  claimed  by  Vital,  I  knight  (i 
mi/es),  as  having  been  held,  he  asserts, 

fo.  39 

by  i  free  man  in  King  Edward's  time.  In 
this  manor  i  priest  holds,  as  he  held  (tenet 
semper),  half  a  hide  in  almoin  ;  and  half  a 
plough  (was  there)  then  as  now  (semper), 
and  2  bordars.  This  manor  is  held  by 
Ernald  (of  William). 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINCFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

GHESTINGETORP  [Gestingthorpe],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Ledmar 
the  priest  7  as  half  a  hide,  is  held  of  R[ichard] 
by  W.  Peche 8  (peccatum).  Then  as  now 
(semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  3 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  8  villeins. 
Now  9  bordars.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6 
serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine, 
(and)  20  acres  of  meadow.  Then  i  mill  ; 
now  none.  To  this  estate  (terra)  there 
belongs  then  as  now  (semper  jacet)  i  sokcman 

6  See  Introduction,  p.  363. 

7  He  was  set  over  the  collegiate  church  founded 
at   Clare  by  jElfric  father   of  Wisgar,  Richard's 
predecessor.     His  manor  here  was  one  of  the  two 
into  which  Gestingthorpe  was   divided,  the  other 
being  held  in  cafite  by  Otto  the  Goldsmith  at  the 
time  of  Domesday. 

8  He   also  held   of   Richard   at   Clopton   and 
Dalham  in  Suffolk,  and  he  had  a  house  at  Col- 
chester. 


477 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


with  (de)  1 5  acres  ;  and  he  has  half  a  plough 
and  2  bordars  and  i  acre  of  meadow.  It 
was  then  worth  100  shillings,  ;  now  7 
pounds. 

PHINCINGHEFELDA  [Finchingfield]  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  2  sokemen 
as  48  acres.  Now  Elinant  holds  it  of 
R[ichardj.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i^  ploughs. 
Then  and  afterwards  4  bordars ;  now  7. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  6  swine,  and  6£ 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  i  rouncey;  now  none. 
Then  10  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  8.  Then 
20  swine;  now  26.  Then  100  sheep  ; 
now  127.  It  was  then  worth  10  shillings; 
now  30. l 

PENFELDA  [Panfield  *],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Wisgar  as  i 
manor  and  as  i^  hides  and  30  acres,  is  held 
of  R[ichard]  by  Robert.  Then  4  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  ;  afterwards  and  now  2. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  5  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men.  Then  and  afterwards  10 
villeins  ;  now  8.  Then  and  afterwards  8 
bordars;  now  15.  Then  and  afterwards  8 
serfs  ;  now  7.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
1 20  swine  (and)  1 3  acres  of  meadow.  And 
the  stock  could  be  increased  by  2  ploughs 
(2  carruce  possunt  restaurari).3  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  8  pounds  ;  now  10. 

In  GELDHAM  [(Great)  Yeldham]  Goismer 
holds  (of  Richard)  i  hide  and  5  acres,  which 
were  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  8 
sokemen  under  Wisgar.4  Then  as  now 
(semper)  3^  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 
half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men.  Then 
and  afterwards  5  bordars  ;  now  8.  Then 
and  afterwards  5  serfs  ;  now  2.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  23  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  was)  then  i  mill.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  60  shillings  ; 
now  100  shillings. 

In  WICAM  [Wickham  (St.  Paul's)  ?] 
Ernald  holds  of  R[ichard]  half  a  hide  and 

1  Here  again  is  a  great  and  inexplicable  increase 
of  value. 

8  The  manor  of  Panfield. 

3  i.e.  on  the  demesne.     See  p.  477,  note  4,  for 
this  formula. 

4  Goismer  will  be  found  again  on  p.  571  below 
holding  of  Richard  an  estate  of  about    half  this 
size,  apparently  in  the  same  part  of  the  county, 
which    had    been    similarly    held    by    four    small 
tenants  in  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor. 

This  manor  and  several  others  among  those 
which  follow  illustrate  the  small  holdings  of  the 
'  sokemen '  in  the  north  of  the  county. 


10  acres,  which  was  held,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  by  2  sokemen  under  Wisgar.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  and  afterwards  5  bordars  ;  now  10. 
Then  and  afterwards  i  serf ;  now  none. 
Then  wood(land)  for  40  swine  ;  now  for  20. 
(There  are)  10  acres  of  meadow.  Then 

fo.  3gb 

and  afterwards  it  was  worth  30  shillings  ; 
now  40.  In  FINCINGHEFELDA  [Finching- 
field]  the  same  Ernald  holds  38  acres,  which 
were  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  2 
sokemen  under  Wisgar.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  plough  ;  now  3  bordars,  and  I 
serf ;  and  (there  are)  4^  acres  of  meadow ; 
it  is  worth  10  shillings. 

In  BINESLEA  [  6]   Wielard  holds 

(of  Richard)  i  hide,  which  was  held  by  I 
sokeman  under  Wisgar  ;  then  as  now  (semper) 
i  plough  on  the  demesne,  and  half  a  plough 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  and  there  are  2  vil- 
leins. Then  and  afterwards  1 6  bordars;  now  7. 
Then  2  serfs  ;  now  none.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  4  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ;  afterwards 
and  now  40. 

In  ALREFORDA  [Alderford  ?6]  2  knights 
hold  36  acres  which  were  held  by  3  sokemen 
under  Wisgar.  Then  as  now  2  ploughs  and 
4  bordars.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  12 
(swine),  and  9  acres  of  meadow.  (There 
are)  30  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  40  shil- 
lings ;  afterwards  and  now  60. 

At  (Ad)  ASCE  [Ashen7]  Richard  holds  in  de- 
mesne half  a  hide  and  40  acres,  which  were 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  2  sokemen 

6  See  Introduction,  p.  406,  for  the  locality  of 
this  place,  of  which  the  name  appears  to  be  now 
lost. 

6  This  name  appears  to  be  now  lost ;  but,  as 
'  Alretuna '   in   Suffolk    became    Alderton,   '  Alra- 
forda'   in    Horsham    (Norfolk)  Alderford,  '  Alre- 
sawe'  in  Staffordshire  Aldershaw,  and  '  Alrelie'  in 
Gloucestershire    Alderley,    it   is  probable  that  an 
'  Alderford '  is  indicated.     In   any  case  the  place 
cannot  be,  as  has  been  supposed,  Alresford,  which 
was  in  another  Hundred,  and  of  which  the  right 
Domesday  form  was  Elesford  or  Eilesford. 

7  This  is  another  instance  of  Morant's  curious 
blindness  to    his   own  evidence.     He  duly  men- 
tions that  the  church  of  Ashen  (as  that  of  '  Esse ') 
was  given  by  Gilbert  de  Clare  to  his  priory  at 
Clare  only  four  years  after  Domesday  ;  he  knew 
that  the  place  was  originally  called  '  Esche,'  '  Ash,' 
etc. ;  and  yet  he   expressly    states    that   it  is  not 
named  in  Domesday  Book  (compare  Introduction, 
PP-  389»  39'.  393  above). 


478 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


under  Wisgar.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
plough.  Then  and  afterwards  2  bordars  ; 
now  6.  (There  are)  9  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  now  I  mill.  It  was  then  worth  20 
shillings;  afterwards  and  now  35. 

At  (d<f)  FINCINGEFELDA  [Fiiichingfield]  2 
knights  hold  of  R[ichard]  36  acres,  which 
were  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  3 
sokemen  under  Wisgar.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 2  ploughs  and  4  bordars.  Then  4  serfs ; 
afterwards  and  now  2.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  10  swine,  (and)  7  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  40  shil- 
lings ;  now  65. 

In  BULENEMERA  [Bulmer]  Mascerel  holds 
(of  Richard)  half  a  hide  and  30  acres,1  which 
were  held  by  i  sokeman  under  Wisgar. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs.  Now  i 
bordar.  There  is  wood(land)  for  5  swine, 
(and)  2  acres  of  meadow.  And  it  is  worth 
22  shillings  and  2  pence. 

At  (Ad)  WENINCHOU  [?  How  Hall  •]  Ger- 
mund  holds  (of  Richard)  32^  acres,3  which 
were  held  by  3  sokemen  under  Wisgar.  Then 
as  now  (temper)  2  ploughs,  and  5  bordars,  and 
3  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine, 
(and)  8  acres  of  meadow.  Then  5  beasts 
(anima/ia)  ;  now  8.  Now  4  swine.  Then 
2O  sheep  ;  now  83.  Now  32  goats.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  30  shillings ; 
now  50. 

In  EURO  [Bures4]  Richard  has  in  demesne 
13  sokemen  with  (de)  35  acres.  Then  as 
now  (they  had)  4  ploughs.  Then  9  bordars ; 

fo.  40 

now  1 6.  Then  I  serf;  now  none.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  1 1  acres 
of  meadow. 

In  FOCSEARDE  [Foxearth]  (are)  19  soke- 
men with  i£  hides  and  15  acres.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  5  ploughs,  and  10  bordars,  and 

1  Afterwards  the  manor  of  Butler's  Hall,  so 
named  from  the  Butler  family,  which  held  it 
under  Clare. 

1  I  have  little  doubt  that  this  was  How  Hall 
(otherwise  Woburnes  or  Oburnes)  in  Finching- 
field,  which  was  '  holden,'  says  Morant,  '  of  the 
honour  of  Clare,'  and  of  which  he  adds  '  we  have 
no  account'  till  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 

8  He  also  held  37^  acres  of  him  there  (see 
p.  571  below). 

*  This  is  Bures  hamlet  in  Hinckford  Hundred 
which  was  part  of  Bures  St.  Mary  (see  Introduc- 
tion, p.  408). 


I  serf;  (there  are)  22  acres  of  meadow.  And 
in  PEBENHERS  [Pebmarsh]  are  18  sokemen 
with  (de)  half  a  hide  and  1 2  acres  ;  then  as 
now  (semper)  3  ploughs  (were  there)  and  3 
bordars  ;  and  (there  are)  3  acres  of  meadow. 

In  ALFELMESTUNA  [Alphamstone]  i  hide, 
less  1 5  acres,  is  held  now  as  then  (semper)  by 
1 5  sokemen  ;  and  they  have  2  ploughs  ;  and 
(there  are)  3  bordars.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  5  swine,  (and)  4  acres  of  meadow. 

In  MILDELTUNA  [Middletoii]  (are)  13  soke- 
men with  (de)  i£  hides  and  30  acres.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  (were  there)  ;  and 
8  bordars.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  8  swine 
and  1 3  acres  of  meadow. 

In  BUMESTEDA  [(Steeple)  Bumpstead]  (are) 
3  sokemen,  who  hold  now  as  then  (semper]  25 
acres.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  (was 
there),  and  2  bordars.  (There  are)  6  acres 
of  meadow.  In  PHINCINGHEFELDA  [Fin- 
chingfield]  (are)  1 1  sokemen  with  (de)  half 
a  hide  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  (was 
there) ;  and  (there  are)  3  acres  of  meadow. 

In  CELVKSTUNA*  [  ]  (are)  5  soke- 

men with  (de)  half  a  hide  less  5  acres.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  plough  (was  there) ;  (there 
are)  2  acres  of  meadow. 

In  TUMESTEDA  8  [Twinstead]  (are)  1 8  soke- 
men with  (de)  half  a  hide  and  15  acres. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  (were  there), 
and  7  bordars.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  8 
swine,  (and)  3  acres  of  meadow.  In  CHENE- 
BOLTUNA  [  7  ]  are  1 5  sokemen  with 

half  a  hide  and  5  acres  ;  then  as  now  (semper) 
i^  ploughs  (were  there),  and  3  bordars  ; 
(there)  are  4  acres  of  meadow. 

In  HALSTEDA  [Halstead]  22  sokemen  hold 
half  a  hide  and  1 1  acres.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  5  ploughs.  And  (there  are)  i  villein, 
15  bordars,  (and)  2  serfs.  There  is  wood- 
(land)  for  50  swine,  19  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  I  mill. 

8  A  place  of  the  same  name  and  probably 
identical  with  it  occurs  below  (p.  570)  among  the 
•  Invasiones  '  of  Ralph  Bainard.  The  name  appears 
to  be  now  lost,  but  can  be  recognized  in  the 
'  Chelveston  '  which  occurs  in  an  Inq.  p.m.  of  2 
Edward  III.  (13*8-9)  as  held  of  Robert  Fitz 
Walter  (holder  of  the  Bainard  fief)  with  Pcntlow 
by  Master  Robert  de  Redcswell. 

•  An  error  of  the  scribe  for  '  Tuinsteda.' 
7  This  name  would  be  represented  by  Kimbol- 
ton,  but  the  name  seems  to  be  lost. 


479 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


In  SUDBERIA  [Sudbury]  are  5  burgesses, 
who  hold  2  acres.  These  with  all  (those) 
aforesaid1  pay  15  pounds  and  6  shillings 
and  6  pence  ;  and  all  this  (Mum)  is  in  Rich- 
ard's demesne. 

In  BOITUNA  [Boyton  (Hall) 3]  Colfege,  a 
free  man,  held  half  a  hide  and  10  acres  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  3  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  2.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  villein.  Then  7  bordars ;  after- 
wards and  now  8.  Then  and  afterwards  4 
serfs  ;  now  2.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  30 
swine,  (and)  8  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then 
worth  40  shillings ;  afterwards  and  now  4 
pounds.  To  this  manor  have  been  added  in 
King  William's  time  45  acres,  which  belonged 
to  Westrefelda  [Wethersfield],  the  king's 
manor  ;  half  a  plough  (was  there)  then,  now 

fo.  4ob 

none  ;  then  and  afterwards  I  bordar,  now 
2  ;  (there  is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine,  (and) 
2  acres  of  meadow  ;  it  is  worth  8  shillings.3 

In  BURA  [Bures4]  Leueva,  a  free  woman, 
held  40  acres.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i£ 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  I  villein. 
Then  and  afterwards  2  bordars  ;  now  3. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  serfs.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  5  acres  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  30  shillings.  Richard 
has  this  land,  namely  Boituna  [Boyton]  and 
Euro  [Bures],  by  exchange,  as  his  men  assert. 

ROINGES  [Roding  Morell5]  was  held  in 
King  Edward's  time  by  Coleman  as  3  vir- 
gates.  Now  Richard  holds  it  for  as  much 
(tantundem)  in  demesne.  And  Coleman  (iste) 
was  so  free  that  he  could  betake  himself  (ire) 
whither  he  would  with  (his)  soc  and  sac 
(sacna)  ;  and  yet  (sed  tamen)  he  was  the  man 
of  Wisgar,  Richard's  predecessor.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  villein,  and  2  bordars.  Then 
4  serfs ;  now  I .  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  half  a  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land) 

1  i.e.  all    the  men   mentioned  from    Bures    to 
Sudbury,  both  inclusive,  none  of  the  entries  con- 
taining a  separate   valuation.      It   should   be   ob- 
served that  the  payment   is  a   fixed  one,  and  not 
dependent   on   the   varying  profits  of  jurisdiction 
(soca).     For  remarks  on   these  sokemen  see  Intro- 
duction, p.  358. 

2  In  Finchingfield. 

3  For  this  Wethersfield  land  see  p.  43 1  above, 
where  it  is  similarly  valued  at  8  shillings. 

4  Probably  Bures  hamlet  (see  p.  479,  note  4). 

5  Formerly  a  separate  parish  ;    now  in  White 
Roding. 


for  200  swine,  (and)  20  acres  or  meadow.  It 
was  then  worth  60  shillings  ;  afterwards  40 
shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 

HUNDRET  OF    TENDRINGE  [TENDRING] 

MENETLEA  6  [(Little)  Bentley]  was  held  by 
Wisgar  as  I  hide  and  I  manor.  It  is  now 
held  of  Richard  by  Roger.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  3  villeins,  and  4  bordars.  Then  I 
serf ;  now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
plough  on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  be- 
longing to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  100  swine,  (and)  3  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  50. 

BRUMLEA  [(Little)  Bromley  7]  was  held  by 
Alwin  freely  (libere)  as  I  manor  and  as  half 
a  hide ;  and  he  was  commended  to  Wisgar, 
(but  was)  able  (patens)  to  sell  his  land.8  Now 
R[oger]  holds  it  under  Richard.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  villein.  Now  2  bordars.  Then  I 
plough  on  the  demesne  ;  now  none.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  2  acres 
of  meadow.  (There  are)  now  1 1  sheep.  It 
is  worth  40  shillings. 

ALEFORDA  [Alresford  ? 9]  was  held  by  Algar, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  as  37  acres.  Now 
he  holds  it  under  R[ichard].10  And  this  is  of 
the  king's  soke  of  Laleforda  [Lawford],  as 
the  Hundred  (court)  testifies.  Then  i  plough ; 
now  none.  There  is  pasture  for  40  sheep. 
It  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  6. 

HUNDRET  OF  LAXEDANA  [LEXDEN] 

In  King  Edward's  time  there  were  5  soke- 
men held  by  Wisgar,  (namely)  Ulwin  and 


scribe   has    written 
the   other   volume 


6  By    a    similar    error    the 
'Molebec'   for   'Bolebec'   in 
of  Domesday  (fo.  147). 

7  i.e.  the  manor  of  Braham   Hall  there,  which 
was  subsequently  held  of  the  Honour  of  Clare. 

8  See   Introduction,   pp.    358—9.     These   cases 
at  Roding  and   Bentley  should   be  compared  with 
the  instances  there  given  of  men  who  were  per- 
sonally commended  to  a  lord  without  giving  him 
rights  over  the  land,  and  with  the  list  (on  p.  572 
below)    of  holdings  which   Richard  had   annexed 
though  his  predecessor  Wisgar  had  only  the  '  com- 
mendation '  of  those  who  held  them. 

9  It  is  difficult  to  identify  positively  this  hold- 
ing, which  has  been   assumed  to  be  at  Alresford 
(which  was  '  Elesford  '  or  '  Eilesford  '  in  Domes- 
day).   It  is  just  possibly  meant  for  Lawford  ('  Lale- 
ford  ')  with  the  '  L '  omitted. 

10  This   is  one  of  the  rare  cases  in  which  the 
former  holder  was  allowed  to  retain  his  land  as  an 
under-tenant  of  the  new  one.     That  of  Gunner 
at  Totham  was  another. 


480 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


his  2  sisters  in  COLUN   [Colne l]  holding  64 

Co.  41 

acres,  and  Leuric  holding  30  acres  in  the 
same  vill ;  and  these  could  not  withdraw  them- 
selves from  Wisgar's  soke  ;  under  them  (were) 
then  as  now  (semper)  2  bordars,  and  i  plough. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  12  swine,  and  9 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
mill  ;  it  is  worth  20  shillings.  In  FORDE- 
HAM*  [Fordham]  Ulmar*  held  40  acres 
under  Wisgar,  and  (now)  holds  (them)  under 
R[ichard]  ;  and  he  could  not  withdraw  him- 
self (recedere)  from  (the)  soke.  Then  3  bor- 
dars were  there  ;  now  6.  (There  is)  half  a 
plough,  wood(land)  for  10  swine,  (and)  3 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  10  shillings.* 

In  BERCOLTA  [(West)  Bergholt]  Lefcild 
held  31^  acres.  Now  Coding  holds  (them) 
under  Richard.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  6. 
Now  I  serf.  Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a 
plough.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  16  swine, 
(and)  3  acres  of  meadow.  Then  I  mill  ; 
now  none.  It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

In    WITESWORDA    [  ]     Algar    held 

under  Wisgar  12^  acres,  and  (gut)  could  not 
withdraw  himself  (recedere)  from  (the)  soke. 
Now  I  bordar ;  and  (there  is)  I  acre  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  3  shillings. 

LAINGAHAM  [Langham],  which  was  held 
by  Phin  the  Dane  (dacus) 6  as  2^  hides  and 
as  i  manor,  is  held  of  R[ichard]  by  Walter 
Tirel.6  Then  22  villeins;  now  17.  Then 
9  bordars  ;  now  27.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now 
none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on 
the  demesne.  Then  1 1  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  7.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  1,000  swine,  (and)  40  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  I  mill ;  now  2.  Then  6  rounceys 
(runcini)  ;  now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
22  beasts  (anima/ia).  Then  46  swine  ;  now 
80.  Then  54  sheep  ;  now  200.  Then  62 
goats ;  now  80.  Then  3  hives  of  bees  ;  now 
none.  It  was  then  worth  1 2  pounds ;  now 
IS- 

1  Berwick  Hall  in  White  Colne  and  Creping 
Hall  in  Wakes  Colne  were  held  of  the  Honour  of 
Clare.  The  former  appears  to  be  here  meant  (see 
p.  534,  note  1 1,  below). 

*  The  Record  Commission's  edition  reads '  Sorde- 
ham,'  but  the  first  letter  was  probably  intended  for 
a'F.' 

'  This  was  the  fifth  of  the  above  sokcmen. 

*  This    Fordham  entry  appears  to   have  been 
crowded  in  after  the  text  was  written. 

*  See  Introduction,  p.  348. 

*  Ibid.  p.  349. 


HALF   HUNDRET  OF   FROSSEWELLA    [FRESH- 
WELL] 

BIRDEFELDA  [(Great)  Bardfield]  was  held 
by  Wisgar  as  I  manor  and  as  4  hides.  Now 
Richard  holds  (it)  in  demesne.  Then  24 
villeins  ;  now  20.  Then  and  afterwards  7 
bordars  ;  now  22.  Then  as  now  (semper)  8 
serfs.  Then  as  now  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  and  afterwards  21  teams  (belonging  to 
the  men)  ;  now  9.  Wood(land)  for  800 
swine,  and  32  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  mills.  Then  4  rounceys 
(runcini)  ;  now  5.  Then  28  beasts  (anima/ia) ; 
now  41.  Then  60  swine ;  now  107. 
Then  100  sheep  ;  now  200.  It  is  worth 
now  as  then  (semper)  16  pounds. 

SANFORDA  [(Little)  Sampford]  was  held  by 
Wisgar  as  i  manor  and  as  5  hides.  Now 
Richard  holds  (it)  in  demesne.  Then  23 
villeins  ;  now  14.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  18. 
Then  6  serfs ;  now  4.  Then  as  now  3 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  21  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  to.  (There  is) 

Co.  4lb 

wood(land)  for  60  swine,  (and)  22  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  i  mill  ;  now  none.  It  was 
then  worth  12  pounds;  now  17.  When 
Richard  received  this  manor,  he  found  there 
at  that  time  (tune)  3  rounceys  (runcinas) ;  now 
(there  are)  2.  Then  19  beasts  (anima/ia); 
now  9.  Then  50  swine  ;  now  30.  Then 
100  sheep  ;  now  88.  Then  3  hives  of  bees  ; 
now  i.  Of  this  manor  and  of  the  abovesaid 
5  hides  2  Frenchmen  hold  i£  hides;  and 
(there  are  there)  9  bordars,  and  2  ploughs, 
and  1 6  acres  of  meadow  ;  this  is  appraised 
above.7 

HAMSTEDA  [Hempstead]  was  held  by 
Wisgar  as  I  manor  and  as  4  hides  less  30 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time.  Now  Robert 
de  Watevill'  (holds  it)  of  R[ichard].  Then 
as  now  (semper)  22  villeins.  Then  6  bordars  ; 
now  10.  Then  8  serfs;  now  7.  Then  on 
the  demesne  4  ploughs;  now  3.  Then  14 
ploughs  (belonging  to  the  men) ;  now  10. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  200  swine,  and  15 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  12 
pounds  ;  now  1 6. 

In  B[ER]DEFELDA  [Bardfield  (Saling  ?)*] 
Wielard  holds  (of  Richard)  i  hide  which 

7  i.e.  its  value  is  included  in  that  of  the  whole 
manor. 

8  This  is   Morant's  identification.       But  it  is 
probably  unsafe  to  distinguish  it  from  Great  Bard- 
field in  Domesday. 


48l 


61 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


was  held  by  2  servants  (servientes)  of  Wisgar  ; 
and  they  used  not  then  to  render  due  or  geld 
(consuetudinem  vel  gelt1)  to  the  king,  nor  could 
they  withdraw  themselves  (abire)  without 
their  lord's  bidding  (jussu),  as  the  Hundret 
(court)  testifies.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
plough  (was  there)  on  the  demesne.  It  is 
worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

BERREWERA  [Barrow  (Hall)  z]  was  held  by 
Phin  the  Dane  (dacus)*  (as)  i£  hides.  Now 
R[ichard]  holds  it  in  demesne.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  3  bordars,  and  3  serfs,  and  2 
ploughs.  There  is  wood(land)  for  30  swine. 
It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  4 
pounds.4 

fo.  43 

XXim.  THE    LAND    OF    SUEN   OF 
ESSEX  6 

HUNDRET    OF    B[ER]DESTAPLA    [BARSTAPLE] 

ToRNiNDUNA[(West)Thorndon6]  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Alwin,  a  thegn  of 
King  Edward ;  and  King  William  gave  it 
to  Robert.7  Now  Suen  holds  it,  and  Siric  8  of 
him,  as  i  manor  and  as  5  hides  and  15  acres. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne, and  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men, 
and  3  villeins.  Then  7  bordars;  now  10. 
Then  4  serfs;  now  I.  (There  are)  2  hides 
of  wood(land)  ; 9  and  (there  are)  2  sokemen 
with  (de)  50  acres,  who  had  and  have  (habentes 
semper)  half  a  plough.  In  this  manor  Suen 
received  I  rouncey  (runcinum),  8  beasts  (anl- 
malia),  2O  swine,  (and)  60  sheep  ;  (there  are) 
now  4  beasts,  12  swine,  and  50  sheep.  It 
is  worth  100  shillings. 

LANGENDUNA  [Langdon 10],  which  was 
held  by  Alric,  a  thegn  of  King  Edward,  as 
a  manor  and  as  5  hides,  is  held  of  Suen  by 
Walter.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  3  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men,  and  5  villeins.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now 

1  This  is  an  exceptional  phrase  which  should  be 
noted. 

8  A  manor  in  Wakering. 

8  See  Introduction,  p.  348. 

*  It  has  doubled  in  value  without,  it  would 
seem,  changing  in  any  way. 

B  '  Exssessa.'  See,  for  Suain  (Suenus),  p.  345 
above. 

6  Now  corruptly  West  '  Horndon '  (see  Intro- 
duction, p.   399). 

7  Robert  Fitz  Wimarc,  Swegen's  father. 

8  See  p.  491,  note  4. 

9  This  is  an  abnormal   formula   (see    Introduc- 
tion, p.  376). 

10  See  Introduction,  p.   398. 


4.  And  (there  is)  I  hide  of  wood(land).11 
There  is  pasture  for  100  sheep.  Then  5 
beasts  (animalia)  and  10  swine,  (and)  60 
sheep  ;  now  10  swine  (and)  42  sheep.  It 
was  then  worth  100  shillings  ;  now  6  pounds. 

TILIBERIA  [(West)  Tilbury],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Alvric  the 
priest,  a  free  man,  as  I  manor  and  as  2  hides, 
is  held  of  Suen  by  2  Frenchmen,  namely 
Osbern  and  Ralf.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  4  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men,  and  i  villein,  and  1 1 
bordars,  and  2  serfs  ;  and  (there  are)  4  hides 
of  wood(land).11  There  is  pasture  for  300 
sheep,  and  i  fishery.  Then  i  rouncey 
(runcinus)  and  60  sheep.  Now  I  rouncey, 
and  12  colts,  and  31  beasts  (animalia),  9 
swine,  and  260  sheep.  It  was  then  worth 
8  pounds;  now  zoo  shillings. 

CILTEDIC  [Childerditch],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Alwen,  a  free 
woman,  is  held  of  S[uen]  by  Osbern,  and  it 
is  not  known  how  it  came  to  Robert  Fitz 
Wicmarc  18  (sic).  Now  as  then  (semper)  there 
is  there  i  hide  and  40  acres.13  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  plough  on  the  demesne.  Then 
half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
none  (nicbif).  Then  i  villein  ;  now  none. 
Then  i  bordar ;  now  4.  Then  2  serfs ; 
now  i.  There  is  wood(land)  for  100  swine, 
(and)  pasture  for  100  sheep.  Then  i  beast 
(animal)  ;  now  10  beasts.  It  is  worth  40 
shillings. 

HORNINDUNA  [Horndon  (on  the  hill14 )]  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Alvric  the 
priest,  a  free  man,  as  i  manor  and  as  2  hides 
and  30  acres.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough 
on  the  demesne,  and  half  a  plough  belonging 
to  the  men,  and  1 1  bordars,  and  3  serfs.  Of 

fo.  43b 

this  land  Alvric  the  priest  gave  to  a  certain 
church  half  a  hide  and  30  acres ;  but  Suen 
took  it  from  the  church.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  rouncey  (runcinus)  and  2  beasts 
(animalia).  It  is  worth  30  shillings.  This 
manor  is  held  of  Suen  by  Payn. 

HASINGEBROC  [Hassingbroke 1B],  which  Leff- 
stan,  a  free  man,  held,  in  King  Edward's 

11  See  note  9  above. 
18  Suain's  father. 

13  i.e.  its  assessment.     The  formula  is  an  abnor- 
mal one  for  Essex  (see  p.  471,  note  3). 

14  i.e.  the  manor  of  Wythefeld  there  (see  Intro- 
duction, p.  398). 

'15  In  Stanford-le-Hope. 


482 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


time,  as  i  hide  and  30  acres,  is  held  of  S[uen] 
by  Turold.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough 
on  the  demesne.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  3. 
Then  2  serfs  ;  now  none.  (There  are)  6 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  10  sheep  ;  now  13, 
and  5  swine.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

BELESDUNA  [Basildon  *],  which  the  same 
Leffstan  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  as  I 
hide  and  as  a  manor  and  15  acres,8  is  held 
of  Suen  by  the  same  Turold.  Then  as  now 
(simper}  I  plough.  Then  3  bordars;  now  i. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  serfs.  (There  is)  pasture 
for  i  oo  sheep.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini)  and 
7  swine,  and  1 5  sheep ;  now  I  rouncey,  and 
I  cow,  and  i  pig,  and  95  sheep.  It  was 
then  worth  2O  shillings  ;  now  25. 

BERLESDUNA  [Basildon  *],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Godet,  a  certain 
free  man,4  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides,  is  held 
(of  Suen)  by  W.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  2^.  Then  i  plough  belong- 
ing to  the  men  ;  now  i^.  Then  2  villeins  ; 
now  I.  Then  4  bordars  ;  now  3.  Then 
4  serfs  ;  now  none.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  40  swine,  (and)  pasture  for  100  sheep. 
Then  i  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  1 7  sheep  ; 
now  5  beasts  (animalia),  and  16  swine,  and 
39  sheep.  It  is  worth  60  shillings. 

WICFORT  [Wickford],  which  was  held 
freely  (libere)  by  Leftan  as  a  manor  and  as 
half  a  hide  and  35  acres,  is  held  (of  Suen)  by 
Turchil.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough, 
and  i  bordar.  Then  i  serf;  now  none. 
(There  are)  30  acres  of  wood(land),6  (and)  3 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini), 
and  1 6  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  3  swine,  and 
100  sheep  ;  now  3  rounceys,  and  8  beasts, 
and  1 1  swine,  and  60  sheep.  In  addition  to 
this  land  Bricteva,  a  free  woman,  held  half 
a  hide  and  1 5  acres,  which  Suen  added  to  the 
said  land,  (and)  in  which  was  then  i  plough  ; 
now  none  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  2  bordars 
(were  there),  and  I  villein  ;  there  are  20 
acres  of  woodland.8  He  also  added  3  free 

1  Morant  distinguished  this,  as  the  manor  of 
'  Belesdun  or  Botelers '  in  Basildon,  from  the 
'  Berlesduna  '  two  entries  lower  down,  which  he 
styled  the  manor  of  Battleswick  '  anciently  called 
Bartlesdon '  there.  But  one  cannot  doubt  that, 
as  with  the  entries  of  '  Rageneia  '  and  '  Ragheleia,' 
'  Belesduna '  and  '  Berlesduna  '  are  but  forms  of 
the  same  name,  which  has  now  become  Basildon. 

*  i.e.  as  I  hide  and  i  5  acres, 
s  See  note  i  above. 

*  '  Godet '  was  probably  a  woman's  name. 

6  Here  the  measurement  of  the  woodland  by 
irea  begins  again. 


men  with  (de)  45  acres,  in  which  was  then 

1  plough  ;  now  a  half.     He  also  added  I  free 
man  with  (de)  9  acres.     The  whole  was  then 
worth,  in  King  Edward's  time,  60  shillings  ; 
now  50. 

WICFORT  [Wickford],  which  was  held  by 
Goduin,  a  thegn  of  King  Edward,  as  I 

fo.  43 

manor  and  as  10  hides,  is  held  by  Suen  in 
demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne.  Then  6  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  4.  Then  as  now  (semper)  7 
villeins.  Then  2  bordars;  now  12.  Then  6 
serfs  ;  now  none.  Then  1 2  hides  of  wood- 
(land)  ; '  now  6  acres.  Then  I  rouncey 
(runcinus),  and  12  sheep,  and  17  goats,  and 

2  hives  of  bees  ;  now  i    cow,  and  20  sheep, 
and  2  colts  (pulli),  and  3  hives  of  bees.     It 
was  then  worth  1 6  pounds  ;  now  g.7 

WICFORT  [Wickford],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Dot,  a  free  man, 
as  a  manor  and  half  a  hide  and  45  acres,  is 
held  (of  Suen)  by  William  Fitz  Odo.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  I  plough  on  the  demesne, 
and  i  bordar.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  10 
swine.  It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

WICFORT  [Wickford],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Godric  as  30  acres, 
is  held  (of  Suen)  by  Mainard.  It  is  worth 
5  shillings.8 

BENFLET  [(South)  Benfleet9],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Alwine,  a 
free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held 
by  Suen  in  demesne.  Then  3  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  ;  now  I  ;  and  i  plough  could  be 
added  to  the  stock  (posset  restaurari).10  (There 
are)  now  5  bordars  and  2  serfs.  (There  is) 
pasture  for  250  sheep.  It  is  worth  40  shil- 
lings. 

6  The  amount   is  suspiciously  large,   especially 
when  contrasted  with  the  '  6  acres,"  and  with  the 
«  10  hides  '  at  which  the  whole  manor  is  assessed. 
If  the  figures  are  correct,  they  appear  to  record 
the  greatest  destruction  of  woodland  in  the  county. 

7  Here  is  a  heavy  fall  in  value,  unaccountable 
unless  the  destruction  of  timber  is  responsible. 

8  The  four  Wickford  entries  well  illustrate  the 
practice  of  Domesday  in  speaking  of  a  place  as  if 
the  whole  was  meant,  though  only  a  portion  of  it 
is  referred  to. 

9  This  is  said  to  be  represented  by  the  manors 
of  Southall  and  Jervois  there.     Such  is  Morant's 
identification,   but    the    history  of   the    Benfleet 
manors  has  not  yet  been  established. 

10  It  should  be  observed  that  only  one  plough 
could,  it  was  reckoned,  be  added,  though  three  in 
all  had  been  employed  there  before. 


483 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


WATELEA  [Wheatley  *],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Edric  as  a  manor 
and  as  half  a  hide,  is  held  of  Suen  by  Walter. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough.  There  is 
i  bordar,  and  15  acres  of  pasture.  It  is 
worth  10  shillings. 

WATELEA  [Wheatley  *],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Levecilt,  a  king's 
thegn,  as  i  manor  and  as  5  hides,  is  held  by 
Suen  in  demesne.  Then  2  ploughs  (on  the 
demesne),  and  i  plough  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  and  now  the  same  (similiter).  Then  I 
villein  ;  now  none.  Then  10  bordars  ;  now 
1  1  .  (There  is)  half  a  hide  of  wood(land) 
that  has  been  laid  waste  (vastata:}*  (and)  pas- 
ture for  100  sheep.  Then  i  fishery  ;  now  2. 
Then  3  rounceys  (runcini),  and  5  beasts  (ani- 
ma/ia),  and  20  swine,  and  100  sheep.  Now 
I  rouncey,  and  i  colt,  and  7  beasts,  and  70 
sheep.  It  was  then  worth  60  shillings  ;  now 
4  pounds. 

THUNRESLEA  [Thundersley],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Godric,  a 
king's  thegn,  as  i  manor  and  as  5  hides  and 
15  acres,  is  held  by  S[uen]  in  demesne.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  5 
villeins,  and  5  bordars.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now 
2.  (There  is)  pasture  for  200  sheep,  (and) 
wood(land)  for  50  swine.  Then  2  rounceys 
(runcini"),  and  7  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  1  6  swine 
and  200  sheep,  and  2  hives  of  bees.  Now  3 
rounceys,  and  i  rouncey  (sic),  14  beasts,  36 
swine,  200  sheep,  (and)  2  hives  of  bees.  It 
was  then  worth  102  shillings  ;  now  100 
shillings.3 


fo. 


HUNDRET    OF    RoCHEFORT    [RoCHFORD] 

RAGENEIA  [Rayleigh]  is  held  by  Suen  in 
demesne  as  i  manor  and  as  5  hides.  Then 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  10  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  Then  21  villeins;  now  6.  Then  6 
bordars  ;  now  15.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
serfs.  (There  are)  10  acres  of  meadow, 
(with)  wood(land)  for  40  swine.  Now  there 
is  i  park,  and  6  arpents  of  vineyard,  and  (it) 
renders  2O  muids  (madias')  of  wine  if  it  does 
well  (si  bene  procedit).*  Then  4  rounceys 
(runcini)  and  13  beasts  (animalia),  25  swine, 
and  105  sheep  ;  now  5  rounceys,  and  2 

1  A  manor  in  Rayleigh  (see  p.  445,  note  6). 

*  Compare  Introduction,  p.  376. 

8  This  should  be  observed  as  an  exceptional 
instance  of  exact  valuation. 

*  See  Introduction,  p.  383. 


colts   (pu/li),   and    20    beasts  (anima/ia),   and 

1  1    swine,  and   80  sheep,  and    1  1   goats.     It 
was  then  worth    i  o  pounds  ;  now  the  same 
amount,  without  counting  (tantundem  prteter) 
the  wine.     And  in  this  manor  Suen  has  made 
his    castle    (fecit    suum    castellum)?       Of   this 
manor  4  Frenchmen  hold  2  hides,6  (where  are) 
4  ploughs  and  4  bordars  ;   and  (this)  is  worth 
60  shillings  in  the  above  total  (eodem  pretio). 

RAGHELEIA  [Rayleigh],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man  as  a 
manor  and  as  i\  hides,  is  held  by  Suen  in 
demesne.7  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne.  Then  3  villeins  ;  now  2. 
Then  5  bordars,  now  6,  who  had  (habentes  8) 
then  z\  ploughs  ;  now  only  half  a  plough. 
Then  i  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  2  beasts  (ani- 
malia),  and  1  5  sheep  ;  now  2  rounceys,  9 
beasts,  9  swine,  (and)  20  sheep.  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  30  shillings  ;  now 
40. 

HOCHELEIA  [Hockley]  is  held  of  Suen  by 

2  Frenchmen  :   Godebold  (holds)  I    hide,  and 
Odo  30  acres.    And  this  manor  was  held  by  i 
free  man  in  King  Edward's  time.     Then  as 
now   (semper)   2^    ploughs    on   the    demesne. 
Then   3   bordars  ;    now   5.     Then   5   serfs  ; 
now  3.     (There  is)  pasture   for   100  sheep. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  mill.    Then  5  beasts 
(animalia),  and  10  swine,  and  100  sheep,  and 
7  goats.      Now  I   rouncey  (runcinus),  and   13 
beasts,  and    22   swine,   and   100  sheep,  and 
4    hives    of   bees.     It    was    then    worth    30 
shillings  ;  afterwards  and  now  40. 

ESTWDA  [Eastwood]  is  held  by  Suen  in 
demesne,  and  was  (quod)  held  by  his  father,9 
in  King  Edward's  time,  as  i  manor  and  as 
3^  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  villeins, 
and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  8 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  5. 
Then  21  bordars;  now  30.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  serfs.  (There  are)  4  acres  of 
meadow.  (There  was)  then  wood(land)  for 
50  swine  ;  now  for  30.  (There  is)  now  i 


6  See  p.  300  above. 

6  It  was  customary,  in  the  case  of  a  manor  on 
which    the    tenant-in-chief    resided,    to    find    his 
under  -  tenants    by   knight  -  service    holding    small 
estates  there. 

7  It    is    probable    that    this    manor    is    entered 
separately  because  it  had  been  held  by  a  different 
holder  in  King  Edward's  time.     Compare  p.  483, 
note  8,  above. 

8  This  must  include  the  villeins  as  well  as  the 
bordars. 

9  Robert  Fitz  Wimarc. 


484 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


mill.  Pasture  for  300  sheep.1  Then  2 
rounceys  (runcini),  and  6  beasts  (animalia), 
30  swine,  (and)  300  sheep.  Now  2  rounceys, 
and  2  colts  (/«///),  and  33  beasts,  40  swine, 
and  136  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  6  pounds  ; 
now  10  pounds.*  Of  this  manor  Geoffrey 

fo.  44 

holds  half  a  hide  ;  and  there  is  there  i  bor- 
dar,  and  i  plough  ;  and  it  is  worth  20  shil- 
lings in  the  above  valuation  (in  eodem  pretio). 

WACHELINGA  [(Great)  Wakering]  is  held 
by  Suen  in  demesne  as  5^  hides.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  villeins,  and  1 8  bordars,  and 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  and  a  third  could 
be  employed  (fieri).  Then  3  ploughs  belong- 
ing to  the  men  ;  now  5.  (There  is)  wcod- 
(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  pasture  for  300 
sheep.  Then  4  rounceys  (runcini),  9  beasts 
(animalia),  38  swine,  (and)  115  sheep.  Now 
4  rounceys,  2  beasts,  no  sheep,  (and)  27 
swine.  It  was  then  worth  9  pounds ;  now 
10.  Of  this  manor  Garner  and  W[  ] 

hold  i  hide,  and  have  2  ploughs  ;  and  it  is 
worth  30  shillings  in  the  above  valuation  (in 
eodem  pretio). 

PRITTB  WELLA  [Prittlewell 8]  is  held  by 
Suen  in  demesne  as  7^  hides.  Then  7 
villeins  ;  now  4.  Then  14  bordars ;  now 
23.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now 
3.  Then  7  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ; 
now  9.  There  is  pasture*  for  12  swine, 
(and)  pasture  for  200  sheep.  Then  2  rounceys 
(runcini),  8  beasts  (anima/ia),  30  swine,  and 
IOO  sheep.  Now  I  rouncey,  3  colts  (pull'i), 
13  beasts,  65  swine,  196  sheep,6  66  goats, 
(and)  9  hives  of  bees. 

Of  this  land  I  free  man  holds  i  virgate, 
which  he  had  power  to  sell,  but  the  soke 6 
belonged  to  (jacuit  in)  this  manor.  And  to 
the  church  of  this  manor  30  acres  of  another 
estate  (terra)  were  added  by  2  men.  (The 
manor)  was  then  as  now  (semper)  worth  12 
pounds.  Of  this  manor  Grapinel7  holds 

1  Compare  Introduction,  p.  371. 

*  Here  again  is  a  great  increase  in  value,  where 
the  details  do  not  suggest  it,  and  might  rather  lead 
us  to  expect  a  fall. 

*  i.e.  the  manor  of  Prior's  Hall  there. 

4  '  Pastura,'  evidently  a  scribal  error  for  '  silva ' 
(i.e.  wood[land]). 

8  '  cc  oves,  iiij  minus.'  If,  as  is  probable,  the 
'  long  hundred  '  was  meant,  this  would  denote  236. 

*  The  profits  of  jurisdiction.     Compare  Intro- 
duction, p.  358. 

7  Evidently  the  ancestor  of  Warin  Grapinel 
who  held  a  third  of  a  knight's  fee  in  Prittlewell, 
of  the  Honour  of  Raylcigh,  temp.  Henry  III. 
(Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.  739). 


half  a  hide  ;  and  2  bordars  (are  there),  and  I 
plough  ;  and  it  is  worth  10  shillings  in  the 
above  valuation  (in  eodem  pretio). 

ESSOBERIA  [Shoebury8]  was  held  by  Robert 
Fitz  Wimarc  (Wimarca)  after  King  Edward's 
death.9  Now  Suen  (holds  it)  in  demesne  as  i 
manor  and  as  5  hides.  Then  as  now  (temper) 
9  villeins.  Then  4  bordars  ;  now  6.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  8  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  There 
are  3  acres  of  meadow,  (with)  wood(land)  for 
20  swine.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini),  4 
beasts  (animalia),  12  swine,  (and)  100  sheep. 
Now  2  rounceys,  16  swine,  (and)  64  sheep. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  6  pounds  ; 


now  IO.10 

CARENDUNA  [Canewdon]  is  held  by  Suen 
in  demesne  as  6£  hides  and  30  acres.  Then 
22  villeins  ;  now  16.  Then  2  bordars  ; 
now  8.  Then  3  serfs;  now  i.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3,  and  a 
fourth  could  be  employed  (fieri).  Then  10 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  6. 
(There  is)  pasture  for  600  sheep.11  Then  3 
rounceys  (runcini),  10  beasts  (animalia),  24 
swine,  and  336  sheep.  Now  3  rounceys, 
and  5  beasts,  20  swine,  (and)  342  sheep. 

fo.  44b 

It  was  then  worth  12  pounds;  now  13.  In 
this  manor  Hugh  de  Montfort  (monteforti) 
has  I  hide ;  and  it  is  worth  20  shillings. 
Of  this  manor  2  Frenchmen  hold  (as 
follows)  : — Girold  i  hide,  and  John  30 
acres  ;  and  3  bordars  are  there  and  i 
plough  ;  and  it  is  worth  40  shillings  in 
the  above  valuation  (in  eodem  pretio).  S[uen] 
has  also  (here)  I  hide,  with  (et)  4  bordars 
and  i  plough,  which  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man,  who  had  its 
soke  (cum  soca) ;  it  is  worth  20  shillings. 

TORPEIA  [(Nor)thorp1*],  which  was  held  by 
Godric,  a  thegn  of  King  Edward,  is  held  of 

•  It  is  hardly  possible  to  distinguish  with  cer- 
tainty between  North  and  South  Shoebury  in 
Domesday,  for  they  were  both  held  by  Suain  of 
Essex,  but  as  South  Shoebury  was  subsequently 
given  by  his  heir  to  Prittlewell  Priory,  it  was 
probably  the  manor  which  Suain  retained  in  de- 
mesne, as  entered  in  the  text  above. 

9  It  is  possible  that  this  is  a  euphemism  for 
Harold's  reign,  which  the  Normans  treated  as  an 
interregnum. 

10  Here  again  is  a  great  rise,  for  which  it  seems 
impossible  to  account. 

11  See  Introduction,  p.  371. 
u  In  Southchurch. 


485 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


S[uen]  by  Odo  ;  and  Robert  Fitz  Wimarc 
(IFimarce)  had  (it),  after  King  Edward's 
death,1  as  I  manor  and  as  I  hide  and  30 
acres.  Then  i  villein  ;  now  2.  Then  4 
bordars  ;  now  6.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  i. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne,  and  i  plough  belonging  to  the 
men.  There  is  pasture  for  100  sheep.  Then 
I  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  7  beasts  (anima/ia), 
19  swine,  (and)  68  sheep  ;  now  6  beasts,  34 
swine,  160  sheep,  and  2  hives  of  bees.  It 
was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  afterwards  and 
now  60. 

ROCHEFORT  [Rochford],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man  as  a 
manor  and  as  2^  hides,  is  held  of  Suen  by 
Alvred.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5  villeins. 
Then  4  bordars  ;  now  12.  Then  2  serfs  ; 
now  3.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  3.  Then  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  4.  And  i  free  man  holds  30 
acres.  And  there  belong  (jacenf)  further  to 
this  manor  2  acres  of  meadow,  wood(land) 
for  20  swine,  (and)  i  mill.  Then  i  rouncey 
(runcinus),  and  8  swine,  and  1 1  sheep  ;  now 
3  rounceys,  and  2  colts  (pulli),  and  10  beasts 
(animalia),  and  21  swine,  and  160  sheep  and 
23  sheep.2  It  was  then  worth  100  shillings  ; 
now  7  pounds. 

STANBRUGE  [(Great)  Stambridge s],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free 
man  as  i  manor  and  as  i^  hides  and  "j\  acres, 
is  held  of  S[uen]  by  Wiard.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  bordars,  and  i  serf.  And  half  a 
plough  (was  there)  then  ;  now  i .  (There  is) 
pasture  for  100  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  10 
shillings  ;  now  25. 

ESSOBERIA  [Shoebury  *],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man  as  I 
manor  and  as  4  hides,  is  held  of  S[uen]  by 
Walter.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  villeins. 
Then  6  bordars  ;  now  8.  Then  2  serfs  ; 
now  none.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  12  swine.  The  fourth  hide 

1  See  p.  485,  note  9,  above. 

8  This  entry  is  very  suggestive  of  the  sheep 
being  reckoned  by  the  '  long  score '  of  24.  In 
that  case  '  160'  means  8  score,  i.e.  192.  But  it 
is  quite  possible  that  the  scribe  here  made  one  of 
his  slips,  and  that  his  23  'sheep'  are  goats,  for  at 
Prittlewell  above  we  find  that  goats  had  been  added 
since  the  Conquest. 

3  i.e.  the  manor  of  Barton  Hall  there. 

4  See  p.  485,  note  8,  above. 


of  the  four  (ex  f>')  is  held  by  I  free  man.5 
(There  is)  pasture  for  100  sheep.  Then  I 

fo.  45 

rouncey  (runcinus),  and  2  beasts  (animalia), 
and  40  sheep  ;  now  I  rouncey,  and  6  beasts, 
I  pig,  (and)  115  sheep.  Then  and  afterwards 
it  was  worth  6  pounds  ;  now  8. 

WACHERINGA  [(Little)  Wakering],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free 
man  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held  by 
S[uen].  And  this  was  held  by  Robert  Fitz 
Wimarc  (Wimarcce)  after  King  Edward's 
death.6  Then  i  bordar,  and  1 5  serfs  7  ; 
now  10  bordars.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  belong- 
ing to  the  men.  (There  is)  pasture  for  300 
sheep.  Then  2  beasts  (animalia),  and  100 
sheep.  Now  i  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  2 
beasts,  115  sheep,  and  I  hive  of  bees.  It 
was  then  worth  3  pounds  ;  afterwards  and 
now  4.  Of  this  same  manor  Robert  holds 

1  hide  and  Godric  a  half,  and  (this  is)  worth 
40  shillings  in  the  above  valuation  (in  eodem 
pretio). 

SUTTUNA  [Sutton],  which  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  2  free  men  as  a  manor  and 
as  2\  hides  and  30  acres,  is  held  of  S[uen]  by 
Ascelin.  (There  are)  now  8  bordars.  Then 
4  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  half  a  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.     (There  is)  pasture  for 
300  sheep.     Then   2    rounceys  (runcini)  and 
40   swine,  (and)  200   sheep  ;    now   7   beasts 
(anima/ia),    (and)    1 60    sheep.      Then    and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  60  shillings  ;   now 
4  pounds. 

PLUMB[ER]GA  [Plumberow8],  which  was 
held  by  Robert  Fitz  Wimarc  (Wimarcte)  as  a 
manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held  of  S[uen] 
by  the  same  A[scelin].  Then  i  bordar  and 
I  serf;  now  8  bordars.  Then  i£  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  ;  now  I,  (and)  half  a  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  30  swine,  (and)  pasture  for  100  sheep. 
(There  is)  now  i  mill.  Then  I  rouncey 
(runcinus),  7  beasts  (anima/ia),  30  swine,  100 
sheep,  (and)  40  goats  ;  now  2  rounceys  and  i 
colt  (pu//us),  3  beasts,  2O  swine,  100  sheep, 
(and)  23  goats.  It  was  then  worth  20  shil- 
lings ;  now  40. 

6  This  entry  is  obviously  misplaced. 

6  See  note  i  above. 

7  This  number  is  so  exceptionally  large   as  to 
excite  suspicion. 

8  A  manor  in  Hockley. 


486 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


PUTESEIA  [Putsey]1,  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  I  free  man,  as  a 
manor  and  (as)  52$  acres,  is  held  of  S[uen] 
by  the  same  Ascelin.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  bordars  and  I  plough.  (There  is)  pasture 
for  30  sheep,  (and)  now  I  mill.  Then  I 
rouncey  (runcinus),  and  i  colt  (pullus),  and  I 
beast  (animal),  and  3  swine,  and  80  sheep  ; 
now  the  same  (similiter).  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  2O  shillings  ;  now  30. 

HACHELEIA  [Hockley]  is  held  of  S[uen]  by 
Payn  as  I  manor  and  as  I  hide.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  1 2  bordars,  and  I  plough  on  the 
demesne.  Then  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  i.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  30 
swine,  pasture  for  2OO  sheep,  (and)  now  I 
mill.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini),  and  2 
beasts  (anima/ia),  and  12  swine,  and  160 
sheep,  and  30  goats  ;  now  4  rounceys,  10 
beasts,  24  swine,  300  sheep,  53  goats,  (and) 

fo.  «b 

6  hives  of  bees.    It  was  then  worth  3  pounds  ; 
now  4. 

PUTESEIA  [Putsey1],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  I  free  man  as  a 
manor  and  as  i^  hides  and  30  acres,  is  held  of 
S[uen]  by  John.  Then  as  now  (semper)  8 
bordars.  (There  is)  pasture  for  50  sheep. 
Then  i  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  8  swine  and 
25  sheep  ;  now  1 1  swine  and  86  sheep.  It 
is  worth  40  shillings. 

SUTTUNA  [Sutton],  which  was  held  by 
Robert  Fitz  Wim[arc]  after  King  Edward's 
death,*  as  I  manor  and  as  I  hide  and  15  acres, 
is  held  of  S[uen]  by  Alvid,  an  Englishwoman 
(quedam  Anglica).  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
bordars.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  I  plough  on  the  demesne. 
Then  2  rounceys  (runcini),  and  10  beasts 
(animalia),  and  1 1  swine,  and  100  sheep  ; 
now  10  beasts,  10  swine,  and  63  sheep.  It 
is  worth  30  shillings. 

PUTESEIA  (Putsey  *],  which  was  held  by  a 
sokeman  of  Robert  (Fitz  Wimarc)  as  a  manor 
and  as  half  a  hide  and  15  acres,  is  held  of 
S[uen]  by  Almar.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
bordars,  and  i  plough  on  the  demesne.  There 
is  pasture  for  50  sheep.  Then  i  rouncey 
(runcinus),  and  8  swine,  and  25  sheep  ;  now 
1 1  swine  and  86  sheep.  It  is  worth  30  shil- 
lings. 


i  In    Cancwdon    (compare    p.    483,    note   8, 
above). 

»  See  p.  485,  note  9,  above. 


PUTESEIA  [Putsey1],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man,  while 
(et)  Robert  (Fitz  Wimarc)  had  the  soke,8  is 
held  of  S[uen]  by  Hugh  as  a  manor  and  (as) 
38  acres.  Then  I  villein  ;  now  2.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough.  (There  is) 
pasture  for  30  sheep.  Then  I  rouncey  (run- 
cinus), and  2  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  10  swine, 
(and)  75  sheep  ;  now  I  rouncey,  and  i  cow, 
and  114  sheep.  It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

In  NESENDUNA  [Ashingdon  *]  half  a  hide, 
which  was  held  by  Robert  (Fitz  Wimarc),  is 
held  of  S[uen]  by  Roger.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  botdar.  (There  is)  pasture  for  40 
sheep.  Then  I  plough  ;  now  a  half;  and 
a  whole  one  could  be  employed  (tola  potest 
fieri).  It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

In  SUTTUNA  [Sutton]  half  a  hide,  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Robert 
(Fitz  Wimarc),  is  held  (of  Suen)  by  Roger. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough.  (There  is) 
pasture  for  40  sheep.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

In  HACHEWELLA  [Hawkswell]  Godfrey 
holds  (of  Suen)  1 5  acres.  And  (there  is  there) 
half  a  plough  and  I  bordar.  It  is  worth  10 
shillings. 

In  NESTUDA  [Eastwood  ?]  Robert  holds  of 
S[uen]  30  acres.  And  (there  are)  5  bordars. 
Then  half  a  plough  ;  now  i  (plough).  It 
was  then  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  20  shil- 
lings. And  in  this  said  Hundret  Suen  receives 
(habet)  100  shillings  from  the  pleas.8 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

ALTENAI  [Iltney6],  which  was  held  freely 
fo.  46 

(libere)  by  Leftan  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide 
and  40  acres,  is  held  of  Suen  by  Ralf.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  villein  and  I  bordar.  Then 
2  serfs ;  now  I .  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
plough  on  the  demesne,  and  half  a  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  There  is  pasture  for 
50  sheep.  Then  5  beasts  (anima/ia)  and  40 
sheep  ;  now  5  beasts,  and  60  sheep,  and  26 

8  i.e.  the  profits  of  jurisdiction. 

*  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  is  Ashingdon 
just  as  '  Nestuda  '  (three  entries  below  it)  is  East- 
wood. Moreover  Ashingdon  is  known  to  have 
been  held  of  the  Honour  of  Raylcigh.  The 
modern  'ing*  is  a  corruption,  as  in  Huntingdon  ; 
the  name  is  Assindon  '  in  Harl.  Cart.  48  G.  4,  and 
'  Assandun  '  in  the  A.S.  Chronicle. 

6  See  p.  407,  note  3,  above  ;  and  compare 
p.  454  for  Winstree  Hundred  and  p.  489  for 
Clavering  Half  Hundred. 

6  In  Mundon  (see  pp.  387,  381,  393  above). 


487 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


swine,  and  2  rounceys  (runcini).     Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  26. 

HAINCTUNA  [Asheldham  ? *],  which  in  King 
Edward's  time  was  held  freely  by  Godric  as 
a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  and  37  acres,  is 
held  of  S[uen]  by  Garner.  Then  3  bordars  ; 
now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough. 
(There  are)  5  acres  of  meadow.  (There  was) 
then  no  stock  (nichil) ;  now  3  beasts  (animalia), 
4  swine,  (and)  1 1  goats.  It  is  worth  20 
shillings.  Robert  Fitz  Wimarc  (IPimarcte) 
had  this  manor  after  the  coming  of  King 
William.2 

HUNDRET    OF    WlTHAM 

RUWENHALA  3  [Rivenhall],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Leftan,  a  free 
man,  as  30  acres,  is  held  of  S[uen]  by  Clar- 
enbald.  Then  as  now  (semper]  I  plough  on 
the  demesne,  and  half  a  plough  belonging  to 
the  men.  Then  5  bordars  ;  now  6.  Then  as 
now  (semper}  2  serfs.  (There  are)  10  acres 
of  meadow.  Pasture  worth  (de)  4  shillings.4 
And  there  is  I  sokeman  with  (de}  5  acres. 
Then  2  beasts  (animalia),  and  2  rounceys 
(runcini),  and  1 5  sheep ;  now  2  beasts,  2 
rounceys,  100  sheep,  6  swine,  8  goats,  (and) 
2  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  40  shil- 
lings ;  now  30. 

NUTHLEA  [  Notley5],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Achi,  a  free  man,  as 

1  manor,  is  held  (of  Suen)  by  Godebold  as  half 
a  hide  and  30  acres.     Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  i.     Then  2  ploughs  belong- 
ing to  the  men  ;  now  i .     Then  4  villeins  ; 
now  2.     Then  4  bordars  ;    now   5.     Then 

2  serfs  ;  now  none.    (There  was)  then  wood- 
(land)  for  40  swine  ;  now  for  30.     (There  are) 
10  acres  of  meadow.     Then  I  rouncey  (run- 
cinus)  and  2  cows.     Now  2  rounceys,  and  8 
beasts  (animalia),  30  swine,  1 1  sheep,  (and)  1 0 
hives  of  bees.     It  was  then  worth    40  shil- 
lings ;  now  60. 

HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 
HALINGEBIA  6  [(Little)  Hallingbury  7],  which 

1  See  pp.  391,  393,  410  above. 

8  Compare  the  Dunmow  entry  on  this  page. 

3  In  the  MS.  it  is  '  Ruuuenhala.' 

4  This  is  a  somewhat  uncommon  formula  in 
Essex  (see  Introduction,  p.  378). 

5  It  has  not  been  established  in  which  of  the 
Notleys  this  holding  lay.     The  name  of  its  tenant 
is  so  uncommon  that  he  was  doubtless  the  Gode- 
bold who  held  of  Suain  at  Horkesley. 

6  A  scribal  error  for  '  Halingeberia.' 

7  Alias   Hallingbury-Nevill.      The   identity  is 
proved  by  the  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer  (p.  738). 


was  held  by  Godric,  a  free  man,  as  i  manor 
and  as  1\  hides,  is  held  of  S[uen]  by  Walter. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne. Then  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  4.  Then  8  villeins  ;  now  10. 
Now  17  bordars.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4 
serfs.  (There  was)  then  wood(land)  for  150 
swine  ;  now  for  100.  (There  are)  30  acres 
of  meadow,  (and)  now  a  moiety  of  a  mill. 
Then  2  rounceys  (runcini),  and  6  beasts  (ani- 
malia), and  24  swine,  30  sheep,  (and)  30 
goats  ;  now  2  colts  (pulli),  and  7  beasts,  and 
13  swine,  50  sheep,  32  goats,  (and)  7  hives 

fo.  466 

of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  100  shillings  ;  now 

6  pounds. 

HUNDRET  OF  DOMMAWA  [DUNMOW] 

WILLINGEHALA  [Willingale  8],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free 
man  as  20  acres,  is  held  of  Suen  by  Garner. 
It  was  then  worth  4  shillings  ;  now  8. 

DOMMAWA  [Dunmow9],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man,  is 
held  of  S[uen]  by  Ed  mar  as  37  acres,  of 
which  (et  Hire)  7  acres  were  added  after  the 
coming  of  King  William  and  belonged  to 
(ques  fuerunt)  a  certain  other  free  man.  Then 
half  a  plough  ;  now  i  (plough).  Then  2 
bordars  ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
serf.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine 
and  5  acres  of  meadow.  Now  i  mill.  Then 
4  beasts  (animalia),  9  swine,  1 1  sheep,  and  5 
goats  ;  now  5  beasts,  8  swine,  13  sheep,  (and) 

7  goats.     It   was  then  worth    10   shillings ; 
now  2O. 

HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU  [WINSTREE] 

MERESAI  [(East)  Mersea],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Robert  Fitz 
Wimarc  (JVlmarcte)  as  a  manor  and  as  6 
hides,  is  held  by  Suen  in  demesne.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  8  ploughs  (belonging  to  the  men) ; 
now  6.  Then  9  villeins  ;  now  8.  Then 
12  bordars  ;  now  14.  Then  3  serfs  ;  now 
none.  (There  was)  then  wood(land)  for  40 
swine.10  (There  are)  5  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  4  fisheries.  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus), 
9  beasts  (animalia),  25  swine,  (and)  107  sheep  ; 

8  The  holding  was  so  small  that  it  is  uncertain 
in  which  of  the  Willinghales  it  lay. 

9  The  identity    of  this  small   estate  is  uncer- 
tain. 

10  This    is    not  followed    by  an  entry    of  the 
amount  of  woodland  remaining  in  1086. 


488 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


now  3  rounceys,  12  beasts,  10  swine,  100 
sheep,  (and)  I  hive  of  bees.  It  is  worth  10 
pounds. 

PELTENDUNA  [Peldon],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  I  free  man  as  a 
manor  and  as  half  a  hide,  is  held  of  Suen  by 
Odo.  Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough. 
It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

EDBURGETUNA  [Abberton1]  is  held  (of 
Suen)  by  the  same  (Odo)  as  1 5  acres,  which 
were  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free 
man.  Then  I  free  man  ;  now  I  bordar.* 
There  are  5  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth 
5  shillings. 

The  Half  Hundret  of  CLAVELINGA  [Claver- 
ing]  is  Suen's,  and  the  pleas  of  the  said 
Hundret  are  worth  (reddunt)  to  him  25  shil- 
lings a  year.8 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  CLAVELINGA  [CLAVERING] 

CLAVELINGA  [Clavering4],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Robert  Fitz 
Wimarc  (fPimarc<e)  as  i  manor  and  as  15 
hides.6  Then  and  afterwards  4  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  ;  now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
25  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  17 
villeins.  Then  and  afterwards  9  bordars  ; 
now  37.  Then  and  afterwards  8  serfs  ;  now 
12.  (There  was)  then  wood(land)  for  800 

fo.  47 

swine  ;  now  for  600.  (There  are)  35  acres 
of  meadow.  (There  was)  then  i  mill.  And 
I  plough  (more)  could  again  be  employed 
(potest  restaurari)  in  this  manor.6  Then  3 
rounceys  (runcini),  and  25  beasts  (animalia), 
50  swine,  40  sheep,  15  goats,  (and)  12  hives 
of  bees  ;  now  2  rounceys,  and  i  colt  (pul/us), 
14  beasts,  21  swine,  90  sheep,  23  goats,  (and) 
5  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  20  pounds  ; 
now  30. 

1  i.e.  the  manor  of  Badcocks  there. 
'  This  should  be  observed  as  an  instance  of  the 
process  of  social  depression  (see  Introduction,  p. 

36')- 

8  See  Introduction,  p.  345,  and  p.  487,  note  5. 

4  Including  Langley. 

*  See  Introduction,  p.  345  and  p.  292  above. 

*  It  will   be  observed  that  this  estimate  does 
not  tally  with  the  figures  above,  which  show  that 
the  ploughs  were  not  deficient  but  were  actually 
one  more  in  number  than  they  had  been.     The 
word  '  restaurari '  seems  to  exclude  the  hypothesis 
that  the  arable  area  had  been  increased  by  the 
diminution  of  the  woodland.     Possibly  the  scribe 
reversed  the  figures  of  the  demesne  ploughs  by  a 
slip. 


BERDANE  [Berden]  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  Godman,  a  sokeman  of 
Robert  (Fitz  Wimarc).  It  is  now  held  of 
S[uen]  by  Alvred  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men,  and  4  villeins,  and  5  bordars.  Then 
and  afterwards  4  serfs  ;  now  none.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine,  and  2  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  14  swine,  and  25  sheep; 
now  3  rounceys  (runcini),  and  2  colts  (pulli), 
and  13  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  21  swine,  122 
sheep,  8  goats,  (and)  i  hive  of  bees ;  it  was 
then  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  40. 

HUNDRET  OF   WIBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

HAINTUNA  [Asheldham?7],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man,  is 
held  of  S[uen]  by  Ralf  as  a  manor  and  as  half 
a  hide  and  37  acres.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
I  plough  on  the  demesne.  Then  3  bordars ; 
now  2.  (There  are)  5  acres  of  meadow. 
It  is  worth  20  shillings.  Robert  Fitz 
Wimarc  (Wimarcte)  had  this  land  after  the 
coming  of  King  William.8 

Of  the  abovesaid  manor,  namely  CLAVE- 
LINGA [Clavering],  Ansgot  holds  of  Suen  half 
a  hide  and  30  acres  ;  and  Wicard  3  virgates, 
and  Robert  half  a  hide  and  1 5  acres  ;  and 
Ralf  15  acres.9  And  among  them  all  (inter 
totum)  there  are  14  bordars,  and  3^  ploughs. 
And  the  whole  is  worth  4  pounds  in  the 
above  valuation  (in  eodem  pretio).10 

HUNDRET  OF  LEXENDENA  [LEXDEN] 

EILAND  [Horkesley  n]  was  held  by  R[obert] 
as  I  manor  and  as  5^  hides.  Now  S[ucn] 
holds  it  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
1 8  villeins.  Then  33  bordars  ;  now  42. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  7  serfs  and  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  10  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  600 

7  See  p.  488,  note  i,  above. 

8  It  will  be  observed  that  this  entry  of  a  manor 
in  Dengie  Hundred  is  interpolated  in  the  midst 
of  the  account  of  Clavering  and  its  Half  Hundred. 
I  suspect  it  to  be  a  duplicate  (see  Introduction, 
p.  410). 

9  Compare  p.  484,  note  6,  above. 

10  This  entry  should  obviously  have  followed 
immediately  on  that  of  Clavering. 

11  Then  part  of  the  great  manor  of  '  Eiland  ' 
(now  Nayland),  divided   by   the  Stour   into  two 
portions,   of  which    one  lay   in  Suffolk  and  the 
other,  consisting  of  the  two  Horkesleys,  in  Essex. 
The  whole  had  been  held  by  Robert  Fitz  Wimarc 
(sec  Introduction,  p.  408). 


489 


62 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


swine,  and  24  acres  of  meadow.1  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  mill.  It  was  then  worth  10 
pounds;  now  12.  Of  this  manor  Godebold  * 
holds  of  Suen  i^  hides  and  30  acres  ;  and 
2  villeins  (are  there)  and  8  bordars,  and  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  2  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  and  it  is  worth  60 
shillings  in  the  above  valuation  (in  eodem 
pretio).  Moreover  the  same  (Godebold  ?) 
holds  37  free  men,  dwelling  (in)  3  hides  of 
land,  whom  Robert  had  in  King  Edward's 
time  and  Suen  afterwards ;  (there  were) 
then  between  them  4  (ploughs)  ;  now  5  ; 

fo.  47b 

now  i  mill  ;  (there  is)  wood(land)  for  60 
swine,  (and)  14  acres  of  meadow  ;  it  was 
then  worth  4  pounds  ;  now  100  shillings. 
And  a  certain  free  man,  (who)  was  com- 
mended 8  to  Robert,  held  y£  acres,  and  could 
betake  himself  (ire]  whither  he  would,4  and 
Suen  has  that  land  ;  it  is  worth  5  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORDA  [CHELMSFORD] 

BORHAM  [Boreham6],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Turchil  as  I  manor 
and  as  I  hide,  is  held  of  [Suen]  by  Osbern. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  bordar.  Now  i 
serf.  Then  i  plough  ;  now  none.  There 
are  8  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  20 
shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  ANGRA  [ONGAR] 

STAPLEFORT  [Stapleford  (Tany)],  which 
was  held  by  Godric  as  i  manor  and  as  5 
hides — of  which  5  hides  he  gave  to  his 
10  free  men  freely  4  hides,  retaining  i 
hide  in  demesne  6 — is  held  of  Suen  by 
Siric.7  And  after  King  (William)  came, 
Robert  had  (the)  i  hide  by  the  king's  gift 
and  his  son  Suen  added  the  4  hides  thereto 
(cum  ista)  after  his  father's  death.  In  (the)  I 
hide  (there)  was  then  no  bordar,  and  in  the 
4  hides  (there  were)  then  6  bordars  ;  now  2 
villeins  and  18  bordars  (in  the  5  hides). 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  300  swine,  (and) 

1  Only  10  acres  of  meadow  are  assigned  to  the 
Suffolk  portion    of  '  Eilanda,'   which  has   now  a 
good   expanse.     Probably    the   area    under    water 
was  then  considerably  larger. 

2  The  father  of '  Robert  son  of  Godebold  '  who 
founded  Little  Horkesley  Priory. 

3  See  Introduction,  p  358. 

4  i.e.  choose  his  lord. 

6  The  identity  of  the  manor  has  not  been 
ascertained. 

6  'et  de  his  v  hidis  dedit  suis  x  liberis  homini- 
bus    libere  iiii    hidas,   et  i  retinuit   in   dominio.' 
This  is  an  interesting  passage. 

7  See  p.  491,  note  4,  below. 


2O  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
i  mill.  It  was  then  worth  8  pounds  ;  now 
10  pounds.  Then,  in  the  demesne,  i  cow, 
and  13  sheep;  now  8  beasts  (animalia),  and 
1 7  swine,  1 1 8  sheep,  and  2  hives  of  bees. 

TEIDANA  [Theydon  (Mount)],  which  was 
held  by  Godric  as  i  manor  and  (as)  3  hides 
and  80  acres,  is  held  of  S[uen]  by  Robert. 
And  S[uen]  holds  this  manor  of  the  gift  of 
King  William,  who  gave  it  to  his  father 
Robert.  Then  5  villeins  ;  now  i .  Then  3 
bordars;  now  17.  Then  4  serfs;  now 
none.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne ; 
now  3.  Then  the  men  had  (inter  homines]  4 
ploughs  ;  now  3.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
500  swine,  (and)  28  acres  of  meadow.  Then 

1  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  1 2  beasts  (animalla), 
60  swine,  (and)  100  sheep  ;   now  3  rounceys, 
3  colts  (/>«///),  13  beasts,  39  swine,  (and)  148 
sheep.     It  was  then  worth   6   pounds  ;  and 
the  same  when  received  ;   it  is  now  worth  9 
(pounds). 

HUNDRET  OF  CEFFEURDA  [CHAFFORD] 

WARLEIA  [Warley  (Franks)8]  was  held  by 
Godric  freely  (libere),  in  King  Edward's  time, 
as  i  manor  and  as  2  hides.  Now  S[uen] 
holds  it  similarly  in  his  demesne.  Then  2 
villeins ;  now  3.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  8. 
Then  3  serfs  ;  now  i .  Then  as  now  (semper) 

2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.     Then  the  men 
had     (inter    homines)    I     plough  ;     now     2^. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for   150  swine,  (and) 

3  acres  of  meadow.     Then  2  rounceys  (run- 
cini),  and  7  beasts  (animalia\  and  17  swine.9 

fo.  48 

It  was  then  worth  4  pounds  ;  and  the  same 
when  received  ;  now  6  pounds. 

HELITUNA  10  [Kenningtons],  which  was  held 
by  Ustan  u  freely  (libere}  as  a  manor  and  as  I 
hide  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  (Suen) 
by  Lewin.  Then  3  bordars  ;  now  4.  And 
(there  is)  I  plough.  (There  are)  i  cow  and 
2  beasts  (animalia),  1 6  swine,  (and)  30  sheep. 
It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

8  In  Great  Warley. 

9  The  amount  of  the  live  stock  in   1086  is  not 
given,  possibly  because  the  scribe  at  this  point  had 
to  begin  a  fresh  leaf  and  overlooked  it. 

10  rectius   '  Kelituna,'    a  manor  in   Aveley,   of 
which    the    name  is  preserved  in   '  Kenningtons.' 
There  are  other  instances  in  Essex  of  this  addi- 
tion of  an  '  s '  (see  p.  456,  note  1 1).     Afterwards 
known  as  the  manor  of  Bretts  from  the  Bret  family, 
which  held  it  as  of  the  Honour  of  Henry  of  Essex. 

11  This    name     was     probably    intended     for 
'Ulstan.' 


490 


THE    HOLDERS  OF    LANDS 


HALF  HUNDRET  OF  MELDUNA   [MALDON]         HUNDRET  OF  TURESTAPLA  [THURSTABLE] 


In  MELDUNA  [Maldon  *]  Robert  (Fitz 
Wimarc  held  Haifa  hide.  Now  S[uen]  holds 
(it)  and  Guner'  *  of  him.  And  in  this  land 
the  king  receives  (habet)  4  shillings  of  cus- 
tomary due,  and  (it)  does  its  share  (facit  ad- 
jutorium)  with  the  other  burgesses  in  finding 
a  horse  for  the  host  (invenire  caballum  in  ex- 
ercitu)  and  towards  (ad)  making  a  ship.*  But 
Suen  receives  (habet)  the  other  dues.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  I  bordar  and  i  plough.  And 
it  is  worth  2O  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGE 

ALMESTEDA  [Elmstead]  was  held  by  Robert 
Fitz  Wimarc.  Now  Suen  (holds  it),  and 
Siric'4  of  him,  as  i  manor  and  as  8  hides. 
Then  14  villeins;  now  13.  Then  31  bor- 
dars  ;  now  36.  Then  6  serfs  ;  now  I.  Then 
3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  4.  Then 
19  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  18. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  500  swine,  22  acres 
of  meadow,  and  pasture  for  60  sheep.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  mill,  and  i  saltpan.  Then 
3  rounceys  (runcini),  and  1  8  beasts  (animalia\ 
and  30  swine,  150  sheep,  40  goats,  and  5 
hives  of  bees  ;  now  5  rounceys,  10  beasts, 
32  swine,  190  sheep,  80  goats,  (and)  2  hives 
of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  9  pounds  ;  now 


FULETUNA  [Foulton8],  which  was  held  by 
Bricsi  as  i  hide  less  10  acres  and  as  i  manor, 
is  held  of  S[uen]  by  Odard.  This  (Bricsi) 
held  this  land  freely  (libere)  ;  and  when  the 
king  came  into  this  land8  he  became  an  out- 
law, and  Rfobert  Fitz  Wimarc]  received  his 
land.  S[uen]  had  (it)  afterwards.  Now  as 
then  (semper)  there  is  there  i  bordar,  and  i 
serf,  and  I  plough.  And  (there  are)  2  acres 
of  meadow,  (with)  pasture  for  100  sheep.  He 
received  nothing  then  ;7  now  (there  are)  6 
beasts  (animalia),  and  10  swine,  and  20  sheep, 
and  2  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  10 
shillings  ;  now  20. 

1  This  seems  to  represent  the  manor  of  South- 
ouse  and  Sayen  there. 

*  This  was  probably  the  '  Gunner  '  who  held  of 
him  at  Little  Totham  (below). 

9  This  passage  is  discussed  in  the  Introduction, 
(p.  386).  Its  construction  may  be  open  to  ques- 
tion. 

*  He  also  held  of  Suain  manors  at  Stapleford 
(Tany)  and  West  Thorndon,  which  all  descended 
together. 

8  In  Ramsey. 

*  The  euphemism  for  the  Norman  Conquest. 

7  i.e.  there  was  no  live  stock  on  the  demesne 
when  it  came  into  Robert's  hand*. 


TOLESHUNTA  [Tolleshunt  *],  which  was 
held  by  Brun  as  a  manor  and  as  i£  hides  and 
40  acres,  is  held  of  S[uen]  by  Odo.  Robert 

fo.  48b 

had  (it)  after  the  king  came  into  this  land,8  and 
now  S[uen]  has  (it).  There  arc  now  there  4 
bordars.  Then  (there  were)  2  serfs  ;  now  I . 
There  is  wood(land)  for  12  swine,  (and)  pas- 
ture for  20  sheep.  Then  2  beasts  (anima/ia), 
and  i  rouncey  (runcimts),  and  20  sheep  ;  now 
12  beasts,  2  rounceys,  12  swine,  (and)  80 
sheep.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ;  now 
25- 

TOTHAM  [(Little)  Totham]  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Gunner9  ;  and  he 
still  holds  (it)  under  Suen  as  30  acres.  Then 
as  now  3  bordars.  Then  half  a  plough  ;  now 
the  same  (simi/iter).  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  20  swine,  (and)  pasture  for  60  sheep.  It 
is  worth  10  shillings. 

fo.  49 

XXV.     THE   LAND    OF    EUDO 
DAPIFER  lo 

HUNDRET  OF  WITHAM 

BRACHESTEDA  [(Great)  Braxted],  which 
was  held  by  a  king's  thegn  as  i  manor  and  as 
2  hides  less  15  acres,  is  held  of  E[udo]  by 
Richard.11  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne,  and  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  Then  5  villeins ;  now  6.  Then  4 
bordars  ;  now  6.  Then  2  serfs ;  now  none. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  300  swine,  (and) 
30  acres  of  meadow.  Now  half  a  mill. 
(There  is)  i  sokeman  of  4  acres.  Then  2 
rounceys  (runcini)  and  1 4  beasts  (animaiia),  40 
swine,  (and)  80  sheep  ;  now  i  rouncey,  6 
beasts,  46  swine,  110  sheep,  (and)  4  hives  of 
bees.  It  is  worth  8  pounds. 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 
HERLAUA  [Harlow1*],  which  was  held,  in 

8  This  estate  has  not  been  satisfactorily  identi- 
fied. 

9  See  p.  355,  note  3,  above. 

10  I   preserve  the  name  in  this  familiar  form, 
though    the   meaning   of  Dafifer   is  '  seneschal,' 
which  was  the  office  held  by  Eudes  (son  of  Hu- 
bert de  Ryes). 

Eudo's  manors  are  difficult  in  some  cases  to 
distinguish  because  the  fief  was  dislocated  at  his 
death  (see,  for  him,  Introduction,  p.  347). 

11  This  was  Richard  de  Sackville  (see  Introduc- 
tion, p.  379). 

'*  This  holding,  large  though  it  is,  cannot,  it 
seems,  be  identified. 


491 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


King  Edward's  time,  by  Goduin,  a  free  man, 
as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  3  virgates,  is 
held  of  Eudo  by  Turgis.1  Then  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne ;  now  i .  Then  I  plough 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  none.  Then  3 
villeins  ;  now  none.  Now  2  bordars.  Then 
2  serfs  ;  now  I.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
50  swine,  (and)  10  acres  of  meadow.  Then 

1  beast  (animal)  and  30  sheep  ;   now  1 8  beasts, 
4  rounceys  (runcini),  19  swine,  75  (sheep  ?2), 

2  hives  of  bees.     Of  this  estate  (terra)  are  50 
acres,    which    were    added    (to    it)    in   King 
William's  time  ;    and  Lefsi3  added  them  to 
this  estate.     Then   as    now    (semper)   it  was 
worth  40  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    DoMMAWA    [DuNMOW] 

RODINGES  [Roding  (Morel)?4],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Samar,  a 
free  man,  as  i^  hides  and  45  acres,  is  held  of 
Eudo  by  Turgis.6  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  2  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  I.  Then  9 
villeins  ;  now  3.  Then  i  bordar  ;  now  3. 
Then  3  serfs  ;  now  i .  There  is  woodland 
for  100  swine,  (and)  19  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  i  rouncey  (runcinus)  ;  now  7.  Then 

1  This    was    clearly    the    Turgis   who  held    of 
Peter  de  Valognes  in  the  adjoining  manor  of  Latton, 
and  who  held  of  Eudo  himself  in  Roding. 

2  The  word  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 

3  I  strongly  suspect  this  English  name  (Leofsige), 
for  which  it  seems  impossible  to  account,  to  be  an 
error  of  the  scribe  for  '  Lisois,'  the  name  of  Eudo's 
predecessor  (see  note  1 1  below). 

4  To    distinguish,    in    Domesday,    the    various 
Rodings  is  a  task  of  great  difficulty.     For  Eudo's 
manors  there  we  naturally  turn  to  the  Colchester 
Cartulary,  where   we  find  an  episcopal  confirma- 
tion  to  the  abbey   of  the  whole  tithes   of  Fulc 
Dapifer  in  '  Roinges '   Abbess,  and  of  the  whole 
tithe  of  the  demesne  of  Ralf  Morel  in  '  Roinges 
Morel'    with     two-thirds    of    the    tithe    of    the 
demesne    of   Walter   de    Merc    there.      Walter's 
manor    of  '  Merles,'    though    in    White    Roding, 
adjoins    Roding    Morel,    which    is    itself  now   a 
hamlet  in  White  Roding,  so   that  we  may  fairly 
identify  the  place  in  the  text  as  above.     Turning 
to   Eudo's   other    manor,   Domesday   places  it  in 
Ongar  Hundred,  and  Roding  Abbess  is  one  of  the 
two  Rodings  in  that  Hundred,  so  that  its  identity 
seems    tolerably    certain.       And    although     Fulc 
Dapifer  does    not    occur    in    Domesday    we   find 
him    in  the    Colchester    Cartulary  as  a   knightly 
tenant  of  Eudo  under  Henry  I.     Morant,  followed 
by    Mr.    Chisenhale  -  Marsh,    assigned    both    the 
manors  of  Eudo  to  Aythorp  Roding,  but  on  what 
ground   I    do    not    know.       His   account    of  the 
parish  shows  no  reason  for  this  identification,  and 
he  admits  that  Eudo's  supposed  grant  of  its  tithes 
'did  not  take  effect.' 

6  See  note  i  above. 


IO  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  25.  Then  6 
swine  ;  now  89.  Then  50  sheep  ;  now  225. 
Now  55  goats  and  8  hives  of  bees.  It  was 
then  worth  100  shillings  ;  now  6  pounds. 
This  manor  is  claimed  by  the  Abbot  of  Ely, 
says  (teste)  the  Hundret  (court).6 

LINDESELES  [Lindsell],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Ulmar,  a  free  man,7 
as  I  manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held  by  Eudo 
in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  3  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men.  There  are  9  villeins 
and  i  priest.  Then  i  bordar  ;  now  9. 
Then  4  serfs  ;  now  *  i .  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  30  swine,  6  acres  of  meadow,  (and) 
now  I  mill.  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus), 
and  5  beasts  (animalia),  and  60  swine  ;  now 
I  rouncey,  and  .  .  .8  It  was  then  worth 

fo.  49b 

IOO  shillings ;  now  6  pounds.  And  this 
manor  was  worth  the  same  (tale  erat)  when 
(he)  received  (it).9 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

MUNDUNA  [Mundon]  was  held  by  God- 
uin, a  king's  thegn,  as  i  manor  and  as  IO 
hides.  Now  Eudo  holds  (it)  in  demesne. 
Then  10  villeins  ;  now  15.  Then  8  bor- 
dars ;  now  14.  Then  9  serfs;  now  7.  And 
(there  were)  2  French  men  (franci  homines 10) 
who  have  half  a  hide,  which  Lisois  u  seized 
(occupavii)  because  one  of  them  became  an  out- 
law (utlagavit).  In  this  manor  (there)  are  4 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  8  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  10.  And  (there 
are)  2  arpents  of  vineyard  (v'meee).  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  24  swine,  (and)  pasture  for 
2OO  sheep.  Then  4  rounceys  (runcini)  and 
8  beasts  (animalia),  40  swine,  (and)  250 
(sheep) ;  now  4  rounceys,  and  1 5  beasts,  and 

6  It  is  interesting  to  observe  that  this  last  sen- 
tence has  been  crowded  in  after  the  entry  had  been 
written. 

7  This    must   be  Wulfmar  of  Eaton,   a   great 
Bedfordshire  thegn,  who  is  found  as  Eudo's  pre- 
decessor in  that  county.     In  Essex  we  find  him 
succeeded  by  Eudo  at  Hawkwell,  Shellow,  Takeley, 
Theydon,   and   Roding   (Abbess  ?),   as  well  as  at 
Lindsell. 

8  The  folio  ends  here. 

9  This  seems  to   be  the  best  rendering  of  this 
abnormal  formula  ;  for  values  were  usually  given 
as  for  these  three  periods. 

10  There  is  always  considerable  doubt  whether 
this  phrase  may  not  imply  free  holders  instead  of 
'French  men.' 

11  Eudo's  predecessor,  Lisois  de  Moustiers  (de 
Monasteriis). 


492 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


65  swine,  354  sheep,  (and)  4  hives  of  bees. 
It  was  then  worth  i  o  pounds  ;  now  1 7  ;  and 
it  was  leased  hr(fuit  ad  firmam  ad]  30  pounds 
under  Eudo  himself.1  To  this  manor  there 
belong  (adjacent")  30  acres  ;  they  were  worth 
30  pence  ;  now  36.  There  also  belong  20 
acres  of  WRINGEHALA  [  ]  which  are 

held  by  I  sokeman  ;  (they  were)  then  worth 
2O  pence  ;  now  3  shillings. 

LALINGE  [Lawling*],  which  was  held  by 
Ulvric  cassa,  in  King  Edward's  time,  as  a 
manor  and  as  3^  hides  ;3  is  held  of  E[udo]  by 
Richard.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  3.  Now  i 
bordar.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  I .  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus) ;  now 
none.  Then  87  sheep  ;  now  63.  It  was 
then  worth  60  shillings  ;  when  (the  manor 
was)  received  40  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 

STEPLA  [Steeple],  which  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  Norman  as  a  manor  and 
as  3  hides  and  35  acres,  is  held  of  E[udo]  by 
the  same  R[ichard].  Then  as  now  (semper) 
i  bordar,  and  2  serfs,  and  2  ploughs.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine.  Then  6  beasts 
(anima/ia)  ;  now  27.  Then  as  now  I  roun,- 
cey  (runcinus)  and  15  swine.  Then  120 
sheep  ;  now  160.  It  is  worth  4  pounds. 

DONA  [Down  (Hall)4],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Modinc  as  a  manor 
and  as  2  hides  and  20  acres,  is  held  of  E[udo] 
by  the  same  Rfichard],  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 2  bordars,  and  2  serfs,  and  i  plough. 
(There  is)  pasture  for  100  sheep.  Then  I 
rouncey  (runcinus)  ;  now  3.  Now  3  beasts 
(anima/ia).  Then  1 2O  sheep  ;  now  1 60  less 
i.  It  is  worth  60  shillings. 

LANDUNA  [  '],  which  was  held,  in 

King  Edward's  time,  by  4  free  men  as  half 
a  hide  and  20  acres,  is  held  of  E[udo]  by 
the  same  R[ichard].  Then  as  now  (semper) 
half  a  plough.  It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

ACLETA  [  8],  which  was  held,  in 

King  Edward's  time,  by  Modinc  as  a  manor 

1  This  last  clause  is  interlined. 

*  In  Latchingdon. 

8  '  pro  iii  hidis  T.R.E.  et  dim'.' 

*  In  Bradwell-by-Sea  (see  Introduction,  p.  392). 

*  The  present  '  Eastlands '  in  Bradwell-by-Sea 
is  styled  '  Land   farm '  in  Chapman   and  Andre's 
map  (1772-4),  but  I  know  of  nothing  to  identify 
it  as  '  Landuna.' 

«  There  is  a  '  Hockley '  in  Bradwell-by-Sea, 
but  one  can  hardly  suggest  so  great  a  distortion  of 
the  name,  nor  is  there  anything  to  suggest  the 
identification. 


and  as  i*  (hides)7  and  10  acres,  is  held  of 
E[udo]  by  the  same  (Richard).  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  bordar  and  i  plough.  (There 

Co.  jo 

is)  pasture  for  100  sheep.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  80  sheep, 
and  9  swine.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  40  shillings  ;  now  50. 

HUNDRET    OF    RoCHEFORT    [RoCHFORD] 

HECHWELLA  [Hawlcwell],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Ulmer  as  a 
manor  and  as  3^  hides  less  15  acres,  is  held  of 
Eudo  by  Pirot.8  Then  1 1  villeins  ;  now  8. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  5  bordars.  Then  2 
serfs ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  6  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  5.  There  are 
4  acres  of  meadow,  (with)  woodland  for  10 
swine.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini),  and  5 
beasts  (anima/ia),  102  sheep,  (and)  20  swine  ; 
now  1 6  beasts,  106  sheep,  20  swine,  (and)  2 
hives  of  bees.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  6  pounds  ;  now  7.* 

In  the  abovesaid  Hundret  of  DOMMAWA 
[Dunmow]  Richard  holds  of  Eudo  i  manor 
of  9  acres  which  is  called  BROCHESHEVOT 
[Broxted],  which,  in  King  Edward's  time,  was 
held  of  the  Abbot  of  Ely  by  2  sokemen.10 
Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  2j. 
Now  I  plough  belonging  to  the  men,  and  2 
villeins.  Then  3  bordars ;  now  5.  Then 
3  serfs  ;  now  i .  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
100  swine,  (and)  6  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
I  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  3  beasts  (anima/ia), 
and  1 6  swine;  now  5  beasts,  (and)  33  swine. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  60  shil- 
lings ;  now  4  pounds. 

SCELGA  [Shellow],  which  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  Ulmar,  a  free  man,  as  a 
manor  and  as  half  a  hide,  is  held  by  Eudo  in 
demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough 
on  the  demesne.  (There  are)  now  2  bordars. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  16  swine,  (and)  4 

7  The  word  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 

8  From  whom  the  family  of  Perot  which  subse- 
quently held  the  manor,  by  knight  service,  of  the 
Honour  of  Rayleigh.      He   was  an  under-tenant 
of  Eudo  in  other  counties  also. 

*  This  entry  is  duplicated  below  (see  Intro- 
duction, p.  41 1). 

10  See  p.  450  above,  where  the  former  tenure  of 
the  land  by  sokemen  is  ignored. 

The  circumstance  that  the  title  to  this  estate  was 
contested  is  doubtless  the  cause  of  its  being  entered 
here  out  of  due  course,  instead  of  under  Eudo's 
holding  in  the  Hundred  of  Dunmow. 


493 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


acres  of  meadow.     It  was  worth  then  as  now 
(semper)  10  shillings. 

DOMMAWA  [Dunmow  *],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man  as  a 
manor  and  as  37^  acres,  is  held  of  E[udo]  by 
Ralf.  Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough 
on  the  demesne,  and  half  a  plough  belonging 
to  the  men,  and  2  villeins.  (There  are)  now 
2  bordars.  Then  i  serf ;  now  none.  (There 
is)  woodland  for  15  swine,  (and)  4  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
10  shillings  ;  now  20.  And  in  the  same  vill 
(there  are)  also  (atte)  37^  acres,  which  were 
held  by  another  free  man,  in  which  there  is 
the  same  as  in  the  others  ;  and  they  are  worth 
the  same  amount.8 

HUNDRET    OF    UDELESFORT    [UlTLESFORD] 

TACHELEIA  [Takeley  3],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Ulmar,  a  free 
man,  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  15  acres, 
is  held  by  E[udo]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 
(semper]  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  2 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Then  3 
villeins ;  now  5,  and  i  priest.  Then  3 
bordars  ;  afterwards  and  now  10.  Then  as 
now  (semper]  2  serfs.  (There  was)  wood(land) 
for  1,000  swine ;  afterwards  and  now  for 
6oo.4  There  are  16  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
I  rouncey  (rundnus),  and  14  beasts  (animalia), 
30  swine,  30  goats,  (and)  80  sheep  ;  now  2 
rounceys,  20  beasts,  43  swine,  103  sheep, 

Co.  job 

(and)  40  goats.     Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  8  pounds  ;  now  i  o. 

HUNDRET  OF  CLAVELINGA  [CLAVERING] 

PLICHEDANA  [Pledgdon  6],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  2  free  men  as  a 
manor  and  as  5  hides  less  20  acres,  is  held  of 
E[udo]  by  Richard.  Then  4  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  afterwards  and  now  2.  Then  and 
afterwards  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ; 
now  3.  Then  and  afterwards  2  villeins  ;  now 
6.  Then  and  afterwards  2  bordars;  now  16. 

1  This  small  estate  has  not  been  identified. 

2  This  would  seem  to  be  a  complicated  way  of 
stating  that  an  estate  here  of  75  (geld)  acres  had 
been  held  by  2  free  men  in  absolutely  equal  shares 
(suggesting   recent  division),  and  that   Eudo  had 
obtained  the  whole: 

3  i.e.  the  manor  of  Colchester  Hall  there. 

4  This  must  have  been  part  of  Hatfield  (other- 
wise Takeley)  Forest. 

6  A  hamlet  in  Henham,  being  that  part  of  the 
parish  which  was  in  Clavering  Hundred.  Eudo's 
manor  was  afterwards  known  as  Prison  Hall. 


Then  and  afterwards  2  serfs  ;  now  none. 
(There  is)  wood(Iand)  for  20  swine,  (and) 
2O  acres  of  meadow.  Then  2  rounceys 
(runcini)  ;  now  none.  Then  2  beasts  (ani- 
malia]. Now  66  swine.  Then  300  sheep  ; 
now  200.  (There  are)  6  hives  of  bees. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  IOO 
shillings  ;  now  8  pounds.  Of  this  estate 
(terra)  2  hides  less  2O  acres  are  claimed  by 
G[eoffrey]  '  de  Magna  villa,'  and  the  Hundred 
(court)  supports  his  claim  (testatur  «'). 

HUNDRET  OF  LAXENDENA  [LEXDEN] 

BUCCHESTEDA  [Boxted  6],  which  was  held 
by  Grim  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held  of 
E[udo]  by  Artur.  Then  i  villein  ;  now 
none.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  9.  Then  as 
now  (semper]  i  plough  on  the  demesne. 
Then  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ; 
now  i.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  42  swine, 
(and)  2  acres  of  meadow.  Then  6  beasts 
(animalia]  ;  now  4.  Then  30  sheep  ;  now 
64.  Then  10  swine  ;  now  13.  (There 
are)  now  13  goats,  and  i  hive  of  bees.  It 
was  then  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  40.  And 
a  certain  free  (man 7)  held  (there)  5  acres, 
(which)  the  same  Artur  now  holds  of  E[udo]  ; 
then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough  was  there  ; 
it  is  worth  5  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  ANGRA  [ONGAR] 

TAINDENA  [Theydon  (Gernon  ?)],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Ulmar 
as  i  hide  and  40  acres,  is  held  by  Eudo  in 
demesne.  Then  4  villeins  ;  now  6.  Then 
2  bordars  ;  now  4.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  I . 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne, and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  400  swine,  (and)  5 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
rounceys  (runcini).  Then  8  beasts  (animalia)  ; 
now  13.  Then  35  swine  ;  now  66.  Then 
87  sheep  ;  now  100,  and  15  goats.  Then  2 
hives  of  bees  ;  now  6.  Then  and  afterwards 
it  was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 
And  i  sokeman  held  6  acres,  and  could  sell 
his  land  ;  but  the  soke  8  remained  attached  to 
(in)  the  manor ;  (this  is)  worth  1 2  pence. 

ROINGES  [Roding  (Abbess  ?) 9],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Ulmar  as  a 
manor  and  as  3  hides,  is  held  by  Eudo  in  de- 
mesne. Then  as  now  (semper]  7  villeins.  Now 

6  The  identity  of  this  manor  there  seems  to  be 
doubtful. 

7  The  MS.  omits  the  word. 

8  (Profits  of)  jurisdiction  there. 

9  See  p.  49  2 ,  note  4,  above. 


494 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


2  bordars.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  serfs,  and 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  3  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
•for  20  swine,  (and)  2O  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  I  rouncey  (runcinui) ;  now  3.  Then 
IO  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  14.  Then  40 
swine  ;  now  60.  Then  100  sheep  ;  now 
131.  And  (there)  is  I  sokema"n,  holding  half 
a  virgate  and  8^  acres,  who  could  sell  his 

fo.  51 

land,  though  (sett)  the  soke  l  remained  attached 
to  (in)  the  manor  ;  then  and  afterwards  I  ^ 
ploughs  were  there  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  I 
serf.  Then  and  afterwards  the  whole  was 
worth  8  pounds  ;  now  12. 

HUNDRET    OF    CELMERESFORT    [CHELMSFORD] 

RATENDUNA  [Rettendon],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Levesun  as  a 
manor  and  as  2  hides  and  30  acres,  is  held  of 
E[udo]  by  Richard.  And  this  land  is  claimed 
by  the  Abbey  (ALcclesia)  of  Eli  ;  and  the 
Hundret  (court)  supports  the  claim  (ftrt  testi- 
monium)?  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  bordars, 
and  2  serfs,  and  I  plough  on  the  demesne,  and 
i  plough  belonging  to  the  men.  Then  2 
rounceys  (runcini) ;  now  4.  Then  4  beasts 
(animalia)  ;  now  7.  Then  10  swine  ;  now 
33.  Then  80  sheep;  now  100  less  3.  It 
was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  70. 

LEGA  [Lees],  which  was  held  by  Edric  as 
a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held  of  E[udo]  by 
Richard.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  villeins. 
Then  2  bordars ;  now  9.  Then  7  serfs ; 
now  2.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  i^.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  800 
swine,*  (and)  16  acres  of  meadow.  (There 
is)  now  I  mill.  Then  3  rounceys  (runcini)  ; 
now  i.  Then  10  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  9. 
Then  40  swine  ;  now  35.  Then  50  sheep  ; 
now  63  ;  and  1 1  goats.  It  was  then  worth 
60  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA  [TENDRING] 

WILEIA  [Weeley]  was  held  by  Goduin  as 
a  manor  and  as  3  hides  and  38  acres.  Now 
E[udo]  holds  (it)  in  demesne.  Then  13  vil- 
leins ;  now  II.  Then  4  bordars;  now  9. 
Then  8  serfs  ;  now  4.*  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  200  swine,  6  acres  of  meadow,  and 
pasture  for  100  sheep.  And  2  sokemen  held 

1  i.e.  (the  profits  of)  jurisdiction. 

*  See  p.  450  above. 

*  This  extensive  woodland  was  represented  sub- 
sequently by  the  large  park  there,  which  was  of 
early  date. 

*  There  is  no  mention  of  the  ploughs. 


2  hides  and  45  acres,  which  used  to  belong 
(adjacebani)  to  this  manor  ;  then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 5  bordars  (were  there),  and  2  ploughs  ; 
(there  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine,  3  acres  of 
meadow,  (and)  pasture  for  60  sheep.  (There 
were)  then  on  the  demesne  15  beasts  (ani- 
malia') ;  now  1 6.  Then  60  swine  ;  now 
30.  Then  as  now  (semper)  240  sheep.  Then 

5  hives  of  bees  ;  now  2.    The  whole  together 
was  then  worth   8  pounds ;  now  1 9  pounds 
and  i  ounce  of  gold.6 

HUNDRET  OF  UDELESFORT  [UTTLESFORD] 

KUENADANA  [Quendon],  which  was  held 
by  Aldred  6  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held 
of  E[udo]  by  Richard.  Then  6  villeins  ; 
afterwards  and  now  3.  Now  4  bordars. 
Then  as  now  3  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  And  the  men  had  (inter  homines) 
then  3  ploughs ;  now  2.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  6  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  7  rounceys  (runcini)  ;  now  5.  Then 

6  beasts  (animalia) ;  now  9.    Then  32  swine  ; 
now  50.    Then  80  sheep  ;  now  200.     Now 
44  goats.     Then  4  hives  of  bees  ;  now  17. 
It  was  then  worth  8  pounds ;  now  6.8 

fo.  jib 

HALF    HUNDRET    OF    FROSSEWELLA 
[FRESHWELL] 

In  REDEWINTRA  [Radwinter]  Richard  holds 
1 5  acres,  which  were  held  by  Alvric  Wand.9 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  villein,  and  i  bordar, 
and  i  serf,  and  i  plough.  There  are  5  acres 
of  meadow.  Then  5  beasts  (animalia) ;  now 
8.  Now  2  rounceys  (runcini).  Then  5  sheep, 
and  3  swine  ;  now  none.  It  was  then  worth 
10  shillings  ;  now  3O.10 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

(HACWELLA  [Hawkwell]),11  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Ulmar,  a  free  man, 
as  a  manor  and  (as  3^  hides11)  less  15  acres, 
(is  held  by  Eudo  in  demesne  n).  Then  1 1 
villeins  ;  now  8.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5 

6  This  enormous  rise  in  value  seems  to  be 
unaccounted  for. 

6  This  was  very  probably  the  Aldred,  '  thegn  of 
King    Edward,'   whom    Eudo   had   succeeded    at 
Aspenden  in  Hertfordshire,  some    10  miles  to  the 
west,  and  at  Newsells  in  Barkway  north  of  it. 

7  The  MS.  omits  the  number. 

8  Here  is  a  fall  in  value  of  25  per  cent  con- 
current with  a  large  increase  in  the  live  stock. 

'  See  p.  496,  note  2,  below. 
10  Here  the  value  has  tripled  with   nothing  to 
account  for  the  rise. 

11  The  words  within  the  parentheses  have  been 
deleted  by  the  scribe. 


495 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


bordars.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  3.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
6  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  5. 
There  are  4  acres  of  meadow,  (with)  wood- 
(land)  for  10  swine.  Then  2  rounceys  (run- 
cini) ;  now  6.  Then  5  beasts  (animalia)  ; 
nowi6.  Then  102  sheep;  now  1 06.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  20  swine.  Now  2  hives  of 
bees.  It  was  then  worth  6  pounds  ;  now  7.* 

HUNDRET  OF  UDELESFORDA  [UTTLESFORD] 

ARCHESDANA  [Arkesden],  which  was  held 
by  Alvric  Wants  8  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides 
less  15  acres,  is  held  by  E[udo]  in  demesne. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  villeins,  and  7  bor- 
dars, and  2  serfs.  Then  and  afterwards  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  10 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  100  shillings. 

fo.5» 

XXVI.  THE  LAND  OF 
ROGER  DE  OTBURVILLA 

HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 

HALINGEBERIA  [(Great)  Hallingbury]  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  2  free  men  as 
a  manor  and  as  3  hides  and  38  acres.  Then 
6  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3.  Then 
io£  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  2\. 
Then  18  villeins  ;  now  8.  Then  4  bordars  ; 
now  5.  Then  i  serf ;  now  none.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  600  swine,  25  acres  of 
meadow,  pasture  worth  28  pence,  (and)  i 
mill.  And  9  ploughs  could  be  added  to  the 
stock  (restaurari).3  And  one  of  these  manors 
used  to  be  worth,4  in  King  Edward's  time, 
8  pounds  ;  and  when  received  (it  was  worth) 
100  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds.  And  the  other 
was  then  worth  60  shillings  ;  now  4O.5  Roger 
took  over  (recepit)  on  the  demesne  i  rouncey 
(runcinum\  and  3  beasts  (animalia),  and  30 
sheep,  and  40  swine ;  now  (there  are)  I 
rouncey  and  8  beasts,  and  80  swine,  and 
1 2O  sheep,  and  3  hives  of  bees.6 

1  This  is  the  duplicate  entry  discussed  in  the 
Introduction  (p.  411). 

*  This  is  the  Alvric  'Wand'  who  held  of 
Eudo  at  Radwinter  (see  Introduction,  p.  355). 

8  Yet  there  had  been  a  decrease  of  1 1  ploughs 
since  the  time  of  the  Confessor,  so  that  (if  the 
figures  are  correct)  either  the  estate  had  then  too 
many,  or  the  arable  land  had  decreased. 

4  '  unum  manerium  ex  istis  valebat.' 

6  This  passage  is  of  some  importance  for  the  use 
of  the  word  '  manerium.' 

6  This  was  clearly  the  principal  manor  in  the 
Hallingburys,  and  must  have  been  lost  by  Roger 
de  Otburvilla,  and  granted  to  Eudo  Dapifer  after 


HUNDRET  OF  DOMMAUA  [DUNMOW] 

RODINGES  [  ]  was  held,  in  King 

Edward's  time,  by  Turchil,  a  free  man,  as  a 
manor  and  as  2  hides.  Then  [  ploughs  ] 
on  the  demesne  ;  now  i-J-.  Then  3  villeins  ; 
now  i  priest  and  2  villeins.  Then  2  bordars  ; 
now  5.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  3,  who  have  i 
plough.8  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine, 
(and)  24  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then 
worth  6  pounds  ;  afterwards  and  now  100 
shillings.  And  when  (Roger)  received  (it),  he 
found  there  only  the  land  (itself9)  and  I 
plough. 

HUNDRET   OF  UDELESFORT  [UTTLESFORD] 

ARCHESDANA  [Arkesden]  was  held  by 
Lewin  freely  (libere)  as  a  manor  and  as  i 
hide  ;  and  Roger  (holds  it)  by  exchange  (in 
suo  escangio).  Then  2  villeins  ;  afterwards 
and  now  I.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  bor- 
dars. Then  I  plough  on  the  demesne  ; 
when  he  received  (the  manor),  none  ;  now 
I.  Then  and  afterwards  i  plough  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  none.  There  are  7  acres 
of  meadow,  (with)  wood(land)  for  10  swine. 
Then  i  beast  (animal)  and  19  sheep  ;  now  i 
colt  (pullus),  14  swine,  (and)  90  sheep.  It 
was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  50. 

In  the  same  vill  Ulfo  held  i  hide  freely 
(liberee)  in  King  Edward's  time ;  and  Roger 
(holds  it)  by  exchange  (pro  escangio).  Then  2 
villeins  ;  afterwards  and  now  I.  '  Then  as 
now  (semper)  3  bordars.  Then  I  plough  on 
the  demesne  ;  and  when  he  received  (the 
manor),  none  ;  now  i.  Then  and  afterwards 
i  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  none. 
(There  are)  7  acres  of  meadow,  (with)  wood- 
(land)  for  10  swine.  It  was  then  worth  40 
shillings  ;  now  5O.10 

fo.  52b 

CISHELLA  [Chishall  n]  was  held  by  Edric  as 

Domesday ;  for  it  passed  to  St.  John's  Abbey  under 
Eudo's  grant.  The  descent  of  Roger's  other 
manors,  and  therefore  their  exact  identity,  appears 
to  be  obscure. 

*  This  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 

8  'habentes    I    carrucam.'        This   appears    to 
refer  to  the  serfs,  but  must  be  intended  to  refer 
to  the   villeins  and   bordars.     The   3   serfs,   it  is 
interesting  to  note,  would  be   exactly   the    right 
proportion  for   the    l\   ploughs   on  the  demesne 
in   1086. 

9  '  solam  terram,'  an  exceptional  phrase. 

10  The  close  correspondence  between  the  figures 
for  these  two    holdings    at   Arkesden    should    be 
observed.     It  suggests  recent  and  equal  division. 

11  This  is  identified  by  Morant  with  the  manor 
of  Over  Chishall   in  Great  Chishall ;  but  it  was 
not  improbably  the  manor  of  '  Lisles '  there,  which 


496 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


a  manor  and  as  3^  hides.  Then  8  villeins ; 
afterwards  and  now  6.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  bordars.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  i .  Then  and 
afterwards  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now 
I.  Then  and  afterwards  3  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  2.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  40  swine,  (and)  6  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
I  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  2  swine,  and  213 
sheep.  Now  2  rounceys,  and  I  beast  (animai), 
32  swine,  (and)  200  sheep.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  it  was  worth  4  pounds. 

XXVII.    THE  LAND  OF  HUGH  DE 
MONTFORT 

HUNDRET    OF    BERDESTAPLA    [BARSTABLE] 

RAMESDANA  [Downham1],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  3  free  men 
as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  and  40  acres,  is 
held  of  Hugh  by  Osbern.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  plough  on  the  demesne.  Then 
half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  I. 
Then  3  bordars;  now  5.  Then  I  serf; 
now  none.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  60 
swine,  (and)  3  acres  of  meadow.  Then  2 
beasts  (animalia),  and  3  swine,  and  60  sheep  ; 
now  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  2  beasts,  and 
9  swine,  and  70  sheep.  It  is  worth  40 
shillings.  In  the  same  vill  are  30  acres 
which  belong  to  the  church  and  are  worth 
30  pence. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITHAM 

CHELLEVADANA  [Kelvedon],*  which  was 
held,  by  Gudmund,  a  king's  thegn,*  as  a 
manor  and  as  3$  hides,  is  held  of  Hugh  by 


William  son  of  Grossa  (gross*).*  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  then 
4  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  I. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  9  villeins,  and  3  serfs, 
and  5  bordars.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  50 
swine,  25  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  I  mill. 
Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  4  beasts 
(animalia),  and  7  swine,  and  40  sheep  ;  now 
2  rounceys  (and)  140  sheep.  It  was  then 
worth  6  pounds ;  now  7. 

HUNDRET  OF  BEVENTREU  [BECONTREE] 

LEINTUNA  [Leyton]  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Alsi  as  a  manor  and 

fo.  53 

as  3  hides  and  30  acres,  is  held  by  Hugh  in 
demesne.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  I.  Then  I  plough  belonging  to  the 
men;  now  i£.  Then  6  villeins;  now  I 
priest  and  I  villein.  Then  4  bordars ;  now 
3.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  none.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  1 50  swine,  (and)  30  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  60  sheep ;  now  4  swine, 
and  60  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  30  shil- 
lings ;  now  40.  And  one  of  these  hides 
used  to  pay,  in  King  Edward's  time,  a  cus- 
tomary due  (consuetudinem)  to  Havelingae 
[Havering]  a  manor  of  the  king  ;  and  now 
it  does  not  pay.5 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

PURLAI  [Purleigh],  which  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  Gudmund,6  a  free  man,  as 
a  manor  and  as  4  hides,  is  held  by  Hugh  in 
demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5  villeins. 


Then  6  bordars ;    now   7.     Then  6  serfs ; 


was  held  of  the  Honour  of  Lisle,  in  which  case  it 
would  have  descended  with  Eudo's  manor  in 
Arkesden,  where  Roger  also  had  a  manor.  As 
Eudo  obtained  Roger's  manor  of  Hallingbury,  he 
may  have  secured  other  manors  of  his  also. 

1  This  considerable  manor  has  not  hitherto  been 
identified.  Morant  ignores  the  entry  altogether, 
and  Mr.  Chisenhale-Marsh  assigned  it  vaguely  to 
Ramsden.  The  clue  is  found  in  the  lists  of  fees  in 
Hugh  de  Montfort's  honour  (that  of  '  the  Con- 
stable ')  owing  ward  to  Dover  Castle.  Among  the 
Essex  ones  '  Dunham  '  figures  as  one  fee  (Red  Book 
of  the  Exchequer,  pp.  6 1 4,  707,  718);  and  «  Dun- 
ham '  is  dearly  Downham,  which  adjoins  the 
Ramsdens,  and  which  docs  not  occur  by  name  in 
Domesday.  This  '  Dunham  '  is  wrongly  placed  by 
the  editor  of  the  Red  Book  in  Kent  (p.  1162) — 
he  does  not  know  where. 

1  This  valuable  manor  was  that  of  Felix  Hall,  as 
it  was  subsequently  named,  and  seems  to  have  ex- 
tended into  Little  Coggcshall,  Bradwell,  Great 
Braxted  and  Inworth. 

1  See  the  Introduction,  p.  346. 

1  4Q7 


now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne.  Then  3  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  2  ;  and  a  third  could  be 
employed  (fieri).  There  is  wood(land)  for 
700  swine.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  rounceys 
(runtini)  and  1 6  beasts  (animalia).  Then  300 
sheep ;  now  306.  Then  30  swine ;  now 
35.  It  was  then  worth  8  pounds ;  after- 
wards and  now  7. 


LACHENTUNA  [Latchingdon  7J  was  held  by 

4  See  p.  567  below  for  the  aggression  of  this 
tenant  in  conjunction  with  his  lord.  He  was  also 
under-tenant  of  Hugh  at  Dagworth  (near  Haugh- 
ley),  Suffolk,  and  at  Bonnington  in  Kent. 

6  See  p.  430  above  for  the  reference  to  this  un- 
der Havering. 

6  See  note  3  above. 

7  Latchingdon  itself,  not,  as  supposed  by  Morant, 
Purleigh  (or  Latchingdon)  Barns  in  Purleigh  (see 
Introduction,  p.  391).    It  was  subsequently  granted, 

63 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Gudmund  *  as  a  manor  and  as  3^  hides  and  20 
acres.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  villeins. 
Then  2  bordars ;  now  4.  Then  5  serfs ; 
now  4.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne,  and  half  a  plough  belonging  to 
the  men.  (There  is)  pasture  for  200  sheep, 
(and)  wood(land)  for  100  swine.  It  was  then 
worth  7  pounds  ;  afterwards  and  now  i  oo 
shillings.  Of  this  same  manor  Humfrey 
holds  2  hides  of  Hugh,  and  Ulmar  i  hide  ; 
and  these  are  worth  60  shillings  out  of  the 
above  amount  (in  eodem  pretio). 

In  PURLAI  [Purleigh]  10  free  men  held  7 
hides,  which  Hugh  received  as  2  manors.8 
But  the  Hundret  (court)  has  no  knowledge  of 
this  (hoc  nescit 3).  There  were  then  on  this 
land  (in  hoc  terra]  4  bordars  ;  now  8.  Then 
i  serf ;  now  none.  Then  8  ploughs  ;  now 
6.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  15  swine,  (and) 
pasture  for  100  sheep.  Then  and  afterwards 
it  was  worth  6  pounds  ;  now  100  shillings. 

Hugh  holds  further  (adhuc)  in  PURLAI 
[Purleigh]  i  manor  of  i^  hides  and  8£  acres, 
which  was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by 
3  free  men  with  (the)  soke.4  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i^  ploughs.  There  is  pasture  for  40 
sheep.  Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth 
2O  shillings.  The  whole  abovesaid  estate 
was  worth,  when  he  received  it,  30  pounds.  6 


in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Alwin,  a  thegn, 
as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held  by  Hugh 
in  demesne.  Then  i  bordar,  and  i  villein  ; 
now  the  same.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  serf 
and  i  plough  on  the  demesne.  (There  is) 
pasture  for  40  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  30 
shillings  ;  when  he  received  it,  2O  shillings  ; 
now  30. 

ESTOLEIA  [  7],  which  was  held  by 

8  is  held  by  Hugh  in  demesne. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  villeins.  Then  2 
bordars ;  and  now  the  same.  And  (there 
was)  i  i  ploughs,  and  (are)  now  the  same.  It 
is  worth  30  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU  [WINSTREE] 

LEGRA  [Layer  9],  which  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  Liwin,  a  free  man,  as  a 
manor  and  as  i^  hides  and  18  acres,  is  held 
by  Hugh  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
i£  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Now  half  a 
plough  belonging  to  the  men.  Now  3  bor- 
dars. Then  3  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  3  cows.  Then  2O  sheep  ;  now 
60.  (And  there  are)  now  14  swine,  and  I 
rouncey  (runcinus)  and  7  goats.  It  was  then 
worth  50  shillings ;  and  when  he  received 
(it),  2O  shillings  ;  now  40  shillings. 


fo. 


HALESDUNA  [  6],  which  was  held,      HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGAFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

RAINES  [Rayne  (Hall)],  which  was  held  by 
Gudmund  10  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  less  20 
acres,  is  held  of  Hugh  by  Alcher.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  and  afterwards  7  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men  ;  now  2^.  Then  and  afterwards 
1 8  villeins  ;  now  5.  Then  and  afterwards 
6  bordars  ;  now  7.  Then  and  afterwards  6 
serfs ;  now  4.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
150  swine,  (and)  1 6  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  mill,  and  i  rouncey  (runcinus). 
Then  1 8  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  1 7.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  70  sheep,  and  10  goats.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  6  pounds  ;  now  7. 


as  an  escheat,  to  a  family  which  took  its  name. 
The  manor  held  by  Hugh  must  be  that  of  Tiled 
Hall,  a  sit  paid  castle-guard  rent  to  Dover.  Morant 
wrongly  identified  this  manor  as  that  which  Phin's 
widow  held  in  1086. 

1  See  p.  497,  note  3,  above. 

*  This  passage  should  be  noted  as  bearing  on 
the  use  of  the  word  '  manor.' 

3  The  statement  seems  to  have  been  made  on 
Hugh's  behalf ;  and  the  men  of  the  '  Hundred  ' 
probably  stated  that  they  had  not   seen   any  one 
give  him  seizin  of  the  land  or  any  writ  of  the 
king  to  that  effect. 

4  i.e.  the  soke  of  the  land  was  vested  in  them. 

5  This  appears  to  refer  to  his  lands  in  Latching- 
don  and  Purleigh,  but  the  estimate  is  a  high  one. 
His  Purleigh  estate  alone  was  assessed  at  over   12\ 
hides,  but   Purleigh   is   a    parish  containing   over 
5,000  acres,  and  its  detached  portion,  '  Gibcrakes,' 
in  Danbury  and  Sandon  was  included   in  Hugh's 
holding,  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that,  with  South- 
house  in  (St.  Mary's)  Maldon  and  lands  in  Snore- 
ham,  it  passed  to   John  de   Grey,   who   received 
Purleigh  as  an  escheat  from  Henry  III.  (Hundred 
Rolls,  i.  159),  and  was  held  by  his  descendants  the 
Greys  of  Wilton. 

6  The  name  appears  to  be  now  lost,  but  the 
place  was  in  or  close  to  Mundon  (see  Introduction, 
P-  393)- 


7  This    place    has    not    been    identified.      Mr. 
Chisenhale-Marsh  suggested  that  it  might  be  Stow 
Maries,  but,  as  it  occurs  above  as  '  Estolleia,'  and 
is  found  in  the  thirteenth  century  as  '  Scolee '  or 
'  Scoleghe  '  (i.e. '  Stolee  '  or  '  Stoleghe  '),  its  second 
syllable    is  well    established.     In    Devonshire    the 
'  Stolei '  of  Domesday  is  now  Stoodleigh. 

8  The  name  of  the  former  holder  is  omitted  in 
the  MS.,  which  reads,   moreover:  'quod  tenent 
semper  ii  villani.' 

9  The  identity  of  this  manor  seems  to  be   un- 
certain. 

10  See  p.  497,  note  3,  above. 


498 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


HUNDRET    OF    WlBRICTESHERNA    [DENGIE] 

EFFECESTRE  [Bradwell-on-Sea '],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Ingulf, 
a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  i£  hides,  is 
held  of  Hugh  by  Ulmar.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  bordars.  Then  i  serf;  now  none. 
(There  is)  i  plough  on  the  demesne,  and  half 
(a  plough)  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
pasture  for  200  sheep.  It  is  worth  30  shil- 
lings. 

HUNDRET  OF  LAXENDENA  [LEXDEN] 

MERCHESHALA  [Markshall],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Gudmund  * 
as  i  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  and  13  acres, 
is  held  of  Hugh  by  Nigel.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  villeins.  Then  7  bordars ;  now  8. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  5  serfs.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne;  now  i±.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  ±  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  200  swine, 
(and)  i  acre  of  meadow.  Then  as  now 

fo-54 

(semper)  i  rouncey  (runcinus).  Then  2  beasts 
(anima/ia) ;  now  i  o.  Then  30  sheep  ;  now 
80.  Then  as  now  (semper)  1 2  swine.  (There 
are)  now  3  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth 
40  shillings  ;  now  60. 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 
BEDENESTEDA  [Sandon  s],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Gudmund  *  as  a 
manor  and  as  4  hides,  is  held  of  Hugh  by 
Robert.  Then  i  villein  ;  now  none.  Then 
9  bordars;  now  10.  Then  and  afterwards 
6  serfs  ;  now  i .  Then  and  afterwards  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne;  now  i.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men. 
(There  are)  5  acres  of  meadow.  Then  3 
rounceys  (runcini)  now  none.  Then  25  beasts 
(animalia) ;  now  (only)  i  cow.  Then  i  oo 
swine;  now  14.  Then  108  sheep;  now  24. 
Then  60  goats  ;  now  none.  It  was  then 
worth  8  pounds ;  and  when  received  the 
same  ;  now  4  pounds.8  And  5  free  men 
held  i£  hides  and  23  acres,  which  are  held 
of  Hugh  by  the  same  Robert ;  then  as  now 
(semper)  5  bordars  (were  there),  and  2^  ploughs, 
(with)  wood(land)  for  40  swine  and  4  acres  of 

1  Not,  as  supposed  by  Morant,  the  manor  of 
Bradwell  Hall,  but  that  of  Battails,  which  was 
always  held  of  the  Montfort  '  Honour  of  Haugh- 
ley'  (see  Introduction,  p.  392). 

*  See  p.  497,  note  3,  above. 

*  See  Introduction,  p.  389. 
4  See  note  z  above. 

6  This  is  a  good  instance  of  a  sweeping  reduc- 
tion in  the  live  stock  being  accompanied  by  a 
reduction  of  one  half  in  the  value. 


meadow  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  worth 
50  shillings.  This  manor  is  claimed  by  the 
monks  of  Ely  as  having  been  (quod  fulf)  held  in 
demesne  by  the  abbey  (in  abbatia  in  Jominio) 
in  King  Edward's  time ;  and  the  Hundret 
(court)  testifies  (to)  this. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA  [TENDRING] 
WICA  [Wix  6]  was  held,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  by  Queen  Edith  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide. 
It  is  now  held  of  Hugh  by  Roger.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  villeins.  Then  2  bordars ; 
now  8.  Then  2  serfs ;  now  none.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  plough.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  10  swine  (and)  3  acres  of  meadow. 
It  is  worth  10  shillings.  This  land  is  held 
by  Roger,  and  the  Hundret  (court)  knows  not 
how ;  and  the  queen  had  the  soke.7 

HUNDRET  OF  TURESTAPLA  [THURSTABLE] 

TOTHAM  [(Little)  Totham],  which  was 
held  by  Cola,  (and)  afterwards  by  Richard,  as 
a  manor  and  (as)  2  hides  and  32  acres,  is  held 
of  Hugh  by  Hugh  the  son  of  Mauger 
(Malgerf).  Then  4  bordars  ;  now  3.  Then 
4  serfs ;  now  5.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  I.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
2O  swine,  pasture  for  100  sheep,  (and)  3  acres 
of  meadow.  Then  i  saltpan  ;  now  3.  Then 
3  rounceys  (runcini);  now  2.  Then  1 6 swine; 
now  20.  Then  48  goats  (sheep8);  now  93. 
(There  are)  now  18  goats.  It  was  then  worth 
40  shillings;  and  when  received,  10  shillings; 
it  is  now  worth  40  shillings. 

GOLDHANGRA  [Goldhanger],  which  was 
held  by  Lewin,  (and)  afterwards  by  '  hagra,'  9 
as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide  and  15  acres,  is  held 
of  Hugh  by  the  same  (Hugh).10  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  villein,  and  6  bordars,  and  4 
serfs.  Then  i  plough  ;  now  half  (a  plough). 

fo.Mb 

(There  is)  wood(land)  for  60  swine,  7  acres 

6  Morant  alleged  this  to  be  the  manor  of  Ham- 
stalls  there,  but  his  account  of  it  gives  no  support 
to  this  view.     The  other  and  larger  portion  of 
Wix  had  also  been  Edith's,  but  had  been  given  by 
her,  since  the  Conquest,  to  Walter  the  Deacon 
(see  p.  548  below).     As  it  was  a  four-hide  manor, 
the  total  assessment  of  Wix  was  five  hides. 

7  i.e.  the  profits  of  jurisdiction. 

8  The   word    is   '  caprttj    but    it   is   dearly    a 
scribal  error  for  '  ovei.' 

9  The  reading  is  doubtful ;  the  MS.  has  « Lewin' 
posthagra  ' ;  but  in  the  previous  entry  we  have  the 
phrase  '  Cola  Post  Ricardus,'  which  suggests  the 
reading  given  in  the  text. 

10  The  result  of  this  common  tenure  was  that 
the  two  holdings  became  fused  as  the  '  manor  of 
Totham  with  Goldhanger.' 


499 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


of  meadow,  and  pasture  for  60  sheep.  Then 
half  a  saltpan  ;  now  one  and  a  half.  It  was 
then  worth  30  shillings  ;  and  when  received, 
10  shillings  ;  it  is  now  worth  2O  shillings. 
And  9  free  men  dwelt  on  (manserunt  in)  half 
a  hide  ;  and  one  man,  a  thegn  (unus  homo 
tegnus)  held  30  acres  ;  and  2  other  free  men 
held  I O  acres  ;  (in  all  this  '  there  was)  then 
I  plough  ;  now  half  (a  plough) ;  (all  this  was) 
then  worth  26  shillings  and  8  pence  ;  now  8 
shillings.  A  certain  knight  of  Hugh  de 
Montfort,  by  name  Hugh  son  of  Mauger8 
took  (accepif)  1 5  acres  from  a  free  thegn  3  and 
put  them  (misit)  with  his  own  land  ;  and  no 
one  gave  him  livery,  according  to  the  Hun- 
dret  (court),4  and  so  (the  land)  is  in  the  King's 
hand.6 

TOLESHUNTA  [Tolleshunt  (Darcy  ?)],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Ulsi  as 
a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  and  30  acres,  is 
held  of  Hugh  by  Humfrey.6  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  bordars  and  I  plough.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  30  swine  and  2^  acres  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

XXVIII.     THE    LAND    OF    HAMO 
DAPIFER.7 

HUNDRET    OF    BERDESTAPLA    [BAR*TABLE] 

ATELEIA  [  ],  which  was  held  by 

Goti  8  of  Harold,  in  King  Edward's  time,  as  a 
manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held  of  Hamo  by 

1  All  these  holdings  had  evidently  been  annexed 
to  the  manor,  but  are  valued  apart  from  it  as  a 
whole.  The  entire  passage  is  of  interest  for  tenure 
and  status. 

*  This  was  the  actual  tenant  of  the  manor,  so 
that  the  phrase  is  an  odd  one  here.  It  may  have 
been  inserted  in  another  place  on  the  original  re- 
turns and  added  in  Domesday  Book  to  the  Gold- 
hanger  entry  by  the  scribe. 

3  '  Uno    franco    teigno.'       A    singular    phrase, 
important  for  its  use  of  '  francus '  in  the  sense  of 
'free,'  not  'French.' 

4  '  Non  habuit  liberatorem,  sicut  hundret  tes- 
tatur.' 

5  This  phrase  also  is  suggestive  of  the  passage 
having   been  inserted   elsewhere    on    the    original 
return  (compare  p.  566  below). 

6  This  may  well  have  been  the  same  Humfrey 
as  the  one  who  held  at  Tolleshunt  Darcy  under 
Ranulf  Peverel. 

7  Brother    of    Robert     Fitz     Hamon,     whose 
daughter  and  heiress  brought  this  fief  to  her  hus- 
band the  first  Earl  of  Gloucester. 

8  This  name,  which  appears  below  as  '  Gotild,' 
was  that  of  a  woman,  although  she  is  styled  '  a  free 
man,'  under  Little  Wigborough  (see  also  p.  503, 
note  2,  below. 


Serlo.9     Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough,  and 
i  bordar,  and  i  serf.     It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITH  AM 

FALCHEBURNA  [Faulkbourne],  which  was 
held  by  Turbern,10  in  King  Edward's  time,  as 
a  manor  and  as  i^  hides  and  1\  acres,  is  held 
of  Hamo  by  Half.9  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  (There  are)  now  8 
bordars.  Then  6  serfs ;  now  3.  (There  are) 
5  acres  of  meadow.  Then  i  mill ;  now  none 
(non).  It  is  worth  50  shillings. 

to.  55 

NUTLEA  [  Notley  u],  which  was  held  by 
Alestan,  a  freeman,  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a 
hide  and  30  acres,  is  held  of  Hamo  by  Ralf. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough.  (There  is) 
now  i  bordar.  Then  2  serfs ;  now  i .  (There 
is)  an  acre  and  a  half  of  meadow.  It  is  worth 
30  shillings.  There  also  (In  eadem)  the  same 
(Ralf)  holds  30  acres  which  were  held  by 
Alvric  in  King  Edward's  time  ;  then  as  now 
(semper)  half  a  plough  was  there  ;  and  it  is 
worth  5  shillings. 

RAINES  [Rayne 12]  which  was  held  by  Coding 
as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide,  is  held  of  Hamo 
by  the  same  Ralf.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
plough  and  i  bordar.  And  (there  are)  2 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

BRACCHESTEDA  [(Great)  Braxted  1S],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Turbern  u 

9  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the   Serlo  and 
Ralf  who  held  so  largely  of  Hamo  Dapifer  were 
both    named   '  de   Marci.'      Eighty   years    later 
(1166)  we  find  Richard  de  Marcy  and  Ralf  de 
Marcy  holding  respectively  of  the  Earl  of  Glou- 
cester four  and  three  knights'  fees  (Red  Book  of  the 
Exchequer,  p.  290).     And  again,  under  John,  Serlo 
de  Marcy  and  Ralf  de  Marcy  held  respectively  four 
knights  and  two  knights  of  the  Honour  of  Glou- 
cester (see  note  7  above)  as  part  of  the  Honour  of 
Ongar  (ibid.  p.  611).     Of  these  Serlo  held  i£  fees 
'in  Roinges'   (ibid.  p.  505),  that  is  in  Roothing 
Marci,  where  his  ancestor  Ralf  de  Marci  had  held 
of  Hamo  Dapifer  in  1086. 

The  family  of  Marci,  so  strangely  confused  by 
Morant  with  that  of  Merk,  occurs  frequently  under 
Essex  on  the  Pipe  Rolls  of  Henry  II.,  and  Ralf  de 
Marci  was  sheriff  of  the  county  in  1 160-1.  The 
Marcis  also  held  of  the  Honour  of  Boulogne. 

10  See  Introduction,  p.  350. 

11  It  is  uncertain  in  which  of  the  Notleys  this 
manor  lay. 

12  This  estate  has  not  been  identified. 

13  This  holding  must  have  been  Westhall  there, 
which  was  returned  in  an  Inq.  p.m.  of  7  Edw.  II. 
as  held  of  the  Earl  of  Gloucester  (see  note  7). 

14  See  Introduction,  p.  350. 


500 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  35  acres,  is  held 
(of  Hamo)  by  Gudmund.  Then  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  ;  now  i.  Then  I  plough 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  none.  Then  3 
villeins;  now  i.  Then  4  bordars;  now  6. 
Then  4  serfs  ;  now  2.  Then  wood(land)  for 
100  swine ;  now  for  80.  There  are  15  acres 
of  meadow.  Then  2O  sheep ;  now  50. 
Then  16  swine  ;  now  1 1.  It  was  then  worth 
100  shillings  ;  and  when  he  received  it,  4 
pounds  ;  now  60  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    HERLAUA    [HARLOW] 

SIRICESLEA  [Rise-Marses  *],  which  was  held 
by  Harold  as  half  a  hide,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  as  belonging  to  (ad)  the  manor  of  Hat- 
felde  [Hatfield  Broadoak]  is  held  of  Hamo  by 
Ralf.*  Then  I  plough  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  a  half.  Then  i  serf ;  now  I  villein. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  3^ 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  10 
shillings ;  now  7. 

HUNDRET    OF    DoMMAWA    [DuNMOW] 

DOMMAWA  [Dunmow8],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  I  free  man  as  30 
acres — and  7^  acres  have  been  added  in  King 
William's  time — is  held  of  Hamo  by  Serlo. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  2  bordars.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  4  acres  of  meadow. 
It  is  worth  1 6  shillings. 

RODINGES  [Roding  Marci*],  which  was 
held  of  Harold  by  Widi',  in  King  Edward's 
time,  as  a  manor  and  M  if  hides,  is  now  held 

1  In  Hatfield  Broadoak.  The  suffix  '  Marses  ' 
makes  it  practically  certain  that  this  must  represent 
Ralf  de  Marci's  holding  in  Hatfield.  There  was 
however  a  reputed  manor  called  '  the  Lea '  in 
another  part  of  Hatfield,  which  Morant  identified 
with  the  '  Bineslea  '  of  Domesday  owing  to  his 
curious  error  in  supposing  that  the  Hundred  of 
'  Thunreslau  '  lay  in  this  part  of  the  country. 

*  This  is  the  entry  which  definitely  proves  that 
'  Ralf  was  Ralf  de  Marci  (see  p.  500,  note  9,  above). 

8  The  holding  is  too  small  to  be  identified. 

4  In  Margaret  Roding,  but  formerly  a  chapelry 
of  Stondon  Marci  (see  Morant  ii.  189).  It  is  now 
the  manor  of  Marks  in  the  south  of  Margaret 
Roding.  I  assume  the  identity  from  the  suffix 
Marci  being  added  to  both  the  places,  and  from 
the  fact  that  the  name  of  Marks  must  have  been 
derived  from  the  family  of  Mark  or  Merc  of 
whom  Stondon  also  was  held.  It  should,  however, 
hardly  be  necessary  to  observe  that  the  name  of 
this  family  was  wholly  distinct  from  that  of  the 
Marcis  with  which  Morant  so  strangely  confused 
it.  He  further  suggested  that  this  manor  of  Marks 
might  have  been  named  '  from  Marcellus  who  had 
it  at  the  time  of  the  general  survey,'  as  tenant 


of  Hamo  by  Serlo  (as)  i  hide  and  1 5  acres.* 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  and  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men. 
Then  4  villeins  ;  now  3.  Then  2  bordars  ; 
now  ii.  Then  2  serfs;  now  i.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  16  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  4  pounds ;  and 
when  received  40  shillings;  now  100  shil- 
lings. Of  this  land  Eudo  Dapifer  holds  45 

fo.  sjb 

acres,  which  Hamo  claims.* 

HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU  [WINSTREE] 

WIGHEBERGA  [(Little)  Wigborough],  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Goti',  a 
free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  7  hides  of  land 
and  i  of  wood(land),7  is  held  of  Hamo  by 
Viel  (Pitalis).  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne.  Then  2  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  I .  Then  as  now  (semper) 
3  villeins  and  i  bordar.  Then  6  serfs ;  now 
4.  (There  is)  pasture  for  200  sheep.  Then 
IO  beasts  (anima/ia);  now  14.  Then  60 
sheep ;  now  260.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6 
rounceys  (runcini),  and  10  swine.  Then  as 
now  it  was  worth  7  pounds.  Of  this  land 
Bernard  has  taken  away  (tulit)  the  abovesaid 
hide  of  wood(land)  and  holds  it  (as  belonging) 
to  the  fief  of  Baignard,8  and  Engelric  took 
away  (tulit)  half  a  hide  of  land,  which  is 
(now)  held  by  Count  Eustace.9 

of  William  de  Warenne.  But  his  own  footnotes 
show  that  William  had  nothing  here  ;  and  the 
'  Marcellus '  of  whom  he  speaks  was  really  a 
'  Martel '  and  a  tenant  of  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville. 
Nor  is  there  any  evidence  that  he  held  this  manor. 

The  above  identification  is  confirmed  by  the 
cartulary  of  Tiltey  Abbey  in  Lady  Warwick's  pos- 
session, in  which  is  entered  (fos.  32b— 33)  a  quit- 
claim to  Hamo  de  Marci  of  half  a  virgate  held 
'  in  villa  de  Roinges  Serhmti  tie  Marci  de  eodcm 
Serlone.' 

8  The  difference  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact 
that  Eudo  had  taken  away,  as  stated  in  the  text, 
45  acres.  It  will  be  observed  that  this  reckoning 
again  implies  that  the  (geld)  hide  was  composed  of 
1 20  (geld)  acres. 

6  See  p.  492  above  for  Eudo's  holdings  in  the 
Rodings. 

7  Compare  Introduction,  p.  376. 

8  It  must  have  been  annexed  to  the  manor  of 
Barnwalden     (now     Barn     Hall)     in     Tolleshunt 
Knights,   which   was  held  by  Bernard  of  (Ralf) 
Baignard  1086.     No  other  manor  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood satisfies  this  condition.     The  rare  men- 
tion of  a  '  hide '  of  woodland  should  be  observed. 
Domesday  assigns    to   Barnwalden    woodland    for 
200  swine. 

9  This  must  refer  to  Langenhoe,  to  which,  it  is 
recorded  in  Domesday,  Engelric  had  added  inter 
alia  half  a  hide  under  King  William. 


501 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


HUNDRET    OF    Cl-AVELINGA  [CLAVERING] 

In  PHERNEHAM  [Farnham  *]  Serlo  holds  of 
Hamo  half  a  hide  which  was  held  by  a  free 
man  in  King  Edward's  time.  It  is  worth  10 
shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORT  [HINCKFORD] 

In  STANBURNE  8  [Stambourne]  and  in  TOPES- 
FELDE  [Toppesfield]  Hamo  holds  in  demesne, 
as  a  manor,  i  hide  which  was  held  by  Goti[ld] 
in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  and  after- 
wards 4  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men.  (There  are)  14  villeins,  and  10 
bordars,  and  6  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  40  swine,  (and)  15  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  3  rounceys  (runcini). 
Then  24  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  13.  Then 
40  swine  ;  now  2O.  Then  I2C  sheep  ;  now 
i  oo.  (There  are)  4  hives  of  bees.  And  1 5 
sokemen  belong  (adjacent)  to  this  manor,  and 
hold  half  a  hide  less  10  acres,  and  have  3 
ploughs  ;  and  12  acres  of  meadow  (are  there), 
and  5  bordars.  There  is  i  '  arpent '  of 
vineyard.3  This  estate  lay  (terra  fuit)  in  2 
manors  in  King  Edward's  time.  Stanburna 
[Stambourne]  was  then  worth  I  OO  shillings ; 
afterwards  and  now  6  pounds.  And  Topes- 
felda  [Toppesfield]  was  then  worth  7  pounds ; 
afterwards  and  now  8  pounds.  Of  this  manor 
5  knights  (milites)  hold  58  acres,  and  (this)  is 
worth  2O  shillings  of  the  above  amount  (in 
eodem  pretio).* 

1  This  small  estate  has  not  been  identified. 
8  The     Record    Commission's    edition     reads 
'  Scanburne.' 

3  The  text    does    not  determine    to  which    of 
these  places  this  vineyard   belonged,  but  a  vine- 
yard  in  Domesday  usually   implies  the  residence 
of  a  baron  and  belonged  to  it.       The  mention 
of  the   5   knights  suggests  similarly  that  this  was 
the  head  of  Hamo's  fief. 

4  This  is  in  several  ways  a  curious  and  important 
entry.     Stambourne  and  Toppesfield  contain  be- 
tween them  over  5,000  acres,  and  Hamo's  holding 
comprised   a    valuable    manor  in    each.     Yet   the 
whole  is  assessed  only  at  I    hide,  an  almost  nomi- 
nal amount.     In  Stambourne  there  were  only  two 
other  holdings,   making  five-sixths   of  a  hide,   of 
Geoffrey  de  Mandeville's,   valued  at    80    or  90 
shillings,  while   in   Toppesfield  there  were   three 
other  holdings  of  1 5   (geld)  acres  each,  worth  in 
all  from  £4  lot.  od.  to  £5    los.  oj.     Thus  the 
whole   assessment  of  the  two  parishes  was  only  2 
hides   25   acres,   though  they  were  valued  at  the 
time  of  the  Survey  as  worth  £24  a  year.     This  is 
altogether  abnormal. 

It  should  be  observed  that  Hamo's  holding  is 
spoken  of  both  as  '  terra '  and  '  manerium,'  and 
that  although  it  had  but  one  holder  under  the 
Confessor  it  was  then  reckoned  as  two  manors. 


HUNDRET    OF    WITBRICTESHERNA   [DENGIE] 

CARSEIA  [Northey  (isle)  ?5],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Turbern, 
a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  4  hides  and 
40  acres,  is  held  of  Hamo  by  Richard. 
Then  2  villeins ;  now  3.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  serfs  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men.  (There 
is)  pasture  for  60  sheep.  It  was  then  worth 
60  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 


fo.  56 


HUNDRET  OF  ANGRA  [ONGAR] 


GERNESTEDA  [Greensted],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Gotild  as  a 
manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held  by  Hamo  in 
demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  10  villeins. 
Then  4  bordars  ;  now  9.  Then  6  serfs  ; 
now  4.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
and  when  he  received  (it),  2  ;  now  I.  Then 
and  afterwards  5-^  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  3^.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
400  swine,  1 6  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now 
I  mill.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini)  ;  now  I. 
Then  4  beasts  (animalia}  ;  now  3.  Then  30 
swine  ;  new  14.  (There  are)  now  40  goats 
and  20  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  4  pounds ; 
and  when  he  received  (it),  40  shillings  ;  it  is 
now  worth  100  shillings.  Of  this  manor 
Serlo  holds  40  acres,  and  (this)  is  worth  10 
shillings  of  the  above  amount  (in  eodem  pretio). 
There  also  (in  eadem)  3  free  men  held  half  a 
hide  and  45  acres  ;  under  them  were  then  10 
bordars,  (and)  now  1 6  ;  (and)  then  3  serfs, 
and  now  2  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  3^  ploughs 
(were  there);  wood(land)  for  120  swine  (is 
there,  and)  1 9  acres  of  meadow  ;  it  was  then 
worth  35  shillings  ;  now  60.  Of  this  land 
Ralf  holds  half  a  hide  and  5  acres,  and  it  is 
worth  40  shillings  of  the  above  sum.6 

ASTOCA  [Navestock 7],  which  was  held  by 

5  This  is  nothing  but  a  guess  based  on  the  fact 
that  the  adjacent  island  of  '  Uveseia,'  which  had 
been  similarly  held  by  Turbern,  was  also  held  by 
'  Richard '  of  Hamo,  was  assessed  at  4  hides  and 
had  pasture  for  60  sheep.     The  two  islands  were 
in  different  parishes  and  Hundreds. 

6  This  is  a  somewhat  confused  passage,  for  it  is 
not  clear  whether  the  holding  of  the  3   free  men 
was  valued  as  part  of  the  main  manor  or  not ;  nor, 
if  it  were  not,  is  it  clear  of  which  of  the  two  por- 
tions Ralf's  holding  formed  part. 

7  Morant   suggested    that    '  Astoca '    might    be 
North  Weald,  which    he    could    not    identify  in 
Domesday.    But  I  make  it  to  be  part  of  Navestock, 
because  Ralf  de  Marci  is  known  to  have  held  lands 
at  Navestock  which  were  claimed  by  the  canons  of 
St.  Paul's  (see  my  paper  in  Domesday  Studies,  pp. 


502 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


Gotil  as  a  manor  and  as  80  acres,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  of  Hamo  by  the  same 
(Ralf).  Then  2  bordars ;  now  5.  Then  i 
plough  ;  now  none  ;  but  there  could  be  (one) 
there.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  50  swine, 
(and)  2  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth 
1 2  shillings  ;  and  when  he  received  (it),  8 
shillings  ;  now  15. 

KALENDUNA  [Kelvedon  (Hatch)  *],  which 
was  held  by  Leueva  as  I  hide  and  45  acres 
and  as  I  manor,  is  held  of  Hamo  by  Ralf. 
And  Hamo  says  that  he  has  that  land  as  part 
of  his  fief  (in  suo  feuda).  Then  2  villeins  ; 
now  i.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  7.  Then  2 
serfs ;  now  I .  Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne;  now  i^.  Then  the  men  had  i 
plough  among  them  ;  now  a  half.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  2O  swine,  (and)  17  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  30  shillings  ; 
and  when  he  received  (it),  2O  ;  now  35  shil- 
lings. 

NORTUNA  [Norton  (Mandeville)],  which 
was  held  by  Gotil  as  a  manor  and  as  i  ^  hides 
and  1 5  acres,*  is  held  of  Hamo  by  Wimund. 
Then  4  villeins ;  now  6.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  bordars  and  4  serfs.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  I .  Then  the 
men  had  among  them  i  plough  ;  now  i£. 
There  is  wood(land)  for  200  swine,  (and)  10 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
beasts  (animalia).  (There  are)  now  i  rouncey 
(runcinus),  40  sheep,  and  20  goats.  Then  16 
swine  ;  now  26.  Then  and  afterwards  it 
was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 

HUNDRET    OF    TuRESTAPLA    [THURSTABLE] 

TOTEHAM  [(Great)  Totham],  which  was 
held  by  Turbert  as  i  manor  and  as  5  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  Hamo  by 
Richard.  Then  10  villeins  ;  now  9.  Then 

553~5)»  which  suggests  thas  he  held  other  land 
there.  The  presence  or  absence  of  the  initial 
'  N  '  is  of  little  consequence  in  Domesday. 

1  Kelvedon  Hatch  adjoins  Navestock,  and  is 
separated  to  the  north  from  Norton  Mandeville 
(the  subject  of  the  next  entry)  by  Stondon  Marci 
(now  corruptly  '  Massey ').  I  believe  this  Stondon 
(which  is  said  not  to  be  mentioned  in  Domesday) 
was  comprised  in  the  above  '  Kalenduna'  entry.  It 
is  difficult  to  trace  any  succession  to  Hamo  or  his 
tenants  at  Kelvedon  or  Norton  ;  but  this  remark, 
one  must  add,  applies  also  to  Stondon,  though  its 
suffix  '  Marci '  seems  decisive. 

•  This  virtually  identifies  the  « Gotil,'  '  Got!,' 
or  'Gotild'  of  these  entries  with  the  '  Godid 
quedem  femina '  who  had  given  half  a  hide  at 
Norton  to  the  canons  of  St.  Paul's  since  the  coming 
of  King  William  (see  p.  443  above). 


fo.  566 

as  now  (semper)  1 6  bordars.  Then  1 2  serfs  ; 
now  13.  Then  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.  There  is  wood(land) 
for  100  swine,  (with)  16  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  2  saltpans.  Then  as  now  (semper)  20 
beasts  (anima/ia),  and  40  swine.  Then  5 
rounceys  (runcini);  now  2.  Then  100  sheep; 
now  150.  Then  as  now  (semper)  40  goats. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  100  shil- 
lings ;  now  6  pounds.  There  also  8  free 
men  held  i|  hides,  which  are  held  by  the 
same  Richard ;  then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
(were  there).  (There  are)  3  acres  of  meadow. 
It  is  worth  2O  shillings. 

UVESEIA  [Ovesey  (isle)],  which  was  held 
by  Turb[ert]  as  a  manor  and  as  4  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  (of  Hamo)  by 
the  same  Richard.  Then  i  bordar  ;  now 
none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  serfs.  (There 
is)  I  fishery.  There  is  pasture  for  60  sheep. 
It  is  worth  60  shillings. 


XXVIIII.    THE    LAND    OF    HENRY 
DE   FERRERIIS 

HUNDRET  OF  DOMMAWA  [DUNMOW] 

TILETEIA  [Tiltey],  which  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  Doding  as  a  manor 
and  as  half  a  hide,8  is  held  by  Henry  in 
demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  belonging  to 
the  men.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  villeins. 
Then  2  bordars  ;  now  6.  Then  3  serfs ; 
and  now  the  same.  (There  are)  30  acres  of 
meadow,  (and)  20  acres  of  marsh.4  Now 
(there  are)  40  beasts.  It  was  then  worth  100 
shillings  ;  now  7  pounds. 

HUNDRET   OF    HIDINGAFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

STIBINGA  [Stebbing],  which  was  held  by 
Siward  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  and  30 
acres,  is  held  by  Hfenry]  in  demesne.  Then 
and  afterwards  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  3.  Then  the  men  had  between  them 
4  ploughs  ;  now  6£.  Then  6  villeins  ;  now 
8.  Then  16  bordars;  now  33.  Then  2 

fo.  SI 

serfs;  now    i.      (There   is)   wood(land)   for 

*  This  is  an  almost .  nominal  assessment  as  in 
the  case  of  Gestingthorpe  (see  p.  354  above). 

4  The  mention  of '  maresc  '  is  most  exceptional. 
This  marsh  may  have  been  caused  by  the  two 
small  streams  which  here  flow  into  the  Chelmer. 


503 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


150  swine,  (and)  9  acres  of  meadow.  When 
he  received  (it)  there  was  a  moiety  of  a  mill  ; 
now  none.  Now  as  then  (semper)  I  priest  is 
there.  Then  7  beasts  (animaiia),  and  40 
sheep,  and  60  swine,  and  i  rouncey  (runcinus) ; 
now  1 8  beasts,  and  140  sheep,  and  80  swine, 
and  i  rouncey.  It  was  then  worth  10 
pounds;  now  12;  and  in  King  Edward's 
time  it  was  all  the  same  (totum  similiter)  ; l 
and  it  was  worth  as  .much  (tantum)  when 
received. 

HUNDRET      OF    WlTBRICTESHERNA     [DENGIE] 

STEPLA  [Steeple],  which  was  held  by 
Bondi',8  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  3^ 
hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
H[enry]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

2  bordars.     Then  4  serfs  ;   now  3.    Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the  demesne  ;   and 
half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men.     Then 
100  sheep;  now  130.     It  is  worth  now  as 
then  (semper]  60  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 

UDEHAM  [Woodham  (Ferrers)],  which  was 
held  by  Bundi'  *  as  i  manor  and  as  14  hides, 
is  held  by  H[enry]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  24  villeins.  Then  8  bordars  ;  now  3 1 . 
Then  6  serfs ;  now  4.  Then  as  now  (semper] 

3  ploughs  on   the  demesne,  and  16   ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.    (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  800  swine.    Now  (there  is)  i  mill.   Then 
he  received3   2O    beasts    (animaiia),   and    13 
rounceys  (runcinos),  and    300  sheep,   and  60 
swine;  now  (there  are)  28   beasts,  15   roun- 
ceys,   300    sheep,  and    100    swine,    and    35 
goats.     It  was  then  worth  20  pounds ;  now 
28. 

CINGA  [Butsbury*],  which  was  held  by 
Bondi'  as  a  manor  and  as  5^  hides,  is  held  of 
Henry  by  his  seneschal  (dapifer).  Then  6 
villeins  ;  now  4.  Then  8  bordars  ;  now  12. 
Then  4  serfs  ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  4  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  500  swine,  (and)  pasture  for  100  sheep. 
Then  2O  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  50  swine,  and 
60  sheep  ;  now  7  beasts,  and  100  sheep,  and 
40  swine.  Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was 
worth  7  pounds. 

1  This  clause  is  very  obscure. 

8  This  is  the  Bondig  who  occurs  as  his  prede- 
cessor also  in  Berks,  Oxon  and  Northants  (see  In- 
troduction, p.  35°)- 

3  This  is  an  abnormal  formula. 

4  Formerly  Ging-Joyberd-Laundry. 


fo. 


XXX.     THE   LAND   OF  GEOFFREY 
DE  MAGNA  VILLA5 

HUNDRET  OF  LAXENDENA  [LEXDEN] 
TEIA  [(Marks)  Tey  6],  which  was  held  by 
Ulvric  as  a  manor  and  as  i^  hides  and  20 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
G[eoffrey]  in  demesne.  Then  1 1  bordars; 
now  15.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  serfs  and 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  the  men 
had  between  them  3  ploughs ;  now  2^. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  20 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  G[eoffrey]  received  7 
250  sheep,  and  8  beasts  (animalia),  and  6 
calves  (uif)*  and  2  rounceys  (runcinos),  28 
swine,  (and)  2  hives  of  bees  ;  now  (there  are) 
67  sheep,  and  8  beasts,  and  6  calves,  and  2 
rounceys,  and  21  swine.  There  also  (In 
eadem)  2O  sokemen  held  i£  hides  and  31 
acres ;  now  that  land  is  held  by  30  sokemen ; 
and  they  could  not  withdraw  themselves 
(recedere)  from  that  manor ; 9  now  as  then 
(semper)  they  have  3  ploughs  ;  there  are  6 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  and  when  received 
(the  whole)  was  worth  7  pounds;  now  10. 
And  there  were  there  3  free  men  holding  12 
acres  ;  but  they  did  not  belong  to  (non  fuerunt 
de)  that  manor  which  G[eoffrey]  has  ;  but  he 
himself  vouches  (to  warranty)  him  who  gave 
him  livery  of  seisin  (ipse  revocat  liberatorem)  ; 10 
now  as  then  (semper)  i  plough  is  there  ;  and 
it  is  worth  40  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  HANGRA  [ONGAR] 

SENLEIA  [Shelley],  which  was  held  by 
Levedai  as  a  manor  and  as  80  acres,  and  was 
not  of  Ansgar's  fief11  (feudo) — for  (Levedai) 
was  only  (sed  tantum  fuit)  his  man  12 — is  held 
of  Geoffrey  by  Rainald.  Then  4  villeins  ; 
now  5.  (There  are)  now  5  bordars.  Then 
2  serfs  ;  now  3.  Then  and  afterwards  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i.  Then  the 

6  Better  known  as  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville. 

6  Alias  Teye  Maundeville. 

7  This  is  an  abnormal  formula. 

8  The  mention  of  calves,  for  which  Essex  has 
been  so  famous  since,  is  quite  exceptional. 

9  This  is  a   noteworthy  phrase,  which  is  intro- 
duced   to   set    on   record  their  status   before   the 
Conquest.     Its  actual  meaning,  probably,  is  that 
they    could    not    '  betake    themselves    elsewhere ' 
without  the  lord's  permission. 

10  On  vouching  to  warranty  see  Introduction, 
p.  412. 

11  Ansgar  the  staller  was  Geoffrey's  recognized 
predecessor. 

12  That    is,   he    had  only   commended  himself 
personally   to  Ansgar   (see    Introduction,   p.    358, 
and  compare  p.  505,  note  3,  below). 


504 


THE    HOLDERS   OF    LANDS 


men  had  between  them  I  plough  ;  now  2. 
[There  is)  wood(land)  for  150  swine,  (and) 
20  acres  of  meadow.  Then  and  afterwards 
it  was  worth  60  shillings ;  now  4  pounds. 

ROINGES  [(Abbess)  Roding  *],  which  was 
held  by  Leuild*  as  a  manor  and  as  3  virgates, 
is  held  of  G[eoffrey]  by  Geoffrey  Martel. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  villein  and  2  bordars. 
Then  i  serf;  now  none.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) i  plough  on  the  demesne,  and  half  a 
plough  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  15  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
30  shillings  ;  now  40.  And  this  land,  which 
is  now  held  by  Gfeoffrey],  was  in  (possession 
of)  the  abbey  of  Berchinges  [Barking],  as  the 
Hundret  (court)  testifies,  and  (W)  he  who 
held  this  land  was  only  (tantum  modo)  the  man 
of  Geoffrey's  predecessor,  and  had  no  power  to 
put  (mittere)  this  land  in  the  possession  of  any 
one  but  the  abbey  (in  aliquo  loco  nisi  in  abbatia?') 

HUNDRET  OF  CEFFEORDA  [CHAFFORD] 

WOCHADUNA  [(South)  Ockendon],  which 
was  held  freely  by  Frebert,  a  thegn  (Frebertus 
liber  tainnus),  as  I  manor  and  as  io£  hides 
and  2O  acres,  is  held  of  Gfeoffrey]  by  Turold ; 

fo.  58 

and  Geoffrey  has  it  by  exchange  (pro  escangio) 
as  he  says.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  villeins 
(and)  34  bordars.  Then  3  serfs  ;  now  none. 
Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3. 
Then  the  men  had  7  ploughs  between  them  ; 
now  8.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  150  swine, 
8  acres  of  meadow,  pasture  for  100  sheep, 
(and)  now  I  mill.  Then  5  beasts  (anima/ia) 
and  1 8  sheep  ;  now  1 8  beasts  and  i  rouncey 
(runcinus),  35  swine,  220  sheep,  (and)  I  hive 

1  Morant,  finding  that  this  manor  was  subse- 
quently held  by  Barking  Abbey,  assumed  that  it 
was  so  held  in  1086,  though  not  entered  in 
Domesday,  and  that  what  Geoffrey  held  there 
was  '  another  manor,'  namely  Rookwood  Hall 
(i.  137).  But  Mr.  Chisenhale-Marsh,  in  his 
Domesday  Book  relating  to  Essex,  rightly  questioned 
this  conclusion,  pointing  out  that  Barking  Abbey 
probably  regained  this  manor  as  a  result  of  the 
very  return  here  recorded.  This  it  a  point  of 
some  importance  as  bearing  on  the  Survey  and  its 
results.  It  may  be  added  that  the  Rookwood 
Hall  manor  was  subsequently  held,  not  of  the 
heirs  of  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville,  but  of  those  of 
Aubrey  de  Vere,  for,  as  Morant  puts  it,  '  The 
lords  paramount  were  the  Earls  of  Oxford.' 

1  This  was  probably  a  woman's  name  (compare 
p.  5  i  2  below). 

'  This  passage  ii  of  some  importance  as  drawing 
a  clear  distinction  between  the  personal  commen- 
dation of  the  holder  and  the  right  over  the  land 
itself. 


of  bees.  Then  and  when  received  it  was 
worth  7  pounds  ;  it  is  now  worth  1 6  pounds. 
In  this  estate  (terra)  are  (included)  13  soke- 
men  who  hold  freely  (libere)  8^  hides  and  20 
acres  and  have  1 2  bordars  (under  them)  ;  and 
they  are  farmed  with  the  estate  for  1 6  pounds.4 
And  there  are  also  40  acres  and  4  bordars 
(who  hold  them  ?). 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 

WALDHAM  [(Great)  Waltham],  which  was 
held  by  Ansgar  as  a  manor  and  as  8  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  G[eoffrey]  in 
demesne.  Then  as  now  (semfer)  72  villeins, 
and  28  bordars.  Then  14  serfs;  now  13. 
Then  6  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  5. 
Then  the  men  had  between  them  42  ploughs  ; 
now  36.'  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  1,200 
swine,  (and)  44  acres  of  meadow.  Now  as 
then  (semper)  there  are  2  mills,  and  now  IO 
arpents  (arpenni)  of  vineyard.6  Then  5 
rounceys  (runcini),  12  cows,  50  swine,  and 
80  goats ;  now  3  rounceys,  1 1  cows,7  60 
swine,  132  sheep,  7  goats,  (and)  20  hives  of 
bees.8  It  was  then  worth  50  pounds  ;  now 
60.  Of  this  manor  Hubert  holds  I  virgate, 
and  (has)  half  a  plough,  and  it  is  worth  5 
shillings  of  the  above  amount  (in  eodem  fretio) ; 
and  Walter  (holds)  i  virgate,  and  (has)  half  a 
plough,  and  it  is  worth  5  shillings  of  the 
above  amount.  Turchill  (holds)  I  virgate, 
and  (has)  2  bordars  and  half  a  plough,  and  it 
is  worth  5  shillings  of  the  above  amount.9 
And  Walter  (holds)  30  acres,  and  Turchill 
30  acres,  and  Herbert  30  acres.9 

*  'Jacent  ad  hanc  firmam  de  xvi  libris.'  This 
passage  has  a  double  value  :  first,  as  showing  that 
the  sum  which  this  estate  was  valued  as  worth  was 
really  the  annual  rent  (firma)  received  from  it  (see 
Introduction,  p.  364)  ;  second,  that  the  profits 
arising  from  the  dues  of  these  sokemen  formed 
part  of  the  total  rent  received  from  the  estate. 

8  All  these  are  large  figures,  but  it  must  be 
remembered  that  Great  Waltham,  the  whole  of 
which  is  comprised  in  this  and  the  two  entries 
which  follow,  contains  nearly  7,500  acres. 

6  The  word  '  now  '  should  be  observed,  for  it 
implies  that  this  vineyard  had  been  planted  since 
the  coming  of  the  Normans.     As  a  vineyard,  in 
my  opinion,  implies  a  baron's  residence,  I   infer 
from  this  passage  that  Geoffrey  had  already  made 
Pleshey  his  castle. 

7  Geoffrey  had  7  cows  on  his  adjoining  manor 
of  (High)  Easter,  so  that  he  had  around  his  castle 
1 8  in  all,  an  exceptionally  large  number. 

8  See  p.  509,  note  6,  below. 

9  Small  holdings  of  this  character  generally  im- 
ply the  residence  of  a  baron  (see  p.  484,  note  6). 
It  is  difficult  to  resist  the  impression  that  the  three 
holdings  of  a  virgate  are  here  merely  repeated  as 
holdings  of  30  acres. 


5<>5 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


In  WALTHAM  [(Great)  Waltham]  Ulwin' 
held  freely  (llberce),  with  the  soke  (cum  soca\l 

1  hide  and  50  acres.     Roger  holds  (it)  now  of 
G[eoffrey]  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and   50 
acres  (pro  tantundem).     Then  as  now  (semper) 
3  villeins.     Then  4  bordars  ;  now  6.     Then 

2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i^.     Then 
as  now   (semper)    I    plough    belonging  to  the 
men  and    I    serf.      (There    are)   7    acres    of 
meadow  and  i  mill.     It  was  then  worth  40 
shillings  ;  now  60. 

CETHAM  [Chatham  2]  was  held  by  Edward 
as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  and  30  acres. 
Walter  holds  (it)  now  of  Geoffrey  for  as  much 
(pro  tantundem).  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
villeins.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  5.  Then 
as  now  6  serfs  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  I  plough  belonging  to  the  men.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  6  acres  of 

fo.  sSb 

meadow.     Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
40  shillings  ;  now  60. 

PACINGES  [Patching8]  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  the  same  Edward  as  a 
manor  and  as  2  hides.  Now  the  same 
Walter  holds  (it)  of  G[eoffrey].  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  serf,  and  I  plough.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine  and  9  acres  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

BRUMFELDA  [Broomfield]  was  held  by 
Saulf  as  a  manor  and  as  4  hides.  Now  the 
same  Walter  holds  (it)  of  Geoffrey.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  9  villeins.  Then  4  bordars.4 
Then  5  serfs  ;  now  4.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  4  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  50  swine  and  14  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  mill  (was  there).  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  100  shillings  ; 
now  6  pounds. 

CINGEHALA  [Chignal s]  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  3  free  men  as  i  hide  and 
1 5  acres.  Now  Richard  holds  (it)  of  G[eoffrey] 
as  the  same  amount  (pro  tant').  Then  2 
bordars  ;  now  i  o.  (There  are)  now  3  vil- 

1  i.e.  with  the  (right  to  the  profits  of)  jurisdic- 
tion.    The  phrase  should  be  observed. 
8  A  manor  in  Great  Waltham. 

3  In   Broomfield.     This    manor    was    probably 
absorbed   in   that   of  Broomfield  Hall,   in   conse- 
quence of  their  being  both  held  of  Geoffrey  by 
the  same  under-tenant. 

4  Their  number  (if  there  were  any)  at  the  time 
of  the  Survey  is  not  stated. 

5  This  entry,  with   those  which   follow,   com- 
prises both  the  Chignals. 


leins.6  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  serfs.  Then 
and  afterwards  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 7 
now  i.  Now  the  men  have  between  them 
I  plough.8  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  10 
swine,  (and)  15  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
then  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  45. 

CINGEHALA  [Chignal]  was  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  Godwine  the  deacon  as  a 
manor  and  as  i^  hides  less  5  acres.  Now 
Richard  Gernet  holds  (it  of  Geoffrey)  as  a 
manor  and  as  the  same  amount  (fro  tan?). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  villein.  Then  I 
bordar  ;  now  3.  Then  3  serfs  ;  now  2. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  on  the 
demesne.  Then  the  men  had  i  plough 
between  them ;  now  a  half.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  12  swine,  (and)  1 6  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  30  shillings  ; 
now  40. 

There  also  (In  eadem  villa)  Ulwin'  held  45 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time.  Now  Ralf 
holds  (them)  of  G[eoffrey]  as  a  manor  and  as 
the  same  amount  (pro  tant').  Then  as  now 
(semper),  3  bordars  and  I  plough.  And  (there 
are)  3  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  10 
shillings. 

There  also  Lefsun'  holds  of  G[eoffrey]  i 
virgate,  which  was  held  by  himself  in  King 
Edward's  time ;  then  as  now  (semper)  i 
plough  ;  and  (there  are)  5  acres  of  meadow  ; 
it  is  worth  5  shillings.  And  Leuric'  held, 
and  holds  under  Geoffrey,  30  acres ;  then 
half  a  plough  ;  now  none ;  (there  are)  7 
acres  of  meadow ;  it  is  worth  3  shillings. 
And  Lewin'  held  and  holds  1 5  acres  ;  and 
(there  are)  2  acres  of  meadow  ;  it  is  worth 
30  pence.  And  Alestan'  holds  now  as  then 
(semper)  1 0  acres  ;  and  (there  are)  3  acres  of 
meadow  ;  it  is  worth  2  shillings.9 

6  The  appearance  of  villeins  at  the  time  of  the 
Survey  where  there  had  been  none  before  is  most 
exceptional  and  very  suggestive  in  view  of  the  fact 
that  their  number  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  '  free 
men '  by  whom  the  land  had  been   held,  for   the 
first  entry  in  the  Survey  of  Essex  speaks  of  a  free 
man  who  had  become  one  of  the  villeins  on  the 
land  he  had  held  (p.  428  above). 

7  The  scribe  has  written  'car'  horn'  d'nio"  (or 
'  car  hoin  d  'nio  ')  instead  of  the  normal  '  car'  in 
d'nio.'     As  his  phrase  cannot  be  construed,  it  is 
probably  only  a  slip  arising  from  confusion  with 
the  '  car'  horn  '  formula. 

8  The  total  number  of  ploughs  remained   the 
same,  but  the  land  was  now  worked  as   a  manor 
and  divided  accordingly  between  the  lord  and  his 
'  men.' 

9  These  are  among  the  few  cases  of  small  English 
holders  being  allowed  to  retain  their  lands  as  under- 
tenants of  the  conquerors  (see  Introduction  p.  355, 
note  3). 


506 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


In  MASSEBIRIG  [Mashbury]  Eduin'  held, 
and  holds  under  G[eoffrey],  45  acres.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  3  bordars.  Then  half  a 
plough  ;  now  none.  It  is  worth  10  shillings.1 

fo.  59 

DANENGEB[ER]IA  [Danbury]  was  held  by 
Arling'  as  a  manor  and  as  2$  hides.  Now 
William  (holds  it)  of  Geoffrey  as  the  same 
amount  (pro  tant').  Then  as  now  (temper)  I 
villein.  Then  3  bordars  ;  now  9.  Then  4 
serfs ;  now  I .  Then  as  now  (temper)  I 
plough  on  the  demesne,  and  I  plough  belong- 
ing to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
100  swine,  (and)  16  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  then  worth  30  shillings ;  now  40. 

In  CINGEHALA  [Chignal  *]  Sauin'  the  priest 
held  15  acres.  Now  Richard  (holds  them) 
of  G[eoffrey].  Then  half  a  plough  ;  now 
nothing.*  It  is  worth  5  shillings. 

There  also  (In  eadem  villa)  Erfin'  held  1 5 
acres.  Now  the  same  R(ichard  holds  them 
of  Geoffrey.  There  are)  2  acres  of  meadow ; 
it  is  worth  3  shillings.  The  abovesaid  (Sauin' 
and  Erfin')  were  free  to  that  extent  (liberi 
ita)  that  they  could  sell  the  land  with  its  sac 
and  soke  to  whom  (quo)  they  would,  as  the 
Hundret  (court)  bears  witness. 

LEGRA  [Lees*]  was  held  by  Ansgar  as  a 
manor  and  as  2i  hides  and  15  acres.  Now 
W.  (holds  it)  of  G[eoffrey]  as  the  same 
amount  (pro  tan?).  Then  4  villeins  ;  now 
2.  Then  8  bordars;  now  12.  Then  3 
serfs  ;  now  4.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  6  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  as  now  (temper)  i  mill. 
(There  are)  now  10  beasts,  10  swine,  (and) 
100  sheep.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  4  pounds;  now  4  pounds  and  10 
shillings.  And  this  (Istud  quoque)  manor  was 
given  by  Esgar*  to  Harold  in  King  Edward's 
time,  and  Harold  in  turn  (iterum)  gave  it  to 
a  housecarl  (huscarlo)  of  his,  Scalpin  by  name,8 

>  See  p.  506,  note  9,  above. 

*  i.e.  no  oxen. 

*  There  seems  to  be  no  reason  to  doubt   this 
identification,  for  Great  Lees,  at  any  rate,  was  held 
of  Geoffrey's  heirs.     But,  as  a  name,  '  Legra  '  was 
the  Domesday  equivalent  of  Layer.    It  is,  however, 
also  found  in  Domesday  as  representing  Leigh  on 
the  Thames  (see  p.  532). 

*  This  is  the  same  name  as  'Ansgar'  just  before, 
which  affords  an  excellent  illustration  of  the  loose- 
ness of  Domesday  in  the  spelling  of  names. 

6  See  Introduction,  p.  352. 


and  this  Scalpin  gave  it  in  dower  to  his  wife 
in  the  sight  of  two  men,  namely  Roger  the 
marshal  e  and  a  certain  Englishman,  and  the 
(men  of  the)  Hundret  testify  that  they  heard 
Seal  pin's  right  acknowledged.7  And  after 
the  king  came  into  this  land  Scalpin  (ipte) 
held  (it)  until  he  went  where  he  died, 
(namely),  in  Evreux  (ehroica),  in  outlawry.8 

KEUENTUNA  [Kewton  (Hall)  ?*]  was  held 
by  Toli  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  and  i 
virgate.  Now  Osbert  (holds  it)  of  G[eoffrey] 
as  acquired  by  exchange  (pro  suo  escangio),  he 
says.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  villein. 
Then  6  bordars  ;  now  4.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  3  serfs  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  the  men  had  I  plough  between  them  ; 
now  a  half.  There  are  18  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  mill.  Then  2 
cows,  13  sheep,  (and)  12  swine  ;  now  8 
beasts  (anima/ia),  32  sheep,  2O  swine,  14 
goats,  2  rounceys  (runcini),  (and)  5  hives  of 
bees.  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now 
60. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA  [TENDRING] 

MOSA  [Moze  10]  was  held  by  Levesun'  as  a 
manor  and  as  4  hides.  Now  Geoffrey  (holds 
it)  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  14 
villeins.  (There  are)  now  13  bordars. 

fo.  »b 

Then  13  serfs  ;"  and  when  he  received  the 
manor  1 1  ;  now  3.  Then  and  afterwards 
4  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  2.  Then 
and  afterwards  6  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  4.  There  is  wood(land)  for  1 50 
swine,  (and)  6£  acres  of  meadow.  Then  i 
mill  ;  now  none.  (There  is)  pasture  for  1 50 
sheep.  (There  are)  3  saltpans.  And  the 
king  gave  this  manor  to  G[eoffrey]  during 

•  He  had  a  few  small  holdings  in  the  county  as 
tenant-in-chicf  (p.  558  below). 

7  '  audicrunt     recognoscere     Scalpino.'       The 
phrase  is  a  difficult  one  to  translate. 

8  Mr.  Freeman  rendeied  this  as  York,  but  the 
mention  of  outlawry  seems  to  make  Evreux  (Ebroica) 
more  likely ;  and  the  form  of  the  name  is  nearer 
to  it  than  to  York. 

'  A  manor  in  Borcham.  I  have  given  in  the 
Introduction  (p.  390)  my  reasons  for  believing  this 
•to  be  the  right  identification,  and  not,  as  Morant 
asserted,  Camseys  in  Felsted. 

10  Now  combined  with  Beaumont  as  one  parish. 

11  The  large  number  of  serfs  should  be  observed. 
At  the  time  of  the  Survey  they  had  been  reduced 
from  i  3  to  3,  and  no  fewer  than  13  bordars  had 
been  introduced,  a  typical  and  suggestive  change. 


507 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


his  stay  in  London  (quando  remansit  Londonice).1 
Then  2  rounceys  (runcini),  and  9  beasts  (ani- 
malla\  180  sheep,  (and)  14  swine  ;  now  2 
rounceys,  14  beasts,  15  swine,  160  sheep,  50 
goats,  (and)  3  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then 
worth  8  pounds  ;  and  when  received,  the 
same  ;  it  is  now  worth  9  pounds. 

FRIENTUNA  [Frinton],  which  was  held  by 
Levesun'  as  a  manor  and  as  3^  hides,  is  held 
of  G[eoffrey]  by  Renelm'.*  Then  and  after- 
wards 3  villeins  ;  now  i.  Then  and  after- 
wards 4  serfs ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  And  then  (there 
were)  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  and 
when  (the  manor  was)  received,  \\  ;  now 
only  a  half.  (There  are)  3^  acres  of  meadow, 
(with)  pasture  for  50  sheep.  Then  49  sheep  ; 
now  2  rounceys  (runcini},  and  4  swine  and  40 
sheep.  It  was  then  and  afterwards  worth  7 
pounds ;  now  4. 

ERLEIA  [Ardleigh3],  which  was  held  by  2 
free  men,  Bund'  and  Alric',  brothers,  who 
(sed)  could  not  withdraw  themselves  (recedere) 
without  permission  of  that  ./Elfgar  (licentia 
illius  Algari*\  as  2  hides  and  as  2  manors,  is 
held  of  G[eoffrey]  by  William.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  5  villeins  arid  8  bordars.  Then 

1  serf;    now  none.     Then  as  now  (semper) 

2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.     Then  and  after- 
wards 5  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
4.     (There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  12 
acres  of  meadow,  (and)  pasture  for  50  sheep. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  4  pounds  ; 
now  40  shillings. 

In  the  Hundret  of  Berdestapla  [Barstable] B 
there  were,  in  King  Edward's  time,  6  free 
men,  whom  G[eofFrey]  has  annexed  to  the 
wrong  of  (invasit  super]  King  William  ;6 
they  held  (tenentes)  1 2  hides  of  land,  which  are 
held  of  Geoffrey  (eo)  by  5  knights.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  9^  ploughs.  Then  I  villein  ; 
now  none.  Then  10  bordars  ;  now  36. 

1  Mr.  Freeman  considered  that  these  words 
referred  to  '  the  very  first  days  of  William's  reign,' 
immediately  after  his  coronation  (Norman  Conquest, 
iv.  19). 

8  As  Frinton  and  Shelley  were  held  together  of 
Geoffrey's  heir,  the  Earl  of  Hereford,  who  died  in 
1298,  it  is  highly  probable  that  this  Renelm'  was 
the  Rainald'  who  held  of  Geoffrey  at  Shelley  (see 
p.  504  above). 

8     i.e.  the  manor  of  Martells  Hall  there. 

4  This  phrase  appears  inexplicable. 

5  See  Introduction  (p.  374)  for  proof  that  this 
estate  was  East  Tilbury  on  the  Thames. 

6  i.e.  they  ought  to  have  appeared  among  the 
king's  own  possessions  (see  Introduction,  p.  354). 


Then  14  serfs;  now  7.  Then  wood(land) 
for  i  oo  swine ;  now  for  50.  (There  is) 
pasture  for  300  sheep,  10  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  i  fishery.  Of  these  12  hides  Ravengar 
took  away  (tulit)  12  acres  of  land  and  added 
them  (apposuit)  to  his  own  rief.7  And  Suen' 
took  away  thence  (tulit)  30  acres,  and  put 
them  in  his  manor  of  Tiliberia  [(West)  Til- 
bury]. The  whole  together  was  then  worth 
7  pounds,  and  now  the  same. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITHAM 

NUTLEA  [(Black)  Notley],  which  was  held 
by  Esgar8  as  a  manor  and  as  i^  hides  and  45 
acres,  is  held  of  G[eoffrey]  by  Walter.  Then 

fo.  60 

as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  4  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  10  villeins,  and  5  bordars,  and 
4  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine, 
(and)  now  i  mill.  And  (there  are)  2  free 
men  with  40  acres ;  and  concerning  them  he 
vouches  (clamat)  the  king  to  warranty.9  Then 
6  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  I  rouncey  (runcinus), 
and  12  swine,  (and)  60  sheep  ;  now  8  beasts, 
1 6  swine,  100  sheep,  (and)  i  rouncey.  It 
was  then  worth  100  shillings  ;  now  6  pounds. 

RETXEIA  [Ridley  (Hall)10],  which  was  held 
by  Esgar  8  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  of  G[eoffrey]  by  Wal- 
ter. Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  half  a  plough  belonging  to  the 
men.  (There  are)  now  3  bordars.  Then  3 
serfs  ;  now  i.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  10 
swine,  (and)  4  acres  of  meadow.  To  this 
estate  used  to  belong  (terree  adjacebani),  in 
King  Edward's  time,  30  acres,  of  which 
G[eoffrey]  de  Magnavilla  has  20  acres,  and 
Richard  son  of  Count  Gilbert  10  acres  ;  but 
the  Hundret  (court)  bears  witness  that  the 
whole  rightly  belongs  to  Geoffrey's  estate 
(terram).  The  whole  (manor)  together  is 
worth  30  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 
HALINGEBERIA     [(Little)     Hallingbury11], 

7  Domesday  accuses  him  of  similar  conduct  at 
Wickford,  Ramsden  and  Bulphan.      He  seems  to 
have  been  no  longer  in  possession  at  the  time  of 
the  Survey. 

8  i.e.  Ansgar  the  staller. 

9  Compare  Introduction,  p.  413. 

10  A  manor  in  Terling. 

11  i.e.   the    manor  of  Monkbury  there.      This 
identification  is  well  ascertained,  for  Geoffrey  Mar- 
tel   gave   a   hide   of  land   at  '  Halyngbury,'    with 
Geoffrey  de  Mandeville's  consent,  to  Bermondsey 


508 


THE    HOLDERS  OF    LANDS 


which  was  held  by  Esgar  as  a  manor  and  as  I 
hide  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
G[eoffrey]  by  Martel.  Then  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  ;  now  i.  Then  I  priest  and  i 
villein  with  (de)  20  acres  which  belonged 
(attinebant)  to  the  church  ;  now  they  do  not 
belong  (sunt)  to  the  church.  (There  are)  now 
4  bordars.  Then  3  serfs  ;  now  2.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  20  acres  of 
meadow,  (and)  now  a  moiety  of  a  mill.1 
Then  as  now  (temper)  it  was  worth  40  shil- 
lings. 

MATCINGA  [Matching*]  was  held  by  Esgar 
as  a  manor  and  as  40  acres,  which  (manor) 
G[eoffrey]  holds  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 
(semfer)  I  plough.  Then  I  serf;  now  none. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine,  (and)  3 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

HALLINGEBERIA  [Hallingbury8],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Godid,  a 
free  woman,  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide 
less  8  acres,  is  held  of  G[eoffrey]  by  Hugh. 
Then  half  a  plough  ;  now  none.  Then  2 
villeins ;  now  none.  There  are  5  acres  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  5  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    DoMMAWA    [DuNMOW] 

ESTRA  [(High)  Easter]  was  held  by  Esgar, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  as  a  manor  and 
as  2  hides.4  Now  G[eoffrey]  (holds  it)  in 
demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  1 2  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men.  Then  46  villeins  ;  now  47.  Then 
14  bordars  ;  now  33.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
9  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  600  swine, 
and  30  acres  of  meadow.  And  a  fifth  plough 
could  be  employed  (fieri)  on  the  demesne. 

fo.  6ob 

Then  3  rounceys  (runcini),  and  7  beasts  (ani- 
malla\  and  60  swine,  and  60  sheep,  (and)  30 

Abbey  in  1093.  It  was  from  the  monks  of  Ber- 
mondsey  that  the  manor  derived  its  name.  It  may 
safely  be  inferred  from  this  gift  that  the  '  Martel ' 
of  the  text  was  the  '  Geoffrey  Martel '  who  held  of 
Geoffrey  de  Mandeville  at  Abbess  Roding  (see 
above).  Ralf  Baignard  is  similarly  spoken  of 
sometimes  as  '  Baignard  '  only. 

1  As  there  is  a  similar  entry  under  the  manor  of 
Little  Hallingbury  Hall,  it  would  seem  that  a  mill 
had  been  erected  here  under  the  Conqueror,  and  a 
moiety  of  it  assigned  to  each  of  the  two  manors. 

*  i.e.  the  manor  of  Stock  Hall  there. 

*  The  identity  of  this  small  estate  seems  doubt- 
ful. 

4  The  very  low  hidation  of  this  great  and  valu- 
able manor  should  be  observed.  It  appears  to  have 
included  Pleshey  (see  Introduction,  p.  343). 


goats,  (and)  10  hives  of  bees.  Now  3  roun- 
ceys, and  7  cows,  5  27  swine,  50  sheep,  and  4 
goats,  and  17  hives  of  bees.6  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  20  pounds  ;  now  30.' 

To  this  manor  belong  now  as  then  (adjacent 
semper)  6  sokemen  with  (de)  i^  hides.  Then 
2  ploughs  ;  now  i ;  (there  are)  now  3  bor- 
dars ;  8  (there  are)  8  acres  of  meadow ;  it  was 
then  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  30. 

There  also  belong  (adjacent)  to  this  manor 
2  hides  and  i  virgate  which  were  held  by  2 
sokemen  in  King  Edward's  time,  (and)  in 
which  there  are  now  as  then  (semper)  4  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  i£  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men.  Then  8  villeins  ;  now  7.  Then 
6  bordars  ;  now  7.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  60  swine, 
(and)  24  acres  of  meadow.  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  100  shillings;  now  10 
pounds.  This  is  held  of  Geoffrey  by  4 
knights. 

And  there  belongs  further  (adhuc  jacet)  to 
this  manor  half  a  hide  which  used  to  belong 
to  the  church  of  the  manor  in  King  Edward's 
time,  and  which  (earn)  is  now  held  of  G[eof- 
frey]  by  Gutbert.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
plough.  Then  I  bordar  ;  now  3  ;  and  (there 
is)  I  serf.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  20 
swine,  (and)  5  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then 
worth  20  shillings ;  now  30. 

And  this  abovesaid  manor  is  claimed  by  the 
Abbot  of  Ely,  and  the  Hundret  (court)  testi- 
fies that  it  was  in  (possession  of)  the  abbey  in 
King  Edward's  time,  but  (that)  Ansgar  held 
this  manor  on  that  day  on  which  King  Ed- 
ward was  alive  and  dead.9 


8  Here  the  cows  seem  to  represent  the  'ani- 
malia '  mentioned  just  before. 

6  The  hives  had  here  increased  from  10  to  17, 
and  on   his  adjoining  manor  of  Great  Waltham 
from  none  to  20,  giving  on  the  whole  estate  an 
increase  from  I  o  to  37.     It  is  worth  noting  that 
on  the  great  manor  of  (Saffron)  Walden,  his  other 
seat  in  the  county,  the  hives  had  increased  from  4 
to  30. 

7  Here  is  an  increase  in  value  of  50  per  cent, 
with  no  increase  in  ploughs  and  a  slight  decrease 
in  the  live  stock. 

8  This  implies  that  these  sokemen   had  tilled 
their  own  land  and  had  no  peasants  under  them. 

9  i.e.  on  the  day  of  his  death.     For  the  abbot's 
claim  to  this  manor  see  Liber  Eficniis  (Ed.  Anglia 
Christiana    Society),    pp.     216-8.      The   abbey 
alleged   that   Ansgar   the   staller   had  seized   this 
manor,  that  Abbot  Wulfric  and  the  monks  appealed 
to  King  Edward  in  vain,  and  that  they  were  ulti- 
mately obliged  to  grant  it  to  Ansgar  for  his  life. 
As  in  other  cases,  his  Norman  successor  took  pos- 
session of  all  the  land  he  had  held  by  whatever 
title. 


509 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


NIWETUNA  [Newton  (Hall)1],  which  was 
held  by  Ulvric  cawam  8  as  a  manor  and  as  2 
hides  and  I  virgate  in  King  Edward's  time, 
is  held  of  G[eoffrey]  by  Hugh  de  Berners 
[Bernerii].  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  i^.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  be- 
longing to  the  men,  and  5  villeins.  Then  I 
bordar  ;  now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  160  swine, 
(and)  1 2  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth 
60  shillings  ;  and  when  received,  40  shillings  ; 
now  4  pounds. 

BERNESTUNA  [Barnston3],  which  was  held 
by  Ulwin'  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  and  30 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  (of 
Geoffrey)  by  the  same  (Hugh).  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 

3  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.     Then  6 
villeins  ;  now  7.     Then  5  bordars  ;  now  7. 
Then  as  now  (semper)   2   serfs.     (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  2OO  swine,  (and)  20  acres  of 
meadow.    It  was  then  worth  4  pounds  ;  now 
100  shillings  ;  and  when  received,  the  same. 

RODINGES  [(Berners)  Roding],  which  was 
held  by  Ulvric  as  a  manor  and  as  2^  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  (of  Geoffrey)  by 
the  same  (Hugh).  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i£  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

4  villeins,  and  3  bordars,  and  4  serfs.    (There 

fo.6l 

is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  27  acres 
of  meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  mill. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  100  shil- 
lings ;  now  7  pounds.  And  the  king  com- 
manded, through  Robert.  d'Oilli  (de  Oi/leio) 
that  Hugh  should  hold  these  3  manors  of  Geof- 
frey de  Magna  villa  if  Geoffrey  could  prove 
that  they  belonged  (ea  deratiocinari)  to  his 
fief;  and  before  Geoffrey  proved  that  they 
belonged  to  his  fief,  Hugh  held  them  of 
Geoffrey.4 

ALFERESTUNA    [Bigods8],    which    Ansgar 

1  A  manor  in  Great  Dunmow. 

*  The  form  of  this  name  is  very  doubtful. 

3  It  has  naturally  been  suggested  that  the  place 
derived  its  name  from  Hugh  de  Berners,  its  holder. 
But  this,  of  course,  is  only  possible  if  it  had  been 
given  a  fresh  name  since  the  Conquest. 

*  Hugh  evidently  claimed  to  hold  them  in  capite, 
but  came  to  a  compromise   with   Geoffrey.     He 
held  land  under  the  Bishop  of  London  at  Stepney. 

5  In  Great  Dunmow.  This  identity  is  clearly 
proved  by  entries  in  the  Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer 
(p.  804)  and  the  Testa  de  Nevill  (pp.  266,  272), 
which  show  us  Bartholomew  le  Bigod  holding  at 


held  as  I  manor  and  as  4  hides  and  10 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
G[eoffrey]  by  Martell'.6  Then  as  now 
(semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  2 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Then  1 1 
villeins ;  now  7.  Then  6  bordars  ;  now  24. 
Then  6  serfs  ;  now  4.  (There  was)  then 
wood(land)  for  400  swine ;  now  for  350. 
(There  are)  36  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  I  mill.  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  7  pounds;  now  10 
pounds. 

DOMMAWA  [(Little)  Dunmow7],  which 
was  held  by  the  same  Ansgar  as  a  manor  and 
as  i^  hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
G[eoffrey]  by  the  same  (Martell').  Then  as 
now  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  2  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.  Then  13  villeins; 
now  5.  Then  7  bordars  ;  now  6.  Then  i 
serf;  now  3.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  2OO 
swine,  (and)  26  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then 
worth  100  shillings  ;  now  7  pounds. 

SCELGA  [Shellow  (Bowells)],  which  was  held 
by  A[nsgar]  as  a  manor  and  as  i^  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  G[eoffrey]  by 
Lambert.8  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne.  Then  2  villeins;  now  i. 
Then  5  bordars ;  now  8.  Then  2  serfs ; 
now  i.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  150 
swine,  (and)  10  acres  of  meadow.  (There 
are)  3  beasts  (animalia),  3  swine,  25  sheep, 
(and)  now  i  hive  (vasa)  of  bees.  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now 
6o.° 


'  Alferstone,'  which  had  belonged  to  the  Count  of 
St.  Pol,  and  which  is  strangely  pronounced  by  the 
editor  of  the  Red  Book  to  be  Alphamstone.  The 
Bigod  family  gave  its  present  name  to  the  estate. 

6  See  p.  508,  note  1 1,  above. 

7  Morant  assigned  this  entry  to  the  manor  of 
Martels  in  Great  Dunmow,  but  the  Testa  and  Red 
Book,  as  cited  above,  show  that  the  manors  held  by 
'  Martell '  descended  together  and  expressly  place 
this  one  in  '  Little  '  Dunmow.     The  actual  manor 
seems  to   have  been  South    Hall    (on    the  Little 
Dunmow   side   of  Great  Dunmow,   near  Martels 
and  Shingle  Hall),  for  this  was  associated  with  the 
Count  of  St.  Pol. 

8  This  was  probably  Lambert  '  de  Buelle,'  from 
whose   family  the   place   derived   its  suffix.     For, 
eighty  years  later  (1166),  a  Lambert  de  Buelle  is 
found  holding  one  knight's  fee  of  Geoffrey's  great- 
grandson  (Red  Book,  p.   346).     The  earliest  men- 
tion  of  the  family  known  to  Morant  was  in   39 
Hen.  III.  (1254-5). 

9  Here  is  an  increase  in  value   of  50  per  cent 
with  no  increase  in  ploughs  and  a  slight  decrease 
in  the  live  stock. 


510 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


SCELGA  [Shellow  (Bowells)],  which  was 
held  of  Harold,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by 
Ulvric,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  2 
hides,  is  held  by  Geoffrey  in  demesne.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  I  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
a  half.  Then  2  villeins ;  now  i .  Then  2 
bordars ;  now  4.  Then  4  serfs ;  now  6. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  150  swine,  (and) 
12  acres  of  meadow.  And  I  more  plough 
could  be  employed  (fieri).  It  was  then  worth 
4  pounds  ;  now  100  shillings.  To  this 
estate  belongs  (terrt  adjacet)  half  a  hide  of 
land,  which  is  held  now  as  then  (semper)  by 
I  sokeman  ;  then  i  plough  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  a  half;  then  as  now  (semper)  i  bordar  ; 
and  there  are  i  £  acres  of  meadow  ;  and  half 
a  plough  could  be  added  to  the  stock  (restau- 
rari); it  is  worth  10  shillings. 


fo.  6ib 


RODINGES  [(White)  Roding1],  which  Ans- 
gar  held  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  of  Geoffrey  by 
(Geoffrey  ?)  Martell'.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  3  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  2  ;  and  a  third 
could  be  added  to  the  stock  (restaurari).  Then 
6  villeins  ;  now  8.  Then  I  bordar  ;  now  5. 
Then  i  serf;  now  none.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  20  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  100  shil- 
lings ;  now  6  pounds. 

DOMMAWA  [Dunmow  *],  which  was  held 
by  the  same  A[nsgar]  as  half  a  hide  and  15 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  (of 
Geoffrey)  by  William.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) i  plough  on  the  demesne.  Then  4 
villeins  ;  now  i  ;  and  4  bordars.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  50  swine,  (and)  16  acres 
of  meadow.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  20  shillings ;  now  6o.3 

ESTANES  [Easton  *],  which  was  held  by  i 

1  i.e.  the  manor  of  Maskelsbury  there.  This 
identity  is  proved  absolutely,  not  only  by  Maskels- 
bury, like  (Geoffrey)  Martel's  manors  at  Bigods 
and  Dunmow  (see  above),  descending  to  the  count 
of  St.  Pol,  but  by  the  Teita  Je  Nevi/J  and  Red 
Book  of  the  Exchequer  (see  note  above),  where  the 
count's  holding  is  placed  in  '  Alba  Roynge." 
Morant  wrongly  identified  the  '  Rodinges  *  of  the 
text  as  Marks  in  Margaret  Roding  (ii.  473). 

*  Possibly,  as  Morant  held,  Shingle  Hall  in 
Great  Dunmow,  which  was  afterwards  held  of 
Bohun. 

8  There  seems  to  be  nothing  to  account  for  this 
great  rise. 

4  The  identity  of  this  small  estate  has  not  been 
ascertained. 


free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  G[eoffrey] 
by  Richard.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough 
on  the  demesne.  Then  i  serf;  now  I  bor- 
dar. There  are  12  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  10  shillings  ; 
now  30.' 

CHENEFELDA  [(Little)  Canfield8],  which 
was  held  by  Afnsgar]  as  a  manor  and  as  half 
a  hide  and  16  acres  in  King  Edward's  time, 
is  held  of  G[eoffrey]  by  Richard.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  I .  (There 
is)  now  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men,  (with) 
2  villeins.  Then  8  bordars  ;  now  4.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine,  (and)  1 6  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ; 
and  when  received,  the  same  ;  now  60. 

ROINGES  [Roding 7],  which  was  held  by 
A[nsgar]  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  less  10 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
G[eoffrey]  by  Rainalm.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  (There  are) 
now  8  bordars.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  2O  swine, 
(and)  32  acres  of  meadow.  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  60  shillings  ;  now  100. 
And  i  plough  more  (adhuc)  could  be  added  to 
the  stock  (restaurari).  To  this  estate  (terre) 
have  been  added  10  acres  which  were  held  by 
I  free  man  in  King  Edward's  time  ;  and  now 
the  whole  Hundret  (court)  testifies  that  they 
(are)  of  King  William's  demesne. 

RODINGES  [Roding  8],  which  was  held  by 
I  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide  and  3 
virgates  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  (of 
Geoffrey)  by  William.  Half  of  this  land 
owed  soke  to  Ansgar,  and  the  other  half 
was  free  and  was  given  by  the  king  to 
Geoffrey,8  as  his  men  say.  Then  i^ 

5  Here  again,  as  in  the  entry  preceding,  the 
value  has  tripled  for  no  apparent  reason  ;  and 
the  tenant  was  different. 

8  i.e.  the  manor  of  Langthorns  there,  which,  as 
Morant  points  out,  was  afterwards  held  of  the 
Bohuns. 

7  The   identity   of    these    two    estates    seems 
doubtful. 

8  «  Hec  terra  dimidia  reddcbat  socam  Ansgaro, 
et  altera  pars  erat  libcra,  quam  rex  dcdit  G.'    This 
is  a  difficult  but  important  passage  as  bearing  on 
'  soke  '  and  on  the  meaning  of  the  word  '  libera.' 
Its  gist  appears  to  be  that  Geoffrey  had  obtained 
half  of  it  as  Ansgar's  recognized  successor  and  the 
other  half  by  special  gift  of  the  Crown.     It  should 
be  observed  that  the  whole  estate  had  been  held  by 
one  man  and  '  as  a  manor,'  although  the  tenure  of 
its  two  portions  thus  differed. 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i .  (There 
is)  now  I  plough  belonging  to  the  men. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  4  villeins.  (There 
are)  now  2  bordars.  Then  2  serfs ;  now 
none  ;  and  none  (nee)  when  he  received  (it). 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine,  (and)  1 6 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  and  afterwards  it 

fo.  6a 

was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 

SCELGA  [Shellow  (Bowells)],  which  was 
held  by  i  free  man  as  35  acres  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  of  G[eoffrey]  by 
William.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  20 
swine,  (and)  4  acres  of  meadow.  It  was 
then  worth  5  shillings;  now  10.  This  estate 
(terra)  belonged  to  Rodinges  [Roding],1  a 
manor  of  Eudo  Dapifer,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  and  the  Abbot  of  Ely  claims,  with  the 
Hundret  (court)  as  his  witness  (teste  kundret), 
both  the  estate  (terram)  and  the  manor  of 
Rodinges. 

In  DOMMAUA  [Dunmow]  Geoffrey  holds 
in  demesne  30  acres,  which  were  held  by  a 
sokeman  of  Ansgar.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
half  a  plough.  Then  i  bordar  ;  now  3. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine,  (and)  4 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  7 
shillings;  now  IO. 

RODINGES  [(White)  Roding  *],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  Ansgar,  and 
by  a  certain  woman,  Leuid',  under  Ansgar, 
as  half  a  hide,  is  held  (of  Geoffrey)  by 
(Geoffrey?)  Martell'.  (There  are)  4  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ; 
now  12. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

FENNE  [Stow  Maries  ?  *],  which  was  held 
by  Friebern,  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  as  a  manor  and  as  4  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,3  is  held  of  G[eoffrey]  by 
Hugh.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  villeins. 
Then  2  bordars  ;  now  7.  Then  2  serfs  ; 
now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne.  Then  i  plough  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  a  half.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  pasture  for  30 
sheep.  Now  as  then  (semper)  it  is  worth  60 
shillings.  The  same  Hugh  has  also  i  hide 
which  was  held  by  a  free  man  (and  was) 

1  See  p.  492,  and  p.  505,  note  2,  above. 

2  See  Introduction,  p.  394.    This  is  a  duplicate 
entry  (ibid  p.  410). 

8  These  words  are  repeated  as  above  in  the 
MS. 


worth  2O  shillings.  And  he  also  (Idem)  has 
37  acres,  which  were  held  by  I  free  man  ; 
then  half  a  plough  (was  there,  and)  now 
none  ;  it  is  worth  5  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  UDELESFORDA  [UTTLESFORD] 

WALEDANA  [(Saffron)  Walden],  which  was 
held  by  Ansgar  as  a  manor  and  as  1 9^  hides 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  GJeoffrey] 
in  demesne.  Then  and  afterwards  8  ploughs 
on  the  demesne ;  now  10.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  22  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men. 
Then  and  afterwards  66  villeins  ;  now  46. 
Then  and  afterwards  1 7  bordars  ;  now  40. 
Then  and  afterwards  1 6  serfs ;  now  2O. 
Then  and  afterwards  (there  was)  wood(land) 
for  1,000  swine  ;  now  for  800.  And  (there 
are)  80  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  mill.  To  this  manor  there  used 
to  belong,  in  King  Edward's  time,  13  soke- 
men — (there  are)  now  14 — holding  6^  hides; 

fo.  6zb 

then  and  afterwards  8£  ploughs  (were  there) ; 
now  8;  then  and  afterwards  10  bordars; 
now  14 ;  then  and  afterwards  (they  had) 
wood(land)  for  50  swine  ;  now  for  30  ; 
(there  are)  2O  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  the 
third  part  of  a  mill.  Then  6  rounceys  (run- 
cini),  II  beasts  (animalia),  2OO  sheep,  HO 
swine,  40  goats,  (and)  4  hives  of  bees  ;  now 
9  rounceys,  10  beasts,  243  sheep,  100  swine, 
20  goats,  (and)  30  hives  of  bees.  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  36  pounds  ;  it  is  now 
worth  50  pounds. 

Of  this  manor  Odo  holds  i  hide  and  i 
virgate,  and  Renald'  I  hide  less  12  acres; 
and  2  ploughs  (are  there),  and  13  bordars; 
and  (this)  is  worth  50  shillings  in  the  above 
valuation  (in  eodem  pretio).* 

CISHELLA  [(Great)  Chishall B],  which  was 
held  by  Ulfeih,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and 
as  2^  hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
G[eoffrey]  by  William  Garden.6  Then  3 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  afterwards  and 
now  2.  Then  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  afterwards  and  now  none.  Then  and 
afterwards  9  villeins  ;  now  none.  Then  as 

4  This  great  and  valuable  manor  was  the  seat  of 
the    other    Mandeville    castle    (see  p.  301  above). 
Here  again  we  have  two  small  holdings  of  Norman 
followers,  pointing  to  a  baron's  residence  ;  and,  as 
at  Pleshey  (p.  509,  note  6,  above),  there  is  great 
increase  in  the  bee  hives. 

5  i.e.    the    manor     of    Gardens    there,    which 
derived    its    name    from     its    Domesday    under- 
tenant or  his  heirs.     See  also  pp.  451,  471   above 
and  p.  569,  note  8,  below. 


512 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


now  (semper)  6  bordars.  Then  and  after- 
wards 6  serfs ;  now  I .  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  30  swine,  (and)  6  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  200  sheep  and  10  swine  ;  now  220 
sheep,  30  swine,  66  goats,  (and)  3  beasts. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  6  pounds  ; 
now  IOO  shillings.1  There  also  (In  eadem 
villa)  the  same  (Hugh)  holds  3  hides  and  17 
acres,  which  were  held  by  5  free  men  in 
King  Edward's  time  ;  then  5  ploughs  (were 
there) ;  and  when  he  received  (it)  2  ;  now 
none  ;  (there  are)  now  I  villein  and  3  bor- 
dars ;  (there  are)  4  acres  of  meadow  ;  then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  IOO  shillings; 
now  40  ;  G[eoffrey]  claims  (to  have  obtained) 
these  lands  by  exchange  (pro  escangio). 

In  MUNEH ALA  [Manhall  *]  a  certain  English- 
man holds  of  G[eoffrey]  3  virgates  which  were 
held  by  a  free  man  in  the  time  of  King 
Edward  ;  and  in  King  William's  time  he 
became  (effectut  eft)  Geoffrey's  man  of  his 
own  accord  s  ;  and  the  men  of  Geoffrey  say 
that  afterwards  the  king  granted  (it)  to 
Geoffrey  in  exchange  (pro  escangio),  but 
neither  the  man  himself  nor  the  Hundret 
(court)  bears  witness  in  favour  of  Geoffrey 
(testimanium  Goitfrido  perhibeni).  In  that  land 
was  then  i  plough  ;  now  I  half.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  3  bordars  ;  and  there  are  7 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

BLICHANGRA  [Birchanger4],  which  was 
held  by  I  sokeman  of  Ansgar  as  half  a  hide 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  G[eoffrey] 
by  Germund.6  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
plough  on  the  demesne,  and  3  bordars.  Then 
and  afterwards  (there  was)  wood(land)  for  40 
swine ;  now  for  30.  It  was  then  worth  20 
shillings ;  now  10. 

HUNDRET  OF  CLAVELINGA  [CLAVERING] 

In  PLICEDANA  [Pledgdon 6]  Richard  holds 
(of  Geoffrey  what  was  held  by)  a  sokeman 
of  Ansgar  (as)  i  hide  and  20  acres 7  in  King 
Edward's  time.  Then  i  plough  ;  now  none. 

1  A  rather  small  decrease  in  view  of  the  total 
disappearance  of  all  the  villeins  and  their  ploughs. 

*  A  manor  in  (Saffron)  Walden  (see  p.  473, 
note  2,  above. 

3  See  Introduction,  p.  358. 

4  Not  the  manor  of  Birchanger  Hall,  which 
belonged  to  St.  Valery. 

6  This  was  Germund  de  St.  Ouen,  who  held 
of  Geoffrey  also  in  Herts  and  Bucks. 

6  A  hamlet  in   Henham,  which  however  was 
assessed  in  Clavering  Hundred. 

7  '  tenet   Ricardus  soc*  Angari   i  hidam  et  xx 
acres.'     I  have  no  hesitation  about  supplying  in 
the  text  the  words  within  brackets,  which  must 
have  been  omitted  by  a  scribal  error. 


Then  as  now  (semper)  3  bordars.      (There  is) 
wood(land)  for   10  swine,  (and)    10  acres  of 

to.  63 

meadow.     It   is  worth  now  as   then  (semper) 
21  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

PHENNA  [Stow  Maries  ?],  which  was  held 
by  Friebern  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides,  is  held 
(of  Geoffrey)  by  Hugh  de  Verli.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  villeins.  Then  2  bordars ; 
now  7.  Then  2  serfs ;  now  none.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  I  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
a  half.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  40  swine, 
(and)  pasture  for  30  sheep.  Then  5  swine, 
(and)  30  sheep  ;  and  now  70  swine.  It  is 
worth  60  shillings.  There  also  (In  eadem) 
the  same  (Hugh)  holds  37  acres  ;  then  half 
a  plough  (was  there) ;  now  none  ;  it  is  worth 
5  shillings.8 

WENESWIC  [  9],  which  is  held  (of 

Geoffrey)  by  Godfrey  and  Evrard,  was  held 
by  Ansgar,  in  King  Edward's  time,  as  5 
hides  and  40  acres.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  villeins.  Then  4  bordars  ;  now  7.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  3  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  Then  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  i^.  It  is  worth  4  pounds.  There 
also  (In  eadem)  6  free  men  held  I  hide  and 
40  acres,  which  is  (now)  held  by  the  same 
Godfrey  and  Evrard  ;  it  was  then  worth  20 
shillings  ;  now  10. 

XXXI.  THE  LAND  OF  THE  COUNT 
OF  OU  [EU] 

TURRUC  [(West)  Thurrock 10],  which  was 
held  by  Harold  as  a  manor  and  as  1 3  hides, 
is  held  by  the  count  in  demesne.  Then  12 
villeins;  now  17.  Then  16  bordars;  now 
45.  Then  16  serfs;  now  8.  Then  6 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  5.  Then 
IO  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  13. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  200  swine,  40  acres 
of  meadow,  (and)  pasture  for  500  sheep.  Then 
i  fishery  ;  now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5 
cows,  3  rounceys  (runcinf),  16  swine,  (and) 
550  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  12  pounds  ; 
now  30.  And  there  are  7  houses  at  London 
which  belong  (jacent)  to  this  manor  and  are 
(included)  in  this  rent  (firma).11 

8  This  is  the  duplicate  entry  (see  p.  5 1 2  above). 

9  This  manor,  although   considerable,  has  not 
been  identified. 

10  Wrongly    identified   as  Grays  Thurrock    by 
Morant  (see  Introduction,  p.  388). 

11  Here  again  the  valuation  proves  to  be  the 
actual  rent,  which    is   significant  in  view  of  an 
increase  of   1 50  per  cent  (see  p.  364  above). 


I 


513 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


fo.  63b 

XXXII.    THE   LANDS   OF    ROBERT 
GRENO    [GERNON] 

HUNDRET    OF    BERDESTAPLA    [BARSTABLE] 

RAMESDANA  *  [Ramsden],  which  was  held, 
in  King  Edward's  time,  by  3  free  men  as  a 
manor  and  as  3^  hides  and  30  acres,  is  held 
by  Robert  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  I  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  Then  3  villeins  ;  now 
2.  Then  3  bordars;  now  13.  Then  3  serfs; 
now  4.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  90  swine. 
Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus')  ;  now  2.  Then  2 
beasts  (animalia) ;  now  10.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  60  sheep  and  40  swine.  (There  are) 
now  2  hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth  50  shillings. 

RAMESDUNA  1  [Ramsden],  which  was  held 
by  Alvric  freely  (libere)  as  a  manor  and  as  2 
hides,  is  held  of  Robert  by  Anschetil.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the  demesne,  and 
half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men.  Then  2 
villeins  ;  now  i.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6 
bordars.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  none.  (There 
is)  wood  (land)  for  40  swine.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  rouncey  (runcinus).  Then  7  swine  ; 
now  2O.  (There  are)  now  6  beasts  (animalia). 
Then  20  sheep ;  now  80.  (There  are)  2 
hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth  30  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITHAM 

WITHAM  [(Powers  Hall  in)  Witham*], 
which  was  held  by  Burcard,  a  free  man,  as  I 
manor  and  as  4  hides  in  King  Edward's  time, 
is  held  of  R[obert]  by  Hugh.  Then  4  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  ;  now  2.  (There  are)  now  2 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,*  and  2  villeins, 
and  6  bordars.  Then  6  serfs  ;  now  3.  (There 
are)  6  acres  of  meadow  and  i  mill.  Then  i 
rouncey  (runcinus),  and  2  beasts  (animalia),  and 
80  sheep, and  12  swine;  now  i  rouncey, and 
4  beasts,  and  100  sheep,  and  2O  swine,  and 
3  hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth  now  as  then 
(semper)  4  pounds. 

HOBRUGE  [Hubbridge  (Hall)4],  which  was 
held  by  Brictmar'  as  a  manor  and  as  z\  hides 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  R[obert] 
by  Richard.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  belonging  to 

1  These  manors  have  not  been  satisfactorily 
identified. 

*  Alias  Witham  Parva. 

3  This  is  an  interesting  change  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  ploughs.     The  text  leaves  it  rather 
uncertain  whether  the  villeins   and    bordars    had 
been  on  the  land  previously  or  not. 

4  A  manor  in  Witham. 


the  men,  and  2  villeins,  and  6  bordars.  Then 
6  serfs  ;  now  none.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  40  swine,  1 1  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  I 
mill.  Then  2  beasts  (animalia}  ;  now  4. 
Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus)  ;  now  none.  Then 
12  swine  ;  now  40.  Then  30  sheep  ;  now 
54.  (There  are)  now  24  goats.  It  is  worth 
40  shillings. 

RIWEHALA  [Rivenhall 6],  which  was  held 
by  Alestan,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as 
half  a  hide  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
R[obert]  by  Ascelin'.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

I  plough  on  the  demesne.     Then  i  bordar  ; 
now  8.     Then   i  serf;  now  none.     (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine,  (and)  8  acres  of 
meadow.      There  are  now   8  swine.     It  is 
worth  20  shillings. 

fo.  64 

HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 

MATCINGA  [Matching],  which  was  held 
by  Alvric  Cild,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as 
i  hide  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
Robert  by  Hugh.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
plough  on  the  demesne.  Then  half  a  plough 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  none.  Then  I 
villein ;  now  none.  Then  I  bordar ;  now 
4.  Then  3  serfs ;  now  none.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  8  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  i  rouncey  (runcinus)  and  8 
swine ;  now  1 6  swine,  and  1 2  sheep,  and  8 
goats,  and  4  beasts  (animalia).  It  was  then 
worth  2O  shillings  ;  now  30. 

HUNDRET  OF  WALTHAM 

CINGEFORT  [Chingford  6],  which  was  held 
by  I  free  man  as  a  manor  and  (as)  5  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  Robert  by 
Orgar  the  thegn  (teinnus).  And  it  renders 
10  pence  to  Waltham  as  payment  for  soke 
(de  soka).  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  i.  Then  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men ;  now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  7 
villeins,  and  6  bordars,  and  4  serfs.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  500  swine,  (and)  50  acres 
of  meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  mill 7 
and  4  fisheries.  And  2  ploughs  more  could 
be  added  to  the  stock,  one  (of  them)  on  the 
demesne,  and  the  other  to  the  villeins.  Then 

I 1  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  none.     Then  30 
swine  ;  now  21.     It  is  worth   now  as  then 
(semper)  70  shillings. 

6  i.e.  the  manor  of  Archers  in  Rivenhall,  Brad- 
well  and  Great  Braxted. 

6  i.e.  the  manor  of  Earl's  Chingford. 

7  There  is  still  a  water-mill  on  the  Lea  close  to 
Chingford  Hall. 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


HUNDRET    OF    BEVENTREU    [BECONTREE] 

HAME  [(West)  Ham  l],  which  was  held  by 
Alestan',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  8  hides 
and  30  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held 
by  Robert  in  demesne.  And  this  manor  was 
given  by  King  William  to  Ranulf  Peverel 
(piperello)  and  Robert  Gernon  (grenoni).  Then 
5  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  4.  Then  8 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  12. 
Then  32  villeins;  now  48.  Then  16  bor- 
dars ;  now  79.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine, 
(and)  60  acres  of  meadow.  (There  were) 
then  9  mills ;  now  8.*  It  was  then  worth 
1 6  pounds;  and  when  they  received  (it)  12 
pounds  ;  it  is  now  worth  24  pounds.  And 
of  this  manor  R[anulf]  Peverel  (piperellus) 
has  a  moiety.8  And  in  Robert's  demesne* 
Rfobert]  received  i  rouncey  (runcinum),  which 
(et)  is  now  similarly  there.  Then  I  cow  ; 
now  9  beasts  (animalia).  Then  6  sheep ; 
now  12.  Then  5  swine;  now  n.  Of 
this  manor  Osbern  holds  of  Robert  30  acres 
with  (et)  half  a  plough,  and  it  is  worth  10 
shillings  in  the  above  valuation  (in  eodem  pretio). 

HAME  [(East)  Ham],  which  was  held  by 
Levred',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  7  hides 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  Robert  in 
demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs 
on  the  demesne.  Then  7  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men;  now  13.  Then  34  villeins; 
now  38.  Then  3  bordars  ;  now  26.  Then 

fo.  6«b 

19  serfs  ;  now  3.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
700  swine,6  (and)  50  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
8  beasts  (anima/ia)  ;  now  15.  Then  2O 
swine;  now  34.  (There  are)  now  200  sheep 
less  20.  (And  there  are)  now  4  rounceys 
(runcini)  and  3  hives  of  bees.  And  to  this 

1  It  is  extremely  difficult  to  distinguish  between 
East  and  West  Ham,  as  they  both  belonged  to 
Robert  Gernon  and  afterwards  to  Stratford  Lang- 
thorn  Abbey. 

*  These  mills  are  virtually  decisive  in  favour  of 
the  identity  of  this  manor  with  West  Ham,  for 
they  would  stand  on  the  Lea  and  its  branches,  and 
are  still  represented  by  Temple  Mills.     East  Ham 
is  not  sufficiently  on  the  Rothing  to  be  rich  in  mills. 

8  See  p.  527  below,  under  RanulFs  fief,  for  the 
duplicate  entry  of  this  manor  which  is  identical 
with  that  in  the  text  thus  far  mutatis  mutandis. 

*  The  demesne  is  treated  as  one  so  far  as  the 
ploughs  on  it  are   concerned ;    but    Robert   and 
Ranulf  had  separate  portions  of  it,  with  live  stock 
of  their  own  on  each. 

6  It  should  be  observed  that  the  woodland  of 
East  Ham  was  reckoned  to  be  seven  times  as 
extensive  as  that  of  West  Ham.  The  forest  must 
at  that  time  have  reached  down  to  it. 


estate  (terra)  have  been  added,  in  King 
William's  time,  3  virgates  which  were  held 
by  Eduin',  a  free  priest,  in  King  Edward's 
time ;  then  I  plough  (was  there) ;  now  a 
half ;  (there  are)  now  2  bordars  ;  wood(land) 
for  10  swine  (is  there),  and  9  acres  of  meadow. 
And  this  manor  was  worth  10  pounds  in 
King  Edward's  time  ;  and  when  received,  7 
pounds  ;  now  18  pounds.  And  to  this  manor 
belong  (adjacent)  30  acres  which  (are  ?)  held 
by  i  sokeman.  Of  this  manor  Ilger  holds  40 
acres,  and  (has)  2  bordars  and  I  plough  ;  and 
it  is  worth  1 5  shillings  in  the  above  valuation 
(in  eodem  pretio). 

In  LEITUNA  [Leyton]  Robert  holds  in 
demesne  half  a  hide,6  which  was  held  by  i 
free  man  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  half  a  plough,  and  2  bordars. 
(There  are)  5  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth 
5  shillings. 

In  LOCHETUNA  [Loughton]  W.  Corbun 
holds  of  R[obert]  44  acres,1  which  were  held 
by  i  free  man  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough,  and  2  bordars. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine  and  I 
acre  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIB] 

PURLAI  [Purleigh],  which  was  held  by 
Algar',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides 
and  1 5  acres,7  is  held  of  R[obert]  by  Richard. 
Then  I  serf ;  now  i  bordar.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  plough.  It  was  then  worth  10 
shillings ;  and  when  he  received  (it),  20 ; 
now  30.  On  the  demesne  are  now  34 
sheep  ;  and  (there  was)  nothing  (when)  he 
received  (it). 

WITHAM  [(East)  Whettenham  ? 8],  which 
was  held  by  Leftan',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor 
and  as  I  hide  and  a  half  in  King  Edward's 
time,  is  held  of  R[obert]  by  Anschetil.  Then 
2  villeins ;  now  none.  Then  4  bordars ; 
now  8.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  serf,  and  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  if,  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  i.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  150  swine.  Then  2  cows  ; 
now  8  beasts  (anima/ia).  Then  100  sheep  ; 
now  140.  Then  16  swine;  now  20.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  I  rouncey  (runcinus).  It  was 
then  worth  40  shillings ;  and  when  he  re- 
ceived (it),  30.  It  is  now  worth  4  pounds. 

8  The  identity  of  this  small  estate  is  doubtful. 

7  The  identity  of  this  manor  is  doubtful. 

8  Apparently  this  manor  in  Stow  Maries,  now 
'Whitmans'  farm  (see  Introduction,  p.  394). 


515 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


HUNDRET    OF    WfiNSISTREU    [WlNSTREE] 

LEGA  [  *],  which  was  held  by  Gotre, 

a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  4^  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  Robert  by 
Robert  de  Verli.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Then  7 
villeins;  now  5.  Then  5  bordars  ;  now  12. 
Then  7  serfs ;  now  3.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  100  swine,  (and)  now  i  mill.  Then  I 

fo.  65. 

rouncey  (runcinus);  now  8.  Then  160  sheep; 
now  80.  Then  20  swine  ;  now  none.  It 
is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  4  pounds. 

SALCOTA  [Salcot  (Verley)2],  which  was 
held  by  i  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  i£ 
hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
Robert  (de  eodem)  by  the  same  R[obert  de 
Verli].  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on 
the  demesne.  Then  4  bordars ;  now  3. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  serf.  Then  no  live 
stock  (nickil)  ;  now  2  rounceys  (runcini),  2O 
swine,  80  sheep,  (and)  2  beasts  (animalia).  It 
was  then  worth  26  shillings ;  now  30. 

HUNDRET   OF  WDELESFORDA    [UTTLESFORD] 

STANESTEDA  [Stansted  (Mountfichet)], 
which  was  held  by  a  free  man  as  a  manor 
and  as  6  hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is 
held  by  Robert  in  demesne.8  Then  4  ploughs 
on  the  demesne ;  afterwards  2  ;  now  3.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  10  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men,  and  1 1  villeins,  and  i  priest.  Then  and 
afterwards  4  bordars  ;  now  1 8.  Then  8  serfs  ; 
afterwards  4  ;  now  3.  (There  is)  wood  (land) 
for  1,000  swine,  (and)  2O  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  mill.  Then  8  beasts 
(animalia);  now  1 6.  Then  140  sheep  ;  now 
1 2O.  Then  20  swine  ;  now  60.  Then  40 
goats  ;  now  24.  (There  are)  now  2  rounceys 
(runcini)  and  5  asses.  To  this  manor  belongs 
(adjacet)  I  detached  estate  (berewita),  which 
is  called  MAGGHEDANA  [Manuden],  of  i  hide ; 

1  This  manor,  in  spite  of  its  size,  has  not  been 
identified.  If  its  name  is  a  scribal  error  for 
'  Legra,'  it  would  be  somewhere  in  the  Layers ;  but 
a  long  search  has  failed  to  trace  any  manor  there 
held  of  the  Stanstead  Barony.  It  should  be  ob- 
served that  Gotre  or  Gotra,the  English  predecessor 
here,  had  also  preceded  Robert  de  Verli  and  his 
overlord  at  Tolleshunt  (Darcy). 

8  Now  known  as  Verley.  '  Salcot  Wigborough,' 
now  known  as  Salcott,  is  immediately  adjacent ; 
only  the  narrow  '  Salcott  Creek '  divides  them. 

3  This  manor  was  the  head  of  the  barony  (see 
p.  301  above  for  its  castle),  and  yet  (as  with  Bend- 
fieldbury  below)  the  name  of  the  English  holder 
is  not  even  recorded. 


then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  (was  there)  on 
the  demesne,  and  2  bordars  ;  wood(land)  for 
10  swine  is  there.  Then  and  afterwards  (this 
manor)  was  worth  8  pounds  ;  now  1 1 . 

TACHELEIA  [Takeley4],  which  was  held 
by  i  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides  and 
15  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
R[obert]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  3  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men,  and  3  villeins.     (There 
are)  now  8  bordars.     Then  and  afterwards  3 
serfs  ;  now  2.     There  is  wood(land)  for  200 
swine,  (and)  20  acres  of  meadow.     Then]  2 
rounceys  (runcini)  ;  now  I .     Then  1 2  beasts 
(animalia);  now  3.     Then   16  sheep;    now 
10.     Then  20  swine  ;  now  38.     It  is  worth 
now  as  then    (semper)   100    shillings.     Peter 
holds  of  R[obert]  half  a  hide,  and  i  ox  (b")  (is 
there) ;  (this)  is  worth  12  shillings. 

WENDENA  [(Great)  Wendon],  which  was 
held  by  i  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  7  hides 
less  6  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
R[obert]  by  Hugh.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  4  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  and  when  he  received 
(it),  the  same  ;  now  5.  Then  and  afterwards 
8  villeins ;  now  9.  There  are  now  5  bordars. 
Then  and  afterwards  6  serfs;  now  5.  (There 
are)  24  acres  of  meadow.  Then  and  after- 
wards (there  was)  I  mill  ;  now  2.  Then  5 
sheep,  and  7  swine  ;  now  3  colts  (pullt),  and 
30  swine,  and  67  sheep.  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  7  pounds  ;  now  8. 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  CLAVELINGA 
[CLAVERING] 

BENEDFELDA  [Bendfield(bury) 6  ],  which 
was  held  by  I  free  man  6  as  a  manor  and  as 
5  hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
R[obert]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

fo.  65b 

3  ploughs  on  the  demesne.     Then  7  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  afterwards  6  ;  now  4. 
Then    10  villeins  ;    afterwards   and    now  9. 
Then   and  afterwards   2    bordars  ;    now   1 1 . 
Then  and  afterwards  7  serfs ;  now  4.    (There 
is)  wood(land)    for    200  swine,    16  acres   of 
meadow,  (and)    i   mill.       Then    2   rounceys 

*  i.e.  the  manor  of  Bassingborns  there. 

6  A  manor  and  hamlet  in  Stansted  Mountfichet, 
but  reckoned  as  in  Clavering  Hundred. 

6  As  with  the  manor  of  Stansted  (Hall)  above 
his  name  is  not  given,  but  I  take  him  to  be  the 
Godwine  de  Benefelle  who  is  mentioned  in  the 
Domesday  Survey  of  Hertfordshire  (see  the  Victoria 
History  of  that  county,  i.  177). 


516 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


(rundni)  ;  now  3.  Then  I  beast  (animal)  ; 
now  14.  Then  80  sheep;  now  30.  Then 
50  swine  ;  now  40.  Then  and  afterwards  it 
was  worth  100  shillings;  now  7  pounds.  To 
this  estate  belongs  (terra  adjacef)  now  as  then 
(semper)  i  sokeman  with  (de}  30  acres. 

In  BOLITUNA  [Bollington  *]  Robert  holds 
in  demesne  i$  hides  and  15  acres.  Then  \\ 
ploughs ;  afterwards  and  now  I .  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  bordars.  Then  10  swine,  and 
28  sheep ;  now  I  beast  (animal),  2  swine,  and 
4  sheep.  It  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  25 
shillings.  In  this  manor  Robert  holds  of 
R[obert]  half  a  hide,  and  has  half  a  plough  ; 
and  it  is  worth  10  shillings  in  the  above 
valuation  (in  eodem  pretio). 

PHERNHAM  [Farnham*],  which  was  held 
by  i  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  Robert  in 
demesne.  Then  as  now  (temper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  2  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men.  Then  and  afterwards  2  villeins  ; 
now  I  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  8  bordars ;  then 
and  afterwards  8  serfs;  now  I.  Then  and 
afterwards  wood(land)  for  2OO  swine  ;  now 
for  150.  (There  are)  10  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  4  rounceys  (rundni) ;  now  2.  Then 
1 5  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  none.  Then  40 
swine;  now  17.  Then  60  sheep;  now  30. 
(There  are)  now  39  goats,  and  3  hives  of 
bees.  It  was  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  50. 

MENGHEDANA  [Manuden  3]  was  held  by  4 
free  men  as  a  manor  and  as  4  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time.  It  is  now  held  of  R[obert] 
by  4  knights.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
ploughs,  and  2  villeins,  and  5  bordars,  and  I 
serf.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine, 
(and)  13  acres  of  meadow.  Then  8  beasts 
(animalia),  and  80  sheep,  and  2O  goats,  and  2O 
swine  ;  now  5  beasts,  and  33  swine,  and  i 
colt  (pullus),  and  44  sheep,  and  8  goats.  It 
was  then  worth  50  shillings  ;  now  60. 

HONDRET   OF    HlDINGFORDA    [HlNCKFORD] 

MAPLEDESTEDA  [(Great)  Maplestead], 
which  was  held  by  Ulwin',  a  free  man,  as  a 
manor  and  as  half  a  hide  in  King  Edward's 
time,  is  held  of  R[obert]  by  Ilger'.4  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 
3  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  5  villeins. 
Then  and  afterwards  2  bordars ;  now  6. 

1  A  manor  in  Ugley. 

*  i.e.  the  manor  of  Hertisho-bury  there. 

*  i.e.  the  manor  of  Manuden  Hall  there. 

*  See  note  5  below. 


Then  and  afterwards  4  serfs  ;  now  2.  Then 
fo.ee 

wood(land)  for  100  swine  ;  now  for  60. 
(There  are)  26  acres  of  meadow.  Then  I 
rouncey  (rundnus),  and  8  beasts  (animalia), 
and  10  swine,  and  20  sheep,  and  20  goats  ; 
now  i  rouncey,  and  14  beasts,  and  18  swine, 
and  80  sheep,  and  23  goats,  and  2  hives  of 
bees.  It  is  worth  60  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    L.AXEDANA    [LfiXDEN] 

WIDEMONDEFORT  [Wormingford],  which 
was  held  by  Goduin*  as  a  manor  and  as  i^ 
hides  and  10  acres,  is  held  of  R[obert]  by 
Ilger'.5  Then  3  villeins ;  now  4.  Then  2 
bordars  ;  now  8.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4 
serfs.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  4.  Then  as  now  2  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  100 
swine,  16  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now  I 
mill.  (There  is)  i  fishery.6  Then  i  rouncey 
(rundnus) ;  now  6.  Then  5  beasts  (animalia)  ; 
now  33-  Then  40  swine  ;  now  60.  Then 
6  sheep;  now  2OO.  Then  15  goats;  now 
47.  (There  are)  now  7  hives  of  bees.  It 
was  then  worth  4  pounds  ;  now  6.  And  in 
King  Edward's  time  (there  were)  19  sokemen 
holding  2^  hides  less  6  acres,  whom  Robert 
has  by  exchange  (in  sue  escangio),  as  he  says, 
(and)  who  are  held  of  him  by  the  same  Ilger' ; 
and  they  have  8  bordars ;  2  ploughs  (are 
there)  now  as  then  (semper) ;  (there  are)  4 
acres  of  meadow,  (with)  wood(land)  for  16 
swine  ;  it  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  40 
shillings  ;  and  these  sokemen,  as  the  county 
(court)  testifies,  could  not  withdraw  them- 
selves (removere)  from  that  manor.  And  I 
villein,  of  whom  Robert  was  seised,  was  taken 
away  by  Reimund'  Girald',7  and  Roger  of 
Poitou  has  (him)  still.8 

WIVNHOU  [Wivenhoe  *],  which  Alvric 
held  as  a  manor  and  as  5  hides  less  1 5  acres, 
is  held  of  R[obert]  by  Nigel.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  5  villeins.  Then  6  bordars ;  now  2O. 
Then  I  serf ;  now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

6  It  can  be  shown  that  Ilger  was  succeeded  in 
this  as  in  the  preceding  manor  by  the  family  of 
de  Windsor  as  under-tenants  (see  The  Ancestor,  i. 
I»S). 

6  This  is  far  away  from  the  other  fisheries  in 

the  county. 

7  Predecessor  of  Roger  of  Poitou  (see  p.  432, 
note  8,  above). 

8  Roger  held  the  adjoining  manors  of  Mount 
Bures  and  West  Bergholt. 

'  Which  forms  a  detached  portion  of  Lexden 
Hundred. 


517 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  the  men 
had  between  them  3  ploughs  ;  now  2.  (There 
is)  wood  (land)  for  IOO  swine,  12  acres  of 
meadow,  pasture  for  60  sheep,  (and)  now  I 
mill.  Then  8  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  10. 
Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus) ;  now  2.  Then 
60  sheep;  now  87.  Then  30  goats;  now 
2O.  Then  2O  swine  ;  now  24.  It  is  worth 
now  as  then  (semper)  40  shillings.1  And  I 
free  man  held  20  acres,  which  Robert  holds 
of  the  king's  gift  and  Nigel  (holds)  of  him. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough  (was 
there) ;  it  is  worth  3  shillings.  And  another 
free  (man)  held  20  acres,  which  are  (now) 
held  by  the  keeper  (custos)  of  the  Hundret 2  ; 
it  is  worth  3  shillings  and  is  held  by  the  same 
Nigel. 

BRICIA  [(Little)  Birch 3],  which  was  held 
by  Ulwin'  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  less  4^ 
acres,  is  held  of  R[obert]  by  Robert.4  Then 
as  now  (semper)  12  bordars.  Then  6  serfs  ; 

fo.  66b 

now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  40  swine, 
(and)  12  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  mill.  Then  2  beasts  (animalia)  ; 
now  7.  Then  38  sheep  ;  now  80.  (There 
are)  now  33  goats.  Then  5  swine  ;  now  33. 
(There  are)  now  2  rounceys  (runcinf).  It  is 
worth  now  as  then  (semper)  60  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  ANGRA  [ONGAR] 

STAPLEFORDA  [Stapleford  (Abbots) 6],  which 
was  held  by  5  free  men  as  2^  hides  and  6£ 
acres,  is  held  by  R[obert]  in  demesne.  Then 
8  bordars  ;  now  14.  Then  the  men  had  5 
ploughs  between  them  ;  now  4.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  2OO  swine,  and  21  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
50  shillings ;  now  60.  Of  this  manor  Nigel 
holds  i  £  hides  ;  and  3  villeins  (are  there),  and 
6  bordars,  and  2  ploughs ;  and  it  is  worth  28 
shillings  in  the  above  valuation  (in  eodem 
pretio). 

HUNDRET  OF  CEFFEORDA  [CHAFFORD] 

RENAHAM  [Rainham  6],  which  was  held  by 
Aluard'  as  a  manor  and  as  3^  hides,  is  held  of 
R[obert]  by  Robert.  Then  4  villeins  ;  now 

1  This  value  seems  strangely  low. 

8  This  appears  to  be  the  only  mention  of  such 
an  officer  in  Domesday.  He  represents  the  later 
•bailiff'  of  the  Hundred. 

8  See  Introduction,  p.  389. 

*  This  was  Robert  de  Verli  (see  Introduction, 

P-  389)- 

6  i.e.  the  manor  of  Batayles  there. 
6  i.e.  the  manor  of  Berwick  there  (?) 


5.  Then  and  afterwards  6  bordars  ;  now  4. 
Then  2  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
the  men  had  between  them  7.\  ploughs  ;  now 
I.  Then  3  rounceys  (runcini),  and  14  beasts 
(animalia),  and  6  swine,  and  I  oo  sheep  ;  now 
4  rounceys,  and  1 1  beasts,  and  24  swine,  and 
80  sheep,  and  12  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then 
worth  6  pounds ;  and  when  received  (the 
same) ;  it  is  now  worth  4  pounds.  And  I 
hide  was  held  by  i  free  man  who  afterwards 
forfeited  it  because  he  committed  theft  (fura- 
tus  est) ;  and  (it)  was  in  the  king's  hand(s). 
But  Robert  '  lascivus ' 7  seized  it  (invasit)  as 
the  Hundret  (court)  testifies ;  then  i  plough 
(was  there) ;  afterwards  and  now  none  ;  it  is 
worth  now  as  then  (semper)  2O  shillings  ;  this 
(hoc)  is  held  of  R[obert]  by  the  same  Robert. 

WALDA  [(South)  Weald  8],  which  was  held 
by  Sprot  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held  of 
R[obert]  by  Ralf.  (There  is)  now  i  villein, 
and  (there  are)  6  bordars,  and  i  plough. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  40  swine.  It  is 
worth  20  shillings.  This  land  is  held  by 
R[obert],  as  he  says,  in  exchange  (pro  escangio) 
by  (the  livery  of)  Hubert  de  Port  (portu),9 
and  it  has  never  paid  (Dane)geld  (reddidit 
geltum),  and  neither  the  last  (?).10 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORDA  [CHELMSFORD] 

INGA  [Frierning  ?],u  which  was  held  by 
Siward  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  by  Robert  in  demesne. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  villein.  Then  3 
bordars ;  now  9.  Then  i  serf ;  now  3. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the  demesne. 
Then  half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ; 
now  I .  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  400  swine. 

fo.  67 

Then  5  beasts  (animalia) ;  now  4.  Then 
28  sheep ;  now  26.  Then  12  swine;  now 
17.  It  was  then  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  2O. 

7  This  was  probably  the  Robert  '  invesiatus,'  a 
man  of  Robert  Gernon,  who  was  charged  with 
aggression  in  the  adjoining  parish  of  Wennington 
p.  445  above). 

8  i.e.  the  manor  of  Caldecots  there. 

9  The  Domesday  tenant-in-chief  of  Mapledur- 
well,  Hants.     He  occurs  in  the  Suffolk  Domesday 
(ii.  377)   as  having  given  seisin  to  the  Bishop  of 
Bayeux  of  certain  free  men. 

10  '  et  neque  ultimum.'     The  phrase  is  obscure, 
and  the  reference  may  be  to  the  '  last '  levy. 

11  The  number  of  the  Ings  lying  together  makes 
their  identification  difficult.     Morant  asserted  the 
above    manor   to  be  Margaretting,  but  Frierning 
seems  to  be  the  only  one  with  which  it  is  possible 
to  connect  Robert  Gernon  directly. 


518 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


INGA  [Frierning  ? !]  was  held  by  Eduin' 
Grut  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  33  acres. 
It  is  now  held  of  Robert  by  Ilger.  Then  as 
now  (temper)  I  bordar,  and  I  plough.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  40  swine  and  2  acres  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  20  shillings.  Rfobert] 
had  this  land  as  part  of  that  which  he  ob- 
tained by  exchange  (habuit  R.  in  suo  tscangio). 

CINGUEHELLA  [Chicluial  (Zoyn)  *],  which 
was  held  by  Doth  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides, 
is  held  of  R[obert]  by  Anschetil.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  villein,  and  2  bordars,  and  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  belong- 
ing to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
30  swine,  (and)  20  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  I  rouncey,  and  6  beasts  (ani- 
malia), and  1 2  sheep,  and  1 4  swine.  It  was 
then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 

SPRINGINGHEFELDA  [Springfield 3],  which 
was  held  by  Godric  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides 
and  40  acres,  is  held  of  R[obert]  by  Corp. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  4  villeins,  and  7  bor- 
dars, and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  I 
plough  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  30  swine,  2O  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  i  fishery.  Then  i  rouncey  (runcinus) ; 
now  I O.  Then  5  beasts  (animalia) ;  now  30. 
Then  4  sheep  ;  now  i  OO.  Then  1 3  swine  ; 
now  40.  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings ; 
now  60. 

INGA  [Frierning  ?  *],  which  was   held  by 

1  See  p.  $18,  note  1 1,  above. 

*  A  manor  in  Chicknal  St.  James.    Although  it 
is  here  entered  in  the  midst  of  Chelmsford  Hun- 
dred  manors,   Morant   identified  it   as  being   in 
Chigwell  (in  Ongar  Hundred),  with  which  Robert 
Gernon  had  nothing  to  do.     Its  true  identity  is 
revealed  by  the  Inq.  p.  m.  on  Philip  Burnel  (Dec. 
20,  1294),  cited  by  Morant  himself  (ii.  80),  where 
it  is  found  among  the  Gernon  manors  which  the 
Bumel  family  had  acquired,  as  held  of  Philip  by 
Margery  de  Moese.     In  1303  this  Margery  is  re- 
turned as  holding  i  £  fees  in  Chicknal  '  Tany  '  and 
£  fee  in  Chicknal  '  Seyn,'  which  were  both    in 
Chicknal  St.  James  (Feudal  Aidt,  ii.  133).    Morant 
no  doubt  jumped  at  the  conclusion  that  'Cingue- 
hella '  was  more  like  the  '  Cinghewella '  (Chigwell) 
of  Domesday    than    it    was   to   its   '  Cingehala ' 
(Chicknal).     Compare  p.  387  above. 

*  This  is  identified  by  Morant  as  the  manor  of 
Springfield  Barnes,  the  history  of  which,  as  given 
by  himself  (ii.  8),  is  inconsistent  with  that  identifi- 
cation.     It  was  probably  represented  by  the  half 
fee  held,  at  his  death  in  1 360,  by  Richard  de  Plaiz, 
one  of  the  co-heirs  of  the  Gernon  estates.     From 
the   Plaiz   family,  probably,   it   passed   to  the   De 
Veres,  Earls  of  Oxford. 

*  See  note  i  above. 


Selva  and  Topi  as  a  manor  and  as  2i  hides 
and  31  acres,  is  held  of  Rfobert]  by  William. 
And  Robert  has  it  by  exchange  (in  escangio). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  villein,  and  14  bor- 
dars; and  1 1  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i| 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  4  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  10  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now 
the  same.  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus) ;  now 
5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2O  sheep.  Then 
30  swine  ;  now  16.  (There  are)  now  2  hives 
of  bees.  It  is  worth  now  as  then  4  pounds. 
And  30  acres  were  held  by  Borda,  and 
Rfobert]  (holds  them)  now  ;  then  as  now 
(semper)  half  a  plough  (was  there) ;  and  (there 
are)  2^  acres  of  meadow  ;  it  is  worth  10 
shillings. 

PACING.*  8  [Patching  (Hall  Picot)  •],  which 
was  held  by  Borda  as  a  manor  and  as  2$ 
hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  (of 
Robert)  by  Picot.  Then  I  villein ;  now 
none.  (There  are)  now  6  bordars.  Then  4 
bordars  ;  now  none.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  I .  Then  as  now  (semper) 
half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  50  swine,  (and)  10  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  4  beasts  (animalia),  and  2O 
swine,  and  20  sheep ;  now  (there  is)  nothing. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  it  was  .worth  40  shil- 
lings. R[obert]  has  this  land  in  exchange 
(in  escangit). 

Of  the  fee  of  RICHEHAM  7  [Culverts  *], 
Asso  holds  of  R[obert]  what  was  held  by 
Goduin*  as  a  manor  and  as  i£  hides. 

fo.tyb 

Then  I  villein  and  I  serf;  now  2  bordars. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i^  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne. And  (there  are)  10  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  mill.  It  is  worth 
now  as  then  (semper)  30  shillings. 

•  This  form  points  to  an  English  '  Patchings.' 

8  A  manor  in  Broomfield.  This  is  another  of 
the  Gernon  estates  which  passed  eventually  to  the 
Burnel  family. 

*  « De  feudo  Richeham.' 

8  A  manor  (now  a  farm)  in  Boreham,  which 
derived  its  name  from  the  Coleworth  family  in  the 
thirteenth  century.  Richard  de  Coleworth  is 
named  in  a  charter  of  William  de  '  Rykham ' 
(obviously  the  '  Richeham  '  of  Domesday),  '  who 
seems  to  have  been  lord  of  this  and  other  estates 
in  and  about  this  parish '  (Morant,  ii.  1 2).  Never- 
theless Morant  himself  (ii.  25)  identified  the 
manor  in  the  text  as  '  Rifehams '  in  Danbury, 
which  had  nothing  to  do  with  Robert  or  his  suc- 
cessors. '  Culverts '  was  among  those  manors  of 
his  which  were  afterwards  held  by  the  Burnels. 


519 


A    HISTORY    OF   ESSEX 


In  TOLESHUNTA  [Tolleshunt  (Darcy)] 
Robert  de  Verli  holds  (of  Robert)  40  acres 
which  belong  to  (jacent  in)  this  Hundret  and 
are  appraised  in  (his)  manor.1 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA  [TENDRING] 

ACCLEIA  [(Great)  Oakley],  which  was  held 
by  Alvric  Camp  *  as  a  manor  and  as  i  O  hides 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  Robert  in 
demesne.  Then  and  afterwards  1 2  villeins  ; 
now  ii.  Then  and  afterwards  2O  bordars  ; 
now  30.  Then  and  afterwards  10  serfs;  now 
5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  Then  I  o  ploughs  among  the  men ; 
now  9.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine, 
8  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now  i  mill.  (There 
are)  2  salt-pans.  (There  is)  pasture  for  20 
sheep.  Then  10  rounceys  (runcini) ;  now  4. 
Then  10  beasts  (animalid) ;  now  5.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  20O  sheep  less  20.  Then  20 
swine;  now  15.  It  was  then  worth  II 
pounds ;  and  when  received,  (the  same) ;  it  is 
now  worth  16  pounds.  Of  this  manor  Ralf 
holds  2  hides  and  10  acres;  and  13  bordars 
(are  there),  and  i  plough ;  and  it  is  worth  30 
shillings  in  the  above  valuation  (in  eodem  pretio). 
And  the  land  of  a  certain  free  man,  which  is 
called  TENDRINGA,  is  held  by  Robert,  and 
Walter  holds  it  of  him  as  a  manor  and  as  I 
hide  less  15  acres.3  Then  5  villeins;  now  2. 
Then  3  bordars  ;  now  7.  Then  3  serfs  ; 
now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough 
on  the  demesne.  Then  3  ploughs  among 
the  men  ;  now  2.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
20  swine  and  i  acre  of  meadow.  Then  2 
rounceys  (runcini) ;  now  4.  Then  2  beasts 
(animalid) ;  now  IO.  Then  2O  swine  ;  now 
27.  Then  49  sheep  ;  now  60.  Then  24 
goats  ;  now  37.  (There  are)  now  3  hives  of 
bees.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ;  now 
30.  R[obert]  received  this  in  exchange  (in 
suo  escangid). 

DICHELEIA  [Dikeley4],  which  Alestan'  held 
as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  37^  acres, 
is  held  of  R[obert]  by  Nigel.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  8  bordars.  Then  i  serf ;  now  none. 
Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i£. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  belonging  to 

1  See  below.  The  Tolleshunts  abut  on  Wins- 
tree,  not  on  Chelmsford  Hundred,  and  no  portion 
of  Tolleshunt  Darcy  is  now  in  either  of  them, 
though  these  '  40  acres '  were  assessed  in  Chelms- 
ford Hundred  at  the  time  of  Domesday. 

8  See  Introduction,  p.  353. 

3  This  must  be  the  manor  of  '  Gernons'  there 
which  descended  with  Great  Oakley  to  the  family 
of  Plaiz. 

4  A  manor  in  Mistley  (now  Dickley  Hall). 


the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine 
and  2  acres  of  meadow.  Then  7  beasts  (ani- 
malid)  ;  now  8.  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus) ; 
now  4.  Then  37  sheep  ;  now  51.  Then  7 
swine;  now  15.  Then  as  now  (semper)  20 
goats.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

ERLEIA  [Ardleigh],5  which  was  held  by 
Scapi'  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  and  30 
acres,  is  held  of  R[obert]  by  William.  And 

fo.  68 

it  is  appurtenant  (facet)  to  a  certain  manor  in 
Sudfolc  [Suffolk  6],  but  belongs  to  (pertinet  in) 
this  Hundret.7  Then  i  villein  ;  now  none. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  serf.  Then  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  ;  when  he  received  (it),  i  ; 
now  none.  Then  2  bordars ;  now  none. 
(There  is)  i  acre  of  meadow.  It  was  then 
worth  40  shillings  ;  and  when  received,  2O  ; 
now  5. 

HUNDRET  OF  UDELESFORT  [UTTLESFORD] 

WIDINTUNA  [Widington],  which  was  held 
by  Ingulf  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides  and  i 
virgate,  is  held  of  Rfobert]  by  Robert.  And 
Robert  (Gernon),  as  he  says,  has  (it)  by  ex- 
change (in  escangio).  Then  5  villeins  ;  now  4. 
Then  3  bordars  ;  now  5.  Then  as  now  5 
serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
4  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  2. 
(There  are)  10  acres  of  meadow.  Then  3 
sheep  ;  now  65.  Then  24  swine  ;  now 
49.  It  was  then  worth  60  shillings  ;  now 
4  pounds. 

SCORTEGRAVA  [Shortgrove 8],  which  was 
held  by  Ulwin'  and  Grinchel  as  a  manor  and 
as  2  hides,  is  held  (of  Robert)  by  the  same 
Robert.9  And  Robert  (Gernon)  has  (it)  by 

5  Morant  identifies  this  as  the  manor  of  Mose 
there,  but  on  what  grounds  there  is  nothing  to 
show. 

6  This  is  a  very  important  clause,  for  it  identi- 
fies  Scapi',  the    former  holder,   as    the   Scapi'  or 
Scalpi',   a    '  thegn  of  Harold,'   whose  manors  in 
Suffolk  had  been  obtained  by  Robert  Gernon,  who 
had  enfeoffed  in  them,  as  his  under-tenant,  William 
'de  alno'  (ii.  fos.   319-20).     This  gives  us  the 
name  of  the  William  who,  at  Ardleigh  also,  was 
his  under-tenant,  and  who  was  obviously  the  an- 
cestor   of  the    Richard    '  de   Aune '    who  held  4 
knight's  fees  of  Robert's  successor  in  1166  (Red 
Book  of  the  Exchequer,  p.   349).     These  four  fees 
fell   eventually   to   the   share   of  Aveline,   wife  of 
Edmund,  Earl  of  Lancaster,  at  whose  death  they 
were  found  to  include  land  in  Ardleigh. 

7  i.e.  for  purposes  of  assessment. 

8  In  Newport. 

9  This  estate  adjoined  Widington,  and  the  two 
descended    together.       It    is    probable    also    that 


520 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


exchange  (in  escangio ').  Then  and  after- 
wards 6  serfs  ;  now  3.  Then  3  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  ;  afterwards  and  now  2.  (There 
are)  12  acres  of  meadow.  Then  i  mill  ; 
now  none.  Then  3  rounceys  (runcini) ;  now 
none.  Then  3  cows ;  now  none.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  oo  sheep.  Then  60  swine  ; 
now  none.  Then  23  hives  of  bees  ;  now  1 1. 
It  was  then  worth  4  pounds  ;  and  when 
received,  50  shillings  ;  now  60. 

ARCHESDANA  [Arkesden  *],  which  was  held 
by  Grinchel  as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide  less  8 
acres,  is  held  of  Rfobert]  by  Picot.  And 
Robert  has  (it)  by  exchange  (in  escangio). 
(There  are)  now  4  bordars.  Then  as  now 
(there  were)  2  serfs,  and  i  plough.  (There 
are)  6  acres  of  meadow.  (There  are)  now 
2  beasts  (animalia).  Then  as  now  (simper) 
12  swine  and  32  sheep.  (There  are)  now 
2  hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

ELSENHAM,*  which  was  held  by  Leftan' 
as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held  of  R[obert] 
by  Peter.*  And  Robert  has  (it)  by  exchange 
(in  escangio).  Then  4  villeins  ;  afterwards 
and  now  3.  Then  and  afterwards  3  bordars ; 
now  6.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then 
and  afterwards  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  i.  Then  and  afterwards  2  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  3.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  100  swine  and  20  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  rouncey 
(runcinus).  Then  7  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now 
I  calf  (vitulus).  Then  1 6  sheep  ;  now  none. 
Then  8  swine  ;  now  18.  Then  20  goats  ; 
now  none.  It  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper) 
40  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    TuRESTAPLA    [THURSTABLB] 

TOLISHUNTA  [Tolleshunt  (Darcy)6],  which 


1  Robert,'  their  Domesday  under-tenant,  was  the 
'  Robert '  who  held  '  Rainham  '  of  Robert  Gernon, 
for  all  these  estates  descended  together  to  the 
Plaiz  family  as  co-heirs  of  Robert  Gernon's  fief. 

1  It  should  be  observed  that  this  group  of  four 
manors  in  Uttlesford  is  entered  separately  from 
the  two  in  that  Hundred  above  (p.  5  1 6),  and  that 
each  of  'the  four  is  alleged  to  have  been  obtained 
by  exchange. 

*  i.e.  the  manor  of  Mynchcns  there,  so  named 
from  the  nuns  of  Campes,  whose  house  held  it 
under  the  Plaiz  family. 

'  The  identity  of  this  manor  seems  to  have  been 
lost  in  that  of  the  main  and  greater  manor  of  Elsen- 
ham  Hall. 

4  This  was  probably  the  '  Peter '  who  held 
some  land  of  him  in  Takcley  close  by. 

4  i.e.  the  manors  of  Gernons  and  Verli  there. 


was  held  by  Gotra*  as  a  manor  and  as  5$ 
hides,  is  held  of  R[obert]  by  Robert  de  Verli. 

fo.  Mb 

Then  4  villeins  ;  now  7.  Then  6  bordars  ; 
now  14.  Then  3  serfs;  now  5.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 

2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.     (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  200  swine,  i  acre  of  meadow, 
pasture  for  40  sheep,  (and)  I   saltpan.     Then 

3  rounceys  (runcini)  ;  now  none.     Then   14 
beasts    (animalia)  ;     now    none.       Then    40 
swine;  now   20.      Then    100   sheep;    now 
60.     Then  30  goats  ;  now  20.     (There  are) 
now  8  hives  of  bees.     Then  and  afterwards 
it  was  worth  4  pounds;   now   100  shillings. 
And  2  free  men  held  30  acres  ;  then  i  plough 
was  there ;  now  none ;  it  is  worth  now  as 
then  (semper)  10  shillings  ;  and  (Robert)  says 
that    he   has  this  land   by  exchange  (in    sun 
escangio). 

XXXIII.     THE   LAND   OF  RALF 
BAIGNARD 

HUNDRET  OF  WITHAM 

ULTINGA  [Ulting],  which  was  held  by 
Hacon  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  40 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  Ralf 
Baignard  by  Girard.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

4  ploughs  on  the  demesne.     Then  3  ploughs 
belonging    to    the    men  ;    now    ij.       Then 
7    villeins;    now  4.       (There  are)   now   12 
bordars.     Then  6  serfs  ;  now  none.     (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  IOO  swine,  (with)  20  acres 
of  meadow,  (and)   now   as  then    (semper)    2 
mills.     And  5  acres  of  land  have  been  added 
in  King  William's  time  and  owe  him  dues 
(sunt  dt  sua  consuetudine).     Then   5  rounceys 
(runcini))  2O  beasts  (animalia)^  7  swine,  (and) 
70    sheep  ;    now  4    rounceys,   9    beasts,   24 
swine,  35  sheep,  (and)  2  hives  (of  bees).     It 
was  then  worth  4  pounds  ;   and  when  re- 
ceived, (the   same);    it  is   now  worth    100 
shillings. 

In  LANGEFORT  [Langford  7]  Geoffrey  holds 
of  R[alf]  5  free  men  with  (de)  3  virgates  of 
land  and  i  acre,  and  they  (jut)  used  to  render 

fo.  fig 

to  the  king  a  customary  due  of  15  pence 
(xv</.  de  consuetudine)  in  King  Edward's  time. 
Now  as  then  (semper)  they  have  i^  ploughs 
and  i  bordar.  (There  are)  3  acres  (of 

6  See  p.  516,  note  I,  above. 

7  In  Thurstable  Hundred  (see  below),  but  only 
divided  from  Ulting  by  the  Blackwatcr.     Ulting 
manor  is  subsequently  found  extending  into  Lang- 
ford. 


521 


66 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


meadow  P).1    It  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ; 
now  2O. 

HUNDRET    OF   WlTBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

NORTUNA  [(Cold)  Norton],  which  was 
held  by  Ulfric,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and 
as  8  hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
R[alf]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

5  villeins,  and   1 1    bordars.     Then   2  serfs ; 
now  none.    Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  3.     Then  4  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men ;    now   3.      Of  these    hides    2    are    of 
woodland    (silva).*      (There    is)  pasture    for 
40    sheep,    (and)    now    i     mill.       Then    4 
rounceys  (runcini),  and    15  beasts  (animatia), 
2O  swine,  and   150  sheep;  now  6  rounceys, 
8  beasts,  20  swine,  and  60  sheep.     It  was 
then  worth  6  pounds ;  now  7.     Robert  has 
also  as  a  manor  3  hides  and  45  acres  which 

6  free  men  hold  now  as  then  (semper)  ;  then 
5  ploughs  (were  there)  ;  now  3  ;  (this)  was 
then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  30.     This  was 
delivered  (to  Ralf)  in  exchange  (liberatum  est 
pro   escangio).     Of  this  manor  Walicher[ius] 
holds  half  a  hide,   and    (this)    is  worth    10 
shillings    in    the    above    valuation    (in    eodem 
pretio). 

WDEHAM  [Woodham  (Walter)],  which 
was  held  by  Leveva  as  a  manor  and  as  7 
hides,  is  held  of  R[alf]  by  Pointel.8  Then 
12  villeins  ;  now  6.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
4  bordars.  Then  6  serfs ;  now  4.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  4  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
I.  (There  are)  24  acres  of  meadow,  (with) 
wood(land)  for  500  swine.  Then  I  mill ; 
now  2.  Then  2  beasts  (animaUa)  and  7 
swine,  (and)  37  sheep  ;  now  8  beasts,  21 
swine,  6  asses,  130  sheep,  (and)  13  hives  of 
bees.  It  was  then  worth  8  pounds  ;  and 
when  received,  40  shillings;*  it  is  now  worth 

7  pounds. 

CURLAI  [Purleigh  ?  5],  which  was  held  by 

1  *et  I  bor[darius]  iii.  ac.'    The  sense  is  doubtful. 

8  The  reason  for  inserting  this  clause  here  was 
that  the  woodland  is  regularly  entered  just  before 
the  pasture  for  sheep.  On  the  '  hides '  of  wood- 
land see  pp.  376-7  above. 

3  This  was  doubtless  the  Thierri  (Tedricui) 
Pointel  who  held  North  Fambridge,  in  this  Hun- 
dred, as  a  tenant-in-chief,  and  who  also,  held  at 
Cricksea  as  an  under-tenant  and  claimed  land  at 
Steeple. 

*  This  is  an  unusually  sharp  drop  in  value  for 
the  intermediate  period  in  Essex. 

6  This  is  one  of  the  mysterious  manors  of  the 
most  difficult  Domesday  Hundred  in  the  county 
(see  p.  391  above).  Morant  assumed  that  it  lay 


Grim  as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  of  the  same  (Ralf)  by 
the  same  (Pointel).  Then  2  villeins ;  now  4. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  9  bordars.  Then  4 
serfs  ;  now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  be- 
longing to  the  men.  (There  are)  22  acres 
of  meadow,  (with)  wood(land)  for  40  swine. 
(There  was)  then  i  mill ;  now  none.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  40  shillings ; 
now  4  pounds.  Godric  also  holds  (habet)  of 
R[alf]  half  a  hide,  which  (Ralf)  has,  he  says, 
by  exchange  (pro  escangio)  ;  but  the  Hundret 
(court)  knows  nothing  of  this  (nescii).  Then 
as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough  was  there  ;  it 
is  worth  10  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  DOMMAWA  [DUNMOW] 

DOMMAWA  [(Little)  Dunmow6],  which 
was  held  freely  (liberte)  by  a  certain  woman, 
Ailid,  as  a  manor  and  as  4^  hides,  is  held  by 
R[alf]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
3  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  7  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  6.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  15  villeins,  and  I  priest.  Then 
12  bordars  ;  now  16.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

fo.  6gb 

10  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  150 
swine,  50  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now  I 
mill.  Then  3  rounceys  (ruvcint),  1 1  beasts 
(anima/ia),  40  swine,  15  sheep,  (and)  23 
goats ;  now  1 1  rounceys,  2 1  beasts,  30 
swine,  104  sheep,  53  goats,  (and)  8  hives  of 
bees.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  8 
pounds  ;  now  10.  To  this  estate  (terrts) 
has  been  added  i  hide  which  was  held  by  I 
free  man  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  as 

in  Purleigh  (the  '  Purlai '  of  Domesday),  but  could 
not  identify  there  a  manor  held  of  this  fief.  Its 
amount  of  meadow  is  significantly  large,  especially 
as  none  of  the  entries  undoubtedly  relating  to 
Purleigh  (a  parish  away  from  any  river)  mention 
an  acre  of  meadow.  It  is  clear  from  the  extent  of 
its  meadow  that  '  Curlai '  must  have  been  on  a 
river,  and  this  river  can  only  have  been  the  Chel- 
mer.  As  the  manors  of  Woodham  Walter  and 
'  Curlai '  were  held  together  by  '  Pointel,'  it  ap- 
pears to  me  that  '  Curlai '  was  probably  in  Wood- 
ham  Walter  and  became  absorbed  in  the  main 
manor  owing  to  their  having  the  same  lord. 
Woodham  Walter,  with  a  frontage  of  some  three 
miles  to  the  Chelmer  and  a  brook  of  its  own  as 
well  would  of  course  be  rich  in  meadow. 

This  suggestion  is  supported  by  the  fact  that 
'  Woodham,'  which  had  but  i  mill  before  the 
Conquest,  had  now  2,  while  '  Curlai,'  which  then 
had  I,  had  now  none.  This  probably  implies 
that  one  of  the  mills  had  been  annexed  since  the 
Conquest  to  the  main  manor. 

6  This  was  afterwards  the  eaput  of  the  barony. 


522 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


now  (semper)  i  plough  (was  there),  and  I 
villein,  and  i  bordar,  and  i  serf ;  (there  is) 
wood(land)  for  24  swine,  (and)  10  acres  of 
meadow  ;  it  is  worth  20  shillings.  And  to 
this  manor  *  there  belongs  (adjacet)  further 
half  a  hide  which  i  sokeman  of  Baignard's 
predecessor  (antecessoris  baignardi  *)  held  and 
still  holds;  then  i£  ploughs  (were  there)  on 
the  demesne  ;  now  I.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
I  villein,  and  i  serf;  (there  is)  wood(land) 
for  20  swine,  (and)  9  acres  of  meadow  ;  it 
is  worth  now  as  then  20  shillings. 

WIMBEIS  [Wimbish  s],  which  was  held 
by  Ailid  as  a  manor  and  as  8  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  by  R[alf]  in  demesne. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne. Then  21  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men;  now  15.  Then  as  now  (semper)  26 
villeins  and  I  priest.  Then  19  bordars  ; 
now  55.  Then  6  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then 
wood(land)  for  500  swine  ;  now  for  400. 
(There  are)  40  acres  of  meadow.  Then  2 
rounceys  (runcini),  and  4  beasts  (animalia), 
60  swine,  120  sheep,  and  4  hives  of  bees; 
now  2  rounceys,  4  beasts,  28  swine,  80  sheep, 
(and)  4  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth 
12  pounds;  now  20. 

HUNDRET    OF    WENSISTREU    [WlNSTREE] 

BOROOLDITUNA  [Barnwalden  ?],*  which 
Alvric,  a  free  man,  held,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held  of 
R[alf]  by  Modbert.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
I  plough  on  the  demesne.  Then  3  bordars  ; 
now  4.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  2O  swine. 
Then  2  rounceys  (runcini),  i  beast  (animal],  i 
pig,  (and)  1 5  sheep ;  now  2  rounceys,  I 


1  This  is  one  of  the  many  cases  in  which  terra 
and  mantrium  are  used  indifferently  by  the  scribe. 

*  This  is  a  good  instance  of  the  omission  of  a 
Christian  name,  Ralf  Baignard  being  spoken  of  as 
'  Baignard  '  only. 

3  Wimbish  is  in  Uttlesford  Hundred. 

*  A  manor  in  Tolleshunt  Knights,  which  was 
held  of  Rail's  successors,  the  Lords  Fitz  Walter, 
and  which  is  now  represented   by  '  Barn   Hall.' 
The  '  n  '  is  intrusive,  for  the  name  of  the  manor, 
in  the  fourteenth  century,  was  '  Barwaldone '  or 
'  Berwaldon.'    No  attempt  has  been  made  hitherto 
to    identify   '  Boroolditune '    (which  seems   to   be 
formed  like  '  Tidwolditune,'  now  Heybridge),  and 
Morant  identified  RalPs  'Toleshunt '  (see  p.  526 
below)   as  Barnwalden.      No  place  of  any  such 
name   as    '  Boroolditune '    is    found    in    Winstree 
Hundred,  nor  can  any  manor  there  be  traced  up 
to  Ralf  Bainard.     Barnwalden,  though  in  Thur- 
stablc  Hundred,  stood  just  on  the  edge  of  that  of 
Winstree. 


beast,  2  swine,  33  sheep,  and  34  goats.  It 
is  worth  30  shillings. 

METCINGES  [Messing6],  which  was  held 
by  a  free  woman  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a 
hide  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  R[alf] 
by  Bernard.6  (There  is)  now  i  bordar. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  12  swine.  It  was 
then  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  3. 

HUNDRET  OF  CLAVEUNGA  [CLAVERING] 

In  MAGELLANA  [Manuden],  i  free  man 
held  in  King  Edward's  time  30  acres,  which 
(quod)  Amelfrid'  (now)  holds  of  R[alf].  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  plough.  It  was  then  worth 
5  shillings  ;  now  10. 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

PENTELAWA  [Pentlow]  was  held  by  a  free 
woman  as  a  manor  and  as  4  hides  and  3 
virgates  in  King  Edward's  time.7  Then  as 
now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 
5  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  8  vil- 

fo.  70 

leins.  Then  and  afterwards  I  bordar  ;  now 
8.  Then  8  serfs ;  now  none.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  2OO  swine,  (and)  30  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  mill. 
Then  two  rounceys  (runcini),  22  beasts  (ani- 
malia),  48  swine,  i  sheep,  (and)  8  hives  of 
bees ;  now  3  rounceys,  24  beasts,  2O  swine, 
80  sheep,  (and)  8  hives  of  bees.  And  (there 
are)  18  sokemen  with  (de)  2  hides  and  30 
acres ;  and  they  have  5  ploughs  ;  then  4 
serfs  ;  now  I  ;  (there  are)  now  4  bordars  ; 
(there  is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine,  (and)  10 
acres  of  meadow.  The  whole  was  worth 
IO  pounds  in  King  Edward's  time  ;  now  16. 
Of  this  manor  Galicer[ius]  *  holds  30  acres  ; 
and  (this)  is  worth  IO  shillings  in  the  above 
valuation  (in  eodem  pretio). 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

BURNEHAM  [Burnham],  which  was  held 
by  Alwart,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as 
4  hides  and  1 2  acres  in  King  Edward's  time, 
is  held  by  R[alf]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 

8  Messing  is  in  Lezden  Hundred,  but  adjoins 
Tolleshunt  Knights. 

•  The  identity  of  this  small  estate  cannot  be 
determined,    but    its    holder   was    doubtless    the 
Bernard  who  held  'Toleshunta'  also  of  Ralf. 

•  The   usual    information   as  to    whether  the 
manor   was  held  in  demesne   or   by  an    under- 
tenant in   1086  is  not  given. 

•  Identical    with    the    '  Walicheriui '    entered 
above  as  holding  at  Cold  Norton. 


523 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


(semper)  I  villein.  Then  6  bordars  ;  now  12. 
Then  4  serfs ;  now  none.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  I 
plough  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
pasture  for  300  sheep.  Then  2  rounceys 
(runcini),  4  beasts  (animalia),  12  swine,  (and) 
200  sheep  ;  now  6  rounceys,  13  beasts,  16 
swine,  (and)  336  sheep.  It  was  then  worth 
4  pounds;  now  100  shillings.  In  the  same 
vill  (there  were),  in  King  Edward's  time,  10 
free  men,  who  had  8  hides  and  28  acres ;  and 
this  (quod]  is  (now)  held  by  Robert  in  de- 
mesne. Then  8  bordars;  now  1 6.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  7  serfs  and  8  ploughs.  (There 
is)  now  i  mill.  (There  is)  pasture  for  600 
sheep  ;  then  and  afterwards  (this)  was  worth 
7  pounds  ;  now  8  pounds  ;  this  land  is 
claimed  by  Ralf  Baignard  (as  obtained)  by 
exchange  (pro  escangid). 

HUNDRET    OF    CELMERESFORT    [CHELMSFORDJ 

BADWEN  [(Little)  Baddow],  which  was 
held  by  Lewin'  as  a  manor  and  as  4  hides, 
is  held  of  R[alf]  by  Germund.1  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  villeins,  and  2  bordars.  Then 
9  serfs ;  now  7.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  I  plough 
among  the  men ;  now  none.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  i  acre  of 
meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  mill. 
Then  7  rounceys  (runcini),  47  beasts  (ani- 
malia), 1 08  swine,  80  sheep;  now  10 
rounceys,  53  beasts,  (and)  163  sheep.  It 
was  then  and  afterwards  worth  100  shillings; 
now  6  pounds.  And  5  free  men  held  2 
hides  and  31  acres  and  (qut)  could  betake 
themselves  (ire)  whither  they  would  ; 2  now 
the  same  Germund  and  4  Frenchmen  (franci) 
hold  (this) ;  then  as  now  (semper)  3  bordars, 
and  i  serf ;  then  2  ploughs  (were  there) ;  now 
I  ;  (there  is)  wood(land)  for  26  swine,  (and) 
13  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  now  as 

fo.  Tob 

then  (semper)  2O  shillings. 

HANINGEFELDA  [Hanningfield "],  which  was 
held  by  Norman  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides, 
is  held  of  R[alf]  by  Berenger.  Then  3 
villeins ;  now  none.  (There  are)  now  9 
bordars.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  serfs. 
Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne ;  now  i . 
Then  I  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
a  half.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  200  swine. 
(There  are)  now  3  beasts  (animalia),  23  swine, 

1  See  note  6  below. 
*  i.e.  they  could  choose  their  lord. 
8  i.e.   the  manor  of  Claydons   in   East    Han- 
ningfield, which  was  held  of  the  Lords  FitzWalter. 


47  sheep,  and  4  goats.  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  70  (?)  *  shillings  ;  now 
4  pounds. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA  [TENDRING] 

ADEM  B  [(Little)  Oakley],  which  was  held 
by  Ednod  as  a  manor  and  as  5^  hides,  is  held 
of  R[alf]  by  Germund.6  Then  7  villeins  ; 
now  17.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  bordars, 
and  8  serfs,  and  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  33  swine,  2  acres  of 
meadow,  i  fishery,  (and)  pasture  for  100 
sheep.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini),  and  13 
beasts  (animalia),  50  swine,  (and)  50  sheep  ; 
now  3  rounceys,  4  beasts,  27  swine,  (and) 
1 1 8  sheep.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  7  pounds  ;  now  9. 

RAMESEIA  [Ramsey],  which  was  held  by 
Alvric  Camp 7  as  a  manor  and  as  7  hides 
and  35  acres,  is  held  (of  Ralf)  by  Roger. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  18  villeins.  Then  6 
bordars  ;  now  9.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6 
serfs,  and  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
the  men  had  7  ploughs  among  them  ;  now  5. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  60  swine,  8  acres 
of  meadow,  (and)  now  i  mill.  (There  is) 
I  saltpan.  It  was  then  worth  1 2  pounds ; 
now  15.  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  20 
beasts  (animalia),  22  swine,  (and)  115  sheep  ; 
now  2  rounceys,  20  beasts,  49  swine,  309 
sheep,  (and)  8  hives  of  bees. 

MICHELESTOU  [Michaelstow  8],  which  was 
held  by  Alric'  as  a  manor  and  as  2^  hides, 
is  held  of  R[alf]  by  Bernard.  Then  3 
bordars  ;  now  i .  Then  3  serfs  ;  now  none. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  Then  the  men  had  half  a  plough 
among  them  ;  now  none.  (There  are)  4 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini), 
6  beasts  (animalia),  27  swine,  (and)  150 
sheep ;  now  25  swine,  (and)  83  sheep.  It 
was  then  worth  70  shillings ;  now  4  pounds. 
And  R[alf]  holds  2  sokemen  by  exchange 
(in  suo  escangio)  as  his  men  say — but  they 
alone9 — belonging  to  (de)  the  manor  which 

*  '  xlx  '  (?  hoc)  in  the  MS. 

6  A  clerical  error  for  '  Aclem '  (see  Introduction, 

P-  395)- 

6  Who  also  held  of  him   Little   Baddow  (see 

note  i  above). 

7  He  had  held  land  also  at  Dedham,  Bradfield, 
and  Great  Oakley   in   Essex,  and  other  lands  in 
Suffolk  and  Cambs  (see  Introduction,  p.  353). 

8  A  manor    in    Ramsey,   so   named    from    the 
patron  saint  of  the  church. 

9  '  sed  alii  non  testantur  nisi  ipsi  soli.' 


524 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


is  called  Laleforda  [Lawford  'J,  (and)  holding 
half  a  hide  and  35  acres;  this  is  held  of 
R[alf]  by  the  same  B[ernard]  ;  then  i  plough 
(was  there) ;  now  half;  it  was  then  worth  8 
shillings  ;  now  10.  And  in  Witelebroc  [  ] 
Roger  holds  of  Ralf  I  hide  which  Alvric  held 
as  a  manor.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  bordar 
(was  there),  and  i  plough,  and  (there  is)  I 
acre  of  meadow;  it  is  worth  10  shillings. 
This  estate  (terra)  did  not  belong  to  (jacuit 
in)  the  other  (two)  estates  (terris).  These 

to.  71 

3  manors  *  are  worth  20  pounds. 

HUNDRET    OF    UDELESFORT    [UlTLESFORD] 

WENDENA  [Wenden  (Loughts3)],  which 
was  held  by  i  free  man,  Alwin'  Stille,  as 
a  manor  and  as  i^  hides  and  30  acres,  is 
held  (of  Ralf)  by  Amelfrid[us].  And  R[alf] 
has  (it)  by  exchange  (in  escangio).  Then  as 
now  (semper)  5  villeins,  and  3  bordars,  and  2 
serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  I 
plough  belonging  to  the  men.  There  is 
wood(land)  for  80  swineand  3  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  then  worth  4  pounds ;  now  5. 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  FROSSEWELLA 
[FRESHWELL] 

HENHAM,  which  was  held  by  Ailid'  as  a 
manor  and  as  13^  hides  less  10  acres,  is  held 
by  R[alf]  in  demesne.  Then  and  after- 
wards 1 8  villeins  ;  now  8.  Then  and  after- 
wards 5  bordars  ;  now  38.  Then  and  after- 
wards 8  serfs ;  now  none.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  8 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  200  swine,  (and)  16  acres  of 

1  See  the  relative  entry,  under  Lawford,  on 
p.  435  above. 

1  This  is  a  good  instance  of  '  terra '  and 
'  manerium  '  being  used  interchangeably.  The 
'  3  manors '  are  Ramsey,  Michaelstow  and  '  Wi- 
telebroc.' As  to  the  last,  a  considerable  '  brook ' 
runs  by  Ramsey  and  Michaelstow. 

8  Now,  corruptly,  Wenden  Lofts.  It  derived 
its  name  from  a  family  which  held  it  as  under- 
tenants. Henry  '  Loholt '  held  two  knight's  fees 
of  Walter  Fitz  Robert  (RalPs  successor)  as  early  as 
1 1 66.  The  name  occurs  also  as  '  Lohout,'  and 
the  same  family  held  under  the  Counts  of  Boulogne 
at  Tolleshunt  in  Tollesbury.  This  is  of  special 
interest  because  that  manor  was  held  of  Count 
Eustace,  in  1086,  by  '  Alm'fridus  (see  p.  469  above), 
who  is  thus  shown  to  be  identical  with  '  Amel- 
fridus,'  Ralf's  tenant  at  Wenden  and  at  Manuden 
(see  p.  523  above). 

Members  of  the  family  of  Lohout  or  Loholt 
occur  frequently  in  the  cartulary  of  Saffron  Walden, 
especially  in  the  Arkesdcn  charters. 


meadow.  Then  3  rounceys  (runcini),  8  beasts 
(animalia),  80  swine,  160  sheep,  (and)  1 6 
hives  of  bees  ;  now  8  rounceys,  7  beasts,  100 
swine,  80  sheep,  and  10  hives  of  bees.  It 
was  then  worth  1 2  pounds  ;  now  20. 

ASCENDUNA  [Ashdon],  which  was  held  by 
Ailid'  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held  by 
R[alf]  in  demesne.  Then  14  villeins;  now 
2O.  Then  3  bordars ;  now  9.  Then  2 
serfs  ;  now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  4  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  100  swine,  6  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  i 
acre  of  vineyard.*  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini), 
5  beasts  (animalia),  60  swine,  2OO  sheep, 
(and)  10  hives  of  bees ;  now  i  rouncey,  7 
beasts,  60  swine,  65  sheep,  (and)  3  hives  of 
bees.  It  was  then  worth  6  pounds ;  now  8. 
And  (there  are)  2  sokemen  holding  1 5  acres 
freely  (liberte).  These  were  received  by 
R[alf]  in  exchange,  (and  are)  worth  3  shil- 
lings. 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

In  PACHESHAM  [Paglesham],  Thierri  (Ted- 
ricus)  Pointel6  holds  half  a  hide  and  15  (acres), 
which  were  held  by  i  free  man.  Then  2 
bordars ;  now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
plough.  There  is  pasture  for  50  sheep.  It 
is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  20  shillings. 
R[alf]  claims  to  hold  this  by  exchange  (pro 
escangio). 

HUNDRBT    OF    TuRESTAPLA    [THURSTABLE] 

LANGHEFORDA  [Langford]  was  held  by 
Gola  and  jEthelmaer  (Agelmar\us~\)  as  a  manor 
and  as  three  hides  and  a  half ;  and  this  half 
hide  was  held  at  rent  (ad  censum)  of  St.  Paul 
by  ^thelmser ;  but  R[alf]  is  now  seised 
thereof.6  And  Geoffrey  holds  of  R[alf]  the 
whole.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  villein. 
Then  4  bordars ;  now  9.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now 
3.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne ;  now  2. 

fo.  7ib 

(There  is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine,  25  acres 
of  meadow,  (and)  now  as  then  (semper)  i  mill. 
Then  3  rounceys  (runcini),  5  beasts  (animalia), 
24  swine,  (and)  40  sheep  ;  now  2  rounceys, 
4  beasts,  40  swine,  (and)  So  sheep.  It  was 
then  worth  100  shillings;  and  when  received, 

*  Except  in  this  and  one  other  instance  vine- 
yards were  measured  by  arpents. 

6  See  p.  522,  note  3,  above. 

•  See  p.  443  above,  under  Heybridge  ('Tid- 
woldituna '),  a  manor  of  the  canons,  where  it  is 
duly  noted  that  Ralf  holds  this  half  hide,  though 
the  Hundred  (court)  knows  not  by  what  right. 


525 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


the  same  ;  now  4  pounds.  Then  there  were 
there  5  free  men  with  i^  hides  ;  now  (there 
are)  4  men  ;  then  i?r  ploughs  (were  there)  ; 
now  I.  Then  I  bordar  ;  now  3.  Then  I  serf; 
now  none  ;  it  was  then  worth  30  shillings  ; 
now  20. 

TOLESHUNTA  [Tolleshunt 1],  which  was 
held  by  Ailmar'  *  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides 
and  8  acres,  is  held  of  R[alf]  by  Bernard. 
Then  4  villeins ;  now  8.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
5  bordars.  Then  4  serfs  j  now  i .  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i^  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 
2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  200  swine,  (and)  pasture  for 
2O  sheep.  (There  are)  5  saltpans.  Then  2 
rounceys  (runcini),  6  beasts  (animalia),  2O 
swine,  (and)  100  sheep  ;  now  2  rounceys,  5 
beasts,  20  swine,  100  sheep,  (and)  28  goats. 
It  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  60  shillings. 
In  the  same  vill  (are)  8  free  men  with  (de)  i£ 
hides  and  14  acres;  then  as  now  (semper) 
2  bordars  (were  there),  and  2  ploughs ;  it  is 
worth  20  shillings ;  R[alf]  Baignard  has  this 
land  by  exchange  (pro  escangid). 

XXXIIII.  THE  LANDS  3  OF  RANULF 
PEVEREL  [PIPERELLI] 

HUNDRET    OF    BfiRDESTAPLA     [BARSTABLfi] 

In  BURA  [Bowers  (Gifford  *)]  Serlo  holds 
of  Ranulf  I  hide.6  (There  is)  I  plough 
(with)  i  serf.  This  was  held  by  Alestan,  a 
free  man.  (There  is)  pasture  for  120  sheep. 
Then  I  rouncey  (rundnus),  100  sheep,  14 
swine,  (and)  4  calves  (vituli) ;  now  2  roun- 
ceys, 100  sheep,  14  swine  (and)  4  calves.  It 
was  then  worth  2O  shillings  ;  now  40. 

PHENGE  [Vange6],  which  was  held  by  a 

1  The  identity  of  this  manor  is  not  satisfac- 
torily proved.  Morant  placed  it,  as  Barnwalden 
(see  note  523  above),  in  Tolleshunt  Knights,  but 
the  mention  of  marsh  ('  pasture  for  sheep  ')  and  of 
saltpans  points  to  its  touching  the  coast,  which 
Tolleshunt  Knights  does  not,  though  the  other 
Tolleshunts  do. 

8  This  was,  not  improbably,  the  '  Agelmarus ' 
of  the  preceding  entry.  Bishop  ^Ethelmaer  of 
East  Anglia  was  entered  in  Domesday  both  as 
'  Agelmarus '  and  as  '  Ailmarus.'  In  any  case  this 
Ailmar'  can  be  absolutely  identified  as  the  '  Ailmar' 
melc '  of  an  entry  in  the  Survey  of  Colchester  (p. 
577,  note  12,  below). 

8  The  plural  form  (urn)  is  here  employed. 

4  This  estate  must  have  been  granted  out  by 
the  Crown  to  be  held  in  serjeanty  after  the 
escheat  of  Ranulf's  fief. 

6  '  i  hide '  is  interlined. 

8  This  estate  cannot  be  traced,  unless  it  was 
combined  with  the  one  preceding  it. 


free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held  or 
R[anulf]  by  the  same  Serlo.  The  free  man 
(gut)  became  the  man  of  Ranulf  Peverel's  pre- 
decessor in  King  William's  time,  but  did  not 
give  him  his  land.  When  the  king  gave  (the) 
land  to  Ranulf,  he  took  seisin  of  this  (saisivit 
illam)  with  the  rest.7  In  this  land  (qua)  there 

fo.  7» 

was  then  i  plough  ;  now  none.  (There  is) 
pasture  for  30  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  20 
shillings  ;  now  10. 

INGA  [  ],  which  was  held  by  Alsid' 

as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  20  acres  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  (of  Ranulf)  by 
the  same  Serlo.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
plough.  Then  3  bordars  ;  now  4.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine.  It  was  then 
worth  2O  shillings  ;  now  IO. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITHAM 

HADFELDA  [Hatfield  (Peverel)],  which  was 
held  by  Ailmar'  as  a  manor  and  as  9  hides  and 
82  acres,  is  held  by  R[anulf]  in  demesne. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  5  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  Then  13  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men  ;  now  1 1 .  Then  1 2  villeins  ;  now 
13.  Then  12  bordars;  now  38.  Then  10 
serfs ;  now  7.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
700  swine,  (and)  50  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
2  mills  ;  now  I.  Then  6  rounceys  (runcini), 
and  4  colts  (pulli),  and  6  cows,  and  8  calves 
(vtt'),  150  sheep,  (and)  100  swine;  now  5 
rounceys,  4  colts,  5  cows,  7  calves,  57  sheep, 
39  swine,  (and)  20  goats.  It  was  then  worth 
1 6  pounds  ;  now  20  ;  and  the  same  when  he 
received  it.8  Of  this  manor  Serlo  and  Ernulf 
and  Richard  hold  3  hides  and  20  acres  ; 9  and 
(this)  is  worth  4  pounds  in  the  above  valua- 
tion (in  eodem  pretio).  And  5  knights  (milites) 
hold  of  R[anulf]  4  hides  and  15  acres,  which 
were  held  by  13  free  men  in  King  Edward's 
time  ;  then  as  now  7  ploughs  (were  there, 
and)  1 6  bordars,  (and)  2  villeins,  (and)  2  serfs, 
and  I  mill  ;  (this)  is  worth  4  pounds. 

BLUNDESHALA  [Blunts  Hall 10],  which  was 
held  by  Brictmar  as  a  manor  and  as  i\  hides 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  R[anulf] 
by  Humfrey.11  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 

7  This   is   an  important,   but   difficult   passage. 

8  '  Et  hoc  manerium  recepit  tantum  valens  ut 
modo.' 

9  Here  again  we  find  on  the  chief  manor  of  the 
baron  small  holdings  in  the  hands  of  his  Norman 
followers  (see  p.  484,  note  6,  above). 

10  A  manor  in  Witham. 

11  See  p.  532,  note  5,  below. 


526 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  i  plough 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  i£.  Then  as 
now  (simper)  2  villeins.  Then  3  bordars  ; 
now  5.  Then  6  serfs  ;  now  4.  (There  are) 
1 8  acres  of  meadow,  and  i  mill,  and  i  soke- 
man  with  (de)  15  acres.  Then  i  rouncey 
(runcinus),  4  beasts,  and  4  calves,  60  sheep, 
(and)  1 6  swine  ;  now  2  rounceys,  4  cows,1 
and  4  calves,  80  sheep,  (and)  36  swine.  It 
is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  4  pounds. 

TERLINGA  [Terling],  which  was  held  by 
Ailmar',  a  king's  thegn,*  as  a  manor  and  as  2\ 
hides  and  30  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is 
held  of  R[anulf]  by  Richard.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  3 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Then  1 1  vil- 
leins ;  now  5.  (There  are)  now  n  bordars. 
Then  5  serfs  ;  now  none.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  1 50  swine,  20  acres  of  meadow,  (and) 

fo.  Tab 

pasture  for  100  sheep.8  Then  i  mill ;  now 
2.  And  (there  belong  to  this  manor)  2 
houses  in  Colchester ;  one  renders  6  pence, 
and  the  other  14  (pence).  And  (there  is)  i 
free  man  with  (de)  5  acres,  and  he  used  to 
render  10  pence  to  RanulPs  predecessor,  and 
Rfanulf]  now  receives  the  same  (s'tmir).  Then 
12  beasts  (anima/ia),  180  sheep,  50  goats, 
(and)  40  swine ;  now  2  rounceys  (runcinf), 
and  2  colts  (pulli),  8  beasts,  75  sheep,  16 
goats,  (and)  34  swine.  It  was  then  worth  8 
pounds  ;  and  when  received,  the  same  ;  now 
6  pounds. 

FAIRSTEDA  [Fairsted],  which  was  held  by 
Brictmar  as  a  manor  and  as  55  acres4  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  (of  Ranulf)  by 
Turold.  Then  as  now  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne,  and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men, 
and  4  villeins.  Then  7  bordars;  now  10. 
Then  4  serfs  ;  now  3.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  100  swine,  40  acres  of  meadow,  pasture 
worth  (de)  4  pence,  (and)  now  i  mill.  Then 
I  rouncey  (runcinus),  1 3  sheep,  (and)  6  swine ; 
now  2  rounceys,  124  sheep,  32  swine,  4 
cows  with  calves,  (and)  3  hives  of  bees. 
And,  in  King  Edward's  time,  15  acres  be- 
longed (jacebant)  there,  of  which  Saswal' 

1  Here  the  cows  (vaectr)  obviously  represent 
the  beasts  (animalia),  as  if  the  terms  had  the  same 
meaning  (see  Introduction,  p.  367,  and  p.  532, 
note  2,  below. 

1  This  would  clearly  be  the  Ailmar*  who  had 
held  Hatfield  (Peverel). 

1  This  is  one  of  the  exceedingly  rare  cases  of 
such  pasture  being  mentioned  as  appurtenant  to 
an  inland  manor  (compare  Introduction,  p.  369). 

4  This  is  a  strangely  low  assessment. 


disseised  (him),  and  they  (now)  belong  (jacent) 
to  the  fief  of  Geoffrey  de  Magna  Villa.6  It 
was  then  worth  4  pounds;  now  100  shil- 
lings. 

HUNDRET    OF    BfiVENTREU    [BECONTRIE] 

HAME  [(East  and  West)  Ham8],  which 
was  held  by  Alestan,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor 
and  as  8  hides  and  30  acres  in  King  Edward's 
time,  is  held  by  R[anulf]  in  demesne.  And 
King  William  gave  this  manor  to  R[anulf] 
Peverel  (piperello)  and  Robert  Gernon  (grenoni). 
Then  5  ploughs  on  the  demesne ;  now  4. 
Then  8  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
12.  Then  32  villeins  ;  now  48.  Then  16 
bordars  ;  now  79.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine, 
(and)  60  acres  of  meadow.  Then  9  mills ; 
now  8.7  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  I  cow, 
(and)  3  swine ;  now  2  rounceys,  2  colts 
(pulli),  2  cows  with  calves,  20  swine,  (and) 
60  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  1 6  pounds  ; 
and  when  they  received  (it),  12  pounds.  It 
is  now  worth  24  pounds.  And  of  this  manor 
R[obert]  Greno  has  a  moiety. 

HUNDRET  OF  DOMMAWA  [DUNMOW] 

CICCHENAI  [Chickney],  which  was  held  by 
Siward,  a  (c  i  ')  thegn  of  King  Edward,8  as  a 
manor  and  as  2^  hides,  is  held  of  R[anulf]  by 
Garin'.6  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on 
the  demesne,  and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  Then  2  villeins ;  now  none.  Then 
7  bordars  ;  now  I  priest  and  14  bordars. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  60  swine,  (and)  20 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini), 
3  cows  with  calves,  60  sheep,  20  swine,  (and) 
24  goats  ;  now  3  rounceys,  6  cows  (with) 
calves,  100  sheep,  30  swine,  (and)  30  goats. 

fo.  73 

It   was   then    worth    100  shillings ;    now  7 
pounds. 

6  Geoffrey  de  Mandeville  held  at  Notley  and 
Ridley  Hall  close  to  Fairstcad,  but  his  tenant  at 
both  was  Walter.  There  is  no  mention  of  these 
I  5  acres  under  Geoffrey's  fief,  and  Scw.il  (Saswalo), 
though  an  under-tenant  of  his  in  other  counties, 
does  not  occur  as  such  in  Essex. 

8  This  is  the  duplicate,  mutatis  mutandis,  of 
the  entry  on  p.  515  above. 

i  See  p.  515,  note  2. 

8  See  Introduction,  p.  346. 

9  He  was  also  the  under-tenant  of  all  Ranulfs 
manors  in  Norfolk  except   Billingford,  which  was 
held  by  Humfrey  (on  whom  see  p.  532,  note  5, 
below).     His  holding  was  represented  under  John 
by  5  knight's  fees,  then  in  the  hands  of  William, 
and  afterwards  of  Mathcw,  Peverel. 


527 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


WILLINGEHALA  [Willingale  (Doe)  J],  which 
was  held  by  Siward  2  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide 
and  i£  virgates  in  King  Edward's  time,  is 
held  of  R[anulf]  by  Rauenot.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  i. 
Then  I  villein ;  now  3.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  6  bordars.  Then  6  serfs ;  now  4. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  120  swine,  (and) 
12  acres  of  meadow.  Then  3  rounceys 
(runcini),  1 6  beasts  (animalia),  30  swine  ;  now 
3  rounceys,  4  colts,  16  beasts,  100  sheep,  65 
swine,  (and)  5  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then 
worth  100  shillings  ;  and  when  received,  6 
pounds  ;  now  10. 

To  this  estate  (terra)  has  been  added  i 
sokeman,  who  was  held  by  R[anulf]  Peverel's 
predecessor  ;  and  he  is  still  (adkuc)  held  by 
R[anulf],  and  of  him  by  Rauenot.  And 
there  have  further  (adhuc]  been  added  to 
this  estate,  in  King  William's  time,  30  acres 
which  were  held  by  a  free  man  in  King 
Edward's  time,  (and  are)  worth  10  shillings. 


cows,  4  calves,  140  sheep,  (and)  29  swine.    It 
is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  12  pounds.3 

HALESHEIA  [Hazeleigh4],  which  was  held  by 
Serlo  as  a  manor  and  as  4^  hides,  is  held  of 
R[anulf]  by  the  same  Serlo.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  villeins.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  3. 
Then  2  ploughs  (on  the  demesne) ;  now  i. 
Then  I  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
a  half.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  60  swine. 
Then  2  rounceys  (runcini),  2  cows,  2  calves, 
60  sheep,  (and)  5  swine  ;  now  2  rounceys 
(runcini),  4  cows,  100  sheep,  (and)  9  swine. 
It  is  worth  4  pounds. 

fo.  73b 

HALESLEIA  [Hazeleigh 6],  which  was  held 
by  Ailmar',6  a  free  man,  as  half  a  hide  and  20 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
R[anulf]  by  Godric.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
1  villein.  Then  2  bordars ;  now  none. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the  de- 
mesne. There  is  wood(land)  for  80  swine. 
It  is  worth  20  shillings. 


HUNDRET   OF  WlBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE]  HuNDRET    OF    WfiNSISTREU    [WlNSTREEJ 


ODEHAM  [Woodham  (Mortimer)],  which 
was  held  by  Siward  8  as  a  manor  and  as  5  hides 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  R[anulf] 
in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  villeins. 
Then  9  bordars  ;  now  8.  Then  5  serfs ; 
now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne.  Then  4  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men  ;  now  i|.  (There  are)  3  acres  of 
meadow,  (with)  wood(land)  for  200  swine. 
Then  2  rounceys  (runcini),  6  cows,  4  calves, 
60  sheep,  20  swine,  (and)  45  goats  ;  now  3 
rounceys,  2  colts  (pulli),  4  cows,  4  calves, 
135  sheep,  46  swine,  (and)  5  goats.  It  is 
worth  now  as  then  (semper)  100  shillings. 

MELDONA  [(Little)  Maldon],  which  was 
held  by  Siward  *  as  a  manor  and  as  5^  hides 
and  10  acres,  is  held  by  Ranulf  in  demesne. 
Then  16  villeins  ;  now  9.  (There  are)  now 
10  bordars.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  serfs,  and 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  i  o  belong- 
ing to  the  men  ;  now  5.  (There  are)  10  acres 
of  meadow.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  50 
swine,  (and)  I  mill.  Then  2  rounceys  (run- 
cini) ;  now  the  same.  And  (there  are)  now  3 

1  Alias  Willingale  Rokele.  Temp.  Hen.  HI. 
'  the  heirs  of  William  de  Rokele '  held  i  J  fees  in 
Willingale  of  the  Honour  of  Peverel  (Red  Book  oj 
the  Exchequer,  p.  740),  which  proves  the  identity 
(see  my  note  on  Willingale  Doe  in  Essex  Arch. 
'Trans,  n.s.  vii.  375). 

8  See  Introduction,  p.   346. 


LEGRA  [Layer  7  ],  which  was  held  by 

A.8  (sic)  as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide  less  12^ 
acres,  is  held  of  R[anulf]  by  Turold".  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the  demesne. 
(There  is)  now  half  a  plough  belonging  to  the 
men.  Then  i  bordar ;  now  4.  Then  4 
serfs  ;  now  I .  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  1 6 
swine.  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  5  cows, 
5  calves,  (and)  1 00  sheep  ;  now  2  rounceys, 
4  cows,  5  calves,  (and)  103  sheep.  It  was 
then  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  20. 

3  See  the  other  Maldon  entry  on  p.  531  below. 

*  This  and  the  manor  which  follows  it  appear 
to  be  the  '  Great '  and  '  Little '  Hazeleigh  which 
were  held  of  the  Honour  of  Peverel,  under  John, 
as  2  fees  and  £  fee  respectively. 

5  This  is  what  was  known  as  '  Little  '  Hazeleigh 
(see  preceding  note).     In  the  Red  Book  of  the  Ex- 
chequer (p.    741)   we  read  :  'Terra   Hardekyn    I 
quarter'  in  Harleslega  in  Essexa';  and  though  the 
editor  queries  the  identity  of  this  as  Hazeleigh,  the 
point  is  settled  absolutely  by  the   Testa  de  Nevill 
(p.     267)  :     '  Hardekinus    de     Hailesl[ea]    tenet 
Hailesl[eam],  set  nescimus  quomodo,  et  valet  20 
solidos.'     An  interesting  Essex  plea  of  1 3  Ed.  I., 
cited   by   Morant  (i.   342),  reveals   the  fact  that 
Hardekin  held  his  land  by  the  tenure  of  rearing 
one  of  the  king's  hounds.     As  the  plea  describes 
it  as  in  Woodham  Mortimer  it  was  probably  in 
the  two  parishes. 

6  This  was  possibly  the  Ailmar'  who  had  pre- 
ceded Ranulf  at  Langford  and  Tolleshunt. 

7  It  has  not  been  ascertained  in  which  of  the 
Layers  this  manor  was  situated. 

»  Probably  <A[ilmarus].' 

28 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


EDBURGETUNA  [Abberton],  which  was  held 
by  i  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  i^  hides  and 
i  virgate,  is  held  by  R[anulf]  in  demesne. 
Then  as  now  (temper)  i  plough  on  the  de- 
mesne, and  half  a  plough  belonging  to  the 
men,  and  4  bordars  and  i  serf.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  60  swine,  (and)  4  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  60  shillings  ; 
now  50. 

WIGHEBERGA  [Wigborough l],  which  was 
held  by  i  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a 
hide  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
R[anulf]  by  Algar'.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
I  plough.  Then  i  bordar  ;  now  2.  It  is 
worth  10  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    WDELESFORT    [UTTLESFORD] 

DEPPEDANA  [Debden],  which  was  held  by 
Siward1  as  a  manor  and  as  i6i  hides,  is  held 
by  R[anulf]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  6  ploughs  on  the  demesne  and  1 1 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  and  36  vil- 
leins. Then  and  afterwards  I  bordar  ;  now 
17.  Then  as  now  (semper)  12  serfs.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  1,000  swine,  40  acres  of 
meadow,  (and)  now  as  then  (semper)  i  mill. 
There  are  now  2  arpents  (arpenni)  of  vine- 
yard in  bearing  (portantes),  and  2  not  (yet)  in 
bearing.  Then  6  rounceys  (runcini),  28 
beasts  (animalia),  150  sheep,  250  swine,  (and) 
6  hives  of  bees  ;  now  7  rounceys,  2  colts 
(pulli),  10  beasts,  168  sheep,  no  swine,  and 
3  hives  of  bees.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  24  pounds  ;  now  30.  Of  this  manor 
Vitalfis]  holds  of  R[anulf ]  1 5  acres,  and  (this) 
is  worth  10  shillings  in  the  above  valuation 
(HI  eodem  pretio)? 

AMBERDANA  [Amberden4],  which  was  held 
by  Siward  *  as  a  manor  and  5  hides,  is  held  by 
R[anulf]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
3  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  6  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men.  Then  and  afterwards 

fo.  74 

13  villeins;  now  19.  Then  I  bordar;  after- 
wards 2  ;  now  7.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6 
serfs.  Then  and  afterwards  (there)  was 
wood(land)  for  250  swine  ;  now  for  200. 
(There  are)  30  acres  of  meadow.  Then  2 
rounceys  (runcini),  6  beasts  (animalia),  40 
sheep,  40  swine,  (and)  5  hives  of  bees  ;  now 
3  rounceys,  I  colt  (pullus),  14  beasts,  68  sheep, 
30  swine,  (and)  I  hive  of  bees.  It  is  worth 

This  small  estate  has  not  been  identified. 
See  Introduction,  p.  346. 
See  note  9  below. 
A  manor  in  Debden. 
See  Introduction,  p.  346. 


now  as  then  12  pounds;  but  R[anulf]  has 
received  (habuit)  1 8  pounds  a  year,  thence  for 
3  years.  This  vill  is  claimed  by  the  Abbot  of 
Ely  (eli),  and  the  Hundred  (court)  testifies 
that  it  belonged  to  the  abbey  (jacuit  ad  teccle- 
siam). 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

STABINGA  [Stebbing],  which  was  held  by 
Siward*  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides  and  30  acres 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  R[anulf] 
in  demesne.  Then  6  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne ;  and  when  he  received  (it),  6  ;  now 
5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  1 1  ploughs  belong- 
ing to  the  men.  Then  and  afterwards  18 
villeins;  now  19.  Then  and  afterwards  14 
bordars  ;  now  3 1 .  Then  and  afterwards  1 3 
serfs  ;  now  1 1 .  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
20O  swine,  (and)  24  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
i  mill  ;  and  when  he  received  (it)  i£  ;  now 
2.  (There  are)  now  2^  arpents  (arpenni)  of 
vineyard  and  only  the  half  is  in  bearing.7 
Then  5  rounceys  (runcini),  5  cows,  100  sheep, 
50  swine,  (and)  5  hives  of  bees.8  It  was 
then  worth  i  o  pounds  ;  afterwards  1 2  ;  now 
1 6  pounds.  Of  this  manor  Vital[is]  (holds) 
35  acres,  and  it  is  worth  10  shillings  in  the 
above  valuation  (in  eodem  pretio).9 

HENIES  [(Great)  Henny],  which  was  held  by 
Ulwin,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  2^ 
hides  and  45  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is 
held  of  R[anulf]  by  Turold.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  3 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  5  villeins, 
and  1 1  bordars.  Then  and  afterwards  2  serfs  ; 
now  none.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  80 
swine,  1 2  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now  as  then 
(semper)  I  mill.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini), 
5  cows  with  calves,  50  sheep,  14  swine,  (and) 
3  hives  of  bees  ;  now  I  rouncey,  9  cows  with 
calves,  134  sheep,  (and)  36  swine.  And  to 
this  manor  belongs  a  customary  due  of  22 
pence  (x\\\d.  de  consuetudine)  from  Sudberia 
[Sudbury].  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ; 
now  4  pounds. 

LAMERS  [Lammarsh],  which  was  held  by 
Algar  as  a  manor  and  as  3^  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  of  R[anulf]  by  Turold.10 

*  The  number  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 
7  The  sense  is  somewhat  doubtful,  as  JimiJf 
might  possibly  refer  to  the  half  a r pent. 

'  The  live  stock  in  1086  is  not  numbered. 

9  He  similarly  held  '  1 5   acres '   (of  the  same 
value)  in  RanulPs  demesne  manor  of  Debden,  a 
few  miles  away. 

10  Lammarsh,  Henny  and  Terling,  which  were 
all  among  the  manors  held  of  Ranulf  by  Turold, 


529 


67 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne. Then  and  afterwards  a£  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  2.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  4  villeins.  (There  are)  now  8 
bordars.1  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  70  swine, 
(and)  13  acres  of  meadow.  Then  6  cows 
with  calves,  54  sheep,  (and)  1 1  swine  ;  now 
7  rounceys,  5  colts  (pulK),  10  cows,  8  calves, 
2O  sheep,  54  swine,  60  goats,  (and)  6  hives  of 
bees.  It  was  then  worth  4  pounds  ;  now  6. 
fo.  74 

In  Lamers  [Lammarsh]  Alward  held  i£  hides 
as  a  manor  in  King  Edward's  time  ;  now  the 
same  T[urold]  holds  it  of  Ranulf ;  then  as 
now  (semper)  I  plough  on  the  demesne,  and  I 
plough  belonging  to  the  men,  and  2  villeins. 
Then  3  bordars  ;  now  9  ;  (there  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  30  swine  and  7  acres  of  meadow  ; 
it  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  60. 
These  two  estates  (terra)  were  thus  divided 
between  two  brothers  (divisee  duobus  fratribus) 
in  King  Edward's  time.8  Afterwards  they 
were  given  to  Ranulf  as  (pro)  I  manor,  as  his 
men  say.8 

HUNDRET    OF    WlTBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

DUNA  [Down4],  which  was  held  by 
Si  ward'  as  a  manor  and  as  14  hides,  is  held 
by  R[anulf]  in  demesne.  Then  2  villeins  ; 
now  4.  Then  3  bordars  ;  now  15.  Then 
1 2  serfs  ;  now  6.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  2  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  3.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  50  swine,  (and)  pasture  for  50 
sheep.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
10  pounds  ;  now  13.  Of  this  manor  Ascelin' 
holds  1 1  hides  of  R[anulf]  ;  and  (this)  is 
worth  2O  shillings  in  the  above  valuation  (in 
eodem  pretio). 

LALINGE  (Lawling6],  which  was  held  by 
Brun,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  2^  hides 

appear  to  have  been  subsequently  granted  by  the 
Crown  to  the  Earls  of  Huntingdon,  and  to  have 
passed  from  them  with  a  co-heiress  to  the  family 
of  Brus. 

1  No  serfs  are  mentioned.  They  are  possibly 
omitted  by  mistake. 

8  The  inequality  of  their  shares  should  be  ob- 
served. Lammarsh  seems  to  have  been  a  five-hide 
manor  (see  Introduction,  p.  334),  which  was 
divided  between  the  two  brothers  in  the  propor- 
tion, as  nearly  as  possible,  of  two-thirds  to  the  one 
and  one-third  to  the  other. 

3  This   may   imply   that    there   was   a    doubt 
whether  Ranulf  was  entitled  to  both  the  shares. 

4  In  Bradwell-by-Sea  (see  Introduction,  p.  392). 
6  In  Latchingdon.     This  appears  to  have  been 

the  manor  of '  Peverells '  there. 


and  35  acres,  is  held  by  R[anulf]  in  demesne. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  serfs  and  2  ploughs. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine,  pasture 
for  50  sheep,  and  (now)  i  fishery.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  4  pounds  ;  now 
3  pounds  and  15  shillings. 

In  DUNA  [Down6]  8  free  men  held  5  hides 
less  6  acres,  which  are  now  held  by  R[anulf] 
in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6  bor- 
dars, and  2-J-  ploughs.  Then  and  afterwards 
it  was  worth  60  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds  and 
10  shillings. 

STANESGATA  [Stangate7],  which  was  held 
by  Siward  as  a  manor  and  as  9^  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  (of  Ranulf)  by  Ralf 
son  of  Brien'.8  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  vil- 
leins. Then  22  bordars;  now  18.  Then 

8  serfs  ;  now  3.     Then  4^  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  4.     Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
ploughs  belonging    to  the  men.     (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  60   swine,   (and)   pasture   for 
60  sheep.     Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
10  pounds  ;  now  8. 

HUNDRET  OF  LASSENDENA  [LEXDEN] 

PERESTEDA  [Prested9],  which  was  held  by 
Brictmar'  as  a  manor  and  as  i^  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  (of  Ranulf)  by  the 
same  R[alf  son  of  Brien].10  Then  5  bordars  ; 
now  I O.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  8 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini), 
10  beasts  (animalia),  80  sheep,  15  swine,  20 
goats,  (and)  2  hives  of  bees  ;  now  I  mare 
fo.  75 
(equa  n)  and  I  colt  (pullus),  60  sheep,  2O  swine, 

9  goats,  (and)  2  hives  of  bees.     It  is  worth 
now  as  then  (semper)  4  pounds.     And  i  free 
man  holds  now  as  then  (semper)  5  acres  ;   and 
he  was  commended  to  R[anulf  ]'s  predecessor, 
but  could  betake  himself  (ire)  with  his  land 
whither   he  would  ;12  and  now  R[anulf]  has 

6  See  note  4  above. 

7  In  Steeple. 

8  He  appears  to  have  been  the  founder  of  Stan- 
gate  Priory  in  the  days  of  Henry  I.    See  my  Ancient 
Charters  (Pipe  Roll  Society),  pp.  13,  15. 

9  A  manor  in  Peering. 

10  See  note  8  above. 

11  The  mares  at  Earls  Colne  (p.  534,  note  9, 
below)  appear  to  be  the  only  others  mentioned  in 
the  county. 

12  This   important   clause    should   be  compared 
with   the  entry   of  Ranulf's  manor  of  Vange  on 
p.  526  above,  and  with  the  remarks  in  the  Intro- 
duction (p.  358). 


530 


THE    HOLDERS   OF    LANDS 


(him).  Then  i  plough  (was  there)  ;  now  a 
half;  it  was  then  worth  16  shillings;  now 
12. 

HUNDRET    OF    ANGRA    [ONGAR] 

PLUMTUNA  [  *],  which  Ulvric  the 

priest  held  of  Harold  freely  (libere)  as  14  acres, 
is  held  of  Ranulf  by  Ravenot.*  And  R[anulf] 
has  (it)  now  because  his  predecessor  was  seised 
(thereof)  ;  but  it  did  not  belong  to  him 
according  to  the  county  (court)'s  testimony 
(sicut  comitatus  testatur).  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) i  villein  and  half  a  plough.  There  is 
wood(land)  for  2O  swine,  (and)  i^  acres  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  5  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 

SPRINGAFELDA  [Springfield8],  which  was 
held  by  Alestan'  as  a  manor  and  as  5  hides 
and  2O  acres,  is  held  of  R[anulf]  by  Robert. 
Then  6  villeins  ;  now  4.  Then  3  bordars  ; 
now  10.  Then  8  (serfs4) ;  now  6.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  and  afterwards  3  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men  ;  now  2.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
30  swine,  25  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now  as 
then  (semper)  i  mill.  Then  2  rounceys  (run- 
cint)t  12  beasts  (animaliai),  100  sheep,  (and) 
50  swine  ;  now  4  rounceys,  5  colts  (pulli), 
26  beasts,  40  sheep,  25  swine,  12  goats,  2 
asses,  (and)  I  hive  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth 

5  pounds  ;  now  6.     And  two  free  men  held 
13  acres,  which  R[anulf]  now  has;  this  is 
worth  2  shillings. 

RADENDUNA  [Rettendon8],  which  was  held 
by  Si  ward*  as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide  and  30 
acres,  is  held  (of  Ranulf)  by  Ralf  son  of  Brien. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  bordar,  and  I  plough 
on  the  demesne.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 

6  swine.    It  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  25 
shillings,  and  is  claimed  by  the  abbey  of  Ely. 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  MELDUNA  [MALDON] 

In  MELDUNA  [Maldon]  R[anulf]  holds  in 
demesne  half  a  hide  and  24  acres  which  was 
held  by  Si  ward6  as  a  manor  in  King  Edward's 

1  Morant  asserted  that  Domesday  Book  placed 
this  small  holding  'under  Stondon  '  (i.  189)  ;  but 
this  it  will  be  seen  is  an  error.  There  is  nothing 
to  show  where  the  place  was,  and  it  is  too  small  to 
be  identified.  *  See  p.  528. 

8  The  manor  of  Springfield  Hall. 

*  '  borfdarii] '  in  MS. — an  obvious  error. 

8  The  identity  of  this  estate  has  not  been  ascer- 
tained. It  may  have  been  recovered  by  the  abbey 
of  Ely,  of  which  the  whole  of  Rettendon  seems  to 
have  been  subsequently  held. 

6  See  Introduction,  p.  346. 


time.  Then  i  bordar ;  now  3.  It  is  worth 
5  shillings.  This  land  is  valued  as  part  of 
(in)  the  12  pounds  from  Maldon  (de  meldunu  7). 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA 

TENDRINGA  [Tendring8],  which  was  held 
by  Olui'  freely  (libere)  as  a  manor  and  as  half 
a  hide  and  30  acres,  is  held  by  R[anulf]  in 
demesne.  And  R[anulf]  has  it  by  (in)  ex- 
change. Then  2  serfs;  now  I.  Then  2 
ploughs  ;  afterwards  and  now  i .  (There  is) 

fo.  7Sb 

wood(land)  for  30  swine,  (and)  2  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
2O  shillings  ;  now  60. 

CICE  [St.  Osyth9],  which  was  held  by 
Siward6  as  a  manor  and  as  2j  hides,  is  held  of 
R[anulf]  by  Turold.  Then  and  afterwards 
9  villeins  ;  now  6.  Then  and  afterwards  12 
bordars  ;  now  1 1 .  Then  as  now  (temper)  7 
serfs.  Then  and  afterwards  4  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  3.  Then  and  afterwards  7 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  5. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  800  swine,10  4  acres 
of  meadow,  pasture  for  200  sheep,  (and)  now 
as  then  (semper)  i  mill.  Then  6  rounceys 

7  See  p.  518  above. 

8  The  identity  of  this  manor  is  doubtful. 

'  The  manors  in  the  great  parish  of  St.  Osyth 
arc  by  no  means  easy  to  disentangle.  But  this  one 
seems  to  be  that  which  is  now  St.  Clere's  Hall. 
This  conclusion  is  based  on  the  following  reason- 
ing. Maurice  '  de  Chiche '  (who  is  shown  by  the 
Colchester  Cartulary,  pp.  229-31,  to  have  been 
father  of  Richard  and  grandfather  of  Gilbert)  occurs 
in  1141  as  holding  5  fees  (see  my  Geoffrey  de 
Mandeville,  p.  142),  which  were  apparently  part  of 
the  Honour  of  Peverel  of  London.  Roger 
•  Ridel,'  under  John,  held  5  fees  of  that  Honour, 
and  a  tenant  of  the  same  name  held  of  it,  rather 
later,  5  fees  '  in  Chikene  et  Scirefeud  '  (Red  Book 
of  the  Exchequer,  p.  740).  As  it  is  known  that  a 
manor  in  St.  Osyth  was  named  '  Chich-Ridel,  and 
as  Roger  son  of  Geoffrey  Ridel  gave  land  at  Chiche 
to  St.  John's  Abbey  (Colchester  Cartulary,  pp.  247-8, 
651),!  suspect  that  this '  Chikene '  was  really  Chich- 
Ridcl,  and  not  (as  the  editor  makes  it)  Chickney, 
with  which  the  Ridels  had  nothing  to  do.  If  so, 
Chich-Ridel  was  Peverel's  portion  of  St.  Osyth  ; 
and  as  Chich-Ridel,  according  to  Morant,  is  styled 
'alias  St.  Clere's  Hall '  in  the  time  of  Henry  VIII., 
the  above  identity  follows. 

10  Such  extensive  woodland  as  this  is  most  ab- 
normal on  the  coast  in  the  Essex  of  1086,  and  is 
made  still  more  so  by  the  fact  that,  in  addition, 
Count  Eustace's  manor  in  St.  Osyth  is  credited 
with  woodland  for  400  swine.  But  there  was 
much  woodland  in  Osyth  down  to  recent  times. 


531 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


(runcini),  50  beasts1  (animalia),  300  sheep,  40 
swine,  (and)  6  hives  of  bees  ;  now  4  roun- 
ceys,  4  beasts,  68  sheep,  37  swine,  (and)  18 
goats.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  9 
pounds  ;  now  8. 

FRETINGA  [Frating],  which  was  held  by 
Ketel  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held  of 
R[anulf]  by  the  same  T[urold].  Then  2 
bordars  ;  now  3.  Then  3  serfs  ;  now  2. 
Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  belonging  to 
the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  150 
swine,  (and)  4  acres  of  meadow.  Then  I 
rouncey  (runcinus),  4  beasts8  (animalia),  4 
calves,  IOO  sheep,  40  swine  ;  now  I  rouncey, 
2  cows,2  2  calves,  66  sheep,  20  swine,  (and) 
6  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  40 
shillings  ;  now  60. 

HUNDRET    OF    RoCHEFORT    [RoCHFORD] 

LEGRA  [Leigh],  which  was  held  by  i  free 
man  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held  by 
R[anulf]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  villeins,  and  2  bordars,  and  i  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  half  a  plough  belonging  to  the 
men,  and  5  bordars  by  the  water  (super  aquam),3 
who  hold  no  land.  There  is  pasture  for  100 
sheep.  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  5  cows,  5 
calves,  (and)  i  oo  sheep  ;  now  2  rounceys,  4 
cows,  5  calves,  (and)  103  sheep.  It  was  then 
worth  40  shillings  ;  now  IOO.4 

HUNDRET  OF  TURESTAPLA  [THURSTABLE] 

TOLESHUNTA  [Tolleshunt  (Darcy)6],  which 
was  held  by  Siward  as  a  manor  and  as  4^ 
hides  and  30  acres,  is  held  of  R[anulf]  by 
Humfrey.  Then  9  villeins  ;  now  10.  Then 
4  bordars;  now  13.  Then  10  serfs;  now 
6.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  and  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  (There  is)  i  saltpan,  5  acres  of  meadow, 
pasture  for  30  sheep,  and  wood(land)  for  150 
swine.  Then  3  rounceys  (runcini),  20  beasts 
(animalia),  80  sheep,  (and)  60  swine  ;  now  3 

1  This  is  an  exceptionally  large  number,  and  is 
suggestive  of  scribal  error. 

2  This  is  a  clear  case  of  '  animalia  '  being  used 
for  cows,  as  at  Blunts  Hall,  p.  527,  note  i,  above. 

3  This  phrase  seems  to  correspond  to  our  '  a 
house  on  the  river'  and,  in  its  origin,  to  the  sur- 
name Surtees. 

4  There  seems  to  be  nothing  whatever  to  ac- 
count for  this  great  rise  in  value  of  150  per  cent. 

6  Previously  Tolleshunt  Tregoz.  See  my  paper 
on  '  Tregoz  of  Tolleshunt  Tregoz  '  in  Essex  Arch. 
Trans,  [n.s.]  viii.  330,  for  the  succession  of  the 
Tregoz  family  to  '  Humfrey  '  as  under-tenant 
on  the  Peverel  fief. 


rounceys,  2O  beasts,  160  sheep,  37  swine, 
(and)  1 8  goats.  It  is  worth  now  as  then 
(semper)  IOO  shillings.  In  this  manor  4  free 
men  held  half  a  hide  and  5  acres  ;  but  Ralf 

fo.  76 

Baignard  has  it  and  Hugh  de  Montfort  («'c).6 

GOLDHANGRA  [Goldhanger],  which  was 
held  by  Lewin'  and  Ulward  the  priest  as  a 
manor  and  as  2^  hides  and  25  acres,  is  held 
of  R[anulf]  by  Richard.7  Then  3  bordars  ; 
now  1 4.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  serfs.  Then 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i.  (There 
is)  now  I  plough  belonging  to  the  men. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  80  swine,  pasture 
for  50  sheep,  (and)  3^  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
5 1  sheep,  (and)  8  swine ;  now  i  rouncey, 

1  cow,  3  sheep,  (and)  3  swine.     It  is  worth 
now   as  then   (semper)    40    shillings.     There 
also  (in  eadem)  (are)  2  free  men  with  (de)  7^ 
acres ;  and  (this)  is  worth  20  pence. 

XXXV.     THE    LAND    OF    AUBREY 
(ALBERICI)   DE   VER 

HUNDRET  OF  DOMMAWA  [DUNMOW] 

CANEDFELDA  [(Great)  Canfield],  which  was 
held  by  Ulwin'8  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  Aubrey 
(Albericus)  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.     Then  4  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  3.    Then  as  now 
(semper)   10  villeins.     Then  4  bordars  ;  now 
9.     Then  as  now  (semper)  4  serfs.     (There 
is)  wood(land)  for   160    swine,    51    acres  of 
meadow,  (and)  i   mill.     Then  7  beasts  (ani- 
malia),   2   rounceys  (runcini),    20    swine,   80 
sheep,  (and)  3  hives  of  bees  ;    now  8  beasts, 

3  rounceys,   30   swine,    100  sheep,  (and)  3 
hives  of  bees.     It  is  worth  now  as  then  (sem- 
per) 6  pounds.9 

6  This  passage  is  of  some  importance  for  the 
light  it  throws  on  the  identity  of  the  various  Tol- 
leshunts  in   Domesday.     As  the   identity  of  the 
Peverel  manor  is  ascertained — its  hall  adjoined  the 
church  of  Tolleshunt  Darcy — it  may  be  inferred 
that    the    '  Toleshunt  '    of    Hugh    de    Montfort 
(p.  500)  and  that  of  Ralf  Baignard  must  have  ad- 
joined it. 

7  This  was  doubtless  the  '  Richard '  who  held 
Count  Eustace's  manor  there. 

8  This  was   the   great   English   predecessor  of 
Aubrey  in  his  estates  (see  Introduction,  p.  343). 

9  There  is  nothing  in  this  entry  to  suggest  that 
Aubrey  had  a  residence  there  or  to  account  for  its 
castle  earthworks  (p.  290  above)  ;  but   in  a  thir- 
teenth century  grant  to  Tiltey  Abbey  Robert  Earl 
of  Oxford    styles  the    manor    '  Canefeld    Castel ' 
(Tiltey  Cartulary,  vol.  i.  fo.  24). 


532 


THE    HOLDERS   OF    LANDS 


UDECHESHALE  [  ],'  which  was  held 

by  Ulwin  as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide,  is  held 
by  Aubrey  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  3 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  i. 
Then  1 1  villeins  ;  now  6.  Then  2  bordars  ; 
now  4.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  serfs.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine  (and)  48  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  6  beasts  (animal\a\  2  roun- 
ceys  (runcini),  20  swine,  60  sheep,  (and)  3 
hives  of  bees  ;  now  8  beasts,  2  rounceys,  30 
swine,  80  sheep,  (and)  3  hives  of  bees.  It  is 
worth  now  as  then  (temper)  60  shillings.  To 

fo.  7«b 

this  estate  (terra)  have  been  added  I  virgate 
and  8  acres,  which  were  held  by  a  free  man 
in  King  Edward's  time  ;  now  Ralf  holds  (it) 
of  A[ubrey]  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough 
(was)  on  the  demesne ;  then  I  bordar  ;  now 
3  ;  (there  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine,  (and) 
9  acres  of  meadow  ;  it  was  then  worth  16 
shillings  ;  now  30. 

HUNDRET    OF    UDELESFORT    [UlTLESFORD] 

TUNRESLEA  [Thunderley*],  which  was  held 
by  Ailmar',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  5 
hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
A[ubrey]  by  Ralf.  Then  and  afterwards  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men, 
and  I  priest,  and  1 1  villeins,  and  5  bordars. 
Then  and  afterwards  (there  was)  wood(land) 
for  100  swine  ;  now  for  80.  (There  are)  12 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  120  sheep,  40 
swine,  60  goats,  8  beasts  (animalia),  3  roun- 
ceys (runcini),  (and)  5  hives  of  bees  ;  now  140 
sheep,  60  swine,  (and)  the  rest  unchanged 
(allud  similiter).  Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  6  pounds  ;  now  7. 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  CLAVELINGA  [CLAVERING] 

UGGHELEA  [Ugley  *],  which  was  held  by 
Ulwin  as  a  manor  and  as  5  hides,  is  held  of 
A[ubrey]  by  Ralf.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  4  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men.  Then  1 0  villeins  ;  after- 
wards and  now  7.  Then  and  afterwards  i 
bordar ;  now  10.  Then  and  afterwards  6 
serfs  ;  now  2.  Then  and  afterwards  (there 
was)  wood(land)  for  200  swine  ;  now  for  160. 
There  are  25  acres  of  meadow.  Then  5 

1  This  place  has  not  been  identified.  The 
abundance  of  meadow  points  to  its  lying  in  a  river 
valley. 

1  Now  united  with  Wimbish. 

1  See,  for  the  descent  of  Ugley,  my  paper  on 
'  A  charter  of  Alice  of  Essex '  in  Eisex  Arch.  Trans. 
[n.s.]  viii.  330. 


beasts  (animalia),  50  swine,  160  sheep,  2 
rounceys  (runcini),  50  goats,  (and)  2  hives  of 
bees  ;  now  3  beasts  (animalia),  22  swine,  80 
sheep,  4  rounceys,  20  goats,  (and)  2  hives  of 
bees.  It  was  then  worth  6  pounds  ;  now  8. 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

HAINGHEHAM  [(Castle)  Hedingham],  which 
was  held  by  Ulwin'  as  a  manor  and  as  2 
hides,  is  held  by  Aubrey  in  demesne.  Then  as 
now  (semfier)  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  6 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  1 5  villeins, 
and  7  bordars,  and  8  serfs.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  200  swine,  and  30  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  was)  then  I  mill ;  now  none.  (There 
are)  now  6  arpents  (arpennl)  of  vineyard. 
Then  1 1  beasts  (anima/ia),  1 40  sheep,  80 
swine,  and  4  rounceys  (runcini) ;  now  160 
sheep,  100  swine,  i  rouncey,  (and)  100  goats. 
And  (there  were  ?)  13  sokemen  who  could  not 
withdraw  themselves  (recedere),  holding  i  hide 
and  10  acres  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  7* 
ploughs  (were  there)  ;  then  1 5  villeins ; 
now  1 8  ;  (there  are)  now  22  bordars; 
then  6  serfs  ;  now  2,  having  3  ploughs  ; 6 
(there  is)  wood(Iand)  for  60  swine,  (and)  43 
acres  of  meadow  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  i 
mill  was  there.  It6  was  then  worth  13 
pounds;  now  2O.  To  this  manor*  belong 
(jacent)  15  burgesses  in  Sudberia  [Sudbury], 
and  they  are  appraised  in  (the  total  of)  those 
2O  pounds.  Of  this  manor6  Robert  Blund' 
holds  35  acres ;  Garin'  25  acres  ;  Pincun' 
1 5  acres  ;  Godun  1 5  acres  ;  (and)  they  have  5 
fo.  77 

ploughs  ;  and  (these  holdings)  are  worth  7 
pounds  in  the  above  valuation  (in  eodem  pretio).'1 

*  '  ii  '  is  interlineated  above  v,  as  if  to  change 
5  into  7. 

5  This  of  course  must  not  be  taken  as  implying 
that  these  ploughs  belonged  to  the  serfs.     They 
were  probably  the  ploughs  employed  on  that  por- 
tion of  this  estate  which  had  now  been  turned  into 
demesne. 

6  It  should  be  observed  that  this  estate  is  valued 
as  a  whole  and  is  spoken  of  as  a  '  manor,'  although 
it  was   clearly    divided,  under  Edward,  between 
the   'manor'  of  Wulwine  and  the  estate  of  the 
sokemen,   the   latter    having    its   own   woodland, 
meadow  and  mill.     This  therefore  is  a  good  in- 
stance of  a  Norman  lord  fusing  into  one  '  manor ' 
the  lands  of  his  English  predecessor  and  those  of  the 
latter's  sokemen. 

1  These  (comparatively)  small  holdings  on  a 
large  manor  in  the  hands  of  foreigners  arc,  like 
vineyards,  a  sign  of  the  residence  of  a  Norm.in 
baron,  and  imply  consequently  that  Aubrey  had 
already  a  residence  at  Hedingham  (Castle),  the  seat 
of  his  descendants  (compare  pp.  Z94,  383,  484, 
note  6). 

It  should  be  observed  that  these  holdings  are 


533 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


HALF  HUNDRET  OF  THUNRESLAU  * 

BELCAMP  [Belchamp  (Walter)],  which  was 
held  by  Ulwin'  as  a  manor  and  as  7.\  hides 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  Afubrey] 
in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  ploughs 
(on  the  demesne),8  and  7  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men.  Then  and  afterwards  13  vil- 
leins; now  15.  Then  and  afterwards  9 
bordars  ;  now  14.  Then  and  afterwards  6 
serfs  ;  now  8.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  20 
swine,  60  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now  1 1 
arpents  (arpenni)  of  vineyards,  (of  which)  I  is 
in  bearing  (portat).  Then  24  beasts  (animalia), 
1 60  sheep,  80  swine,  (and)  2  rounceys  (run- 
cini) ;  now  28  beasts,  200  sheep,  TOO  swine, 
(and)  2  rounceys.  To  this  manor  belong 
now  as  then  (adjacent  semper)  7  sokemen  with 
(de)  i£  hides  and  15  acres;  then  as  now 
(semper)  3^  ploughs  were  there  ;  4  bordars  (are 
there)  now  ;  (there  are)  i  oj  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  14  pounds  ; 
now  1 8.  Of  this  manor  Enisant  holds  of 
A[ubrey]  half  a  hide  and  30  acres  ;  William 
Peche  (peccatum)  half  a  hide  ;  Suad'  30  acres  ; 
and  (these  holdings)  are  worth  4  pounds  in 
the  above  valuation  (in  eodem  pretio 8). 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGAFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

HERSAM  [Hersham  (Hall)4],  which  was 
held  of  A[ubrey]'s  predecessor  by  2  sokemen 
on  the  terms  that  (ita  quod)  they  could  not 
withdraw  themselves  (recedere)  without  his 
permission  (licentia),  is  held  of  Afubrey]  by 
Adelelm.5  (There  are)  45  acres.6  Then  as 

valued  at  the  high  sum  of  £7  out  of  the  £20 
which  was  the  total  value  of  the  manor.  But 
though  their  assessment  (90  acres)  is  low,  they  had 
5  ploughs  among  them.  Yet  even  so  their  value 
is  remarkable,  for  there  seems  to  have  been  20 
ploughs  in  the  rest  of  the  manor. 

1  For  this  mysterious  Half  Hundred  see  the 
Introduction  (p.  405). 

8  car'  horn"  in  the  MS.,  an  obvious  error  for 
car'  in  fnlo. 

3  The  value  of  these  holdings  was  only  £4  out 
of  £  1 8  ;  yet  their  total  assessment  was    ij  hides 
out  of  4^,  a  high  proportion,  and  one  which  con- 
trasts with  the  manor  preceding,  where  a  value  of 
£7  out  of  £20  accompanies  an  assessment  of  only 
|  hide  out  of  (apparently)  3|. 

On  the  other  hand  the  division  of  these  two 
demesne  manors  of  Aubrey  is  curiously  similar,  and 
they  deserve  to  be  carefully  compared. 

4  A  manor  of  which   the   hall   is   in  Helions 
Bumpstead,  which  parish  is  in  Freshwell  Hundret 
(see  p.  535  below). 

6  This  is  the  Adelelm  who  held  of  him  at 
'  Bumesteda '  (see  p.  535  below),  and  at  Burgate 
in  the  north  of  Suffolk. 

6  This  clause  is  interlined. 


now  (semper)  i^  ploughs.  Then  5  bordars  ; 
now  10.  (There  was)  then  wood  for  40 
swine  ;  now  for  30.  (There  are)  7  acres  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  LEXENDANA  [LEXDEN] 

COLES  [(Earls)  Colne],  which  was  held  by 
Ulwin  as  a  manor  and  as  5  hides,  is  held  by 
A[ubrey]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

7  villeins,  and  13  bordars,  and  6  serfs. 
Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  5. 
Then  among  the  men  (were)  3  ploughs ; 
now  4.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  400 
swine,  40  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  2  mills. 
Then  2O  cows  and  19  beasts  (animalia)  ;8 
1 2O  sheep,  60  swine,  60  goats,  (and)  3 
rounceys  (runcini)  ;  now  45  beasts  (animalia), 
1 60  sheep,  80  swine,  80  goats,  4  rounceys, 
and  6  asses,  and  20  mares.9  And  4  sokemen 
dwelt  on  (in)  these  5  hides  and  (had)  i  o  bor- 
dars and  4  serfs.10  (The  whole)  was  worth 
10  pounds  then  and  afterwards;  now  12. 
Of  this  manor  Miblanc  (Dlmidi[us]  blancus]) 
holds  i  hide  ;  and  (there  are)  7  bordars  and 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  be- 
longing to  the  men  ;  and  it  is  worth  45 
shillings  in  the  above  valuation  (in  eodem 
pretio).11 

7  The  number  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 

8  This  is  one  of  the  most  noteworthy  entries  of 
live  stock  in  the  whole  survey  of  the  county.    The 
cows  and  beasts,  it  should  first  be  observed,  are 
treated  as  quite  distinct  in  the  return  for  the  earlier 
period  ;  but  as  there  had  been  a  general  increase 
in  the  live  stock  on  the  manor,  I  suspect  that  the 
45  '  animalia  '  of  the  later  period,  who  replace  the 
20  cows  and   19  'animalia'  (total  39),  included 
cows,  and  that  we  have  here  another  instance  of 
the  Domesday  scribe's  varying  terminology. 

9  This  is  the  only  entry  of  mares  in  Essex  save 
for  a  single  mare  at  Prested  (in  Peering)  and  one 
of  the  six  entries  of  asses  in  the  county. 

10  There  is  no  entry  of  ploughs  and  no  valuation 
of  these  holdings,  nor  is  their  assessment  recorded. 
They  would  seem  to  have  been  swept  away. 

11  It  seems  to  be  clear  that  this  sub-manor  was 
that  which  appears  as  Colne  '  Miblanc '  not  long 
afterwards,  and  which  is  now  White  Colne  or  part 
thereof.     Morant  assigned   to  White  Colne  this 
part  of  the  entry,  but  held  it  '  certain  that  one 
Blancm  held  it  at  the  time  of  the  general  Survey ' 
as  'half  of  the  manor  of  Earls  Colne;    for  he 
read  the  text  as  '  tenuit  dimidium  Blancus '  (ii. 
210,   215).     The  entry  under  Radwinter  below 
shows    that    his    reading    was    wrong,    and    that 
'  Dimidius  blancus  '  must  represent  the  '  Miblanc  ' 
from  which  was  derived  the  name  (known  to  him) 
of  Colne-Miblanc.     'Demiblanc'  is  found  as  the 
name  of  a  certain  coin  in  old  French,  which  sug- 
gests that  '  Dimidius  blancus '  may  have  been  a 
nickname.    It  occurs  again  below  under  Colchester, 


534 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


fo. 


HUNDRET    OF    TENDRINGA 


BENETLEIA  [(Great)  Bcntley],  which  was 
held  by  Ulwin  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides, 
is  held  by  A[ubrey]  in  demesne.1  Then  and 
afterwards  7  villeins  ;  now  6.  Then  5  bor- 
dars  ;  now  i  o.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4  serfs. 
Then  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  3. 
Then  among  (the  men  *  were)  5  ploughs ;  now 
4.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  150  swine,  6 
acres  of  meadow,  pasture  for  150  sheep,  (and) 
I  saltpan.  Then  3  rounceys  (runcini),  100 
sheep,  20  beasts  (animalia),  and  40  swine  ; 
now  100  sheep,  and  3  rounceys,  26  beasts, 
(and)  40  swine.  It  was  then  worth  6  pounds  ; 
now  10. 

DRUVRECURT*  [Dovercourt],  which  was 
held  by  Ulwin'  as  a  manor  and  as  6  hides,  is 
held  by  A[ubrey]  in  demesne.*  Then  8  vil- 
leins; now  6.  Then  6  bordars;  now  12.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  6  serfs,  and  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne,  and  6  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  (There  are)  3  acres  of  meadow,  (with) 
pasture  for  200  sheep.  Then  3  rounceys 
(runcini),  12  beasts  (animalia),  2OO  sheep, 
(and)  40  swine  ;  and  now  the  same  (simiiiter). 
It  was  then  worth  6  pounds ;  now  I2.8 

FULEPET  [Beaumont6],  which  was  held  by 
Ulwin'  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held  of 
Afubrey]  by  Edward.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

where  a  house  was  held  by  the  man  who  bore  this 
name  (p.  576). 

White  Colne,  as  a  parish,  is  only  half  the  size 
of  that  of  Earls  Colne,  but  can  hardly  be  repre- 
sented by  Miblanc's  holding  alone.  Here,  as  in  so 
many  cases,  Morant  did  not  use  properly  the  evi- 
dence given  by  himself.  In  White  Colne  there 
were  two  manors,  Barwick  Hall  and  Inglcdcsthorp, 
of  which  the  latter  is  of  interest  to  the  student  of 
place-names  as  an  addition  to  the  small  list  of  Essex 
'  thorpes.'  It  is  clear,  from  Morant's  oven  evidence, 
that  Barwick  Hall  was  held  of  the  Clares,  and  is 
therefore  Richard  Fitz  Gilbert's  holding  '  in  colun  ' 
(fos.  403-41),  which  Morant  nowhere  identifies. 
Ingledesthorp  I  hold  (also  from  his  own  evidence) 
to  have  been  obtained,  with  Dovercourt,  '  in  mar- 
riage' by  Bigot  from  de  Vereand  held  accordingly. 

1  It  continued  to  be  so  held  by  the  family  for 
more  than  500  years,  and  one  of  their  seats  was 
there. 

*  '  homines  '  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 

*  The  name,  which  is  Druurecurt  in  the  MS., 
should  probably  be  read  as  above.     The  Kentish 
Dover  is  twice  entered  as  Dovre. 

4  It  included  the  site  of  Harwich. 

6  There  is,  apparently,  nothing  whatever  to  ac- 
count for  this  doubling  of  value. 

6  For  this  identification  see  the  Introduction 
(p.  396). 


17  villeins.  Then  3  bordars  ;  now  i.  Then 
3  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  i .  Then  as  now  (semper)  5 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  1 5  swine,  I  o  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  2  saltpans.  Then  12  beasts  (animalia)t 
1 50  sheep,  30  swine,  (and)  2  rounceys  (run- 
cini)  ;  now  4  beasts,  100  sheep,  30  swine,  i 
rouncey,  (and)  3  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then 
worth  100  shillings  ;  now  8  pounds.  To 
this  manor  belongs  I  sokeman,  who  could  not 
withdraw  himself  (recedere)  from  the  land 
without  permission  (licentia)  of  Aubrey's  pre- 
decessor, and  who  holds  (tenens)  2  hides  less 
1 5  acres ;  then  2  villeins  (were  there) ;  now 
none ;  then  2  bordars  ;  now  3 ;  then  i  serf ; 
now  none  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough 
(was)  on  the  demesne  ;  then  I  plough  among 
the  men  ;  now  none ;  (there  is)  wood(land)  for 
50  swine,  (and)  2  acres  of  meadow  5  it  was 
then  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  40.' 

HALF   HUNDRET   OF   FROSSEWELLA   [FRESH- 
WELL] 

BUMESTEDA  [(Helions)  Bumpstead8],  which 
was  held  by  Ulwin'  as  a  manor  and  as  2 
hides,  is  held  of  Afubrey]  by  Adelelm*.9 
Then  as  now  (semper)  7  villeins,  and  3  bordars, 
and  4  serfs.  Then  and  afterwards  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  ;  now  2$.  Then  and  afterwards 
2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  i^. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  5 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  7  beasts  (animalia), 
8  swine,  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  5  sheep,  15 
goats,  (and)  3  hives  of  bees;  now  12  beasts, 
40  swine,  5  rounceys,  80  sheep,  40  goats, 
(and)  5  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  5 
pounds ;  now  8. 

fo.je 

REDEWINTRA  [Radwinter10]  was  held  as 
a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  and  15  acres 
by  Alvric  (the)  sokeman  ;  he  could  sell  the 
land,  but  the  soke  and  sake"  remained  (in 
that  case)  with  Aubrey's  predecessor  (remanebat 
antecessori  Alberict).  Miblanc  (Dim[idiuf~\ 
b/anc[us]Y*  holds  it  of  A[ubrey].  Then  4 
villeins;  now  2.  Then  I  bordar ;  now  5. 
Then  i  serf;  now  2.  Then  i  plough  on 
the  demesne  ;  now  2.  Then  2  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men  ;  now  I.  (There  is) 

7  This  holding,  with  its  '  z  villeins  '  is  an  ex- 
ceptionally large  one  for  a  sokeman. 

8  i.e.  the  manor  of  Bumpstead  Hall  there. 

9  See  p.  534,  note  5,  above. 

10  See  p.  495,  note  9,  above. 

11  i.e.  the  (profits  of)  jurisdiction. 
18  See  p.  534,  note  1 1,  above. 


535 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


wood(land)  for  30  swine,  (and)  9  acres  of  none.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  350  swine, 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ;  (and)  35  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  now 
now  60. *  as  then  (semper)  60  shillings. 


In  STAVINTUNA  [Stevington  (end)2]  Renold 
holds  of  A[ubrey]  30  acres  which  were  held 
by  Alwin'  ;  and  Ordric  held  15  acres  (which 
are  now  Aubrey's) ;  and  these  two  (men)  were 
in  the  king's  soke,  but  he  gave  them  to 
Aubrey.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  villeins, 
and  2  bordars,  and  i  plough.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  10  swine,  (and)  3  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings ; 
now  30.  There  also  (In  eadem)  a  certain 
Englishman  holds  of  A[ubrey]  40  acres  which 
were  held  by  Alvric  (the)  sokeman,  who  had 
power  to  sell  the  land  ;  but  the  soke  and 
sake  remained  (in  that  case  with  Aubrey's 
predecessor)  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  2  bordars 
(were  there),  and  i  plough  ;  it  is  worth  10 
shillings. 

XXXVI.  THE  LAND  OF  PETER  DE 
VALOGNES  [VALONIENSIS] 

HUNDRET    OF    HERLAUA    [HARLOW] 

SCERINGA  [Sheering],  which  was  held  by  3 
free  men  as  a  manor  and  as  5  hides  and  30 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  Peter 
in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  belonging  to 
the  men,  and  3  villeins.  Then  3  bordars  ; 
now  6.  Then  as  now  (semper)  8  serfs.  There 
is  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  32  acres  of 
meadow,  (and)  now  as  then  (semper)  i  mill. 
Then  8  cows  with  calves,  and  i  rouncey 
(runcinus),  35  sheep,  (and)  16  swine  ;  now  2 
rounceys,  and  i  mule,3  and  i  ass,  84  sheep, 
56  swine,  (and)  3  hives  of  bees.  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  100  shillings;  now 
6  pounds. 

LATTUNA  [Latton  *],  which  was  held  by  a 
free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  z\  hides  and  30 
acres,  is  held  of  P[eter]  by  Turgis.  Then  2 

fo.  ?8b 

ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i .  (There  is) 
half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  villein,  and  i  priest.  (There 
are)  now  4  bordars.  Then  4  serfs ;  now 

1  The  tripling  of  value  should  be  observed. 

2  Now  the  manor  of  Waltons  in  Ashdon. 

3  This  is  one  of  what  appear  to  be  the  only 
two   entries   of   mules   (mu/i)   in   Domesday;   the 
other  is  at  Rudham  in  Norfolk. 

*  Latton  was  divided  into  three  manors  at  the 
time  of  Domesday.  Peter's  manor  has  not  been 
identified. 


PERINDUNA  [(Little)  Parndon],  which  was 
held  by  I  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  P[eter]  by 
Roger.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  i^.  (There  is)  now  half  a  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  Then  i  bordar  ;  now 
5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  serfs.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  IOO  swine,  (and)  45  acres 
of  meadow  and  marsh  (inter  pratum  et  maresf). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  mill.  And  5  acres 
of  land  have  been  added  which  were  held  by 
a  free  man  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then 
8  beasts  (animalia)  and  41  sheep  ;  now  14 
beasts,  and  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  76  sheep, 
and  26  swine,  and  3  hives  of  bees.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  40  shillings ; 
now  60. 

In  WALDA  [  6]  Ralf  holds  of  P[eter] 

30  acres,  which  were  held  by  a  free  man  as  a 
manor  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  plough,  and  2  serfs,  and  I  bordar. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  2 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  BEVENTREU  [BECONTREE] 

LEINTUNA  [Leyton  7],  which  was  held  by 
Suen'  Suart 8  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides,  is 
held  by  P[eter]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  plough  on  the  demesne.  Then  I 
plough  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  2.  Then 
7  villeins  ;  now  1 0.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  bordars.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  30 
swine,  (and)  24  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
(there  was)  i  mill ;  now  none  ;  and  it  has 
been  taken  away  thence 9  (inde  ablatus)  in 
King  William's  time.  Then  2  fisheries  ; 
now  none.  (There  is)  now  i  rouncey  (run- 
cinus),  and  1 1  swine.  It  was  then  worth  20 

8  This  is  an  exceptional  phrase.  Little  Parn- 
don lies  on  the  Lea,  and  the  parish  and  county 
boundary  here  crosses  the  stream  and  embraces 
the  right  bank  of  the  river. 

6  Identified    by    Morant    here    as    Wallbury, 
though  the  'Walda'    of  the   next   fief  (that  of 
Ranulf  brother    of  Ilger),    which    is  entered,    as 
here  on  Peter's  fief,   immediately  after  Parndon, 
was  identified    by  him   with  Weld,  alias  Sewals, 
a  manor  in  Harlow.     For  the  possible  identity  of 
this  Walda  with  the  Harlow  Hundred  portion  of 
North  Weald  see  Introduction,  p.  397. 

7  It  is  not  clear  which  of  the  manors  in  Leyton 
is  represented  by  this  entry. 

8  i.e.  Suain  the  Swarthy. 

9  Compare  Introduction  (p.  378). 


536 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


shillings  ;  and  when  he  received  it,  there  was 
nothing  there  but  the  land  '  ;  and  now  it  is 
worth  40  shillings. 

HECHAM  [Higham  (Bensted*)],  which  was 
held  by  Haldan',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and 
as  5  hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
Peter  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  4  ploughs  belong- 
ing to  the  men.  Then  8  villeins  ;  now  10. 
Then  2  bordars ;  now  3.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
300  swine,  (and)  18  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
(there  were)  3^  fisheries  ;  now  none.  Then 
I  ox  (b<m')  ;  now  15  beasts  (animalia),  and  I 
rouncey  (runcinus),  and  37  swine,  and  2  hives 
of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  60  shillings  ; 
now  4  pounds  and  10  shillings.  And  when 
he  received  this  manor,  he  did  not  find  (there) 
more  than  (prefer)  i  ox  and  i  acre  sown. 
And  of  these  5  hides  which  we  have  spoken 
of  above  3  I  was  held  by  2  free  men  in  King 
Edward's  time,  and  was  added  to  this  manor 

fo.  79 

in  King  William's  time,  and  was  worth  10 
shillings  in  King  Edward's  time,  (and)  now 
2O  ;  and  William  holds  this  of  Peter  de 
Valognes  (valonienst). 

LOCHETUNA  [Loughton  *],  which  was  held 
by  Ulvric,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  I 
hide  and  30  acres,  is  held  of  P[eter]  by  Ralf. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the  de- 
mesne. (There  are)  now  5  bordars.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  80  swine,  (and)  6  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ; 
now  2O. 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  THUNRESLAU* 

BELINDUNE  [Balingdon  6],  which  was  held 
by  Alvric,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  3^ 
hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  Peter 
by  Ralf  '  fatatus.'  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  belong- 

1  '  n[on]  erat  ibi  praetor  sola  terra  ' ;  i.e.  there 
was  no  farm  stock. 

*  A  manor  and  hamlet  in  Walthamstow. 

1  This  is  one  of  the  very  rare  instances  in 
which  the  Domesday  Commissioners  are  entered 
as  speaking  in  their  own  persons. 

4  Loughton  is  in  Ongar  Hundred.  The  iden- 
tity of  this  manor  in  Loughton  seems  to  be  doubt- 
ful. 

6  See,  for  this  mysterious  district,  the  Introduc- 
tion (p.  405).  The  two  manors  of  '  Belindune' 
and  '  Bineslea '  here  entered  under  it  are  inter- 
polated between  two  entries  relating  to  Loughton, 
which  is  in  Ongar  Hundred. 

8  See  pp.  405-6. 


537 


ing  to  the  men.  Then  and  afterwards  3 
bordars  ;  now  9.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4 
serfs.  (There  are)  33  acres  of  meadow.7 
Then  5  cows  with  calves,  and  30  swine ; 
now  33  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  28  swine.  It 
was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  100. 

BINESLEA  [  8],  which  was  held  by 

Ulwin'  as  I  hide  in  King  Edward's  time,  is 
held  by  Peter  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  plough  on  the  demesne,  and  half  a 
plough  belonging  to  the  men,  and  1 3  bordars. 
Then  and  afterwards  2  serfs  ;  now  I .  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine  and  4  acres  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  20  shillings.  Pfeter] 
(holds  ?)  this  land  in  mortgage  (in  vadimonio) 
by  the  king's  command,  but  so  that  the  dues 
should  not  be  lost,'  the  Bishop  of  Bayeux 
being  witness. 

LOCHINTUNA  [Loughton 10],  which  was  held 
by  Leofcild  as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide,  is  held 
by  Peter  in  demesne.  Then  3  bordars  ;  now 
2.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  plough.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
30  swine,  (and)  4  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  mill.  It  was  then  worth 
2O  shillings  ;  and  when  received,  30  ;  it  is 
now  worth  20  shillings. 

TAINDENA  [Theydon  (Bois)11],  which  was 
held  by  Hacun  as  a  manor  and  as  3^  hides 
and  80  acres,1*  is  held  by  Peter  in  demesne. 
Then  7  villeins;  now  12.  Then  3  bordars; 
now  4.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5  serfs.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  400  swine,  16  acres  of 
meadow,  (and)  i  mill.  Then  2  cows,  and  3 
rounceys  (runcini),  and  54  swine,  and  47 
sheep ;  now  2  rounceys,  and  92  swine,  and 
157  sheep,  and  12  hives  of  bees.  It  was 
then  worth  60  shillings;  now  100.  And  7 
free  men  held  2  hides  and  i£  virgates,  which 
(quod)  is  now  held  by  Peter  ;  then  as  now 
(semper)  2  serfs  (were  there),  and  i  bordar. 
Then  and  afterwards  6  ploughs ;  now  4  ; 

fo.79b 

(there  is)  wood(land)  for  140  swine,  (and)  20 
acres  of  meadow  ;  it  is  worth  now  as  then 
(semper)  46  shillings  ;  and  this  is  (held)  by 

7  Balingdon  lies  on  the  Stour. 

8  See  Introduction,  p.  406. 

9  '  ne   tamen    perderet   suam    consuetudinem.' 
The  sense  of  the  passage  is  most  obscure. 

10  See  note  4  above.    With  this  manor  the  text 
returns  to  Ongar  Hundred. 

11  So  named  from  the  family  of  de  Bois,  which 
held  here  as  under-tenants. 

'»  "  p'  iii.  hid'  et  d.  et  Ixxx  ac'."  This  is  a  very 
abnormal  formula,  as  half  a  hide  was  60  '  acres.' 

68 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


exchange  (pro  escangio),  as  Peter  himself  says. 
And  Walter  holds  of  P[eter]  half  a  hide  and 
40  acres,  which  (quod)  Ulwin'  held  ;  and 
Peter  has  it  in  mortgage  (in  vadimonio)  by 
the  king's  permission,  as  he  himself  says ; 
then  I  villein  (was  there)  ;  now  none  ; 
(there  are)  now  3  bordars ;  then  i  serf ; 
now  none  ;  then  2  ploughs  ;  afterwards  and 
now  i  ;  (there  \s)  wood(land)  for  100  swine, 
(and)  7  acres  of  meadow  ;  it  was  then  worth 
16  shillings;  now  20. 

WALLA  [(North)  Weald  (Basset)  ? »],  which 
was  held  by  2  free  men  as  2  manors  and  as  2 
hides  and  40  acres  in  King  Edward's  time, 
is  held  of  P[eter]  by  Ralf  'fatat[us].'  And 
Peter  has  (it)  by  (in)  exchange.  Then  and 
afterwards  7  villeins;  now  13.  Then  and 
afterwards  3  bordars ;  now  8.  Then  and 
afterwards  9  serfs  ;  now  7.  Then  5  ploughs 
on  the  demesne ;  afterwards  3  ;  now  2.  Then 
and  afterwards  2^-  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  5.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
1,500  swine,  (and)  40  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  3  cows,  and  i  rouncey  (runcinus),  and 
35  swine,  and  5  sheep,  and  3  goats;  now  17 
beasts  (anima/ta),  and  I  rouncey,  and  28 
swine,  and  70  sheep,  and  5  hives  of  bees. 
It  was  then  worth  7  pounds ;  and  when 
received,  6  pounds  ;  it  is  now  worth  12 
pounds.  And  a  certain  man  held  freely 
(Kbtre)  40  acres,  whom  (quern)  Peter  has  by 
(in)  exchange  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  4  villeins 
(were  there)  ;  now  (there  are)  2  bordars ; 
there  is  wood(land)  for  60  swine,  (and)  5 
acres  of  meadow  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  I 
plough  ;  and  it  is  worth  20  shillings. 

XXXVII.   THE    LAND    OF   RANULF 
BROTHER   OF   ILGER* 

HUNDRET    OF    BfiRDESTAPLA    [BARSTABLE] 

INGA    [  ],    which    was    held    by 

Osl.ic  and  (as)  2  hides  in  King  Edward's 
time,  is  held  of  R[anulf]  by  W[  ]. 

Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  I  plough  belonging  to  the 
men.  Then  5  bordars ;  now  9.  Then  2 
serfs  ;  now  none.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  IOO  swine.  Then  14  beasts  (animalia), 
60  sheep,  (and)  60  swine  ;  now  8  beasts,  100 

1   For  this  identification   see   the  Introduction 

(P-  397)- 

!  There  is  great  difficulty  in  identifying  the 
manors  on  this  fief  owing  to  its  subsequent 
escheat  and  dispersal  by  fresh  grants. 

3  Doubtless  the  Humfrey  who  held  of  him  in 
Norfolk  (fo.  261). 


sheep,  20  swine,  (and)  3  hives  of  bees.  It 
was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  30. 

RAMESDANA  [Ramsden],  which  was  held 
freely  (libere)  by  Siric  as  2  hides  and  30 
acres,  is  held  of  R[anulf]  by  Humfrey.3 

fo.  So 

Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i^. 
(There  is)  now  half  a  plough  belonging  to 
the  men.  And  (there  is)  i  free  man.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  3  serfs,  and  I  bordar.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  2  acres  of 
meadow.  He  found  (there)  no  live  stock 
(nichif)  ;  now  (there  are)  4  beasts  (anima/ia), 

2  rounceys  (runcini),  58  sheep,  (and)  2 1  swine. 
It  was  then  worth  60  shillings  ;  now  40. 

HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 

RUINDUNE  [Roydon],  which  was  held  by 
Inguar[a],  a  free  man,4  as  a  manor  and  as  6 
hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
R[anulfJ  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

3  ploughs  on   the  demesne,  and  4  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.     Then    12   villeins; 
now  8.     Then  2  bordars  ;  now  12.     Then 
8  serfs  ;  now  3.     (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
1 20    swine,    (and)    60    acres    of    meadow,5 
pasture    worth     2    shillings,    (and)    i     mill. 
Then    6    beasts   (anima/ia),  60    sheep,  (and) 
30  swine  ;   now    i  o  beasts,  30  swine,  (and) 
10     horses    (equi).6     It    was    then    worth     6 
pounds  ;  now  9.     To  this  manor  belongs  I 
outlying  estate  (berewita),  HERLAUA  [Harlow7], 
which  is  held  of  R[anulf]   by  Richard  as   i 
hide  and    I   virgate  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  i 
plough   (was   there)  ;    then    2   villeins  ;    now 
I  ;  (there  is)  wood(land)  for  50  swine,  (and) 
7  acres  of  meadow  ;  then  and  afterwards  it 
was  worth  25  shillings  ;  now  30.     To  this 
estate  (terne)   have    been    added   4   hides    of 
land,8  which  were  held   by   5   free   men   in 
King  Edward's  time  ;    then  as  now  (semper) 

4  ploughs   (were   there)  ;     then    3   villeins  ; 
now  2  ;    then   5    bordars  ;   now  7  ;   then    i 
serf;    now  none  ;    (there  is)  wood(land)   for 

4  See  Introduction,  p.  352. 

6  This  is  an  exceptionally  large  amount,  but 
Roydon  has  a  long  '  frontage  '  to  the  Stort,  and, 
as  with  the  adjoining  parish  of  Parndon,  the 
county  boundary  here  crossed  the  river  and  took 
in  some  of  the  right  bank.  Ranulf  owned  also 
the  large  and  valuable  manor  of  Stanstead  (Abbots) 
facing  Roydon  on  the  other  side  of  the  Stort. 

6  The  entry  of  horses  as  such  (ejuf)  is  very  rare. 
For  mares  see  the  note  on  Earls  Colne,  p.  5  34  above. 

7  The    identity    of  this    estate    in    Harlow    is 
doubtful. 

8  The  addition  of  '  terra: '  to  '  hidae '  is  mere 
surplusage. 


538 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


60  swine,  (and)  25  acres  of  meadow  ; l  (this) 
is  worth  now  as  then  (strn/xr)  4  pounds. 

PERENDUNA  [(Great  ?)  Parndon  *],  which 
was  held  by  Alsi  bolla,  a  free  man,  as  a 
manor  and  as  2  hides  in  King  Edward's 
time,  is  held  of  R[anulf]  by  Roger.3  Then 
i  plough  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i£.  Then 
I  villein  ;  now  5  bordars.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  serf.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
140  swine,  (and)  18  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
12  beasts  ;  now  8.  (There  are)  34  swine, 
(and)  80  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  30  shil- 
lings ;  now  40. 

PERENDUNA  [(Great  ?)  Parndon 4],  which 
was  held  by  Alveva,  a  free  woman,  as  a 
manor  and  as  half  a  hide,  is  held  of  Rfanulf] 
by  Alvred'.  Then  as  now  (temper)  half  a 
plough,  and  i  bordar.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  30  swine,  (and)  5  acres  of  meadow.  It 
is  worth  1 1  shillings. 

In  PERENDUNA  [(Great  ?)  Parndon4]  Roger* 
holds  of  R[anulf]  35  acres,  which  were  held 
by  Turstin,  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's 
time.  Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough. 
(There  is)  woodland  for  2O  swine,  (and)  2 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  6  shillings. 

WALDA  [  •],  which    was  held    by 

Goduin',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  half 
a  hide  and  15  acres,  is  held  of  Rfanulf]  by 
Richard.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on 
the  demesne,  and  i  plough  belonging  to  the 
men.  Then  i  villein  ;  now  2.  Then  as 

fo.  Bob 

now  (semper)  i  bordar.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now 
I.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  200  swine, 
(and)  2  acres  of  meadow.  Then  20  swine  ; 
now  60.  (There  are)  17  beasts  (anima/ia), 
65  sheep,  and  3  rounceys  (runcini).  It  was 
then  worth  20  shillings  ;  now  30. 

In  NASINGA  [Nazing8]  Odo  holds  of 
R[anulf]  i  hide  ;  and  (there  are)  I  villein, 
and  4  bordars,  and  i  plough  ;  and  it  is 
worth  2O  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    WALTHAM 

NASINGA  [Nazing]  and  EPINGA  [Epping] 

1  See  p.  538,  note  5,  above. 

1  There  seems  to  have  been  no  manor  in  Little 
Parndon  but  that  of  Peter  de  Valognes. 

3  Roger  was  the  name  of  Peter's  tenant  at 
Little  Parndon. 

*  See  note  2  above. 

8  See  p.  536,  note  6,  above  for  this  difficult 
manor. 


8  All  Nazing  u  in  Waltham  Hundred. 


were  held  by  2  free  men  as  a  manor  (Afan') 
and  as  4^  hides  less  1 5  acres  in  King  Edward's 
time.7  Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now 
2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  belong- 
ing to  the  men.  Then  1 1  villeins  ;  now  7. 
(There  are)  now  9  bordars.  Then  3  serfs  ; 
now  none.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  100 
swine,  54  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  pasture 
worth  (de)  32  pence.  Then  (there  was)  i 
mill  ;  now  none.  Then  7  beasts  (animalia) 
and  30  swine  ;  now  2  beasts  and  18  swine, 
that  is  (to  say),  in  NASINGA  [Nazing],  and  in 
EPPINGES  2  beasts,  and  26  sheep,  and  6  swine. 
They  are  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  4 
pounds,  (that  is)  NASINGA  60  shillings,  and 
EPPING'  20  shillings.  And,  in  addition  to 
this,  there  has  been  added  to  this  estate 
(terra)  i  hide  which  was  held  by  a  free  man 
in  King  Edward's  time,  and  still  is ;  then  i 
plough  (was  there)  ;  now  a  half;  then  2 
bordars ;  now  3  ;  (there  is)  wood(land)  for 
2O  swine,  (and)  12  acres  of  meadow;  it 
was  then  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  20.  And 
there  is  further  i  virgate  which  has  been 
added  in  King  William's  time,  and  (which) 
used  to  belong  to  Waltham  in  King  Edward's 
time  and  was  taken  from  it  by  R[anulf] 
brother  of  Ilger,  as  the  Hundret  (court) 
testifies  ;  and  (it)  is  worth  3  shillings.8  All 
this  is  held  by  R[anulf]  in  demesne. 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

THORP,9  which  was  held  by  Inguar* ' 
as  a  manor  and  as  2\,  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  of  R[anulf]  by  Odo. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  4  villeins,  and  4 
bordars,  and  4  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne,  and  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  60  swine, 
(and)  pasture  for  100  sheep.  Then  2  beasts 
(animalia),  and  2  rounceys  (runcini),  and  100 
sheep,  and  30  swine  ;  now  2  beasts,  and  i 
rouncey,  and  100  sheep,  and  7  swine,  and 
1 8  goats,  and  4  hives  of  bees.  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  4  pounds  ;  now  6. 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

BRIDEBROC  [Birdbrook],  which  was  held  by 
I  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  in  King 

7  Their  tenure  in  1086  is  given  at  the  end  of 
the  entry. 

8  Under  Waltham  (fief  of  the  Bishop  of  Dur- 
ham) it  is  recorded  that  this  Ranulf  had  abstracted 
30  acres  of  land  and  4  of  meadow,  which  is  the 
•  virgate '  of  the  text. 

9  A  manor  in   Southchurth,  now   represented 
by  Thorpchall  farm. 

10  See  Introduction,  p.  352. 


539 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Edward's  time,  is  held  by  R[anulf]  in  de- 
mesne. Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
afterwards  2  ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 3  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Then 
and  afterwards  7  villeins  ;  now  6.  Then  and 
afterwards  I  bordar  ;  now  9.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
1 6  swine,  (and)  22  acres  of  meadow.  Then 

fo.Si 

15  beasts  (animalia),  and  50  swine,  and  80 
sheep  and  I3,1  and  25  goats  ;  now  4  beasts, 
and  10  swine,  and  55  sheep,  and  2  rounceys. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  8  pounds  ; 
now  9. 

BABITERNA  [Bapthorne  *],  which  was  held 
by  Inguar'8as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  by  R[anulf]  in  de- 
mesne. Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne,  and  4  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men,  and  6  villeins.  (There  are)  now  7  bor- 
dars.  Then  and  afterwards  2  serfs  ;  now  3. 
(There  are)  31  acres  of  meadow,  (with)  I 
mill  now  as  then  (semper).  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  7  pounds  ;  now  8.  To 
these  two  manors  3  belong  now  as  then  (adja- 
cent semper)  2  sokemen  with  (de)  5  acres. 

GELDHAM  [Yeldham  *],  which  was  held  by 
a  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  of  R[anulf]  by  Walter. 
Then  i  plough  ;  afterwards  none  ;  now  I . 
(There  are)  9  acres  of  meadow.  (There  was) 
then  no  live  stock  (nicbil)  ;  now  2  beasts 
(animalia),  and  I  rouncey  (runcinus\  and  30 
sheep,  and  2  swine.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

HuNDRET    OF    WlTBRICTESHERNA  [DfiNGIE] 

NIWELANDA  [Newland  6],  which  was  held 
by  Ingwar'  8  as  a  manor  and  as  i  ^  hides  and 
35  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
Rfanulf]  by  W[  ].  (There  are) 

now  4  bordars.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
serf,  and  i  plough  on  the  demesne.  It  was 
then  worth  20  shillings ;  afterwards  and  now 
30.  And  (there  are)  "j\  acres  which  are  held 
by  I  free  man  and  are  worth  7  pence. 

BUBINGEORDA  [Bobbingworth 6],  which 
was  held  by  2  free  men  as  i  hide  and  30 


1  i.e.  93  sheep  (unless  by  the  'long  score'). 
8  A  manor  in  Birdbrook,  now  '  Baythorne.' 
3  i.e.  Birdbrook  and  Bapthorne. 
*  The  identity  of  this  holding  is  doubtful. 
6  Apparently  East  Newland  in  St.  Lawrence. 
6  In  Ongar  Hundred.     The  scribe  has  omitted 
the  Hundredal  heading. 


acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
R[anulf]  by  Richard.  Then  i  bordar  ;  now 
2.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  2.  Then  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne;  afterwards  and  now  i. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  80  swine,  (and) 
4  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
i  cow,  and  3  swine,  and  107  sheep.  It  was 
then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  60. 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 

GINGA  [Mountnessing  ?  7],  which  was  held 
by  Ingwara  8  as  a  manor  and  as  9  hides,  is 
held  by  R[anulf]  in  demesne.  Then  18 
villeins  ;  now  1 6.  Then  8  bordars  ;  now 
20.  Then  5  serfs  ;  now  7.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i.  Then  12 
ploughs  among  the  men  ;  now  9.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  700  swine.  (There  are) 
now  7  beasts  (animalia),  and  60  sheep.  It 
was  then  worth  8  pounds ;  now  10.  And 

1  free  man  holds  20  acres,  and  (this)  is  worth 
3  shillings.     There  also  (in  eadem)  William 
de    Bosc    holds    2    hides    and    26    acres    of 
R[anulf]   and   has  (it)    by    exchange  (in  suo 
escangio)  ; g     (this)  was    held    by  Alfega    and 
Algar  in  King  Edward's   time  ;    (there  are) 
now  3  bordars  ;  then  2  serfs  ;  now  I  ;  then 

fo.  8ib 

2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;   now   i  ;   there 
is  wood(land)  for  60  swine,  and  pasture  for 
100  sheep  ;   (this)  is  worth  40  shillings.10 

CUBRIGEA  [Cowbridge  u],  which  was  held 
by  Alwin  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  and 
61  acres,  is  held  of  R[anulfJ  by  William. 
And  half  a  plough  can  be  (employed  there  12). 
(There  is)  I  acre  of  meadow,13  (and)  wood- 
(land)  for  2O  swine.  It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

7  This    is    Morant's    identification,    but    there 
seems   to  be  no    other   ground    for   it   than   that 
Cowbridge  is  in  Mountnessing.       On  the   other 
hand  there  does  not  seem  to  be  anything  against 
it. 

8  See  Introduction,  p.  352. 

9  The  probable  meaning  of  this  is  that  Ranulf 
himself  obtained  it  by  exchange. 

10  The   total   assessment  in  hides    recorded   in 
this  and  the   two    entries   which    follow  is    very 
large,  but  Mountnessing  is  a  parish  of  more  than 
4,000   acres.     The    absence  of    meadow   is  very 
strange,  as  the  river  Wid  flows  through  it,  and  the 
'  pasture  for  sheep '  is  one  of  the  very  few  instances 
of  such  a  phrase  in  the  survey  of  an  inland  parish. 

11  A  manor  in  Mountnessing,  now  represented 
by  two  farms. 

18  This  is  a  rare  phrase  in  the  Essex  survey  and 
implies  that  the  half  plough  (team)  was  not  there 
in  1086. 

13  The  scarcity  of  meadow  should  be  observed. 


540 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


GINGA  [Mountnessing  ? ']  was  held  by  two 
free  maidens  *  as  80  acres.  Now  Rfanulf] 
(holds  it)  by  exchange  (in  suo  escangia),  and 
VV[illiam  ?]  of  him.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

1  plough.     It  is  worth    15  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    TENDRINGA 

In  DERLEIA  [Ardleigh  3]  Edric  of  Estorp 
[Easthorpe]  *  held  i  manor  of  2^  hides. 
Now  R[anulf]  holds  it  as  i^  hides,  and 
Roger  (holds  it)  of  him.6  Then  2  villeins  ; 
now  I.  Then  I  serf;  now  none.  Then 
and  afterwards  I  plough  on  the  demesne ; 
now  a  half.  Then  and  afterwards  I  plough 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  none.  And  3 
ploughs  can  be  (employed  there).  There  is 
wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  4  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
30  shillings;  now  10.  R[anulf]  has  this 
land  by  exchange  (pro  escangio).  He  also  has 
in  the  soke  of  Laleforda  [Lawford]  1 5  acres  ; 
and  there  dwells  I  man  who  renders  7  shil- 
lings and  8  pence.6 

XXXVIII.  THE   LAND  OF  TIHEL 
THE  BRETON7   (BRITTONIS) 

HUNDRET  OF  UDELESFORDA  [UTTLESFORD] 

GERDELAI  [Yardley8]  was  held  by  2  free 
men  as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide  in  King 
Edward's  time.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
plough  on  the  demesne.  And  (there  were) 

2  bordars ;  now  7.     Then  (there  was)  wood- 
(land)  for  40  swine  ;  afterwards  and  now  for 
30.    (There  are)  10  acres  of  meadow.    Then 
5   beasts  (animalia),  14  sheep,  and   26  swine, 

1  See  p.  540,  note  7,  above. 

*  *  puellac    libcrse.'       But    '  lihcrac  '    occurs    at 
times  for   Mibere,"   so   that   the  entry  might  be 
read  '  tenucrunt  libere.' 

8  Ardleigh  is  '  Erleia '  in  three  entries  (fos. 
59*,  6jt,  89*).  The  prefixed  'D'  here  and 
on  fo.  95*,  where  the  name  becomes  '  Dereleia ' 
is  of  interest  for  comparison  with  '  Orseda '  and 
'  Dorseda,*  the  Domesday  names  of  Orsett. 

*  It  is  common  in  Hertfordshire,  but  very  rare 
in  Essex,  to  find  the  English  predecessor  distin- 
guished by  the  name  of  his  chief  estate.     '  Edric  ' 
is  duly  entered  under  Easthorpe,  which  had  passed 
to  Count  Eustace,  as  its  previous  holder  (see  p.  466 
above). 

6  The    identity   of    this    manor    is    doubtful. 
Ardleigh,   a   large   parish    of   more   than     5,000 
acres,  was  much  divided  in   1086. 

'  The  relative  entry  under  Lawford  (p.  435 
above)  duly  «Utes  that  Ranulf  held  these  15 
acres. 

7  Alias  Tihel  de  Helion  (or  Herion),  ancestor 
of  the  Essex  Helions  (see  pp.  350,  457  above). 

8  A  manor  in  Thaxtcd. 


and  32  goats,  and  i  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  I 
hive  of  bees  ;  now  4  beasts,  and  14  swine,  and 
38  sheep,  and  3  hives  of  bees,  and  I  rouncey. 
This  is  held  of  Tihel  by  Serlo.  Tihel  claims 
(to  hold)  this  land  of  the  king's  gift.  It  was 
then  worth  16  shillings;  now  20. 

HUNDRET  OF  FROSSEWELLA  [FRESHWELL] 

STEVITUNA  [Stevington  (End)9],  which 
was  held  by  Oslac,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor 
and  as  42^  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is 
held  by  Tihel  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
and  afterwards  I  bordar  ;  now  3.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  4  serfs.  (There  are)  5  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  5  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  5 
swine,  and  10  sheep,  and  2  hives  of  bees  ; 
now  5  cows,  and  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  and 
30  swine,  and  50  sheep,  and  I  hive  of  bees. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  60  shil- 
lings; now  100  shillings  and  I  ounce  of  gold. 

REDEWINTRA  [Radwinter 10],  which  was 
held  by  Lefsiu  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide 
and  half  a  virgate  in  King  Edward's  time,  is 
held  of  Tfihel]  by  Goderet.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  I 
plough  belonging  to  the  men,  and  4  villeins. 
Then  5  bordars  ;  now  7.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  60  swine,  (and)  8  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  6  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  4.  And 
(then)  1 8  swine  ;  and  now  the  same.  Then 
49  sheep ;  now  32.  (There  are)  4  hives 
of  bees.  Then  20  goats ;  now  none.  It 
was  then  worth  2O  shillings ;  now  60. 
Tihel  claims  (to  hold)  this  of  the  king's  gift. 

BUNSTEDA  [(Helion)  Bumpstead  n],  which 
was  held  by  Lewin  cilt  '*  as  a  manor  and  as 
4  hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
T[ihel]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
4  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  4  ploughs 

9  Now  the  manor  of  Waltons  in  Ashdon.    The 
Record  Commission's  edition   reads  the  name  as 
•  Steintuna,'    but   it  should   probably  be  read  as 
'  Steuituna  '  (for  '  Stevituna  ') 

10  These  two   manors   (Stevington    and    Rad- 
winter)  were    held    together  of  the    Honour   of 
Helion  by  Warine  Fitz  Gerold  temp.  John   (ReJ 
Bock  of  the  Exchequer,  pp.  358,  504,  601). 

11  Of  the  two  Bumpsteads  this  is  the  one  that 
lies  in  Freshwell  Hundred.      Tihel's  share  of  it 
was  the  manor  of  Helioni. 

11  An  Englishman  of  the  same  name  had  held 
an  estate  at  Purlcigh  (see  p.  548  below).  But 
whether  these  were  the  same,  and  whether,  if 
so,  they  were  identical  with  the  Bedfordshire 
thegn  of  the  name,  is  uncertain  (but  see  Intro- 
duction, p.  351). 


541 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  2.  Then  9 
villeins  ;  now  7.  Then  as  now  (semper)  8 
bordars,  and  8  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  100  swine,  (and)  7  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  6  beasts  (animalia). 
Then  24  swine  ;  now  40.  Then  40  sheep  ; 
now  115.  Then  i  rouncey  (runcinus) ;  now 
I  and  i  colt  (pullus).  Then  *  hives  of 
bees  ;  now  3.  It  was  then  worth  6  pounds  ; 
now  9. 

HUNDRET    OF    HlDINGAFORDA     [HlNCKFORD] 

BUMESTEDA  [(Steeple)  Bumpstead  *],  which 
was  held  by  a  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as 

1  hide  and  I  virgate  in  King  Edward's  time, 
is  held  by   T[ihel]   in   demesne.      Then  as 
now  (semper)  3   ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 

2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  5  vil- 
leins, and   13  bordars,  and  6  serfs.     (There 
is)    wood(land)    for    20    swine,    15    acres    of 
meadow,  (and)  now  as  then  (semper)  I    mill. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  60  shil- 
lings ;  now  6  pounds. 

STURMERE  [Sturmer],  which  was  held  by 
a  free  woman  as  a  manor  and  as  i^  hides 
and  1 5  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held 
by  T[ihel]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i 
plough  belonging  to  the  men,  and  2  villeins, 
(and)  3  bordars.  Then  and  afterwards  i 
serf;  now  2.  (There  are)  16  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  s  cows,  and  2  rounceys 
(runcini),  and  60  swine,  and  3  hives  of  bees  ; 
now  4  beasts  (animalia),  and  i  rouncey,  and 

to.  8ab 

i  colt  (pullus),  and  44  swine,  and  72  sheep, 
and  3  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth  40 
shillings  ;  now  6o.4 

STURMERE  [Sturmer 5],  which  was  held  by 
a  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  i^  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  T[ihel]  in 

1  The  number  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 

*  This  is  the  Bumpstead  in  Hinckford  Hundred. 
Morant  (ii.  348)  was  unable  to  determine  whether 
one  of  its  manors  was  held  by  the  Helions,  but 
his  own  evidence  (p.  349)  distinctly  proves  that 
the  manor  of  Wantons  or  Waltons  there  was  held 
of  them.     The  family  of  Wanton  seems  to  have 
succeeded    that   of   Chamberlain    (see   the    next 
manor)  as  their  tenants  here. 

3  The  number  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 

*  Sturmer,  which  adjoins   Steeple  Bumpstead, 
was   held,   in   two   portions  under   Helion,  temp. 
John,    by    Philip    de    Burnham    and    John     the 
Chamberlain   as    i    knight's   fee.     Chamberlain's 
share  was  half  a  fee  (Red  Book  of  the  Exchequer, 

PP-  358>  5°3>  6°0- 
6  See  preceding  note. 


demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  I  villein,  and  6  serfs. 
(There  are)  20  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  i  mill. 
Then  6  beasts  (animalia),  and  I  rouncey 
(runcinus),  and  12  swine,  and  60  sheep  ;  now 
12  beasts,  and  30  swine,  and  100  sheep  less 
2,6  and  i  rouncey,  and  3  colts  (pulli).  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  40  shillings  ; 
now  60. 

TILIBERIA  [Tilbury  (by  Clare)],  which 
was  held  by  a  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as 
i  hide  and  38  acres  in  King  Edward's  time, 
is  held  by  T[ihel]  in  demesne.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 

1  plough  belonging  to  the  men,  and  5  villeins, 
and  i  bordar,  and  6  serfs.     (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  19  acres  of  meadow. 
Then    15    beasts   (animalia),   and   40    swine, 
and  80  sheep,  and  6  hives  of  bees  ;  now  5 
beasts,  and  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  36  swine, 
and  63  sheep.     Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  60  shillings  ;  now   IOO. 

XXXVIIII.    THE  LAND   OF    ROGER 
'DE   RAMIS' 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

RAINES  [Rayne 7],  which  was  held  by 
Alwin',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide 
and  2O  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held 
by  Roger  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.     Then  and  after- 
wards 4  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
3.     Then  and  afterwards  9  villeins  ;  now  8. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  5  bordars.     Then  and 
afterwards    4    serfs ;    now    3.       (There    is) 
wood(land)    for    100   swine,   and    in    acres 
of  meadow.8     (There  is)    i   mill.     Then   8 
cows  ;  now  3.     Then  i  rouncey  ;  now  none. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  100  sheep.     Then  30 
swine  ;  now  40.     It  is  worth  now  as  then 
(semper)  4   pounds. 

Of  this  manor  Roger  holds  30  acres  of 
R[oger],  and  Wiberga  30  acres  ;  and  this  is 
worth  20  shillings  in  the  above  valuation  (in 
eodem  pretio). 

6  i.e.  98,  unless,  as  is  possible,  they  were  here 
reckoned  by  the  long  hundred  (i20)- 

7  i.e.  the  manor  of  Old  Hall  there.     Morant, 
not  unnaturally,  held  (ii.  403)  that  '  undoubtedly 
this  Roger  took  the  surname  of  Raines  or  Ramis 
from  this  parish,'  in  which  the  family  had  its  chief 
seat.     But  there  is  no  ground  for  his  supposition 
that  '  Ramis,'  which  occurs  regularly,  is  a  mistake 
for  Raines. 

8  The    meadow  clause   is    interlined,   and    the 
amount,  though  clear,  is  so  abnormally  large  that 
we  should  probably  suspect  error. 


542 


THE    HOLDERS    OF   LANDS 


fo.  83 

RAINES  [Rayne '],  which  was  held  by 
Edric,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  R[oger] 
in  demesne.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne ;  afterwards  and  now  I.  (There  is) 
now  half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men,  and 
3  bordars.  Then  and  afterwards  6  serfs  ; 
now  3.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  40  swine, 
(and)  1 3  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  now 
as  then  (semper)  60  shillings. 

HEDINGHAM  [(Sibil)  Hedingham*],  which 
was  held  by  Goduin,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor 
and  as  half  a  hide  in  King  Edward's  time,  is 
held  of  R[oger]  by  Garenger'.8  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and 

3  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  8  vil- 
leins.    Then  and  afterwards  i  bordar  ;  now 
3.     Then   4   serfs ;   afterwards  and   now   2. 
Then  and  afterwards  (there  was)  wood(land) 
for  600  swine  ;  now  for  500.     (There  are) 
1 8  acres  of  meadow.     To  this  belong  now 
as  then  (semper  adjacent)   2  sokemen   with   3 
acres.     Then   and   afterwards  it   was  worth 

4  pounds  ;  now    100  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    L.ASSENDANA    [L.EXDEN] 

METCINGES  [Messing],  which  was  held  by 
Ormar,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  half 
a  hide  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
Rfoger]  in  demesne.  Then  6  villeins  ;  now 
3.  Then  12  bordars;  now  18.  Then  6 
serfs ;  now  4.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  among  the 
men  (were)  5  ploughs  ;  now  3.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  40  swine,  20  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  now  i  mill.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
rounceys  (runcini),  and  2  cows  with  calves, 
and  IOO  sheep.  Then  30  swine  ;  now  2O. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  35  goats.  It  is  worth 
now  as  then  (semper)  IOO  shillings.  Of  this 
manor  Anschetil  holds  of  R[oger]  16  acres, 
and  (this)  is  worth  5  shillings  in  the  above 
valuation  (in  eodem  pretio).  And  3  sokemen, 
who  hold  freely  (libere)  1 8  acres,  belong  to 
this  manor  ;  Gerold  holds  them  of  Roger, 
and  Roger  says  that  he  has  them  by  (in) 
exchange  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough 
was  there  ;  then  and  afterwards  jt  was  worth 
10  shillings  ;  now  3. 

1  See  p.  542,  note  7,  above. 

*  i.e.  the  manor  of  Greys  there.     This  was  the 
'  Heingham '  of  which  the  holder  of  the  fief  in 
1166    complained    that   Simon   de   Cantilou   was 
withholding  from   him  the  service  due  from  it. 

*  He  held   the  manor  of  Prayers   here   under 
Roger  Bigot. 


DELHAM  [Dedham],  which  was  held  by 
Alvric  camp4  as  a  manor  and  as  2^  hides, 
is  held  by  R[oger]  in  demesne.  Then  7 
villeins;  now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  24 
bordars.  Then  4  serfs ;  now  3.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne ;  now  3.  Then 
among  the  men  (were)  10  ploughs;  now  5. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  250  swine,  (and) 
40  acres  of  meadow.  Then  (there  was)  I 
mill  ;  now  2.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcini)  ; 
now  10.  Then  5  cows;  now  3.  Then 
40  sheep  ;  now  IOO.  Then  25  swine  ;  now 
30.  It  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  12 
pounds.  Of  this  manor  Gerold  holds  30 
acres,  and  it  is  worth  10  shillings  in  the 
above  valuation  (in  eodem  pretio).  In  BURA 
[Bures]  R[oger]  has  25  acres  ;  then  as  now 
(semper)  3  bordars  (were  there)  and  half  a 
plough  ;  (there  is)  wood(land)  for  1 5  swine, 

fo.  83b 

and  i  acre  of  meadow  ;  it  is  worth  7  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA  [TENDRING] 
BRADEFELDA  [Bradfield],  which  was  held 
by  Alvric  camp5  as  a  manor  and  as  4^  hides, 
is  held  by  R[oger]  in  demesne.  Then  7 
villeins  ;  afterwards  and  now  4.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  10  bordars,  and  2  serfs,  and  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  and  after- 
wards 7  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
3.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine,  (and) 
i  saltpan.  Then  4  cows  with  calves ;  now 
none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  IOO  sheep. 
Then  20  swine  ;  now  33.  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  7  pounds  ;  now  60  shil- 
lings. Of  this  manor  the  (quedam)  wife  of  a 
knight  of  his  holds  half  a  hide,  and  it  is 
worth  10  shillings  in  the  above  valuation  (in 
eodem  pretio). 

ERLEGA  [Ardleigh  6],  which  was  held  by 
Bond'  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held  by 
R[oger]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
I  villein.  Then  II  bordars;  now  10.  Then 

1  serf;  now  none.     Then  as   now   (semper) 

2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.     Then  and  after- 
wards   9    ploughs   belonging   to   the   men 7  ; 
now  I .     (There  is)  wood(land)  for  40  swine, 
and  4^  acres  of  meadow.     Then  40  sheep  ; 
now   IOO.     Then  2  cows  and   3  rounceys  ; 

4  He  also  held  important  manors  at  Bradfield 
(which  follows),  Ramsey,  and  Oakley  in  Tcndring 
Hundred,  besides  lands  in  Suffolk  and  Cambridge- 
shire. But  his  estates  were  broken  up  at  the 
Conquest  (see  Introduction,  p.  35J). 

6  See  preceding  note. 

•  i.e.  the  manor  of  Picotts  there. 

7  It  will  be  observed  that  the  recorded  peasants 
were  very  few  for  this  number. 


543 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


now  none.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  4  pounds  ;  now  30  shillings.1  Of  this 
manor  Ralf  de  Hastinges  holds  30  acres,  and 
(this)  is  worth  10  shillings  in  the  above 
valuation  (in  eodem  pretio). 

MANESTUNA  [(Bradfield)  Mansion],  which 
was  held  by  Alfelm  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide 
and  25  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held 
by  R[oger]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  villein.  Then  and  afterwards  4 
bordars  ;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
serf.  Then  and  afterwards  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  i.  Then  among  the  men 
(was)  i  plough  ;  now  none.  There  is  wood- 
(land)  for  15  swine,  i£  acres  of  meadow, 
pasture  for  15  sheep,  (and)  now  i  saltpan. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  4  pounds  ; 
now  2O  shillings.8 

MITTESLEA  [Mistley],  which  was  held  by 
Alric  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held  of 
R[oger]  by  the  wife  of  Henry.3  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  bordar.  Then  2  ploughs  ; 
now  none.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ; 
now  2  shillings. 

In  CLIVA   [  4]   R[oger]   holds  in 

demesne  8  free  men  with  (de)  30  acres  and 
i  plough.  And  (this)  is  worth  5  shillings. 

In  HERLEGA  [Ardleigh]  R[oger]  holds  in 
demesne  6  free  men  with  (de)  i  hide  and  2 
ploughs.  And  (this)  is  worth  40  shillings. 
Of  this  Ralf  holds  10  acres,  and  Restolt  40 
acres,  which  are  worth  20  shillings  in  the 
above  valuation  (in  eodem  pretio).  This  is 
(acquired)  by  (pro)  exchange. 

XL.  THE  LAND  OF  JOHN  SON  OF 

WALERAM 

HUNDRET    OF    WlTHAM 

NUTLEA  [(Black  ?)  Notley],  which  was  held 
by  Harold  as  a  manor  and  as  4  hides  and  30 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  John 
by  John  son  of  Ernuc[i]un.  Then  5  ploughs 
on  the  demesne ;  now  3.  Then  4  ploughs 

1  Here  is  a  sharp  fall  in  value,  which  is  fairly 
accounted   for    by   the    disappearance  of  plough- 
teams. 

2  The  very  sharp  fall  in  value  on  these  Ten- 
dring  Hundred  manors  should  be  observed. 

3  Doubtless  that  '  knight's  wife  '  who  is  entered 
as  holding  under  him   at   Bradfield.     The  word 
'  uxor  '  is  ambiguous,  being  often  used  for  a  widow. 
It  is  singular  that  '  Henrici '  is  here  written  above 
'Alberici,'  which  has  been  deleted. 

4  This  place  has  not  been  identified. 


belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  2.  Then  7 
villeins;  now  5.  Then  13  bordars  ;  now 
ii.  Then  4  serfs;  now  none.  Then  (there 
was)  wood(land)  for  330  swine  ;  now  for  200. 
(There  are)  24  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  mill.  (There  is)  pasture  worth 
(de)  6  pence.  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinus)  and 

2  cows  ;   now  no  live  stock  (nichif).     It  was 
then  worth  7  pounds  ;  now  6. 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

SALINGES  [(Great)  Saling],  which  was  held 
by  i  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  John  by 
Turstin'.6  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
afterwards  none  ;  now  I.  Then  i£  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  afterwards  none  ;  now 
half  (a  plough).  Then  3  villeins  and  I  priest  ; 
afterwards  i  (sic) ;  now  2  villeins  and  i  priest. 
Then  and  afterwards  3  bordars ;  now  5.  Then 
4  serfs  ;  afterwards  and  now  3.  Then  and 
afterwards  (there  was)  wood(land)  for  250 
swine;  now  for  200.  (There  are)  10  acres 
of  meadow.  It  is  worth  60  shillings. 

MAPLEDESTEDA  [(Little)  Maplestead],  which 
(was  held  by)  Grim,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor 
and  as  half  a  hide  in  King  Edward's  time,  is 
held  of  John  by  Osmund.  Then  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  ;  afterwards  none  ;  now  i. 
Then  2  bordars  ;  afterwards  I  ;  now  5,  and 
I  priest.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  serfs.  Then 
(there  was)  wood(land)  for  60  swine  ;  after- 
wards and  now  for  16.  (There  are)  3  acres 
of  meadow.  Then  (there  was)  i  mill,  which 
is  (now)  held  by  William  de  Warenne  6  (gar- 
enda)  in  mortgage  (pro  vadimonio).  Then 
(Osmund)  received  no  live  stock  (nichil)  ; 
now  (there  are)  2  cows,  and  14  swine,  and 
57  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ; 
afterwards  and  now  30. 

HENI  [Henny  7],  which  was  held  by  a  free 
man  as  a  manor  and  as  2^  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  of  John  by  Roger. 
Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  afterwards 
I  ;  now  2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  Then  and  afterwards 
I  villein  ;  now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

3  bordars,  and   2   serfs.     Then  (there  was) 
wood(land)  for  60  swine  ;  afterwards  and  now 

5  This  was  probably  the  Turstin  '  Wiscart '  who 
is  entered  under  Colchester  as  holding  of  John  son 
of  Waleram  an  estate  there  (see  p.  577  below). 

6  He    held    manors    at    Polhey    in     Pebmarsh 
and     Hipworth     in     Halstead,     both     adjoining 
Little  Maplestead. 

7  The  identity  of  this  manor  is  uncertain. 


544 


THE    HOLDERS    OF   LANDS 


fo.  a,b 

for  30.  There  are  12  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  6  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  I  5  swine,  and 
1 1  sheep  ;  r  ow  5  rounceys  (runcini),  and  8 
beasts,  and  30  swine,  and  66  sheep,  and  15 
goats.  To  this  manor  belongs  a  customary 
due  (jactt  una  consuetude)  of  22^  pence  which 
is  (payable)  from  Sutberia  [Sudbury].  It  was 
then  worth  40  shillings  ;  afterwards  and  now 
50. 

In  BURA  [Bures  (St.  Mary)] l  Hugh  holds  of 
J[ohn]  15  acres,  which  were  held  by  Tosti', 
a  free  man.  Then  as  now  (temper)  half  a 
plough  (was  there)  and  2  villeins,  and  2  bor- 
dars.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  4  swine,  (and) 
I  acre  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  6  shillings. 
This  land  is  in  the  county  of  Sudfolc. 

HUNDRET    OF    ANGRA    [ONGAR] 

FIFHIDA  [Fyfield  *],  which  was  held  by 
Leuric  as  a  manor  and  as  i^  hides  and  30 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  John 
by  Roger.8  Then  12  villeins  ;  now  7.  Then 
and  afterwards  2  bordars  ;  now  10.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  4  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  Then  and  afterwards  4  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  3.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  400  swine,  i  o  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  now  i  mill.  (There  are)  now  1 1  cows, 
and  1 1  swine  and  60  sheep,  and  i  hive  of 
bees.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  5 
pounds  ;  now  7. 

The  other  (Altera*}  FIFHIDA  [Fyfield], 
which  was  held  by  Alestan'  as  a  manor  and 
as  30  acres,6  held  of  the  same  (John)  by  the 
same  (Roger).  Then  as  now  (temper)  3  bor- 


dars. Then  i  plough  ;  now  none.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  6  acres  of 
meadow.  It  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper) 
2O  shillings. 

ANGRA  [(High)  Ongar],  which  was  held  by 
Leuric  as  a  manor  and  as  3  virgates,  is  held  of 
the  same  (John)  by  the  same  (Roger).6  Then 
as  now  (semper)  6  bordars,  and  i  serf,  and  i 
plough  on  the  demesne.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  200  swine,  (and)  8  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  are)  now  30  swine  and  40  sheep.  It 
was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  and  when  re- 
ceived, 20  shillings ;  it  is  now  worth  40 
shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  CEFFEORDA  [CHAFFORD] 

AVILEIA  [Aveley]  was  held  freely  (libere)  by 
Suan'  as  a  manor  and  as  3^  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time  ;  now  John  holds  it  in  de- 
mesne as  the  same  amount  (pro  tantundem). 
Then  8  villeins  ;  now  6.  Then  3  bordars  ; 
now  5.  Then  4  serfs;  now  I.  Then  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne ;  now  i.  Then 
among  the  men  (were)  3  ploughs  ;  now  2. 
(There  are)  60  acres  of  meadow.  Then  and 
afterwards  it  was  worth  8  pounds  ;  now  i  oo 
shillings.  And  a  certain  free  man,  Ulsi',  held 
half  a  hide,  which  he  had  power  to  sell  ;  but 
Waleram,7  father  of  John,  added  him  (eum)  to 
this  manor  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  I  villein 
and  I  bordar  (were  there)  ;  then  half  a 
plough  ;  now  no  oxen  (nichil)  ;  it  was  then 

fo.  85 

worth    1O  shillings,  and  when  received  (sic), 
the  same  ;  it  is  now  worth  7  shillings. 


1  i.e.  the  portion  of  it  which  lies  in  Hinckford 
Hundred  (see  Introduction,  p.  408). 

*  It  seems  clear    that  the  Tanis  were    John's 
successors  both  here  and  at  Aveley. 

8  This  was  doubtless  the  '  Roger'  who  gave  its 
tithes  to  Bermondsey,  with  John's  consent,  in 
1 094  (compare  my  note  on  '  Fyfield  church  '  in 
Enex  Arch.  Sac.  [n.s.J  viii.  104). 

*  This  word  is  sometimes  used  to  distinguish 
two  adjacent  parishes  of  the  same  name  ;  but  it 
seems  here  only  to  distinguish  one  manor  in  the 
parish   from   another   (compare   Introduction,   pp. 
402-3). 

8  It  is  not  improbable  that  this  estate  represents 
the  '  30  acres '  entered  under  the  royal  manor  of 
Havering  (p.  430  above)  as  having  been  held  by  a 
sokeman  who  had  rendered  dues  to  it,  but  as  being 
in  John's  hands  at  the  time  of  the  Survey.  For 
under  the  next  fief  we  find  entered  an  even  more 
distant  appendage  of  Havering,  though  its  former 
connexion  with  that  manor  is  there  also  ignored 
(p.  546,  note  7,  below). 

1  545 


XLI.  THE  LAND  OF  ROBERT  SON 
OF  CORBUTIO8 

HUNDRET  OF  BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLE] 

DODDENHENC  [Doddinghurst],  which  was 
held  freely  (litere)  by  Alvric*  as  a  manor  and 
as  I  hide  and  17  acres  in  King  Edward's 
time,  is  held  of  R[obert]  by  Girard'.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  I  plough.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  20  swine.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 


•  Therefore   it    is   clearly  the  'Little  Ongar' 
(parva   Angra)    which    '  was    of    the    barony   of 
Gilbert  de  Tani '  (Testa  de  NeviU,  p.  269),  who 
must  have  succeeded  John  there  as  at  Fyfield. 

7  He  gave  the  tithe  of  his  lands  here  to  St. 
Stephen's  of  Caen  (see  Introduction,  p.  342.  And, 
for  his  doings  in  the  county,  see  p.  419  above). 

•  A  tenant-in-chief  in  the  three  eastern  counties. 

69 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


HUNDRET    OF    WlTHAM 

SMALELANT  [Smalland  *],  which  was  held 
by  Earl  Algar'  8  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is 
held  of  R[obert]  by  Nigel.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  plough,  and  i  bordar,  and  I  serf. 
(There  are)  9  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now 
two-thirds  (paries)  of  a  fishery.  Then  2 
beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  4.  Then  I  pig ; 
now  25.  (There  are)  now  2  colts  (pulli). 
Then  6  sheep ;  now  35.  Then  6  goats ; 
now  none.  It  is  worth  now  as  then  (sem- 
per) 2O  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  BEVENTREU  [BECONTREE] 

LEINTUNA  [Leyton],  which  was  held  by 
Harold  as  a  manor  and  as  4^  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  by  R[obert]  in  de- 
mesne. Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  none.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  Then  3  villeins  ; 
now  5,  and  I  priest.  Then  4  bordars ; 
now  6.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  none.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  300  swine,  (and)  40  acres 
of  meadow.  Then  7  fisheries  ;  now  none. 
Then  i  mill ;  now  none.  And  2  ploughs 
more  (adhuc)  could  be  added  to  the  stock 
(restaurarf).  It  was  then  worth  4  pounds  ; 
now  2O  shillings. 

In  LEINTUNA  [Leyton]  R[obert]  holds  3 
hides  which  were  held  by  8  s  sokemen  in  King 
Edward's  time.  Then  4  ploughs  ;  now  none. 
(There  are)  now  6  villeins,  and  i  bordar. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine,  (and) 
30  acres  of  meadow.  Half  a  fishery  (was 
there)  then  ;  now  none.  It  was  then  worth 
60  shillings  ;  now  20.  And  these  sokemen 
used  to  pay  a  customary  due  (reddebant  con- 
suetudinem)  to  Havelingae  [Havering],  the 
king's  manor,  in  King  Edward's  time,  and 
now  (do  not  ?)  render  (it).* 

1  Alias  Marshalls,  a  manor  in  Hatfield  Peverel. 

*  See  Introduction,  p.  337. 

3  This  figure  is  so  read  in  the  Record  Commis- 
sion's edition,  but  is  very  doubtful,  as  it  has  been 
altered  in  the  MS. 

*  This  is  an  important  passage  because  it  refers 
directly  to  the  Havering  entry  on  p.  430  above, 
where  we  read  that  there  used  to  belong  to  that 
manor,  in  King  Edward's  time,  4  'free  men'  with 
4  hides,  who  used  to  pay  a  customary  due  to  it, 
but  had  ceased  to  do  since  these  hides  had  been 
obtained,  one   of   them   by   Hugh  de  Montfort, 
and  the  other  three  by  Robert  son  of  Corbutio. 
It  will  be  observed  that  the  3  '  free  men '  there 
entered  as  the  previous  holders  of  Robert's  hides 
are  here  replaced  by  8  (?)  '  sokemen,'  a  notable  and 
suggestive  discrepancy.     The  figure  '  8,'  however, 
appears  to  have  been  altered  from  '  4 '  ('  iiii '). 


LALINGE  [Lawling 6],  which  was  held  by 
Leuinc,6  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  4^ 
hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
R[obert]  by  W[  ].  Then  3  bor- 

fo.  8sb 

dars  ;  now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4 
serfs,  and  2  ploughs.  (There  is)  pasture  for 
40  sheep.  Then  2  rounceys  (runcint)  ;  now 
3.  Then  7  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  9.  Then 
107  sheep  ;  now  124.  Then  6  goats  ;  now 
none.  It  was  then  worth  3  pounds  ;  now  4.' 

HUNDRET  OF  CELME[RE]SFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 

HANINGEFELDA  [Hanningfield 8],  which 
was  held  by  Alestan,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor 
and  as  1 1  hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is 
held  of  R[obert]  by  Ranulf.  (There  are) 
now  i  bordar,  and  I  serf,  and  now  as  then 
(semper)  I  plough.  (There  are)  2  acres  of 
meadow,  (with)  wood(land)  for  12  swine.  It 
is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  30  shillings. 

WALTHAM,9  which  was  held  by  Ulsi  as 
a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  30  acres,  is  held 
of  R[obert]  by  W[  ].  Then  i 

villein  ;  now  none.  Then  9  bordars ;  now 
1 1 .  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  serf,  and  i 
plough.  There  is  wood(land)  for  30  swine, 
(and)  8  acres  of  meadow.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  mill  (was  there).  It  was  then 
worth  30  shillings  ;  now  40. 

There  also  (in  eadem 9)  Ranulf  holds  of 
R[obert]  i  free  man  with  (de)  30  acres, 
whom  R[obert]  took  possession  of  (invasii). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough  (was 
there).  It  is  worth  4  shillings. 

BEDENESTEDA  [Sandon  10],  which  was  held 

6  A  manor  in  Latchingdon  (Dengie  Hundred). 
8  The  reading  of  this  manor  is  doubtful. 

7  Under  Havering  (see  note  4  above)  Domes- 
day further  states  that  Robert  holds  4^  hides  which 
were  held  of  that  manor  by  a  free  man  in  King 
Edward's  time.     This  can  only  refer  to  the  above 
'  Lalinge,"  which  is  Lawling  on  the  south  shore  of 
the  Blackwater,  its  position  on  the  coast  account- 
ing for   its  pasture  'for  40  sheep.'     But  in  this 
entry,  it  will  be  observed,  there  is  no  reference  to 
Havering.     It  is,  no  doubt,  most  singular  that  an 
estate  so  far  off  should  be  held  of  the  manor  of 
Havering,  but  this  is  a  peculiar  feature  of  royal 
manors  in  Essex  (see  Introduction,  p.   338). 

8  This  manor  has  not  been   identified  in   the 
Hanningfields. 

9  These  two   holdings  in   the  Walthams   have 
not  been  identified. 

10  See  Introduction  (p.  390).     But  this  manor 
there  has  not  been  identified. 


546 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


by  Stercher  as  a  manor  and  as  3^  hides,  is 
held  of  R[obert]  by  Nigel.1  Then  2  vil- 
leins ;  now  none.  Then  as  now  (temper)  7 
bordars,  and  2  serfs,  and  i  plough  on  the 
demesne,  and  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and) 
i£  acres  of  meadow.  Then  I  rouncey  (run- 
cinus),  and  4  cows  with  calves  ;  now  none. 
Then  40  sheep  ;  now  30.  Then  16  swine  ; 
now  7.  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings ; 
now  50.  And  a  certain  free  man  held  half 
a  hide,  which  R[obert]  has  taken  possession 
of  (invasit) ;  Godfrey  now  (holds  it)  (of  him) ; 
then  and  afterwards  half  a  plough  (was 
there)  ;  now  none ;  (there  is)  wood(land) 
for  10  swine  ;  it  is  worth  10  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    TENDRINGA    [TENDR1NG] 

FULETUNA  [Foulton  *],  which  was  held  by 
Ednod,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  2j 
hides  and  2O  acres  in  King  Edward's  time, 
is  held  of  R[obert]  by  Girard'.  Then  i 
villein  ;  now  4.  Then  as  now  (temper)  2 
bordars  and  2  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  Then  I  plough  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  none.  (There  are)  3  acres  of 
meadow,  (with)  pasture  for  60  sheep.  Then 

fo.86 

4  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  3.  Then  i  rouncey 
(runcinus)  ;  now  none.  Then  I  o  swine;  now 
20.  Then  40  sheep  ;  now  20.  It  was  then 
worth  50  shillings  ;  and  when  received,  20 
shillings  ;  it  is  now  worth  50  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

PACHESHAM  [Paglesham  3],  which  was  held 
by  a  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide 
and  30  acres,  is  held  of  R[obert]  by  the  same 
G[irard'].  Then  as  now  (temper)  2  bordars 
and  I  plough  on  the  demesne.  It  was  then 
worth  40  shillings  ;  now  5.* 

HUNDRET  OF  TURESTAPLA  [THURSTABLE] 
TOLESHUNTA  [Tolleshunt  (Major)5],  which 

1  This  was  doubtless  his  tenant  at  Smalland 
in  Hatfield  Peverel. 

*  In  Ramsey.  Although  Robert's  share  of 
Foulton  was  about  three  times  as  large  as  that 
of  Suain  of  Essex,  it  was  probably  represented 
by  '  Foulton  Bernes,'  for  this  manor  is  found  held 
of  the  Earls  of  Oxford,  as  was  Doddinghurst,  the 
other  manor  held  of  Robert  by  Girard. 

5  This  manor  has  not  been  identified. 

4  Here,  if  the  figures  are  correct,  is  a  fall  in 
value  to  one-eighth,  with  absolutely  nothing  to 
account  for  it.  There  is  a  gap  between  '  modo ' 
and  'v'  (5)  in  the  MS. 

8  A  corruption  of  Tolleshunt  Manger,  which 
name  was  derived  from  the  tenant  in  the  text. 


was  held  by  Sercar  as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide, 
is  held  of  Rfobert]  by  Mauger  [Malgerus]. 
Then  5  villeins  ;  now  4.  Then  i  bordar  ; 
now  6.  Then  5  serfs  ;  now  2.  Then  and 
afterwards  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now 
I.8  Then  and  afterwards  2  ploughs  belong- 
ing to  the  men  ;  now  i.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  100  swine,  i  acre  of  meadow,  (and) 
pasture  for  60  sheep.  Then  1 5  beasts  (ani- 
malia) ;  now  2  cows  and  i  calf.  Then  50 
sheep  ;  now  25.  Then  I  rouncey  (runcinui) ; 
now  none.  Then  2  hives  of  bees  ;  now 
none.  It  was  then  worth  4  pounds  ;  after- 
wards 3  ;  now  40  shillings. 

And  8  free  men  held  4  hides  and  2  acres, 
and  could  betake  themselves  (ire)  whither  they 
would.7  Robert  took  possession  of  (invasit) 
them  ;  and  now  4  knights  hold  (them)  of 
Robert.  Then  4  serfs  (were  there)  ;  now 
2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  120  swine,  pasture  for  60 
sheep,  (and)  i  saltpan.  It  is  worth  50  shillings. 

XLII.  THE  LAND   OF  WALTER 
THE   DEACON8 

HUNDRET  OF  BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLE] 

In  BURA  [Bowers  (Gifford)9]  Walter  holds 
2  hides  of  the  land  of  Tedric  (Teddrici)  his 
brother,  and  a  certain  knight  holds  (it)  of 
him.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  was 
there,  and  i  serf,  and  30  acres  of  wasted 
(vastatee)  wood(land).10  (There  is)  pasture  for 
60  sheep.  To  this  manor  have  been  added, 
in  King  William's  time,  40  acres  which  were 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  a  free  man  ; 
and  Tedric'  had  them.  And  the  aforesaid 
hides  were  worth  then  40  shillings  ;  and  now 
the  same.  And  the  40  acres  are  worth  8 
shillings  and  4  pence.  On  the  demesne 

fo.  86b 

Walter  received  4  beasts  (animalia) ;  (there 
are)  now  the  same  (number).  Then  2 
rounceys  (runcini)  ;  now  i.  Then  100 
sheep  less  2 "  ;  now  55.  Then  .  .  .  " 
swine;  now  n. 

8  The  words  '  in  dominio '  are  inserted  here 
instead  of  after  '  z  ploughs '  as  they  should  be. 

7  i.e.  choose  their  lord. 

8  His  fief  lay  in  Essex,  Suffolk,  Gloucestershire, 
and  Dorset,  but  its  head  was  in  Essex  (see  Intro- 
duction, pp.  349,  351). 

9  The    identity  of  this   manor  has   not  been 
established. 

10  See  Introduction,  p.  376. 

11  If  reckoned   by   '  the   long   hundred '    this 
would  represent   1 1 8. 

'»  The  MS.  reads « x  .      .  .' 


547 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


HUNDRET  OF  WlTBRICTESHERNA    [DfiNGIE] 

PURLAI  [Purleigh  *],  which  was  held  by 
Lewin  as  a  manor  and  as  3^  hides,  is  held 
by  Walter  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 2  villeins.  (There  is)  now  i  bordar. 
Then  3  serfs  ;  now  I.  Then  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  ;  now  i£.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  60  swine.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  8  beasts  (animalia).  Then  5 
rounceys  (runcini) ;  now  4.  Then  152  sheep; 
now  80.  Then  62  swine  ;  now  47.  (There 
are)  now  23  goats.  It  is  worth  now  as  then 
(semper)  60  shillings. 

EISTANES  [(Little)  Easton "],  which  was 
held  by  Dodinc  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  Walter  in 
demesne.  Then  6  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  4.  Then  5  villeins,  and  i  priest  ;  now 

1  priest,  and   3  villeins.     Then  2    bordars ; 
now    25.     Then    7    serfs  ;    now    i.     Then 
(there  was)  wood(land)  for  800  swine  ;  now 
for  400.     (There  are)  26  acres  of  meadow, 
and   i   mill.     Then  as  now  (semper)  6  cows, 
and  4  calves.     (There  are)  now   15    beasts. 
Then  2  rounceys  (runcini)  ;  now  6.     Then 
80  sheep  ;  now  120.    Then  74  swine  ;  now 
62.     Then  24  goats  ;   now  34.      (There  are) 

2  hives  of  bees.     It  was  then  worth  7  pounds  ; 
now  8. 

PURLEIGH  [Purleigh 3],  which  was  held 
by  Lewin  cilt  4  as  a  manor  and  as  5  hides 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by  Walter  in 
demesne.  Then  10  villeins  ;  now  5.  Then 
i  bordar ;  now  6.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4 
serfs,  and  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  4 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  100  swine  (and)  pasture  for 
100  sheep.  It  was  then  worth  7  pounds  ; 
it  is  now  worth  6  pounds. 

FENNA  [Stow  Maries  ?  5],  which  was  held 
by  a  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is 
held  of  Walter  by  i  knight.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  bordars,  and  i  serf,  and  i  plough. 
And  it  is  worth  50  shillings. 

1  See  note  3  below. 

2  In    Dunmow    Hundred    (see    Introduction, 

P-  393)- 

s  These  holdings  of  Walter  at  Purleigh  certainly 
seem  to  be  represented,  as  Morant  showed,  by  the 
manors  of  Frerne  and  Jakelets  there. 

4  See  p.  541,  note  12.  It  is  probable  that  this 
was  also  the  Leofwine  (Lewin')  who  had  preceded 
him  in  his  other  Purleigh  holding  and  possibly  his 
predecessor  at  '  Colne  '  (see  note  6  below). 

6  See  p.  512. 


HUNDRET  OF  LASSENDENA  [LEXDEN] 

COLUN  [Colne  (Engaine)6],  which  was 
held  by  Lewin  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide 
and  1 3  acres,  is  held  of  Walter  by  I  knight. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  1 2  bordars,  and  2  serfs, 
and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  100  swine,  13  acres  of  meadow,  (and) 
then  as  now  (semper)  i  mill.  Then  6  beasts 
(animalia)  ;  now  2.  Then  2  rounceys  (run- 
cini) ;  now  none.  Then  12  sheep  ;  now  24. 
Then  16  swine  ;  now  14.  (There  are)  now 
13  goats  and  3  hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth 
now  as  then  (semper)  40  shillings. 

fo.  87 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA  [TENDRING] 

WICA  [Wix],  which  was  held  by  Queen 
Edith  (Edeva)  as  a  manor  and  as  4  hides,  is 
held  by  Walter  in  demesne.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  1 4  villeins.  Then  i  8  bordars  ;  now 
28.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  3.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
and  afterwards  12  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  8.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
100  swine,  (and)  8  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
12  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  14.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  rounceys  (runcini).  Then 
IOO  sheep;  now  84.  Then  40  swine;  now 
71.  Then  30  goats  ;  now  34.  Then  7  hives 
of  bees  ;  now  10.  Then  and  afterwards  it 
was  worth  6  pounds  and  10  shillings  ;  it  is 
now  worth  10  pounds.  And  Queen  E[dith] 
gave  this  land  to  Walter  after  the  coming  of 
King  William. 

BRUMLEIA  [(Little)  Bromley],  which  was 
held  by  Queen  E[dith]  as  a  manor  and  as  2 
hides  less  20  acres,  is  held  of  Walter  by  I 
knight.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  villein. 
Then  17  bordars;  now  15.  Then  4  serfs; 
now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne.  Then  among  the  men  (were) 
6  ploughs  ;  now  4.  (There  is)  wood(land) 

6  Morant  made  no  mention  of  this  entry  under 
the  Colnes,  and  Mr.  Chisenhale-Marsh  had  to 
leave  it  unidentified.  It  can,  however,  be  shown 
conclusively  to  relate  to  the  manor  of  Qverhall  in 
Colne  Engaine.  For  Morant  observed  that  '  this 
manor  is  ancient,  and  an  entire  lordship,  not 
holding  of  any  of  the  adjoining  manors  of  Colne 
Engaine,  Wakes,  or  Earls,  but  of  the  manor  of 
Witnesham  with  Cockefelde  in  Suffolk,  paying  a 
peppercorn  yearly  if  demanded'  (ii.  219).  Now 
Witnesham  was  held  in  Domesday  by  Walter  the 
deacon,  and,  moreover,  had  been  previously  held 
by  'Lewin  a  free  man'  (fo.  427^),  who  was 
clearly  identical  with  his  predecessor  at  Colne 
Engaine  (compare  Introduction,  p.  351). 


548 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


for  40  swine  (and)  4  acres  or  meadow.  Then 
9  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  7.  Then  2  roun- 
ceys  (runcini)  ;  now  4.  Then  IOO  sheep  ; 
now  200.  Then  12  swine  ;  now  30. 
(There  are)  now  2  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then 
worth  5  pounds  ;  now  4. 

HUNDRET    OF    UDELESFORDA    [UlTLESFORD] 

CESTREFORT  [(Little)  Chesterford],  which 
was  held  by  Queen  E[dith]  as  a  manor  and 
as  5  hides,  is  held  of  Walter  by  i  knight.1 
Then  as  now  (semper)  10  villeins.  Then  4 
bordars  ;  now  1 6.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  I . 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne,  and  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine, 
8  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now  as  then  (semper) 
i  mill.  Then  2  beasts  (animalia) ;  now  4. 
Then  i  rouncey  (runcinus)  ;  now  none. 
Then  36  sheep  ;  now  43.  Then  1 6  swine  ; 
now  34.  (There  are)  now  23  goats.  It 
was  then  worth  100  shillings ;  now  6 
pounds. 

fo.  «7b 

XLIII.     THE   LAND   OF   ROGER 
BIGOT  * 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORT  [HINCKFORD] 

HIDINGHAM  [(Sibil)  Hedingham],  which 
was  held  by  15  free  men  in  King  Edward's 
time,  is  held  of  R[oger]  by  Garenger  8  as 
25  acres.4  Then  as  now  (semper)  5^  ploughs 
were  there,  and  i  villein,  and  2  serfs.  There 
is  wood(land)  for  70  swine,  (and)  1 1  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ; 
now  4  pounds.  There  also  (in  eadem  villa) 
3  free  men  held  48^  acres  of  land  in  King 
Edward's  time  ;  now  they  are  held  of  R[oger] 
by  the  same  G[arenger].  Then  as  now 
(temper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  2 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men,  and  5  villeins. 
Then  6  serfs  ;  now  4.  Then  (there  was) 
wood(land)  for  2OO  swine;  now  for  160. 

1  The  persistent  repetition  of  this  phrase  ('  I 
miles ')  on  Walter's  fief  is  a  characteristic  freak  of 
the  Domesday  scribe. 

*  A  tenant-in-chief  in  the  three  eastern  counties 
and  ancestor  of  the  Bigots,  Earls  of  Norfolk. 

*  He  was  also   under-tenant   of  that   portion 
which  was  held  by  Roger  'de  Ramis*  (see  p.  543 
above).     In  Suffolk  he  held  a  similar  position  as 
under-tenant  of  both  ;  and   this   led  to  trouble. 
For  Roger  '  de  Raimis '  there  laid  claim  to  all  the 
free  men  that  Warenger  was  holding,  as  in   the 
entry  above,  of  Roger  Bigot,  and   the   Hundred 
Court  could  not  say  which   of  the   Rogers  was 
in  the  right,  '  because  Warenger  was  a  tenant  of 
both'  (fp.  35ob). 

*  This  low  assessment  should  be  noted. 


There  are  24  acres  or  meadow,  (and)  now  i 
mill.  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now 
60.  Of  these  48  acres  the  Hundred  (court) 
does  not  testify  that  Roger  was  seised  of  them 
by  the  king's  act  (de  parte  regis).  These  two 
estates  (terras)  are  held  by  Garenger  ;  and 
Roger  claims  them  ;  but  the  Hundred  (court) 
does  not  testify  in  his  favour  (ted  nee  hundret 
ei  testatur). 

PEBENERS  [Pebmarsh],  which  was  held  by 
3  free  men  in  King  Edward's  time,8  is  held 
of  R[oger]  by  the  same  G[arenger].  Then  as 
now  (semper)  1^  ploughs,  and  I  bordar. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  8  swine,  and  3^ 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  40 
shillings  ;  now  4  pounds. 

OVITUNA  [Ovington],  which  was  held  by 
a  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  30 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
Rfoger]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  2  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.  Then  4  villeins ; 
afterwards  and  now  3.  Then  6  bordars  ; 
afterwards  and  now  5.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per) 2  serfs.  (There  are)  24  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  then  worth  40  shillings ;  now  4 
pounds. 

BELCHAM  [Belchamp  (Otton)8],  which 
was  held  by  6  free  men  as  I  hide  and  38^ 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
R[oger]  by  Robert  de  Vaux  (vals).  Then 
as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  and  afterwards  i  plough  belonging  to 
the  men  ;  now  a  half.  Then  3  villeins  ; 
afterwards  and  now  2.  Then  and  after- 
wards 9  bordars  ;  now  1 2.  Then  4  serfs  ; 
afterwards  and  now  i .  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  30  swine,  (and)  1 5  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  then  worth  60  shillings  ;  now  100. 

HENI  [(Little  ?)  Henny  7],  which  was  held 
by  5  free  men  as  i^  hides  less  4  acres  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  of  R[oger]  by  the 
same  R[obert  de  Vaux].  Then  as  now 

fo.  88 

(semper)  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne.     Then  4 
villeins  ;  afterwards  and  now  i .     Then  and 

8  The  assessment  is  not  mentioned. 

6  i.e.  the  manor  of  Vaux  there,  so  named  from 
the  Domesday  under-tenant  and  his  descendants. 

7  It  is  difficult  to  identify  precisely  the  Domes- 
day   entries    under    Henny  ;    but    Great    Henny 
certainly  belonged  to  Ranulf  Peverel,  and  as  Little 
Henny  is  subsequently  found  in  the  hands  of  the 
De  Veres,  I  imagine  that  it  came  to  them  from 
Bigot. 


549 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


afterwards  2  bordars  ;  now  3.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  serfs.  Then  and  afterwards 
(there  was)  wood(land)  for  30  swine  ;  now 
for  20.  (There  are)  18  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth  40  shil- 
lings ;  now  64. 

WESTUNA  [Weston  *],  which  was  held  by 

4  free  men,  who  were  of  (Earl)  Algar's  soke, 
as    i    hide  and   50   acres  in  King   Edward's 
time,  is  held  (of  Roger)  by  Hugh  de  Hosdenc. 
Then    as    now    (semper)    5    ploughs    on    the 
demesne.     Then  and  afterwards  5   bordars  ; 
now  10.     Then  and  afterwards  9  serfs  ;  now 
4.     (There  is)  wood(land)   for   6   swine,  24 
acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now   i   mill.     Then 
and  afterwards   it  was  worth    60    shillings ; 
now  4  pounds. 

XLIIII.     THE   LAND   OF   ROBERT 
MALET  * 

HUNDRET    OF    HfiDINGFORT    [HlNCKFORD] 

STANESTEDA  [Stansted  (Hall)  3],  which  was 
held  by  Goduin',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and 
as  i  hide  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of 
Robert  by  Hubert.4  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  and  after- 
wards 5  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
4.  Then  10  villeins  ;  afterwards  8  ;  now  4. 
Then  as  now  7  bordars.  Then  7  serfs ; 
now  6.  Then  (there  was)  wood(land)  for 
500  swine  ;  now  for  400.  (There  are)  10 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  (there  was)  i  mill ; 
now  2.  To  this  manor  belong  (adjacet)  \\ 
hides  and  5  2  acres,  which  were  held  by  6  soke- 
men  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  4  ploughs 
(were  there) ;  now  4^.  Then  and  afterwards 
6  bordars  ;  now  24.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  I. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine,  (and)  16 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  1 6  beasts  (animalia), 

5  rounceys  (runcini),  60  sheep,  50  goats,  40 
swine,    (and)    10    hives   of    bees;    now    10 
beasts,  50  sheep,  26  goats,  40  swine,  (and)  8 
hives  of  bees.     It  was  then  worth  6  pounds  ; 
now   9.®     And    (there    is)   I   sokeman,    who 
could  not  withdraw   himself  from   the   land 
(recedere  a  terra),  holding  I  o  acres  ;  and  (this) 
is  worth  2  shillings. 

1  Alias  Westons,  a  manor  in  Foxearth  and 
Listen. 

8  Lord  of  the  great  fief  afterwards  known  as  the 
Honour  of  Eye. 

3  A  manor  in  Halstead. 

*  This  was  Hubert  de  Monchensy,  who  held 
of  him  several  manors  in  Suffolk,  including 
Edwardstone,  which  he  made  his  chief  seat. 

6  Their  number  is  not  mentioned. 

6  See  the  closing  lines  of  '  Parva  Colun  '  in  the 
text  (p.  551,  col.  *)• 


GoiDiNGHAM,7  which  was  held  by  a  free 
man,  Goduin',  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  R[obert]  by 
the  same  Hubert.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  afterwards  and  now  2.  Then  as 

fo.  88b 

now  (semper)  6  villeins,  and  5  bordars.  Then 
and  afterwards  6  serfs ;  now  2.  Then  as 
now  (semper  8)  1 6  acres  of  meadow.  To  this 
manor  there  used  to  belong  (adjacebani)  4 
sokemen  with  (de)  17  acres  and  i  acre  of 
meadow.  Then  10  beasts  (animalia)  and  2 
rounceys  (runcini),  50  sheep  (and)  40 
swine  (?)9;  now  12  beasts,  I  rouncey,  260 
sheep,  65  swine,  (and)  5  hives  of  bees.  It 
was  then  worth  60  shillings  ;  now  6  pounds. 

HUNDRET  OF  LASSENDENA  [LEXDEN] 

COLUN  [(Wakes)  Colne  10],  which  was  held 
by  Assorin  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  30 
acres,  is  held  by  R[obert]  in  demesne.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  7  villeins,  and  15  bordars. 
Then  4  serfs  ;  now  3.  And  then  as  now 
(semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
among  the  men  (were)  5  ploughs  ;  now  4. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  400  swine,  i  mill 
now  as  then  (semper),  (and)  1 3  acres  of  mea- 
dow. Then  1 2  beasts  (animalia),  3  rounceys 
(runcini),  60  swine,  40  goats,  (and)  20  sheep  ; 
now  6  beasts,  20  swine,  30  sheep,  (and)  3 
hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth  now  as  then 
(semper)  6  pounds.  And  there  was  then  i 
sokeman  who  held  freely  (libere)  I  virgate  ; 
Robert  has  (it)  now  ;  then  as  now  (semper) 
half  a  plough  was  there  ;  it  was  then  worth 
8  shillings  ;  now  7. 

PARVA  COLUN  [Colne  (Engaine)],  which 
was  held  by  Goduin'  as  a  manor  and  as  I 
hide  and  i  virgate,  is  held  of  R[obert]  by 
Walter.11  Then  8  bordars;  now  17.  Then 
4  serfs  ;  now  I.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 

7  A  manor  in  Bulmer. 

8  In  other  cases  it  is  taken  for  granted  that  the 
meadow  land  is  unchanged. 

»  «xl.  cap'orc"  in  MS. 

10  This     identification   is     clearly    proved,    as 
Morant  showed,  by  the  entry  in  the  Red  Book  of 
the   Exchequer   (p.    504)  :    '  Comes  Wintoniae    ij 
feoda  in  Columb  de  honore  de  Eye.'     From  this 
Saer  de  Quenci,  Earl  of  Winchester  (whence   the 
names  'Colne   Saer'  and   'Colne   Quincy '),  the 
manor  descended  to  the  Wakes.     So  late  as   1428 
its  church  was  returned  as  that  of '  Colne  Quincy ' 
(Feudal  Aids,  ii.  193). 

11  This  was  Walter  de  Caen,  who  held  largely 
under   Robert    in   Norfolk   and    Suffolk    (see    my 
paper   on   '  The   Manor   of  Colne    Engaine '    in 
Essex  Arch.  Tram,  [n.s.]  viii.  192-8). 


550 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


30  swine,  (and)  1 1  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  I 
mill.  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now 
60  ;  and  (this)  is  (included)  in  the  valuation 
of  Stansteda  [Stansted  in  Halstead],  (that  is) 
in  (the)  9  pounds.1 

XLV.     THE   LAND   OF   WILLIAM 
DE   SCOHIES* 

HUNDRET    OF    ANGRA    [ONGAR] 

MORTUNA  [Moreton],  which  was  held  by 
Sexi'  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  20  acres, 
is  held  by  William  in  demesne.*  Then  4 
villeins;  now  3.  Then  as  now  (semper)  16 
bordars.  Then  6  serfs  ;  now  4.  Then 
and  afterwards  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  2.  Then  and  afterwards  2  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  i^.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  400  swine,  (and)  20  acres  of 
meadow.  Then  *  rounceys  (runcini)  ;  now 
4.  Then  8  cows  and  6  calves ;  now  1 1  beasts 
(animalia).6  (There  are)  now  36  sheep.  Then 
60  swine;  now  14.  Then  30  goats;  now 
60.  It  was  then  worth  8  pounds  ;  now  10. 
And  I  free  man  held  43^  acres  ;  now  Wil- 
liam has  annexed  them  (invasit)  ;  and  (the 
man)  did  not  belong  to  this  manor  ;  Ralf 
holds  (this)  of  William  (de  eo)  ;  then  as  now 
(semper)  i  villein  (was  there),  and  2  bordars, 
and  i  serf,  and  I  plough  on  the  demesne,  and 

fo.  89 

half  a  plough  belonging  to  the  men  ;  it  is 
worth  now  as  then  (semper)  20  shillings,  but 
hitherto  (William)  has  had  30  shillings.6 

XLVI.  THE   LAND   OF   ROGER   OF 
POITOU   [PICTAVENSIS]  7 

HUNDRET  OF  LESSENDENA  [LEXDEN] 

BURA  [(Mount)  Bures]  was  held  by  Ulmer 
as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide.  Now  R[oger] 
holds  it  for  as  much  (pro  tantundem).  Then 
6  villeins  ;  and  the  same  when  (he)  received  * 
(it) ;  now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  9  bor- 
dars. Then  and  afterwards 8  6  serfs  ;  now 

*  See  p.  550,  note  6,  above. 

*  A  tenant-in-  chief  in  the  three  eastern  coun- 
ties, in  Dorset,  and  on  the  Welsh  border. 

8  It  was  he  who  gave  the  church  of  Moreton 
to  the  Abbey  of  St.  Stephen,  Caen. 

*  The  number  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 

5  Here  again  animaKa  seems  to  be  used  to  de- 
note or  to  include  cows. 

6  Compare  the  cases  in  Introduction,  pp.  363-4. 

7  A   younger  son    of  Roger  de    Montgomeri, 
Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  and  holder,  like  his  father,  of 
a  vast  fief. 

8  This  is  a  good  instance  of  thc/brmu/<r  '  quando 
recepit  *    and  '  post '    being   used    indifferently   to 


4.  Then  and  afterwards  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  2.  Then  and  afterwards  3 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men ;  now  i|. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  300  swine,  12 
acres  of  meadow,  and  now  as  then  (semper) 
i  mill.  And  further  (adhuc)  there  belong 
now  as  then  (semper)  3  villeins  and  2  bordars 
who  have  I  plough.9  (There  were)  then  2 
rounceys  (runcini),  14  beasts  (animalia),  80 
sheep,  28  swine,  (and)  26  goats ;  now  7 
beasts,  54  sheep,  (and)  6  swine.  It  was  then 
worth  7  pounds ;  now  1 1  ;  and  when  re- 
ceived, the  same.10  And  8  free  men  held 
half  a  hide  and  30  acres  ;  then  as  now  (semper) 
3  ploughs  (were  there),  and  (there  are)  3 
acres  of  meadow,  (with)  wood(land)  for  30 
swine  ;  this  is  appraised  above.11 

BERCOLT  [(West)  Bergholt]  was  held  by 
Lewin  Croc  ls  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and 
25  acres.  Now  Roger  holds  it  similarly 
(simi/iter  ls).  Then  7  villeins  ;  afterwards  and 
now  5.  Then  5  bordars ;  and  when  (he) 
received  (it)  7  ;  now  5.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  serfs.  Then  and  afterwards  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne ;  now  i .  Then 
and  afterwards  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  I.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  300 
swine,  8  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now  as  then 
(semper)  i  mill.  To  this  manor  belongs  a 
detached  estate  (i  terewita)  which  is  called 
BRADEFELDA  u  [Bradfield  ?]  (and  is  held)  as 

denote  the  intervening  date  between  1066  and 
1086. 

9  This  is  an  abnormal  clause. 

10  i.e.  1 1  pounds. 

11  i.e.  the  value  of  this  holding  is  included  in 
that  of  the  whole  manor. 

18  As  Lefwin'  (i.e.  Lcofwine)  Croc  he  had 
similarly  preceded  Roger  in  possession  of  the 
manor  of  Buxhall,  Suffolk  (fo.  350),  of  which  an 
intervening  holder  was  Girald',  that  is  to  say,  the 
'  Reimund  Girald '  who  had  similarly  been  the 
intervening  holder,  I  have  suggested  (p.  354  above), 
in  Essex. 

13  This  is  the  equivalent  of  '  pro  tantundem  ' 
in  the  entry  of  the  manor  preceding. 

14  This  is  a  very  difficult  passage.     It  will  be 
seen  on  the  next  page  that  Bradfield  in  Tendring 
Hundred  was  and  had  been  held  by  the  same  lord, 
but  it  seems  improbable  that  part  of  this  distant 
parish  should   be  entered  as  a  mere  berewite  of 
Bergholt,  and   then    another   part    entered   under 
Bradfield  itself.    Moreover  the  local  pronunciation 
of  Bergholt  as  '  Barfel '  or  '  Barfold '  may  preserve 
the  memory  of  a  lost  place-name.     On  the  other 
hand  it  will  be  observed  that  the  spelling  of  the 
name  '  Bradefelda  '  is  alike  in  both  entries. 

Lastly,  '  Bradefelde '  is  the  name  of  a  '  terra '  in 
Fordham  or  Bergholt  mentioned  in  the  cartulary 
of  St.  John's,  Colchester  (pp.  178,  279,  469),  but 
hardly  as  a  separate  estate. 


551 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


half  a  hide  and  30  acres  ;  then  and  after- 
wards i  plough  (was  there)  ;  now  none. 
Roger  there  received  in  the  demesne  i 
rouncey  (runcinum),  and  14  beasts  (animalia), 
and  48  sheep,1  and  roo  sheep,1  and  6  swine, 
(and)  32  goats  ;  now  (there  are)  4  beasts,  80 
sheep,  (and)  1 1  swine.  It  was  then  worth 
6  pounds  ;  and  when  received,  7  ;  it  is  now 
worth  60  shillings.  And  7  free  men  held 
half  a  hide  and  1 1  £  acres  ;  then  and  after- 
wards 2  ploughs  (were  there)  ;  now  i  ;  (there 
are)  2  acres  of  meadow  ;  and  (this)  is  valued 
in  the  abovesaid  pounds.8 

HUNDRET    OF    TENDRINGA 

In  BRADEFELDA  [Bradfield 3]  Lewin  held 
half  a  hide  and  15  acres.  Then  i  bordar 
(was  there),  and  i  serf;  now  none.  Then 
and  afterwards  i  plough ;  now  none.  It 
was  then  worth  40  shillings ;  and  when  re- 

Co.Sgb 

ceived,  30  shillings  ;  it  is  now  worth  5   shil- 
lings. 

XLVII.   THE   LAND   OF   HUGH   DE 
GURNAI  * 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGAFORDA  [HINCKFORD] 

LISTUNA  [Listen],  which  was  held  by  a 
free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  and 
30  acres,  is  held  (of  Hugh)  by  Geoffrey 
Talebot.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  i  plough  belonging  to 
the  men.  Then  and  afterwards  6  bordars ; 
now  5.  Then  and  afterwards  3  serfs  ;  now 
none.  (There  are)  30  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  half  a  mill.  Then  3  cows  with  calves, 
12  sheep,  (and)  7  swine  ;  now  3  cows  with 
calves,  22  sheep,  (and)  8  hives  of  bees.  It 
is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  68  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA  [TENDRING] 

ERLEIA  [Ardleigh6]  was  held  by  Osbert 
as  a  manor  and  as  2^  hides.  Now  Agnes 

1  This  is  a  literal  translation,  but  the  double 
entry  is  hard  to  understand,  unless  it  is  due  to  the 
use  of  '  the  long  hundred  '  and  implies  a  total  of 
168. 

2  i.e.  its  value  is  included  in  the  total  sum  given 
just  before. 

3  This  manor  in  Bradfield  has  not  been  identi- 
fied (compare  p.  551,  note  14). 

4  In  Wace's  Roman  de  Rou  we  read,  of  the  Con- 
queror's followers : — 

'  I  vint  li  viel  Hue  de  Gornai 
Ensemble  o  li  sa  gent  de  Brai." 

6  This  manor  has  not  been  satisfactorily  iden- 
tified. Morant  made  it  Bovills  in  Ardleigh, 
apparently  because  he  had  accounted  for  the 


holds  (it  of  Hugh).  Then  16  villeins  ;  after- 
wards and  now  7.  Then  4  bordars  ;  now 
none.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  among  the  men  8  ploughs  ;  and  when 
(he)  received  (it),  6  ;  now  3.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  40  swine,  3  acres  of  meadow, 
and  (now)  2  mills.  Then  30  sheep  (and)  5 
swine  ;  now  44  sheep,  8  swine,  7  beasts  (ani- 
malia\  10  goats,  (and)  3  hives  of  bees.  It 
was  then  worth  6  pounds  ;  afterwards  and 
now  4. 

HUNDRET  OF  LASSENDENA  [LEXDEN] 

FORHAM  [Fordham],  which  was  held  by 
Esbern  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is  held  of 
Hugh  by  Geoffrey .6  Then  10  villeins  ;  now 
7.  Then  5  bordars;  now  n.  Then  5 
serfs ;  now  4.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  5  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  3.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  i  oo  swine,  1 2  acres  of  meadow, 
and  now  as  then  (semper)  i  mill.  Then  2 
rounceys  (runcini),  and  3  cows  with  calves, 
60  sheep,  12  goats,  8  swine,  (and)  10  hives 
of  bees  ;  now  2  rounceys,  8  beasts  (animalia), 
80  sheep,  25  goats,  10  swine,  (and)  6  hives 
of  bees.  And  3  free  men  held  13  acres ; 
then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough  (was  there). 
It  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  7  pounds. 
And  Roger  of  Poitou  (Ptctavensis)  took  away 
IO  acres  from  this  manor,  as  the  Hundret 
(court)  says.7 

fo.  go 

XLVIII.    THE   LAND   OF   WILLIAM 
PEVEREL   [PIPERELLI] 

TORINDUNA  [(East  T)horndon 8],  which 
was  held  by  Ailmar',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor 
and  as  i£  hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is 
held  of  William  by  Drogo.  Now  there  are 
3^  hides  and  21  acres.9  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  3. 
Then  i  villein  ;  now  none  (nan).  Then  4 

other  manors  there ;  but  Bovills,  according  to 
him,  was  held  of  the  Honour  of  Clare.  It  is 
difficult  to  see  what  this  manor  was  unless  it  was 
Bovills,  but  there  is  nothing  to  show  if  or  how  it 
came  into  the  hands  of  the  Clares. 

6  Probably  Geoffrey  Talbot,   his  under-tenant 
at  Liston. 

7  Roger  held  the  adjoining  manors  of  Mount 
Bures  and  West  Bergholt. 

8  i.e.  the  manor  of  Abbots   there   (see   Intro- 
duction, p.  399). 

9  This  is  a  curious  and  abnormal  clause,  which 
appears  to  be  connected  with  the  sokemen's  hold- 
ing lower  down  in  the  entry. 


552 


THE    HOLDERS  OF   LANDS 


bordars ;  now  n.  Then  3  sens;  now  2. 
Then  i  cow,  60  sheep,  (and)  1 1  swine  ;  now 
5  cows,  15  swine,  (and)  60  sheep.  Then 
4  sokemen,  and  now  the  same  (simi/iter),  hold- 
ing 2i  hides  and  2 1  acres  of  the  same  land  ; 
and  56  acres  have  been  taken  thence.1 
(There  is)  wood(land)  now  as  then  (semper) 
for  100  swine,  (and)  pasture  for  60  sheep. 
It  was  then  worth  60  shillings;  now  100. 

HUNDRET    OF    CEFFEURDA    [CHAFFORD] 

TURRUC  [(Grays)  Thurrock  *],  which  was 
held  by  Ailmar'  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides 
and  42  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held 
by  W[illiam]  in  demesne.  Then  2  villeins  ; 
now  3.  Then  II  bordars;  now  18.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  Then  4  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  5.  (There  is)  pasture  for  100 
sheep,  (and)  now  as  then  i  fishery.  Then  2 
villeins  (vi//[ani]),a  58  sheep,  i  rouncey  (run- 
cinus) ;  now  5  cows,  4  calves,  85  sheep,  (and) 
8  swine.  It  was  then  worth  6  pounds ;  and 
when  received,  (the  same)  ;  now  12  pounds 
and  an  ounce  of  gold.  To  this  manor  there 
belonged  (In  hoc  manerio  jacebant)  in  King 
Edward's  time  9  sokemen  holding  3  hides  ; 
now  there  are  5  sokemen,  and  they  hold  i^ 
hides  ;  and  Gilbert,  a  man  of  the  Bishop  of 
Bayeux,  holds  i$  hides  less  10  acres,  and  the 
Hundret  (court)  knows  not  how  * ;  2O  acres 
also,  which  used  to  belong  to  this  manor 
(jacebant  in  hoc  manerio)  in  King  Edward's  time, 
are  held  by  Anschetil,  a  man  of  the  Bishop 
of  London,  and  the  Hundret  (court),  simi- 
larly, knows  not  (how).6 

XLIX.  THE   LAND  OF   RALF  DE 
LIMESI  (LIMESEIO) 

BRANDUNA   [Brundon 6],  which  was  held 

1  It  is  not  clear  whether  this  clause  refers  to 
the  holding  of  the  sokemen  or  to  the  whole  manor. 
The  latter,  perhaps,  is  the  more  probable. 

*  See  Introduction,  p.  388. 

*  This  is  clearly  a  scribal  error,  for  the  clause 
relates  to  live  stock.     The  scribe  seems  to  have 
repeated  the  '  then  z  villeins '  from  above. 

4  On  reference  to  p.  458  above  we  see  that  this 
Gilbert  is  entered  as  having  held  a  hide  and  a  half  in 
Stifford  of  the  bishop,  although  at  the  time  of  the 
Survey  he  had  been  succeeded   by  (Ralf)    son  of 
Turold.      The  entry  adds    that   this   hide    (tie), 
'except    10    acres,'    had    belonged    to   William 
Peverel's  manor  of  Thurrock   in   King   Edward's 
time. 

5  On  page  458  also  this  Anschetil  is  entered  as 
holding  at  Thurrock  of  the  Bishop  of  Bayeui,  but 
he  also  held  there  of  the  Bishop  of  London  (p.  440). 

*  In  Hinckford  Hundred. 


by  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's  time,  as  a 
manor  and  as  2£  hides  less  15  acres,  is  held 
by  Ralf  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  3  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men,  and  7  villeins,  and  7 

fo.  gob 

bordars,  and  4  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  10  swine,  32  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  i 
mill.  It  was  then  worth  4  pounds  ;  after- 
wards and  now  6.  To  this  manor  Harduin' 7 
added,  in  King  William's  time,  20  acres  ; 
then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough  (was  there) ; 
(there  is)  now  I  bordar ;  (there  was)  then 
wood(land)  for  20  swine  ;  now  for  6  ;  it  is 
valued  above.8 

In  NIUETUNA  9  [  ]  belongs  (jacet) 

I  sokeman,  who  has  half  a  plough  now  as 
then  (semper) ;  and  (this)  is  worth  3  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  ANGRA  [ONGAR] 

CINGHE  WELLA  [Chigwell 10],  which  was 
held  by  Harold  of  King  Edward  as  a  manor 
and  as  7  hides,  is  held  by  R[alf]  in  demesne.11 
Then  as  now  (semper)  19  villeins,  and  2 
bordars,  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  16  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ; 
now  II.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  800 
swine,  31  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now  as 
then  (semper)  i  mill.  It  was  then  worth  8 
pounds  ;  now  I O.  And  6  free  men  dwelt 
in  2  hides  and  15  acres;  Robert  Gernon 
(Greno)  has  them  now  by  the  King's  gift,  as 
he  says  ; lf  and  they  then  had  3  ploughs ; 
now  2  ;  wood(land  is  there)  for  40  swine, 
and  8  acres  of  meadow  ;  I  mill  (was  there) 
then  ;  now  none  ;  (this)  is  worth  40  shil- 
lings now  as  then  (semper).  And  a  certain 
free  man  holds  and  held  30  acres  ;  Peter  the 

7  Not,  as  Morant  assumed,  Hardwin  de  Sealers, 
but,  probably,  the   Hardwin   who  had   preceded 
William   de  Scohies  in  the  possession  of  certain 
lands  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  in  which  counties  he 
is  charged  with  similar  action.     It  would  appear 
by  an  entry  on  fo.  383  that  he  had  lost  his  land 
by  forfeiture. 

8  i.e.  the  value  of  this  holding  is  comprised  in 
that  which  has  been  given  for  the  whole  manor. 

9  This  small  holding  has  not  been  identified. 

10  The  manor  of  Chigwell  Hall. 

11  For  his  similar  succession  to  Harold  at  Am- 
well,    Herts,  see  the  Introduction,  p.   338.      It 
should  be  observed  that  Harold  is  here  described 
as  holding  '  of  King  Edward,'  but  this  does  not 
affect   the  conclusion  enunciated  on   pp.   336-7 
above. 

18  Yet  they  are  not  mentioned  in  the  entry  of 
his  holding  in  that  Hundred  on  p.  518  above. 


553 


70 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


sheriff  has  him  now  ; x  then  i  plough  (was 
there)  ;  now  a  half ;  (there  is)  wood(land)  for 
30  swine,  (and)  2  acres  of  meadow  ;  it  is 
worth  5  shillings  ;  Peter  had  livery  (libera- 
torem)  of  this  land  with  (the  rest  of)  his  fief. 

In  the  abovesaid  manor  of  BRUMDUNA 
[Brundon]  R[alf]  received  3  beasts  (anima/ia), 
15  sheep,  15  swine,  (and)  i  rouncey  (run- 
cinum) ;  (there  are)  now  6  beasts,  24  sheep, 
1 8  swine,  and  i  rouncey.  And  in  CINGHE- 
WELLA  [Chigwell]  he  received  6  beasts,  and 
17  sheep,  and  1 1  swine  ;  (there  are)  now  10 
beasts,  60  sheep,  and  20  swine.  Ralf  de 
Limesi  (Limeseio)  holds  6  acres  of  the  King's 
soke,  but  his  predecessor  annexed  them  (in- 
vast t). 

L.  THE   LAND   OF   ROBERT   DE 
TOESNI   [TODENEIO]8 

HUNDRET    OF    UDELESFORT    [UTTLESFORD] 

CESEWIC  [Cheswick  (Hall) 3]  was  held,  in 
King  Edward's  time,  by  i  free  man  as  a 
manor  and  as  i^  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
i  plough  on  the  demesne,  and  2  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men.  Then  and  afterwards 
4  villeins ;  now  3.  (There  are)  now  2 
bordars.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  100 
swine,  (and)  4  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth 
40  shillings. 

fo.  91 

LI.  THE   LAND   OF   RALF   DE 
TOESNI    [TODENEIO]4 

HUNDRET  OF  HERLAUA  [HARLOW] 
OUESHAM  [Housham  (Hall)6]  is  held  of 
R[alf]  by  Roger  (as)  half  a  hide  which  was 
held  by  Etmar.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
plough.  It  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ; 
now  15. 

LAGHEFARA  [(Magdalen  ?)  Laver  6],  which 

1  No  reference  to  this  holding  can  be  detected 
in  the  account  of  Peter  de  Valognes's  fief. 

3  The  lord  of  the  great  Belvoir  fief.     His  name 
was  derived  from  Toesni  (Tosny)  in  Normandy. 

»  A  manor  in  Chreshall. 

4  The  head  of  his  barony  was  at  Flamstead, 
Herts,  and  the  origin  of  his  name  was  the  same 
as  Robert's. 

6  A  manor  (formerly  a  hamlet)  in  Matching. 

6  All  the  Lavers  were  in  Ongar  (not  Harlow) 
Hundred.  Morant  probably  assigned  this  Hun- 
dred to  Magdalen  Laver  because  the  other  Laver 
entries  clearly  refer  to  High  and  Little  Laver. 
This  is  a  sound  conclusion,  but  the  manor  is  not 
found,  it  would  seem,  in  the  hands  of  Ralf's  heirs. 


was  held  by  Sexi'  7  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide, 
is  held  of  R[alf]  by  Roger.  Then  4  villeins  ; 
now  3.  (There  are)  now  7  bordars.  Then 
4  serfs  ;  now  3.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne;  now  I.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  30  swine,  (and)  16  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  13  swine,  and  60 
sheep,  and  4  cows.  It  is  worth  now  as  then 
(semper)  70  shillings. 

LII.    THE   LAND   OF   WALTER   DE 
DOAI8 

HUNDRET  OF  CEFFEURDA  [CHAFFORD] 
UPMUNSTRE  [Upminster 9],  which  was 
held  by  Suen'  suart  as  a  manor  and  as  6£ 
hides  and  30  acres,  is  held  by  Walter  in 
demesne.  Then  as  now  (semper)  8  villeins. 
Then  5  bordars  ;  now  7.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  4  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne. Then  5  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  4.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
20O  swine  (and)  8  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
I  colt  (pullus)  ;  now  none.  (There  are)  now 
85  sheep  (oves)  and  25  sheep  (oves).  It  was 
then  worth  7  pounds  ;  now  8.  And  there 
belonged  to  (jacuerunt  in)  this  manor  10 
acres  which  are  held  by  Geoffrey  de  '  Mag- 
navilla '  in  exchange  (in  suo  escangw),  as  he  says. 

REINEHAM  [Rainham 10],  which  was  held 
by  Lefstan'  the  reeve  as  a  manor  and  as  8 
hides,  is  held  by  Walter  in  demesne.  Then 
3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  2.  Then 
6  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men ;  now  5- 
Then  as  now  (semper)  12  villeins.  Then  2 
bordars  ;  now  9.  Then  5  serfs ;  now  4. 
(There  are)  105  sheep,  20  swine,  I  rouncey 
(runcinus).  It  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper) 
10  pounds.  To  this  manor  has  been  added 
half  a  hide,  which  used  to  be  held  by  3  free 
men  in  King  Edward's  time ;  and,  after  King 
William  came,  Walter  added  them  to  his 
manor  to  which  they  did  not  belong  in  King 
Edward's  time,  as  the  county  court  (consulates) 
testifies ;  and  they  then  had  i  plough  ;  now 
a  half;  and  when  (Walter)  received  (this), 
a  half;  (this)  is  worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGE 
HOLANDA  "  [Holland]  was  held  by  Lestan' 

7  This   was   probably   the   '  Sexi,   housecarl   of 
King  Edward,'  who  had  preceded  Ralf  at  West- 
mill,  Herts. 

8  See  Introduction,  p.  350. 

9  i.e.  the  manor  of  Gaines  there. 

10  The  identity  of  this  manor  there  is  uncertain. 

11  It  is  not  clear  in  which  of  the  Hollands,  or 
where,  this  manor  lay. 


554 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


as  6£  hides.  Then  as  now  (temper}  \  7  villeins. 
Then  and  afterwards  10  bordars  ;  now  n. 

fo.  gib 

Then  and  afterwards  5  serfs  ;  now  3.  Then 
and  afterwards  4  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now 
3.  Then  and  afterwards  1 1  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  8.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  I  oo  swine,  (and)  1 4  acres  of  meadow.  It 
is  worth  now  as  then  (semper]  14  pounds. 

LIII.   THE  LAND  OF  MATHEW  OF 
MORTAGNE  (MAURITANIENSIS) 

HUNDRET   OF    DoMMAWA    [DuNMOW] 

ESTANES  [(Great)  Easton],  which  was  held 
by  Achi',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  5 
hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
M[athew  *]  in  demesne.  Then  5  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  ;  and  when  (he)  received  (it),  4  ; 
now  3.  Then  10  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men ;  now  7.  Then  1 1  villeins,  and  I 
priest ;  now  1 5  villeins,  and  i  priest.  Then 
10  bordars  ;  now  16.  Then  10  serfs  ;  now 
9.  (There  was)  wood(land)  then  for  200 
swine;  now  for  150.  (There  are)  67  acres 
of  meadow,*  (and)  now  as  then  (semper)  i  mill, 
and  i  rounccy  (runcinus),  and  8  beasts  (ani- 
ma/ia), and  120  swine,  and  60  sheep,  and  10 
goats,  and  3  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then  worth 
i  o  pounds ;  and  when  received,  the  same ;  it 
is  now  worth  15  pounds.* 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 

GINGA  [(Margarett)ing  *],  which  was  held 
by  Anschil  as  a  manor  and  as  5  hides,  is  held 
by  Mfathew 6].  Then  as  now  7  villeins, 
and  8  bordars,  and  4  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne,  and  3  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  300  swine, 
and  (there  are)  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  5  beasts 

1  The  initial  '  M '  here  and  in  the  next  entry 
is  the  symbol  normally  employed  to  denote 
'M(anor).' 

1  This  is  a  large  proportion  of  meadow,  but 
the  adjoining  manor  of  Tiltey,  though  smaller, 
had  50  of  meadow  and  '  marsh,'  and  the  great 
parish  ofThaxted  to  their  north  about  160,  the 
valley  of  the  Chelmer  being  thus  well  marked. 

8  Here  is  an  increase  in  value  from  10  pounds 
to  i  5  pounds  concurrent  with  a  decrease  in  ploughs 
from  i  5  to  i  o  and  of  2  5  per  cent  in  the  woodland, 
while  the  live  »tock  remained  stationary  ! 

1  This  identification  is  supported  by  the  fact 
that  Margaretting,  like  Great  Easton  and  manors 
of  his  in  other  counties,  was  subsequently  granted 
out  to  be  held  by  scrjcanty. 

*  See  note  I  above. 


(anima/ia),  2O  swine,  (and)  30  sheep.     It  was 
then  worth  (100  ?  6)  shillings  ;  now  6  pounds. 

LIIII.   THE   LAND   OF  THE  COUN- 
TESS OF  AUMALE  (ALBEMARLA) 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORT  [HINCKFORD] 

BARLEA  [Borley],  which  was  held  by 
Lewin',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  2 
hides  and  30  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is 
held  in  demesne  (by  the  countess).  Then  3 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  afterwards  and  now 
2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5  ploughs  belong- 
ing to  the  men,  and  10  villeins,  and  5  bor- 
dars. (There  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine, 
(and)  40  acres  of  meadow.  And  (there  are) 
7  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  25  sheep,  and  24 
goats,  28  swine,  and  2  hives  of  bees.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  8  pounds ; 
now  12. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA 

SCIDDINCHOU  [Manningtree 7],  which  was 
held  by  Alvric  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides,  is 
held  in  demesne  (by  the  countess).  Then  as 

fo.  <jft 

now  (semper)  1 5  bordars.  Then  4  serfs ; 
afterwards  and  now  i.  Then  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne  ;  afterwards  and  now  i.  Then 
4  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  afterwards 
and  now  2  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  40 
swine,  (and)  6  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
(there  was)  I  mill,  and  I  fishery  ;  now  none. 
There  is  pasture  for  40  sheep.  Then  3 
cows,  3  calves,  40  sheep,  2  rounceys  (run- 
cini),  30  swine ;  now  I  rouncey,  3  beasts 
(anima/ia),  48  sheep.  It  is  worth  now  as  then 
(semper)  60  shillings. 

LV.   THE  LAND  OF  COUNTESS 
JUDITH  8 

HUNDRET  OF  BEVENTREU  [BECONTREE] 

WILCUMESTOU  [Walthamstow]  was  held 
by  Earl  Waltheof  (Wallef)  in  King  Edward's 
time  as  a  manor  and  as  io£  hides.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
Then  1 5  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 

6  The  figure  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 

7  The  descent  of  the  manor  renders  certain  this 
identification,  which,  indeed,  was  fully  recognized 
by  Morant  (i.  461),  though  he  oddly  spoke  on  the 
opposite  page   of  'Mistley  Hall  or  Sciddinghou 
Hall.'     The  manors  of  Mistley  ('  Mitteslea  ')  and 
Manningtree  ('  Sciddinghou  ')  were  distinct  from 
the  first. 

8  Niece  of  the  Conqueror. 

9  Her  late  husband. 


555 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


22.  Then  25  villeins  ;  now  36.  Then  I 
bordar  ;  now  25.  Then  as  now  (semper)  4 
serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  300  swine, 
80  acres  of  meadow,  pasture  worth  (de)  8 
shillings,  and  now  as  then  (semper)  i  mill. 
Then  6  fisheries  ;  now  i.  (There  are)  now 
8  beasts  (animalia),  I  rouncey  (rundnus),  35 
swine,  60  sheep,  and  20  goats.  It  was  th«n 
worth  15  pounds;  now  28  pounds  and  2 
ounces  of  gold. 

LVI.  THE  LAND  OF  FRODO 
BROTHER  OF  THE  ABBOT1 

REDEWINTRA  [Radwinter],  which  was  held 
by  Orgar  as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide  and  i 
virgate,  is  held  by  F[rodo]  in  demesne.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  15  villeins,  and  6  bordars, 
and  3  (serfs  ? 2),  and  3  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne, and  6  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  and  30 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  10  beasts  (animalia}, 
60  sheep,  50  swine,  25  goats,  (and)  I  hive  of 
bees;  now  18  beasts,  140  sheep,  37  swine, 
30  goats,  and  4  hives  of  bees.  It  was  then 
worth  8  pounds;  now  15.  Of  this  manor 
Alger'  holds  of  Frodo  30  acres,  and  (this)  is 
worth  10  shillings  in  the  above  valuation 
(pretio). 

fo.  92  b 

LVII.   THE  LAND  OF  SASSELINUS 8 

HUNDRET    OF    BERDESTAPLA    [BARSTABLE] 

STANTMERE  [  4]  and  WINTHELLE 

[  *],  which  are  held  by  S[asselinus], 

were  held  by  Alric'  and  Ulwin'  as  a  manor 
and  as  2  hides  and  30  acres.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  2 
oxen  6  (boves)  belonging  to  the  men.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  40  swine.  (There  were) 
then  I  rouncey  (runcinus),  and  7  swine,  and 

1  i.e.  of  Baldwin  abbot  of  St.  Edmund's. 
*  The  word  is  omitted  in  the  MS. 

3  A  tenant-in-chief,  as  '  Saisselinus,'  in  Suffolk. 
As  the  descent  of  his   fief  cannot   be  traced,  the 
identification  of  its  manors  is  difficult. 

4  Both  these  names  appear  to  be  now  lost,  but 
there  can   be   little   doubt   that  '  Winthelle '   was 
identical    with    '  la    Windhill,'    which    occurs    in 
connexion  with  Ramsden  and  Downham  in  a  fine 
of  4  John  (1202-3)  ar>d  wi'h  '  Windhull '  which 
appears  in  one  of  the  preceding  year  (Feet  of  Fines 

for  Essex,  i.  24,  25),  and  finally  with  '  16  messu- 
ages called  Wyndellond '  held  in  Ramsden  Grays 
by  Sir  Thomas  Tyrrell  at  his  death  in  1476. 
Morant  placed  the  manors  (one  cannot  tell  for 
what  reason)  in  Stanford-le-Hope. 
6  i.e.  a  quarter  of  a  plough-team. 


15  sheep  ;  now  I  rouncey,  70  sheep,  18 
swine,  (and)  20  goats.  It  is  worth  now  as 
then  (semper)  50  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  WJTHAM 

In  NUTLEA  [Notley6]  S[asselinus]  holds 
half  a  hide  and  22  acres,  which  were  held  by 
Levechild  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  i 
plough  ;  now  a  half.  Then  I  beast  (animal)  ; 
now  4  (beasts),  and  12  sheep,  6  swine,  (and) 

1  rouncey  (runcinus).    It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU  [WINSTREE] 

LEGRA  [Layer],  which  was  held  by  2  free 
men  as  a  manor  and  as  8  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  is  held  by  S{asselinus].  Then 
4  ploughs  on  the  demesne;  now  2.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men,  and  i  villein,  and  17  bordars.  Then  8 
serfs  ;  now  3.  (There  was)  then  wood(land) 
for  100  swine  ;  now  for  60.  (There  are)  7 
acres  of  meadow.  (There  were)  then  24 
beasts  (animalia),  2OO  sheep,  23  swine,  3 
rounceys  (runcini),  4  hives  of  bees  ;  now  7 
beasts,  125  sheep,  9  swine,  3  rounceys,  4 
hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper) 
7  pounds.7 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  CLAVEUNGA 
[CLAVERING] 

PINCEPO  [Pinchpoles  8],  which  was  held  by 
a  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide,  is  held 
by  S[asselinus].  Then  as  now  (semper)  i 
plough.  (There  are)  now  3  bordars,  and  i 
serf.  And  (there  are)  4  acres  of  meadow. 
And  (there  are)  18  sheep  and  18  swine.  It 
is  worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  CEFFEURDA  [CHAFFORD] 

In  CILTEDIC  [Childerditch]  S[asselinus] 
holds  i  manor  of  i^  hides  and  30  acres, 
which  was  held  by  Orgar,  a  free  man,  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Then  i  plough  on 
the  demesne  ;  now  i£.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.     Then   3 

6  The  identity  of  this    small   estate    is    unde- 
termined. 

7  Although  the  assessment  and  valuation  of  this 
manor  in  Domesday  make  it  the  most  important 
of  those  in  the  Layers,  it  is  altogether  omitted  by 
Morant.      I   strongly  suspect    that    it  was    Layer 
Breton,  to  which  Morant  assigned  only  a  holding 
of  less  than  a  hide  in  the  hands  of  Ranulf  Peverel. 
For,  as  with  other  of  Sasselin's  manors,  it  is  after- 
wards found  in  the  hands  of  a  family,  the  Bretons, 
who  did  not  hold  it  of  any  fief. 

8  A  manor  in  Manuden. 


556 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


villeins ;  now  4.  Then  as  now  (temper)  6 
bordars.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  none.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  100  swine,  (and)  pasture 
for  60  sheep.  (There  were)  then  50  sheep, 
24  swine,  4  rounceys  (runcini),  12  beasts 
(animalia)  ;  now  4  beasts,  12  sheep,  6  swine, 
i  rouncey.  It  was  then  worth  60  shillings  ; 
now  4  pounds.  And  there  was  on  (in)  this 
land  i  sokeman  with  (de)  15  acres,  which  he 
had  power  to  sell  ;  but  the  soke  belonged 
to  (jacebat  in)  Warleia  [Little  Warley],  St. 
Paul's  land  ;  then  as  now  (semper)  half  a 

fo.  J3 

plough  (was  there) ;  it  is  worth  3  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    UOELESFORT    [UlTLESFORD] 

BANHUNTA  [Bonhunt  *],  which  was  held 
by  Alvric,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  2 
hides  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
S[asselinus]  as  a  manor.  *  When  he  received 
(it,  there  were)  4  bordars ;  and  now  (the 
same).  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on 
the  demesne.  (There  is)  now  half  a  plough 
belonging  to  the  men.  (There  are)  10  acres 
of  meadow.  Then  i  beast  (animal)  and  i 
pig ;  now  30  sheep,  2  beasts,  (and)  I  rouncey 
(runcinuj).  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
40  shillings  ;  now  55. 


LVIII.  THE  LAND  OF  GILBERT 
FITZ  TUROLD" 

HUNDRET  OF  UDELESFORT  [UTTLESFORD] 

WICAM  [Wickham  (Bonhunt)]  was  held 
by  Sexi',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  3 
hides  and  13  acres  in  King  Edward's  time. 
Then  and  afterwards  8  villeins ;  now  9. 
Then  and  afterwards  8  bordars;  now  II. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  3  serfs  and  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  3  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men.  Then  and  afterwards  (there 
was)  wood(land)  for  i  oo  swine  ;  now  for  60. 
(There  are)  10  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth 
now  as  then  (semper)  7  pounds.  Then  (there 
were)  i  rouncey  (runcinus),  50  sheep,  30 
swine,  36  goats ;  now  I  rouncey,  40  sheep, 
30  goats,  26  swine,  2  beasts  (animalia). 

1  A  manor  in  Wickham  Bonhunt. 

*  This  is  a  good  example  of  the  meaningless 
addition  of  '  pro  manerio.' 

1  A  tenant-in-chief  in  seven  counties  and  an 
under-tenant  in  four.  He  had  held  an  important 
position  on  the  Welsh  border  under  William  Fitz 
Osbern,  Earl  of  Hereford  (see  the  Victoria  History 
of  Worcestershire,  i.  241,  266). 


LIX.  THE  LAND  OF  WILLIAM 
LEVRIC  * 

SCILCHEHAM    [  «]   was   held    by 

Ansgot,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  8 
hides  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  6  villeins.  Then  8  bordars  ;  now  10. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  3  serfs  and  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  3  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men.  (There  is)  pasture  for  100  sheep. 
It  is  worth  now  as  then  (simper)  6  pounds. 

LX.   THE  LAND  OF  HUGH  DE  ST. 
QUINTIN  e 

HORNINDUNA  [Horndon  (on  the  hill)7]  was 
held  by  Winge  as  a  manor  and  as  i£  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
I  plough  on  the  demesne.  Then  3  bordars ; 
now  4.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine, 
(and)  the  8th  part  of  a  fishery.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  there  were  I  rouncey  (runcinus), 
I  beast  (animal),  30  sheep,  I  pig.  It  is 
worth  20  shillings.  Of  this  land  Goduin' 
abstracted  (abstulit)  2  '  mansiones.'  8 

HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU  [WINSTREE] 
WIGHEBERGA  [Wigborough  9]  was  held  by 
Alvric,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides. 

fo.  93 b 

Then  as  now  (semper)  i   plough  on   the  de- 

*  This  singular  name  is  well  ascertained,  and  its 
abnormal  character  attracted  the  notice   of  Prof. 
Freeman.    William's  chief  estate  was  in  Gloucester- 
shire, but  he  also  had  some  land  in  Oxfordshire. 

8  This  manor,  although  considerable,  at  its 
assessment  and  valuation  show,  has  not  been 
identified,  nor  can  the  descent  of  William's  fief  be 
traced.  The  mention  of  pasture  for  sheep  implies 
that  '  Scilcheham  '  was  on  the  coast,  but  it  is  not 
assigned  to  any  Hundred  either  here  or  on  p.  574 
below,  where  it  occurs  as  '  Sciddeham."  The 
latter  form  is  distinct  from  the  other,  and  suggests 
that  there  has  been  some  confusion  on  the  part  of 
the  scribe  between  'ch  '  and  '  d."  There  are  cases 
in  Domesday  of  '  cl '  and  '  d  '  being  so  confused. 

6  The  rest  of  Hugh's  fief  was  in  Dorset  and 
Hants.     It  seems  to  have   been   broken  up,  and 
Morant's  statements  on  the  subject  are  erroneous. 

7  See  Introduction,  p.  398.     Morant  does  not 
mention  this  estate  under  Horndon. 

8  The  offender  was    Godwine    '  Gudhen '    (or 
'  Cudhen  '),  and  his   aggression    heads  the  list  of 
such  actions  on  p.  566  below.     '.Mansiones'  ii  a 
rare  and  difficult  word  in  Domesday.    At  Hanning- 
field  (p.  459  above)  it  is  used  of  a  manor,  while  in 
towns  it  denotes  a  house  (see  Introduction,  p.  4 1 6). 
In  Suffolk  (fo.  415)  'II  mansiones '  is  used  to  de- 
note two  considerable  manors. 

•  Morant   asserted    this   to   be   the    manor   of 
Mulshams  in  Great  Wigborough,  but  appears  to 
have  had  no  ground  for  that  assertion. 


557 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


mesne.  Then  I  bordar ;  now  2.  Then  2 
serfs ;  now  3.  Then  I  mill  ;  now  none. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  rouncey  (rundnus) 
and  7  beasts  (anima/ia),  and  I  pig.  Then 
(there  were)  55  sheep  ;  now  45.  It  is  worth 
now  as  then  (semper)  30  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    L.AXENDENA    [LEXDEN] 

PARVA  BRICCEIA  [Little  Birch  l]  was  held 
by  Wlward  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  and 
15  acres  in  King  Edward's  time.  Hugh 
holds  (it)  now,  of  the  queen's  gift,  for  as 
much  (fro  tantundem).  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  IO  swine,  (and)  4  acres  of  meadow. 
Then  i  bordar,  and  i  serf ;  and  now  the 
same.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  rouncey 
(rundnus),  7  beasts  (animalia),  25  swine,  53 
sheep.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
2O  shillings  ;  now  1 6. 

LXI.  THE  LAND  OF  EDMUND 
SON  OF  ALGOT  * 

HUNDRET  OF  BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLE] 

HORNINDUNA  [Horndon-on-the-hill 3]  was 
held  by  2  free  men  as  a  manor  and  as  2^ 
hides  and  15  acres  in  King  Edward's  time. 
Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne;  now  2. 
Then  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now 
i.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  villein.  Then 
14  bordars  ;  now  16.  Then  3  serfs;  now 
none.  (There  is)  pasture  for  50  sheep,  (and) 
12  acres  of  meadow.  Then  (there  were)  5 
beasts  (animalia'),  I  rouncey  (rundnus),  2O 
swine,  150  sheep;  now  (there  are)  35  sheep. 
It  is  worth  50  shillings.  There  also  (in  eadem 
villa)  there  is  a  certain  deacon  who  has  30 
acres  and  a  fourth  part  of  the  church  ;  and  it 
is  in  the  king's  gift  (jacet  ad  elemosinam  regis). 

MATCINGE  [Matching4],  which  was  held 
by  Almar  Holefest6  as  i£  hides  and  as  a 

1  Morant  assumed  this  to  be  the  whole  manor 
of  Little  Birch,  but  his  whole'  account  is  here 
mistaken  (see  Introduction,  p.  389). 

8  This  is  one  of  the  rare  instances  of  an  English 
tenant-in-chief.  It  will  be  seen,  however,  that 
his  lands  had  previously  belonged  to  others. 

3  See  Introduction,  p.  398.  Morant  makes  it 
'West  Horndon,'  i.e.  West  Thorndon,  but  it  must 
be  one  of  the  manors  in  Horndon-on-the-hill. 

*  Morant  placed  this  entry  tentatively  under 
Mucking,  but  the  form  of  the  name  makes  it  cer- 
tain that  Matching  is  meant,  and  that  the  scribe 
has  omitted  the  Hundredal  heading  assigning  it  to 
Harlow. 

5  This  must  have  been  the  '  Holefest '  whose 
estate  of  Housham  Hall  in  Matching  had  been 
secured  by  William  de  Warenne  (p.  473  above). 
The  case  is  parallel  to  that  of  Ralf  Baignard  being 
also  entered  simply  as  '  Baignard.' 


manor  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
E[dmund].  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne ;  now  I .  Then  3^  ploughs  belonging 
to  the  men  ;  now  3.  Then  7  villeins  ;  now 
9.  (There  are)  now  4  bordars.  Then  4 
serfs  ;  now  none.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
50  swine,  (and)  8  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
(there  were)  7  cows,  i  pig,  100  sheep  less  5, 
40  goats,  I  rouncey  (rundnus),  and  6  hives  of 
bees  ;  now  4  beasts  (anima/ia),6  9  swine,  24 

fo.  94 

sheep,  (and)  2  hives  of  bees.  It  is  worth 
now  as  then  (semper)  100  shillings. 

LXII.    THE  LAND  OF  ROGER  THE 
MARSHAL 

HUNDRET  OF  BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLE] 

NEZENDENA  [Newenden  7]  was  held  by 
Alward  Dore  as  a  manor  and  as  40  acres  in 
King  Edward's  time.  It  is  now  held  by 
R[oger].  Then  half  a  plough  ;  now  none. 
It  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper)  4  shillings. 
And  in  NUTLEA  [Notley 8]  (are)  5  acres 
which  were  held  by  Cola,  a  free  man,  and 
are  worth  4  shillings. 

BERTUNA  [  9]  was  held  by  Ulwin 

Hapra  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide.  Now 
R[oger]  (holds  it).  Then  i  plough ;  now  a 
half.  (There  is)  i  acre  of  meadow.  It  was 
then  worth  10  shillings;  now  5. 

LOHOU  [  9]  was  held  by  Alwin  as  a 

manor  and  as  40  acres.  Now  R[oger]  (holds 
it).  Then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  3  swine.  It  is 
worth  5  shillings. 

LXIII.    THE  LAND   OF  ADAM  SON 

OF  DURAND  MALSOUER  (MALIS 

OPERIBUS  10) 

HUNDRET  OF  DOMMAWA  [DUNMOW] 
WILLINGHEHALA   [Willingale n]   was  held 

6  This   appears   to   be   a    case    in   which   the 
'  beasts '  represent  or  include  the  cows. 

7  Corruptly  '  Nevendon.' 

8  Black  and  White  Notley  are  in  Witham  Hun- 
dred, far  away  from  Newenden. 

9  These  small  holdings  of  Roger  have  not  been 
identified. 

10  This  curious  Latinization  of  a  name  must  be 
construed  in  light  of  the  fact  that  Fulcher  '  mala 
opera,'  who  is    entered    under    Rutland,    can    be 
identified  as  the  ancestor  of  the  family  who  gave 
name  to  '  Thorpe  Malsor '  in  Northamptonshire, 
which  was  held  by  him  as  'Alidetorp'  in  1086. 

11  It  has  not  been  ascertained  in  which  of  the 
Willingales  this  small  estate  lay. 


558 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


by  5  free  men  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide 
in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  2  ploughs  ; 
now  i.  (There  are)  now  6  bordars.  It  is 
worth  10  shillings. 

HUNDRET    OF    HlDINGFORT    [HlNCKFORD] 

HORSTEDAFORT  [  *]  was  held  by 

Godric,  a  free  man,  as  15  acres  in  King  Ed- 
ward's time.  It  is  now  held  by  A  [dam]. 
Then  and  afterwards  I  plough  ;  now  a  half. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  5  bordars.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  1 1  swine,  (and)  3  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ; 
now  13. 

LXIIII.  THE  LAND  OF  GOSCELM 
THE  LORIMER*  (LOREMARU) 

HUNDRET  OF  BEVENTREU  [BECONTREE] 

ILEFORT  [Ilford]  was  held  by  2  free  men 
as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides  less  30  acres  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Then  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne;  now  I.  Then  2^  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  i.  Then  7 
villeins  ;  now  4.  Then  4  bordars  ;  now  6. 

fo.  94b 

Then  i  serf;  now  none.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  2O  swine,  2O  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  now  i  mill  and  i  fishery.  It  is  worth 
now  as  then  (semper)  4  pounds. 

LXV.  THE  LAND  OF  JOHN 

NEPHEW  (NEPOTIS)  OF  WALERAM3 

HUNDRET  OF  WDELESFORT  [UTTLESFORD] 

ALSENHAM  [Elsenham]  was  held  by 
Meruena,  a  free  woman,  as  a  manor  and  as  4 
hides  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then 
and  afterwards  7  ploughs  belonging  to  the 
men  ;  now  6.  Then  as  now  (semper)  8 
villeins.  Then  and  afterwards  i  bordar ;  now 
12.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5  serfs.  Then 

1  Suggests  one  of  the  old  fords  on  the  Colne  or 
the  Blackwater  in  this  Hundred  ;  but  the  name 
seems  to  be  now  lost,  unless  it  is  represented  by 
'  Hersted '  (now  Herbted)  Hall  on  the  western 
edge  of  the  Hundred,  in  a  detached  portion  of 
Birdbrook,  which  is  shown  on  Chapman  and 
Andre's  map  with  '  Hersted  Green  '  adjoining  it. 
But  it  is  away  from  any  ford. 

*  i.e.  a  maker  of  horses'  bits.     He  is  entered 
under  the  king's  manor  ofWitham  as  holding  a 
hide  which  had  owed  dues  to  it,  and  under  Bark- 
ing as  having  abstracted  24  acres  from  the  nun- 
nery's manor  there. 

*  He  gave  the  church  of  Elsenham  to  the  abbey 
of  St.  Stephen  at  Caen,  to  which  house  his  uncle 
Waleram  had  been  a  benefactor  in  Essex. 


(there  was)  wood(land)  for  1300  swine  ;  and 
when  he  received  (it),  for  IIOO;  now  for 
1000.  (There  are)  12  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  now  as  then  (semper)  i  mill.  And 
(there  are)  220  sheep,  and  8  cows,  and  60 
swine,  and  i  rouncey  (runtinus),  and  i  colt 
(pullus).  Then  and  afterwards  it  was  worth 
6  pounds  ;  now  8. 

LXVI.  THE  LAND  OF  WILLIAM 
THE  DEACON4 

HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU  [WINSTREE] 
PELTENDUNA  [Peldon]  was  held  by  Tur- 
chil,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  5  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Then  as  now  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  2  ploughs  be- 
longing to  the  men.  Then  4  villeins ;  now 
3.  Then  9  bordars;  now  10.  Then  2 
serfs  ;  now  4.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  60 
swine,  I  saltpan,  and  i  church  with  (de)  30 
acres  (of  glebe,  on  which)  now  as  then  (semper) 
is  half  a  plough.  And  there  is  I  sokeman 
with  (de)  17  acres.  Of  these  5  hides  Hamo 
Dapifer  took  away  (tulit)  80  acres  of  arable 
land  and  200  acres  of  marsh,  all  of  which 
belonged  to  this  manor  (both)  in  King  Ed- 
ward's time  and  after  the  coming  of  King 
William,  as  the  Hundret  (court)  testifies,  and 
this  land  taken  by  him  (bane  occupationem)  we 
have  taken  (percepimus6)  into  the  king's 
hands.  The  abovesaid  manor  including  this 
(cum  hoc  Mo)  was  worth  then,  and  when  re- 
ceived, 6  pounds  ;  and  now  it  is  worth  100 
shillings ;  and  what  has  been  taken  away 
from  it  is  worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  HID(I)NGFORT  [HINCKFORD] 

SCALDEFORT  [Shalford6]  was  held  by  Godere> 
a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Then  and  afterwards 
i  plough;  now  i£.  Then  3  serfs;  now  i 
bordar.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  12  swine, 

fo.  95 

(and)  7  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth 
40  shillings  ;  now  50. 

LXVII.    THE  LAND  OF  WALTER 
THE  COOK 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORT  [HINCKFORD] 
SCALDEFORT  [Shalford  8]  was  held  by  a  free 

*  See  Introduction,  p.  418. 

6  This  is  one  of  the  rare  and  interesting  cases  in 
which  the  Domesday  Commissioners  speak  in  their 
own  persons  (see  Introduction,  p.  412). 

6  There  were  several  manors  in  Shalford,  and 
the  identity  of  this  holding  has  not  been  ascer- 
tained. 


559 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


man  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  in  King 
Edward's  time.1  Then  and  afterwards  i^ 
ploughs  ;  now  I .  Then  as  now  (semper)  I 
villein  and  3  bordars.  Then  and  afterwards 

2  serfs  ;  now   i.     (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
8  swine,  (and)  1 1   acres  of  meadow.     Then 
(there  were)  2  rounceys  (runcini)  and  12  beasts 
(anima/ia),  and  60  swine,  and  53  sheep,  and 

3  goats;  now   10  beasts,  and   8  swine,  and 
53  sheep,  and  20  goats,  and  5  hives  of  bees. 
It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now  50. 

In  ASSEWELLA  [Ashwell  (Hall)]  *  Felaga 
held  half  a  hide  as  a  manor  ;  now  Walter 
(holds  it).  Then  3  bordars  ;  now  7.  Then 
I  \  ploughs  ;  now  I .  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  60  swine,  (and)  1 1  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
(there  were)  i  cow,  and  30  swine, and  5  sheep ; 
now  4  beasts  (anima/ia  3)  and  8  swine,  and  53 
sheep.  It  was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  now 
60. 

LXVIII.   THE   LAND   OF  MODUIN  * 

HUNDRET    OF    BERDESTAPLA    [BARSTABLE] 

WICFORT  [Wickford]  was  held  by  Eduin' 
Grut  5  freely  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough,  and  I  bordar. 
(There  are)  4  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth 
10  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITHAM 

In  WITHAM  M[oduin]  holds  i  hide  which 
was  held  by  Harold.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
i  plough.  Then  I  bordar  ;  now  2.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  12  swine.  (There  were) 
then  8  acres  of  meadow ;  now  4 ;  and  Geoffrey 
Baignard  6  took  away  the  rest  (tulit  alias).  Then 
(there  were)  4  swine ;  now  7.  Then  20  sheep ; 
now  40.  Then  4  beasts  (animalia)  ;  now  10. 

1  This  is  suggestive  of  the  identity  of  this  hold- 
ing with  the  half  hide  of  '  soke  '  recorded,  under 
the  main  manor  of  Shalford  (p.  43 1  above),  to  have 
passed  into  the  possession  of  Walter  son  of  Guibert, 
who  would,  in  that  case,  be  Walter  the  cook. 

*  A  manor  in  Finchingfield. 

3  This  seems  to  be  one  of  the  cases  in  which 
animalia  represent  cows. 

4  This  is  an  English  name.     A  note  below  will 
show  that  its  bearer  had  possibly  held  land  in  Essex 
under  the  Confessor. 

5  The   predecessor    of    Robert   Gernon    in    a 
manor  to  the  north-west  in  Chelmsford  Hundred. 

6  This '  Goiffridus  Baignard '  must  be  the  '  Gaos- 
fridus  Bainard  '  who  occurs  in  Norfolk  as  a  consider- 
able under-tenant  of  Ralf  Bainard  (fos.  247^,  248, 
249,  250,  25 1£,  253).     We  must  infer  therefore 
from  this  entry  that  he  was  under-tenant  of  the  land 
held  by  Ralf  Bainard  in  Witham  (see  p.  429  above). 


(There  are)  now  2   rounceys  (runcini).     It  is 
worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DENGIE] 

CRICCHESEIA  [Cricksea]  was  held  by  Alward' 
as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  in  King  Edward's 
time.  Then  2  bordars  ;  now  i.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  plough.  (There  is)  pasture  for 
40  sheep.  (There  are)  now  85  sheep.  It  is 
worth  now  as  then  (semper)  30  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU  [WINSTREE] 

LEGRA  [Layer  r]  was  held  by  a  free  man  as 
a  manor  and  as  2  hides  in  King  Edward's  time. 

fo.  gsb 

Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne. Then  5  bordars  ;  now  4.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  2  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  2O  swine.  Then  (there  were)  32  sheep  ; 
now  100.  Then  i  cow  with  a  calf;  now  10 
beasts  (animalia}.  (There  are)  now  40  goats, 
and  2  rounceys  (runcini}.  Then  7  swine;  now 
10.  It  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper}  60 
shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  LASSENDENA  [LEXDEN] 

CREPINGES  [Creping  (Hall)  8]  was  held  by 
Alward'  as  i  virgate  of  land.9  Now  Moduin' 
holds  (it).  Then  i  plough  ;  now  a  half.  (There 
are)  2  acres  of  meadow,  (with)  wood(land)  for 
40  swine.  It  is  worth  10  shillings.  It  was 
held  by  I  free  man. 

In  DUNILANDA  [(East)  Donyland]  Laghe- 
mann'  held  i  virgate.  Moduin'  holds  (it)  now.10 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  bordar.  Then  and 
afterwards  half  a  plough  ;  now  none.  It  was 
then  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  6. 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA 

TENDRINGA  [Tendring11]  was  held  by  Alvric' 
as  1 5  acres.  Now  Mod[uin']  holds  it  as  a  manor 
and  for  as  much.18  Then  2  serfs ;  now  i .  Then 
as  now  i  plough.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 
(There  was)  then  as  now  (semper}  i  rouncey 
(runcinus)  ;  now  (there  are)  4  swine,  and  4 
goats,  and  IO  sheep,  and  6  beasts  (animalia)  ; 
this  (stock)  is  on  (in)  the  demesne. 

7  This  is  one  of  the  holdings  in  the  Layers  that 
cannot  be  satisfactorily  identified. 

8  A  manor  in  Wakes  Colne. 

9  The  addition  of  terra  to  virgate,  as  mere  sur- 
plusage, should  be  noted. 

10  'Moduin"  occurs  below  (p.  561)  as  a  former 
tenant  of  land  here,  which  is  in  accordance  with 
his  possession  of  an  English  name. 

u  One  of  the  unidentified  holdings  there. 
12  i.e.  the  same  assessment. 


560 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


DERELEIA  [Ardleigh l]  was  held  by  Goduin* 
the  priest  as  a  manor  and  as  i  hide  and  5  acres.1 
M[oduin']  holds  (it)  now.  Then  I  plough  ; 
now  none.  It  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ; 
now  30  pence. 

LXIX.  THE  LAND  OF  ILBODO  • 

HUNDRET    OF    BERDESTAPLA    [BARSTABLB] 

WICFORT  [Wickford  4]  was  held  by  2  free 
men  as  40  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  and 
is  now  held  by  Ilbodo  similarly.5  Then  as  now 
(temper)  half  a  plough  was  there ;  and  (there 
are)  2  free  men.8  It  is  worth  40  pence. 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORT  [HINCKFORD] 

LISTUNA  [Listen  7],  which  was  held  by  a 
free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  half  a  hide  and  i 
virgate,  is  held  by  Ilbodo.  Then  as  now  (semper') 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  I  plough  belong- 
ing to  the  men,  and  5  bordars,  and  4  serfs,  and 
30  acres  of  meadow,  and  half  a  mill.  Then 
as  now(wH/*r)5  beasts  (animalia)  and  I  rouncey 
(runcinus),  and  43  sheep,  and  1 5  swine.  And 
it  is  worth  60  shillings.  And  Ilbodo  holds 
7  free  men,  who  held  half  a  hide  in  King 
Edward's  time  ;  then  and  when  he  received 
(them)  2  ploughs  (were  there)  ;  now  half  (a 
plough) ;  and  4  bordars  (are  there) ;  then 
(this)  was  worth  20  shillings;  now  15  shil- 
ings  and  6  pence. 

fo.  96 

DUNILANDA  [(East)  Donyland]  was  held  by 
4  free  men  as  i^  hides  and  8  acres.  Now 
Iflbodo]  holds  (it).  Then  (they  had)  2  ploughs 

1  This  entry  is  not  given  by  Morant  under  Ard- 
leigh, to  which  however  it  clearly  belongs.  The 
normal  Domesday  form  of  Ardleigh  was  '  Erleia,' 
but '  Erlega  '  occurs.  The  initial '  D '  is  found  also 
in  '  Dorseda,'  the  Domesday  form  of  Orsett,  and  at 
Ardleigh  itself  on  p.  541  above,  where  a  manor  of 
Ranulf  brother  of  Ilger  there  is  entered  as  '  Der- 
leia.' 

*  The  holding  has  not  been  identified. 

»  Probably  identical  with  Ilbodus,  who  held  a 
manor  in  Oxfordshire  as  a  tenant-in-chief,  for  the 
name  is  a  rare  one.  He  is  mentioned  under  the 
king's  manor  of  Witham  (p.  429  above). 

4  One  of  the  small  estates  there  entered  in 
Domesday. 

8  i.e.  at  the  same  assessment. 

•  This  appears  to  be  the  right  rendering. 

7  Either  the  manor  of  Over  Hall  or  that  of 
Netherhall  there.  Each  of  them  is  assessed  in 
Domesday  at  \  hide,  and  each  had  30  acres  of 
meadow  and  a  moiety  of  the  mill,  and  the  same 
number  of  ploughs  on  the  land.  There  had 
evidently  therefore  been  a  partition  not  long 
before  the  Conquest  (see  p.  552  above). 

I  56 


among  them  ;  now  i  plough.  (There  are) 
now  3  bordars.  (There  are)  2  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  7. 

LXX.  THE  LAND  OF  H(A)GHEBERN8 
HUNDRET  OF  BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLB] 

NEZENDENA  [Newenden9]  was  held  by  Tovi', 
a  tree  man,  as  54  acres  in  King  Edward's 
tjme.  Then  i  plough  ;  now  none.  It  was 
then  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  3  shillings  and 
4  pence. 

DUNILANDA  [(East)  Donyland]  was  held  by 
Moduin' 10  as  half  a  hide  and  12  acres.  Now 
Haghebert  (sic)  holds  (it)  for  as  much.11  Then 
as  now  (semper)  2  bordars  (were  there).  Then 
I  plough  ;  now  none.  It  was  then  worth 
14  shillings;  now  10. 

RAiNEHAM[Rainham  1S]  was  held  freely  by 
a  priest  as  half  a  hide.  Now  Hag[hebern] 
holds  (it).  Then  half  a  plough  ;  now  none. 
It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

LXXI.  THE  LAND  OF  THIERRI 
(TEDRICI)  POINTEL18 

TILIBERIA  [Tilbury 14],  which  was  held 
by  a  free  man  as  a  manor  and  (as)  45  acres 
in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  of  Thierri 
(Tedrico)  by  Hunald'.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
half  a  plough  and  I  bordar  ;  and  (there  are) 
4  acres  of  meadow.  (There  is)  pasture  for 

8  He  is  mentioned  under  the  king's  manor  of 
Lawford  (p.  435  above)  as  holding  an  estate  ap- 
purtenant to  it. 

9  Now  corruptly  'Nevendon.'    This  was  one 
of  the  two  manors  there. 

10  See  p.  560,  note  10,  above. 

11  i.e.  at  the  same  assessment. 

J*  One  of  the  smaller  manors  there. 

1S  He  occurs  under  several  of  the  king's  manors 
in  Essex,  having  held  land  at  Renflcet,  Latchingdon 
and  Lawford,  and  still  holding  an  estate  belonging 
to  Witham,  and  claiming  one  in  Dengie  Hundred 
'fro  escatigio.'  He  was  also,  doubtless,  the  '  Poin- 
tellus'  who  held,  in  that  Hundred,  under  Ralf 
Bainard  at  Woodham  Walter  and  '  Curlai '  (com- 
pare p.  522,  note  5,  above),  and  the  '  Pointel ' 
who  held  under  the  Bishop  of  Bayeux  at  Cricksea 
a,nd  at  Wheatley  in  Rayleigh.  He  will  further  be 
met  with  below  in  the  section  '  Invasio  Tedrici 
Puintel,'  where  further  acts  of  annexation  on  his 
part  are  recorded  at  Thurrock,  Burnham  (adjoin- 
ing Cricksea),  Paglesham  (opposite  Cricksea),  Little 
Stambridge  (adjoining  Paglesham),  etc. 

14  The  mention  of  '  pasture  for  sheep '  proves 
that  this  was  Tilbury  on  the  Thames,  not  Tilbury 
by  Clare.  The  identity  of  this  small  manor  i» 
doubtful. 

71 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


50  sheep.      It  was  then  worth   7  shillings  ; 
now  8. 

HUNDRET    OF  WlTBRICTESHERNA    [DfiNGIE] 

FANBRUGE  [(North)  Fambridge]  was  held  by 
Godric',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  8  hides 
in  King  Edward's  time.  Now  T[hierri]  (holds 
it)  in  demesne.  Then  12  villeins  ;  now  2. 
(There  are)  now  10  bordars.  Then  10  serfs  ; 
now  5.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne.  Then  4  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men  ;  now  2.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
200  swine.  There  were  here  2  free  men  who 
had  50  acres  over  and  above  (prteter)  the  afore- 
said hides.  (There  were)  then  2  rounceys  (run- 
cini),  10  beasts  (anima/ia),  10  swine,  (and)  150 
sheep  ;  now  2  rounceys,  5  asses,  8  beasts,  20 
swine,  (and)  200  sheep.  It  is  worth  now  as 
then  (semper)  7  pounds. 

Thierri  (Tedricus)  holds  i^  hides,  in  ex- 
change for  Cogheshala  [Coggeshall  *],  which 
were  held  by  Tiselin".  Then  2  ploughs  ;  now 
none.  Then  3  bordars  ;  now  none.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  3  swine,  (and)  12  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ; 
now  10. 

fo.  g6b 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

SUTTUNA  [Sutton  s],  which  was  held  by  a 
free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  and  30 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  is  held  by 
T[hierri]  in  demesne.  Then  as  now  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  6  serfs.  Then 
i  bordar  ;  now  9.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
50  swine,  pasture  for  100  sheep,  and  4  acres 
of  meadow.  To  this  manor  there  used  to 
belong  (jacebanf)  3  free  men.  One  (of  them) 
held  half  a  hide,  and  could  depart  (abire 3) 
without  the  permission  (licentid)  of  the  lord  of 
this  manor  (ipsius  mansionis) ;  and  another  held 
30  acres,  which  are  (now)  held  of  T[hierri] 
by  Grimbold,  and  are  worth  10  shillings; 
and  the  third  (held)  30  acres,  which  are  held 
(of  Thierri)  by  Hunold  and  are  worth  10 
shillings,4  and  (these  also)  could  depart.6 

*  See  p.  567,  line  15,  below. 

*  Morant  made  this  to  be  Temple  Sutton  alias 
Little   Sutton  in  Prittlewell  and    Sutton  ;    but  I 
cannot   find   any  evidence   for  this   identification. 
It  will  be  seen  below  (p.  566)  that  Thierri  had  laid 
hands  on  the  holdings   of  freemen  adjoining  his 
own  estates. 

3  This  probably  means  that  he  could  place  him- 
self under  the  protection  of  another  lord. 

4  The  words '  and  are  ...  shillings '  are  inter- 
lined. 

6  The  words  '  sine  licentia  domini  ipsius  man- 
sionis '  must  be  understood  here  after  '  abire.' 


T[hierri]  received  on  (in)  the  demesne  2  roun- 
ceys (runcinas)  and  7  beasts  (animalla\  6  swine, 
100  sheep,  (and)  6  hives  of  bees  ;  now  (there 
are)  2  rounceys,  7  beasts,  21  swine,  (and)  106 
sheep.  It  was  then  worth  in  all  (inter  totum) 
4  pounds  ;  now  7.  Of  this  manor  Robert 
holds  of  T[hierri]  half  a  hide  ;  and  (there 
are  there)  2  bordars,  and  2  ploughs,  and  (this) 
is  worth  10  shillings  in  the  above  valuation 
(in  eodem  pretio).  And  to  this  manor  there 
belonged  i  sokeman  who  could  not  withdraw 
himself  (recedere). 


LXXII.   THE  LAND  OF  ROGER 

'GOD   SAVE  THE  LADIES'  (D[EU]S 

SALVET  D[OMI]NAS6) 

HUNDRET  OF  WITHAM 

RUENHALE  [Rivenhall  7]  was  held  by  Ulsi', 
a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  30  acres  in  King 
Edward's  time.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough. 
It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORT  [HINCKFORD] 

FELSTEDE  [Felsted]  was  held  by  Ulsi'  under 
Earl  JEAfgur  8  (Algaro)  as  a  manor  and  as  half 
a  hide  and  30  acres.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  3  serfs.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  10  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  30  shillings  ; 
now  40. 

BADUUEN  [(Great)  Baddow  9]  was  held  by 
Ulsi',  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  i^  hides. 
Then  i  bordar  ;  afterwards  and  now  3.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  4  serfs,  and  2  ploughs  on  the 
demesne.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  40  swine, 
and  8  acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  now  as 
then  (semper)  40  shillings. 


6  It   is    no  doubt  only   a    coincidence  that   a 
'  William  Godsave,  Esq.'  was  a  landowner  at  Cold 
Norton  when  Morant  wrote. 

7  One  of  the  small  estates  there. 

8  It  is  to  be  observed  that  both  Felsted  and 
Great  Baddow  (see  next  entry)  had  been  held  by 
Earl  jElfgar  and  were  given  by  the  Conqueror  to 
the   abbey  of  the   Holy  Trinity  at   Caen.     It  is 
expressly  mentioned    however    in    Domesday  (see 
p.  453   above)  that  King  William  had  given  '3 
virgates'  out  of  Felsted  to  this  Roger.     Thirty 
'  acres '  went  to  the  '  virgate,'  and  four  '  virgates  ' 
to  the  '  hide,"  so  that  these  '  3  virgates '  are  the 
'half  a  hide  and  30  acres'  of  the  text. 

9  This  entry  was  omitted,  under  the  Baddows, 
by  Morant. 


562 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


LXXIII.  THE  LAND  OF  GILBERT 
SON  OF  SALOMON  1 

HUNDRET    OF    HlDINGFORT    [HlNCKFORD] 
to.  97 

In  FELESTEDA  [Felsted]  a  free  man  held  30 
acres,*  which  are  (now)  held  by  G[ilbert]. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough.  It  is  worth 
20  shillings. 

LXXIIII.   THE  LAND   OF  WILLIAM 
SON  OF  CONSTANTINE8 

TAINDENA  [Theydon  *]  was  held  by  Suen' 
as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  and  40  acres  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Now  W[illiam]  holds 
it  similarly.6  Then  5  villeins  ;  afterwards  and 
now  4.  Then  and  afterwards  7  bordars  ;  now 
IO.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne.  Then  (there 
were)  4  ploughs  among  the  men  ;  afterwards 
and  now  3.  (There  is)  wood  (land)  for  500 
swine,  20  acres  of  meadow,  (and)  now  as  then 
(semper)  i  mill.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  60  shillings;  now  IOO. 

LXXV.  THE  LAND  OF  ANSGER 
THE  COOK 

ALVILEA  [Aveley  ']  was  held  freely  (libera) 
by  Godeman  as  50  acres.  Then  as  now  (sem- 
per] half  a  plough  was  there.  In  STIFORT  [Stif- 
ford]  a  free  man  held  25  acres  ;  and  what  with 
(inter)  this  land  and  the  aforesaid  there  is  now 
as  then  half  a  plough.7  And  it  is  worth  10 
shillings. 

LXXVI.   THE   LAND   OF  ROBERT 
SON   OF   ROSCELIN8 

HUNDRET  OF  UDELESFORT   [UTTLESFORD] 
HAIOENA  [Heydon]  was  held  by  Alwin', 

1  He  also  held  land  as  a  tenant-in-chief  at 
Meppershall,  on  the  borders  of  Bedfordshire  and 
Herts,  and  at  Felmersham,  Beds. 

*  It  is  mentioned  (p.  4  5  3  above)  that  the  king  had 
given  Gilbert  a  '  virgate '  at  Felsted,  but  the  whole 
manor  is  there  represented  as  having  been  held  by 
Earl  JElfgu. 

9  He  also  held  in  chief  a  very  small  estate  in 
Bucb. 

*  Although  this  appears  to  have  been  a  good- 
sized    manor,   it   has  not    been    identified   in   the 
Theydons.     Morant  seems  to  have  overlooked  the 
entry. 

6  i.e.  at  the  same  assessment. 

_  *  One  of  the  small  estates  there. 

7  This  is  somewhat  obscure,  but  the  two  hold- 
ings probably  adjoined,  and  were  farmed  together. 

8  He  also  held  in  chief  a  manor  at   Stepney, 
Midd.,and  was  an  under-tenant  of  Count  Eustace 
in  Herts  and  Beds. 


a  free  man,9  as  a  manor  and  as  5  hides  and 
15  acres  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  1 8  villeins.  Then  3  bordars; 
afterwards  and  now  7.  Then  as  now  (semper) 
5  serfs,  and  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  8 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  And  (there 
are)  8  acres  of  meadow,  (with)  wood(land)  for 
8  swine.  (There  were)  2  rounceys  (runcini), 
206  sheep,  40  swine,  (and)  13  hives  of  bees  ; 
now  i  rouncey,  206  sheep,  20  swine,  (and)  10 
hives  of  bees.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  10  pounds;  now  12.  And  a  certain 
Englishman,  Goduin'  by  name,  holds  now  as 
then  (semper)  1 2  acres ;  I  bordar  (is  there) 
now  as  then  (semper)  ;  and  Lewin'  similarly 
(holds)  5  acres  ;  and  (this)  is  worth  1 2  pence. 

LXXVII.    THE  LAND  OF  RALF 
PINEL 

HUNDRET  OF  TENDRINGA  [TENDRINO] 

BRUMBELEIA  [(Great)  Bromley]  and  WEST- 
NANETUNA  [  10]  were  held  by  Brictmar11 
as  a  manor  and  as  4^  hides  ;  and  there  were 
2  halls  (hallo).  Now  R[alf]  holds  (it). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  5  villeins.  Then  and 
afterwards  25  bordars ;  now  23.  Then  6 

fo.  97  b 

serfs ;  now  9.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the 
demesne  ;  now  2.  Then  and  afterwards  10 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men ;  now  6. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  600  swine,  (and)  1 6 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  now  as  then 
(semper)  7  pounds.18  R[alf]  did  service  for 
this  land  to  (hanc  terram  deservivit  ergo) 
G[eoffrey]  de  'Magnavilla'  because  G[eofrrey] 
himself  told  him  that  the  king  had  given  the 
service  of  that  land  to  himself ;  but  on  two 
occasions  he  paid  of  his  own  money  (dedit  de 
suo  censu)  to  the  king's  officers  (ministris),  when 
the  king  sent  his  envoys  to  this  land.18 

9  This  was    probably  the  'Alwin'  Stichehare* 
who  had  been   his  predecessor  at  Stepney. 

10  This  appears  to  be  a  lost  name. 
1  See  Introduction,  p.  352. 

18  Yet  the  total  number  of  ploughs  had  decreased 
from  1 3  to  8. 

13  'misit  legates  suos  in  hanc  terram.'  The 
phrase  is  an  important  but  obscure  one.  The 
word  legati  is  used  in  Domesday  for  officers  sent 
by  the  king,  such  as  the  Domesday  Commissioners 
themselves.  Under  Alrcsford  (p.  460  above)  it 
is  used  for  the  envoy  of  a  private  landowner. 
The  statement  as  to  Geoffrey  de  Mandevillc  should 
be  compared  with  that  which  is  found  under  a 
manor  in  Suffolk  (fo.  437)  that  Ralf  Pinel  had 
received  it  of  the  king's  gift,  but  had  done  service 
for  it  (ex  ea  un/'wii)  to  Geoffrey  de  Magnavilla. 


563 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


LXXVIII.     THE  LAND  OF  ROBERT 
SON  OF  GOBERT 

BELESTEDA  [Belstead  (Hall)1]  was  held  by 
3  free  men  as  a  manor  and  as  i  %  hides  and 
40  acres.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  bordars, 
and  I  serf  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine,  (and)  15 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  30 
shillings  ;  now  50. 

LXXIX.    THE   LAND   OF   RAINALD 
THE  CROSSBOWMAN  (BALISTARII) 

PHENBRUGE  [(South)  Fambridge*]  is  held 
by  R[ainald]  of  the  king3  as  a  manor  and  as 
3^  hides.  Then  as  now  (semper)  1  villein, 
and  7  bordars,  and  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 
and  2  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  (There 
is)  pasture  for  100  sheep.  It  is  worth  now 
as  then  (semper)  100  shillings,  but  the  monks 
of  Ely  claim  it  and  the  Hundret  (court) 
bears  witness  in  their  favour  (els  testatur*). 
And  (Rainald)  seized  (saisivit)  half  a  hide 
adjoining  (juxta)  that  land  after  the  coming 
of  King  William,  and  it  (que)  is  worth  30 
shillings  a  year. 

LXXX.  THE  LAND  OF  GONDUIN6 

HUNDRET  OF  TURESTAPLA  [THURSTABLE] 

TOLESHUNTA  [Tolleshunt 6]  was  held  by 
Alric'  as  a  manor  and  as  I  hide.  Now 
G[onduin]  holds  (it).  Then  as  now  (semper) 
2  bordars.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  5.  Then  I 
plough  ;  now  half  a  plough.  It  was  then 
worth  30  shillings  ;  and  when  received  it 
was  worth  20  shillings.  It  is  now  worth  10 
shillings. 

LXXXI.     THE    LAND    OF    OTTO7 
THE  GOLDSMITH 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINGFORT  [HINCKFORD] 

fo.  98 

GLESTINGETHORP  [Gestingthorp8]  was  held 

1  A  manor  in  Broomfield.  Morant  seems  to 
have  overlooked  this  entry,  for  he  only  gives  that 
which  relates  to  the  Warenne  portion  of  Belstead. 

*  In  Rochford  Hundred. 

8  This  expression  is  used  to  show  that  he  did 
not  hold  it  of  the  monks  of  Ely,  who  claimed  that 
it  belonged  to  them. 

*  The  interesting   pre-Domesday  plea   printed 
in  lajuisitio  comitatus  Cantabrigiensis  (p.  193)  con- 
tains the  relative  passage  : — '  In  comitatu  Easexie 
tenet    Reinaldus    mills   (sic)    in    villa    que  dicitur 
Fenbricge  vi  hidas  et  dimidiam'  (belonging  to  Ely). 

6  'Gondwinus  camerarius'  held  in  chief  one 
manor  in  Suffolk. 

6  An  unidentified  manor  in  the  Tolleshunts. 

*  See  Introduction  (p.  351).     From  his  descen- 
dants Belchamp  Otton  derives  its  name. 

8  i.e.  the  manor  of  Overhall  there. 


by  Earl  ^Elfgar  (Algarus)  as  half  a  hide. 
Now  Otto  holds  (it)  similarly.9  Then  as 
now  (semper]  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  3 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men.  Then  13 
bordars  ;  now  16.  Then  as  now  (semper)  6 
serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  60  swine, 
(and)  25  acres  of  meadow.  There  are  80 
sheep,  32  beasts  (anima/ia),  88  swine  and 
3  rounceys  (runcini).  And  there  were  12 
sokemen  in  King  Edward's  time — there  are 
now  II — dwelling  on  (in)  this  manor;  and 
they  hold  half  a  hide  and  30  acres  ;  then  as 
now  (semper)  4  bordars  (were  there),  and  i 
plough,  and  i  serf.  It  was  then  worth  10 
pounds  ;  now  1 2  ;  and  when  the  king  gave 
(it  him),  15. 

LXXXII.    THE   LAND  OF  GILBERT 
THE  PRIEST 

HUNDRET  OF  HIDINCFORT  [HINCKFORD] 

MILDELTUNA  [Middleton 10]  was  held  by  9 
sokemen  of  Earl  .flLlfgar  (Algar'i)  as  i^  hides 
and  28  acres.  Then  as  now  (semper)  i£ 
ploughs  on  the  demesne.  (There  are)  4^ 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 
He  claims  this  land  (as)  of  the  Queen's  gift.11 

LXXXIII.     THE    LAND     OF    GRIM 
THE  REEVE  (PREPOSITI)  18 

HUNDRET  OF  BERDESTAPLA  [BARSTABLE] 

In  BURA  [Bowers  (Gifford)]  Grim  has  2 
hides,  on  (in)  which  was  i  plough,  with  (et) 
2  serfs,  in  King  Edward's  time  ;  but  now 
there  are  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  and  half 
a  plough  belonging  to  the  men,  3  villeins,  6 
bordars,  and  3  serfs.  (There  is)  pasture  for 
100  sheep,  and  half  a  hide  and  10  acres  of 
wood(land)  laid  waste  (vastatte  silv<e).13  And 
of  these  2  hides  one  is  that  of  (est  de)  men 
forfeited  to  (erga)  the  king,  which  G[rim] 
added  to  his  other  land  after  the  coming  of 
King  William  by  means  of  (per)  Robert  Fitz 
Wimarc  the  sheriff,  as  G[rim]  says,  and  all 
this  was  worth  40  shillings  in  King  Edward's 
time  ;  now  50. 

In  CELDEWELLA  [Chadwell]  Godman,  a  free 
man,  held  2O  acres,  and  made  forfeit  (faris- 
fact[us'])>  and  could  not  pay  his  fine  (emendare). 

9  i.e.  at  the  same  assessment   (a  strangely  low 
one). 

10  Part  thereof. 

11  See  Introduction,  p.  337. 

12  He  is  mentioned,  under  the  king's  land,  as 
holding  10  acres  in  Rochford  Hundret. 

13  See  Introduction,  pp.  376-7.  This  woodland 
clause  is  interlined. 


564 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


But  Grim  gave  the  king  30  shillings  in  his 
place  ( pro  eo),  and  holds  the  land  by  permis- 
sion (licentiatn)  of  Hubert  de  Port  (portu)1, 
and  it  is  worth  20  pence. 

LXXXIIII.  THE  LAND  OF  ULVEVA 
WIFE  OF  PHIN» 

HUNDRET    OF    BERDESTAPLA    [BARSTABLE] 

In  PICESEIA  [Pitsea*]  there  were  in  King 
Edward's  time  3  hides,  which  are  held  by 
Ulveva.  Then  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne, 

fo.  98b 

and  i  villein  with  (de)  half  a  plough,  and  4 
serfs,  and  i  mill.  (There  is)  pasture  for  60 
sheep,  (and)  half  a  hide  of  wood(land).4 
Now  (there  are)  2  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  3 
bordars,  and  5  serfs.  It  is  worth  60  shillings. 
To  these  (3)  hides  there  are  now  added  3 
other  hides  with  (*f)  30  acres  of  wood(land), 
on  (in)  which  dwell  8  free  men  with  2 
ploughs  ;  there  is  pasture  for  130  sheep.  In 
all  (inter  totum)  it  is  worth  60  shillings ; 5 
and  these  three  hides  remain  in  the  Icing's 
hands  (remanent  regi). 

HUNDRET  OF  WITBRICTESHERNA  [DBNGIE] 

LACENDUNA  [Latchingdon8]  was  held  by 
Phin,  a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  5  hides 
and  15  acres  in  King  Edward's  time.  Now 

1  He  held  Mapledurwell,  Hants,  in  chief,  and 
is  found  in  the  eastern  counties  acting  as  an  officer 
of  the  Crown  (see  p.  518,  note  9).  The  mention 
of  the  Englishman  who  had  lost  his  land  through 
not  being  able  to  pay  the  fine  he  had  incurred  for 
an  offence  is  of  much  interest. 

*  See  Introduction  (p.   348). 

*  This  is  satisfactorily  identified  as  the  manor 
which  afterwards  belonged  to  St.  John's,  Colches- 
ter, by  the  number  of  its  hides.     The  cartulary  of 
St.  John's  contains  a  charter   explaining  how  it 
passed  to  Eudo,  the  founder  of  St.  John's. 

4  The  pasture  and  woodland  (see  p.  376)  are 
here  inserted  out  of  place  in  the  entry. 

*  The  clause    is   somewhat   obscure,  but    this 
valuation  probably  refers  to  the  second  '  3  hides.' 

1  The  identity  of  this  manor  is  obscure,  and 
the  obscurity  is  increased  by  Morant's  confusion. 
He  makes  it  to  be  Tiled  Hall  in  Latchingdon, 
which,  on  his  own  showing,  paid  castle-guard  rent 
to  Dover,  a  proof  that  Montfort  had  held  it.  And 
the  same  proof  applies  to  what  he  termed  '  the 
king's  manor'  of  Latchingdon  (i.  353).  Yet  he 
assigned  Montfort's  Domesday  manor  of  '  Lachcn- 
tuna '  to  what  he  termed  '  Lachendon  Barnes '  in 
Purlcigh  (i.  348),  though  it  was  not  held  of  Mont- 
fort's  Honour.  Domesday's  manors  at  Latchingdon 
are  Ulveva's  (5  h.  ov.  15  a.),  Hugh  de  Montfort's 
(3  h.  2  v.  zo  a),  Christchurch,  Canterbury  (2  h. 
6  v.  6  a.),  and  the  king's,  which  seems  to  have 
been  under  2  hides. 


U[lveva]  holds  (it).  Then  6  villeins  ;  now  3 
bordars.  Then  4  serfs  ;  now  5.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne,  7 
rounceys  (runcint),  13  beasts  (animaJia),  31 
swine,  (and)  245  sheep.  It  is  worth  now 
as  then  (semper)  4  pounds. 

LXXXV.  In  the  Hundret  of  CEFFEURDA 
[Chaffbrd]  Edward  son  of  Suan  held  half  a 
hide.7  Now  Edeva  (who  was)  his  wife  holds 
it.8  Then  i  plough  ;  now  half  (a  plough). 
(There  is)  pasture  for  30  sheep.  It  is  worth 
10  shillings. 

LXXXVI.  THE  LAND  OF  TURCHIL 
THE  REEVE  (PREPOSITI) 

HUNDRET  OF  CELMERESFORT  [CHELMSFORD] 

In  WALFARAM9  [Walkfares10]  Tfurchil] 
holds  I  hide  less  10  acres.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  3  bordars,  and  I  serf,  and  i  plough 
on  the  demesne.  Then  half  a  plough  among 
the  men.11  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  40 
swine,  (and)  6  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then 
worth  20  shillings  ;  now  30. 

And  a  certain  servant  (famu/us)  of  the  king 
holds  8  acres,  and  (this)  is  worth  2  shillings. 

LXXXVII.1*  And  a  certain  free  man, 
Stanard'  by  name,  held  and  holds  of  the  king 
30  acres,  and  they  belong  to  WITHERESFELDA 
[Wethersfield  isj.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3 
bordars.  Then  I  plough  ;  now  half  (a 
plough).  (There  is)  wood(Iand)  for  8  swine, 
7  acres  of  meadow,  and  now  as  then  (semper) 
I  mill.  It  is  worth  8  shillings. 

LXXXVIII.  And  Goduin  the  deacon 
held  and  holds  9  acres,  and  (this)  is  worth  16 
pence. 

*  This  entry  occurs  in  the  form  shown  in  the 
text.  The  scribe  must  have  taken  it  straight  from 
the  roll  of  the  Hundred. 

8  See  Introduction,  p.  355. 

8  The  final  m  is  indicated  by  the  usual  abbre- 
viation, but  the  scribe  probably  inserted  it,  from 
habit,  in  error  after  '  In.' 

10  A  manor  in  Boreham. 

11  Presumably  there  was  none  at  the  time  of  the 
survey. 

11  All  these  entries  follow  consecutively,  without 
a  break,  from  the  land  of  Turchil  the  reeve  to 
the  bottom  of  the  folio  ;  but  numerals  are  placed 
against  those  which  relate  to  Stanard  and  to 
Godwine,  and  their  names  are  rubricated. 

18  There  seems  to  be  no  allusion  to  this  holding 
in  the  entry  of  the  royal  manor  of  Wethersfield  on 
p.  431  above. 


565 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


And  I  man  of  William  son  of  Grossa  * 
(grossa)  holds  two  acres  of  the  king's  soke  and 
pays  the  king's  dues. 

LXXXVIIII.     FREE   MEN   OF   THE 
KING 

In  the  Hundret  of  LAXENDENA  [Lexden] 
the  king  has  7  free  men,  and  the  reeve  (pre- 
positus)  of  the  hundred  has  (charge  of)  them  ; 
they  hold  half  a  hide,  and  are  worth  8  shil- 
lings. And  i  free  man  held  3^  acres,  and  on 
(in)  these  is  pasture  for  IOO  sheep,  and  (arable) 
land  for  2  oxen  s  ;  it  was  then  worth  10 
shillings  ;  and  when  Robert  de  Montbegon  * 
(monte  begonis)  seized  (invasit)  it,  it  was  worth 
10  shillings  ;  now  nothing. 

And  i  free  man  held  13  acres.  Now  as 
then  (semper)  i  plough  is  there,  and  (there  is) 
wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  i  acre  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  i  o  shillings  ; 
now  it  renders  20  shillings  ;  and  Richard,  a 
man  of  Hamo,6  seized  (invasit)  this  land  and 
has  its  profits  (spolia  6)  up  to  now  (kucusque). 

XC.     ENCROACHMENTS   ON   THE 
KING7   IN   ESSEX   (EXSESSA) 

In  HORNINDUNA  [Horndon  (-on-the-hill  8)] 
Goduin  Gudhen  has  seized  2  '  mansiones '  9 
belonging  to  (qua  sunt  de)  the  land  which 
Hugh  de  St.  Quintin  holds  of  the  king,9  and 
he  has  given  pledge  for  this  (inde  dedit  va- 
dem).10  There  also  (in  eadem  villa)  Goduin' 
has  seized  (invasit)  3  virgates  of  land,  to  the 

1  He  was  an  under-tenant  in  Witham  Hundred 
(see  pp.  429,  45 1,  497  above). 

*  The  handwriting  changes  sharply  here  and 
becomes  smaller  and  neater. 

3  i.e.  a  quarter  of  a  plough- team.     This  is  a 
good  instance  of  a  holding  being  assessed   at   an 
obviously  nominal  figure  (3^  acres). 

4  This  entry  is  of  great  interest,   because   the 
name  of  Montbegon  is  wholly  omitted  in   Ellis's 
Indexes  to  Domesday,  and  Dugdale  could  only  begin 
his  account  of  this  feudal  house  with  an  entry  on 
the  roll  of  5  Stephen  '  (i.e.  1 130). 

6  A  '  Richard '  held  of  Hamo  dapifer  at  Totham 
and  at  Ovesey  in  Dengie  Hundred  (see  p.  503 
above). 

6  This  word  is  worth  noting.     It   answers  to 
the  later  '  esplees  '  of  the  proprietary  action. 

7  '  Invasiones  super  Regem.'     The  phrase  is  a 
difficult  one  to  render  ;  it  heads  a  record  of  those 
cases  in  which  lands   or  rights  belonging  to  the 
king  have  been  encroached  upon  by  his  subjects. 

8  See  Introduction,  p.  398. 

9  See  p.  557  above. 

10  i.e.  has  given  security  that  he  will  appear  and 
defend  his  occupation  when  the  case  is  heard  (see 
Introduction,  p.  412). 


king's  wrong  (super  Regem),11  of  the  land  of  a 
certain  free  man,  which  land  remains  (re- 
tnanet)  to  the  king  by  judgment  of  the 
Hundret  (court),  and  in  this  case  also  (iteruni) 
he  has  given  pledge  (dedit  vadem).10  In 
DANTUNA  [Dunton  ia]  (are)  1 5  acres  which 
were  held  by  Wulfwine  (U/winus)  and  re- 
main to  the  king  undisputed  (quiets). 

ENCROACHMENT   (Invasio)    OF   THIERRI 
PUINTEL  ls 

In  THURRUCA  [Thurrock  u],  which  was 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  1 1  free  men, 
(were)  i£  hides  and  42  acres  ;  and  (the  same) 
now.  Then  3  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ; 
now  2.  (There  is)  pasture  for  30  sheep.  It 
was  then  worth  41  shillings  ;  now  20.  And 
T[hierri]  Pointel  seized  this  land  ;  and  it  is 
in  the  king's  hand(s). 

fo.  ggb 

HUNDRET  OF  WENSISTREU  [WINSTREE] 

LEGRA  [Layer 18]  was  held  by  Ulvric,  a 
free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  2  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time,  and  this  was  seized  by  the 
same  T[hierri].  Then  2  ploughs  ;  now 
none ;  nor  (were  there)  when  he  received  it 
(recepit).  Now  (there  are)  2  bordars.  Then 
(there  was)  wood(land)  for  40  swine  ;  now 
for  30.  It  was  then  worth  60  shillings ; 
and  when  received  (recepit)  40  ;  now  2O. 
And  in  BURNHAM  ie  T[hierri]  seized  15^ 
acres,  and  yet  they  were  in  the  king's  hands 
before  these  pleas  were  heard  (h<ec  placita 
fierent "). 

HUNDRET  OF  ROCHEFORT  [ROCHFORD] 

STANBRUGE  [(Little)  Stambridge  18],  which 
was  held  by  a  free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  i^ 

11  See  note  7,  and  compare  p.  448  above. 

12  Adjoins  Horndon-on-the-hill. 

13  See  p.  561,  note  13,  above. 

u  It  has  not  been  ascertained  in  which  of  the 
Thurrocks  this  estate  lay. 

18  It  is  not  known  in  which  of  the  Layers  this 
holding  was  situated. 

16  Burnham  was  far  away  in  Dengie  Hundred. 

17  This  passage  is  of  great  importance  as  proving 
that  actual  pleas  were  heard  in  connection  with 
Domesday  (see  Introduction,  p.  411). 

18  This    can    be    satisfactorily    proved  to    have 
been    the    manor    of    Little    Stambridge.     Great 
Stambridge  was  held  by  Suain  of  Essex,  and  de- 
scended   accordingly  as  part   of  the    Honour   of 
Rayleigh.     Little  Stambridge  consisted,  from   the 
Conquest,  of  two  distinct  manors,  which  Morant 
confused  by  treating   them  as  one,   namely  '  the 
manor  of  Little  Stambridge  Hall '  (i.  320).     The 
chief  manor,    with    the    advowson,    was    that   of 
Thierri  Pointel  (as  above),  and   is  found   in  the 


566 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


hides  and  2O  acres  in  King  Edward's  time, 
was  seized  by  T[hierri].  And  this  manor  is 
held  of  T[hierri]  by  3  knights.  Then  3 
villeins;  now  2.  Then  I  serf;  now  none. 
Then  2  bordars ;  now  5.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  plough  on  the  demesne.  Then  2 
ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  i.  It 
was  then  worth  40  shillings ;  now  100. 

PACHESHAM  [Paglesham],  which  was  held 
by  2  free  men  as  half  a  hide  and  1 5  acres, 
was  seized  (invasit)  by  T[hierri].  Then  as 
now  (semper)  i  plough.  It  is  worth  20 
shillings.  And  Robert  holds  (it)  of  him.1 
T[hierri]  has  held  these  2  manors  in  (pro) 
exchange  for  (de)  Cogheshala  [Coggeshall]  ; 
and  now  they  are  in  the  king's  hand(s).  And 
in  MIDEBROC  [  *]  he  seized  (invasit) 

2O  acres  ;  I  villein  (is  there)  now  as  then 
(semper) ;  and  it  is  worth  4  shillings  ;  and  the 
soke  belongs  to  the  church  of  the  Holy 
Trinity  of  '  Canterbury,'  as  the  Hundret 
(court)  testifies  ;  Tfhierri]  Pointel  has  held 
this  also  in  exchange  (pro  escangio)  \  and  it  is 
in  the  king's  hand(s). 

ENCROACHMENT  (!NVASIO)  OF  RANULF 
PEVEREL  (PIPERELLI) 

In  TERLINGA  [Terling  s]  Rfanulf]  has 
seized  (invasit)  5  free  men  who  held  (tenentes) 
3  hides  less  15  acres  in  King  Edward's  time. 
Of  this  manor  Roger  holds  of  R[anulf]  2 
hides  and  80  acres,  and  Ranulf  30  acres.4 
Then  3^  ploughs  ;  now  6.  Then  2  villeins ; 
now  5.  (There  are)  now  5  bordars.  (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  2O  swine,  (and)  22  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  75  shillings  ; 
now  4  pounds  and  15  shillings.  And  in 

thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries  to  be  held  of 
Fitzjohn  and  of  his  heir  De  Burgh,  Earl  of 
Ulster,  as  of  the  manor  of  North  Fambridge, 
which  was  Thierri  Pointel's  in  1086.  The 
smaller  manor  in  Little  Stambridge  passed  from 
Ralf  Bainard  (p-  437  above)  to  his  successors  the 
Fitz  Walters. 

1  This  last  sentence  is  interlined/'  It  should 
apparently  be  inserted  here. 

*  This  small  holding  has  not  been  identified  ; 
but    it   was   probably    in    the   neighbourhood   of 
Thierri's  manor  of  Little  Stambridge,  as  Christ- 
church  (•  Holy  Trinity  '),  Canterbury,  of  which 
Ralf  Bainard  held  the  other  manor  in  Little  Stam- 
bridge, had  the  '  soke  '  of  it. 

*  The  manor  of  Terling  was  held  by  Ranulf  in 
1086,  and  adjoined  his  great  manor  of  Hatficld 
(Peverel).     Hence  these  encroachments. 

*  The  total  of  these  two  holdings  would  be   3 
hides  less  10  acres,  which  does  not  quite  corre- 
spond  with    that   given  just    before.      There   is 
doubtless  a  scribal  error. 


WIDITUNA  [Widdington5]  R[anulf]  has  seized 
30  acres,  which  he  holds  in  demesne  ;  and 
they  are  worth  5  shillings.  And  in  STANES- 
GATA  [Stangate6]  R[anulf]  has  seized  i  hide 
and  30  acres,  which  Ralf  Fitz  Brien  7  holds 
of  him,  (and)  which  2  free  men  held  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Then  as  now  (semper) 

2  bordars  and   i   plough  (were  there) ;  there 
is  pasture  for  20  sheep  ;  it  was  then   worth 
15    shillings;    now    io.8      And    in    HENIES 
[(Great)  Henny]  (are)  2o£  acres  which  were 
held  by  1 2  free  men  in  King  Edward's  time  ; 
now  Turold  holds  (them  of  Ranulf9) ;  and 
they  are  worth  3  shillings.     And  in   LAMERS 
[Lammarsh  10]    are    2    acres    of  free  (liberte) 
land  ;  and  they  are  worth  4  pence. 

fo.  100 

ENCROACHMENT  (!NVASIO)  OF  HUGH  DB 
MONTFORT  IN  EsSEX  (EXSESSA) 

Hugh  de  Montfort  has  seized  (invaiit)  i 
free  man  to  the  wrong  of  (super)  the  king, 
and  William  son  of  Grossa11  (gross*)  io  free 
men,  who,  between  them  all  (hit  omnes),  held 

3  hides  and  9  acres  in  King  Edward's  time. 
There  were  then  there  (in  quibus)  8£  ploughs ; 
now  7^.     Then  as  now  (semper)   13   bordars 
and  5  serfs.    Then  2  mills  ;   now  I.    (There 
is)  wood(land)  for  157  swine,  (and)  30  acres 
of  meadow.    It  is  worth  now  as  then  (semper) 
6  pounds  and  2  shillings.    And  he  has  further 
(adhuc)  seized  (invasit)  4  free  men  with  (de)  2 
hides  and  20  acres,  which  are  worth  30  shil- 
lings ;  and  there  were  there  then  2$  ploughs  ; 
now  none.    And  in  the  Hund[ret]  of  Laxen- 
dena    [Lexden]    he   has  seized    3    free    men 
holding  I  hide  and  30  acres  where  (in  quibus) 
there   were   3   ploughs,   (and   are)   now   2^  ; 
then  i  bordar ;  now  6  ;  (there  is)  wood(land) 
for   100  swine,  (and)  12  acres  of  meadow  ; 
it  was  then  worth    30  shillings ;    now   50  ; 
and  one  of  these  three  (free  men)  belongs  to 
(facet  ad)  the  fee  of  St.  Peter  of  Westminster 

•  In  Uttlesford  Hundred. 

8  In  Dengie  Hundred  (in  Steeple). 

7  See  p.  5  30,  note  8,  above. 

8  Here,  as  at  Terling,  Ranulf  held  the  manor, 
and  had  unlawfully  annexed  to  it  the  holdings  of 
these  free  men. 

•  Turold  held  the  chief  manor  there  of  Ranulf 
(p.  519  above),  so  that  the  observation  in  the  pre- 
ceding note  applies  here  also. 

10  Lammarsh  also  was  held  of  Ranulf  by  Turold, 
and  it  descended  with  Great  Henny. 

11  He  held  the  important  manor  of  Felix  Hall  in 
Kelvedon  under  Hugh  (p.  497  above),  so  that  this 
encroachment  was  probably  in  or  near  Kelvedon. 
Morant  thought  it  was  the  manor  of  Easterford 
Hall,  but  this  was  only  conjecture. 


567 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


at  (ad)  Peering  (feringas)  ; 1  and  this  is  the 
testimony  of  the  Hundret  (court) ;  but  (the 
estate)  was  delivered  to  Hugh  among  (in 
numero)  his  manors,  as  his  men  assert  (d'tcunt). 
And  in  BOTINGHAM  [Botingham  (Hall)2] 
(are)  1 5  acres  of  land,  which  were  held  by  a 
free  man  in  King  Edward's  time,  and  are 
now  held  (of  Hugh)  by  William  son  of 
Grossa  (grosses),  and  are  worth  32  pence. 

In  the  Hundret  of  Ceffeorda  [Chaffbrd]  is 
I  free  man  with  (de)  40  acres,  who  belonged 
to  Havering  (havelingas)  in  King  Edward's 
time,  (and)  whom  St.  Peter  of  Westminster 
has  now,  because  he  came  (venif)  to  the 
abbey  of  his  own  accord,3  and  he  does  not 
render  (his)  customary  due  (consuetudinem)  to 
Havering  (havelingas'). 

ENCROACHMENT    (!NVASIO)  OF  G[EOFFREY] 
DE  '  MAGNA  VILLA  ' 

MASCEBERIA  [Mashbury4]  was  held  by 
Alveva,  a  free  woman,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  (and)  now  Ulvric  holds  it  (quam)  of  the 
king's  gift.  And  G[eoffrey]  seized  (it)  to  the 
wrong  of  (super)  the  king.  In  this  (qua)  land 
there  is  i  hide  ;  and  now  as  then  (semper)  i 
plough,  and  i  serf ;  and  (there  are)  8  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings ; 
now  30.  And  in  CANEFELDA  [Canfield]  are 
8  acres  of  land  which  Geoffrey  seized  to  the 
wrong  of  (invasit  super)  the  king,  and  which 
Richard  holds  of  him.6 

WIGGHEPET  [Wiggepet6]  was  held  by  Boso, 

1  See  p.  444  above. 

8  A  manor  in  Copford. 

3  This  is  an  interesting  phrase  which  appears  to 
denote  commendation.  On  p.  445  above  is  mention 
of  another  free  man  in  this  Hundred  who  'misit 
in  Sancto  Petro  dimidiam  hidam.'  Possibly  both 
cases  were  those  of  men  seeking  the  abbey's  pro- 
tection for  their  lands. 

*  Geoffrey  held  the  rest  of  Mashbury. 

B  Geoffrey  had  a  manor  of  his  own  at  Canfield, 
which  was  held  of  him  by  this  Richard,  and  which 
may  have  been,  as  Morant  held,  Langthorns  in 
Little  Canfield. 

6  A  manor  in  Arkesden,  which  extended  into 
Elmdon  and  Wendon,  as  Morant  observed,  and 
which  is  now  represented,  as  I  have  shown,  by 
Rockell's  and  New  Rockell's  farms  (see  Introduc- 
tion, p.  391,  and  Essex  Arch.  Trans,  [n.s.]  viii. 
376).  Its  identity  is  proved  by  charters  in  the 
[Saffron]  Walden  cartulary.  On  fo.  147  Robert 
(son  of  Robert)  de  la  Rokele  quitclaims,  in  1 302, 
to  the  abbot  of  Walden  his  obligation  to  provide 
3  masses  a  week  '  in  capella  mea  de  Wyggefosse,' 
and  on  fo.  I4$d  Humfrey  de  Rokella  grants  the 
tithe  of  a  mill  saving  the  multure  '  domus  mee 


a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  1\  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Then  and  afterwards 
2  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  \\.  Then 
4  ploughs  belonging  to  the  men  ;  afterwards 
and  now  6.  Then  and  afterwards  7  villeins ; 
now  8.  Then  5  serfs  ;  afterwards  and  now 
7.  (There  is)  woodland  for  30  swine,  (and) 
24  acres  of  meadow.7  (There  is)  i  mill  now 
as  then  (semper).  Then  and  afterwards  it 
was  worth  i  oo  shillings ;  now  6  pounds. 

fo.  icob 

WICGEPET  [Wiggepet8]  was  held  by  i 
free  man  as  a  manor  and  as  3  hides  in  King 
Edward's  time.  Then  and  afterwards  2 
ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i£.  (There 
is)  now  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men,  and 
I  villein.  Then  as  now  (semper)  5  bordars. 
Then  i  serf ;  now  none.  It  is  worth  now 
as  then  40  shillings.  And  in  WENDENA 
[Wendon  9]  a  free  man  held  (ten')  6£  acres, 
and  (this)  is  worth  2  shillings.  In  PHERNE- 
HAM  [Farnham 10]  4  free  men  held  3  hides 
and  3  virgates  in  King  Edward's  time  ;  and 
now  they  are  held  of  G[eoffrey]  by  4  knights ; 
then  and  afterwards  8  ploughs  (were  there)  ; 
now  5  ;  then  and  afterwards  6  villeins  ;  now 
3 ;  then  and  afterwards  4  bordars ;  now 
1 5  ;  then  and  afterwards  7  serfs ;  now  3  ; 
then  and  afterwards  (there  was)  wood(land) 
for  60  swine  ;  now  for  50  ;  there  are  14 
acres  of  meadow  ;  it  is  worth  now  as  then 
(semper)  6  pounds.  In  STANBURNA  [Stam- 
bourne11]  a  free  man  held  half  a  hide  in  King 
Edward's  time  ;  then  and  afterwards  2  ploughs 
(were  there)  on  the  demesne  ;  now  none  ; 
then  as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough  belonging 
to  the  men,  and  3  bordars,  and  i  serf ;  there 
are  1 2  acres  of  meadow  ;  then  and  afterwards 
it  was  worth  40  shillings ;  now  50.  In 
WESUUNIC  [  12  ]  in  King  Edward's 

propriae  de  Wyggefosse,'  in  1210.  The  'fosse,' 
of  course,  is  '  pet '  Frenchified.  The  name  sur- 
vived at  least  as  late  as  the  seventeenth  century. 

7  This  large  proportion  of  meadow  points  to  the 
manor  lying  on  '  The  Wicken  Water,'  which  runs 
through  Arkesden. 

8  See  note  6  above. 

9  This  small  holding  in  the  Wendons  cannot  be 
identified. 

10  i.e.  the  manor  of  Earls-bury  there,  so  named 
from   Geoffrey's  descendants,  the  earls    of  Essex, 
who  held  it. 

11  i.e.  as  Morant  showed,  the  manor  of  Moone 
Hall  there,  which  was  held  of  Geoffrey's   heirs. 
Stambourne  is  in  Hinckford  Hundred,  a  good  dis- 
tance to  the  west  of  the  manors  among  which  it  is 
here  entered. 

18  As  these  encroachments  usually  adjoined  the 
manors  of  those  who  made  them,  I  am  disposed  to 
think  that  this  place  was  the  'Wenesuuic'  in 


568 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


time,  (were)  6  free  men  with  (de)  I  hide  and 
46  acres ;  then  i  plough  was  there ;  now 
none  ;  then  and  afterwards  (it  was  worth)  1 5 
shillings  ;  now  IO. 

In  ARCHESDANA  [Arkesden]  Goduin'  sech 
held  i  hide  less  8  acres.  It  is  now  in  the 
king's  hand(s).  Then  I  bordar,  and  i 
plough  ;  now  nothing.  (There  are)  2  acres 
of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ; 
now  10.  And  this  land  was  held  by  G[eoffrey] 
de  '  Magna  villa."  And  1 5  acres  were  held  by 
Ulmar',  as  belonging  to  (ad)  the  fief  of 
Ansgar,  under  G[eoffrey],  and  the  county 
(court)  does  not  testify  (in  his  favour). 

Hugh  de  Berners  (berneriis)  held  37  acres 
of  the  king,  which  he  denied,  and  afterwards 
it  was  proved  to  be  the  king's  (fuit  dtrationata 
ad  opus  regis),  and  he  has  given  pledge  (dedit 
vadem  *).  Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on 
the  demesne,  and  i  bordar.  (There  is)  wood- 
(land)  for  40  swine,  (and)  4  acres  of  meadow. 
It  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ;  now  20. 

In  PLESINCHOU  [Plesingho*]  a  free  man 
held  I  hide  of  land,  which  Humfrey  Orescuil 
(aurei  testiculi)  has  seized  to  the  wrong  of 
(invasit  super)  the  king.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  plough  on  the  demesne,  and  7 
bordars,  and  2  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  30  swine,  (and)  7  acres  of  meadow. 
(There  was)  then  i  mill.  It  was  then  worth 
1 6  shillings  ;  now  23. 

In  WIGHEBERGA  [(Little)  Wigborough 8] 
Hamo  '  dapifer '  *  has  added  (to  his  estate)  2 
sokemen  of  the  king,  with  (de)  30  acres  and 
worth  4  shillings,  whom  he  has  seized  to  the 
wrong  of  (invasit  super)  the  king  ;  and  in 
CARESEIA  [  6]  8  acres,  worth  8  pence  ; 

and  in  STANBURNA  [Stambourne  *]  40  acres, 
which  were  held  by  Alestan,  a  free  man,  and 
1 2  free  men  in  King  Edward's  time,  and  they 
have  (it)  still,  (and)  then  as  now  (semper)  2 


ploughs  (were  there)  and  3  bordars,  and  it  is 
worth  40  shillings.7 

In  the  Hundret  of  ODELESFORT  f  Uttlesford] 
W[illiam]  Cardun 8  has  taken  possession  of 
(occupavit)  i  sokeman  with  (de)  8  acres,  and  it 
belongs  to  (jacet  ad)  CISHELLE  [(Great)  Chis- 
hall]  of  the  fief  of  Geoffrey  de  Magna  villa, 
and  is  worth  2  shillings. 

fo.  xoz 

HALF  HUNDRET  OF  CLAVELINGA 
[CLAVERING] 

ENCROACHMENT  OF  SUAIN  (SuANi)9 

BOLITUNA  [Bollington 10]  and  BERTUNA 
[  "]  were  held  of  Harold  by  Goduin', 

a  free  man,  as  a  manor  and  as  4^  hides  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Now  Alvred  holds  it 
of  him  (eo).1*  Then  as  now  (temper)  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne,  and  5  ploughs  belonging  to 
the  men,  and  7  villeins  and  13  bordars,  and 
5  serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine, 
(and)  2  acres  of  meadow.  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  4  pounds ;  now  6. 
Robert  Fitz  Wimarc  seized  (invasit)  this  land 
in  King  William's  time,  and  it  is  still  held  by 
(his  son)  Suain  (Suenus). 

In  MAGGHEDANA  [Manuden]  Aubrey 
(Albericus)  de  Ver  seized  (invasit)  i£  hides 
and  15  acres,  which  were  held  by  3  free 
men  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  5 
ploughs  ;  afterwards  and  now  4.  Then  as 
now  (semper)  6  villeins,  and  6  bordars,  and  3 
serfs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine, 
(and)  9  acres  of  meadow.  Then  and  after- 
wards it  was  worth  60  shillings  ;  now  4 
pounds.  And  in  SMALTUNA  [  ]  (are) 

1 5  acres  of  land,  which  were  held  by  a  free 
man  in  King  Edward's  time  ;  then  i  plough 
(were  there)  ;  afterwards  half  (a  plough) ; 
now  none  ;  and  it  is  worth  3  shillings. 

In  MAPPESTEDA  [(Little)  Maplestead  IS]  and 


Dcngie  Hundred,  where  Geoffrey  had  a  consider- 
able manor  (p.  5  1 3  above).  There  is  there  entered, 
at  the  end  of  the  survey  of  that  manor,  an  almost 
identical  holding  of  6  free  men  who  had  i  hide 
and  40  acres. 

1  See  p.  566,  note  10,  above. 

*  In  Willingale  (see  p.  463,  note  2,  above). 

*  Of  which  the  manor  was  held  by  Hamo. 

*  This  aggression  has  nothing  to  do  with  Geof- 
frey de  Mandeville. 

*  An  unidentified  manor  in  Dcngie  Hundred. 

8  Hamo  had  manors  at  •  Carseia '  (in  Dengie 
Hundred)  and  at  Stambourne. 


7  The  words  '  40  acres  ...  40  shillings '  are 
interlined,   and    their    construction    it   somewhat 
doubtful. 

8  Geoffrey    de    Mandeville's    tenant    at    Great 
Chishall  (see  p.  5  1 2  above). 

9  This  heading  refers  only  to  the  entry  which 
immediately  follows  it. 

10  A  manor  in  Ugley,  part  of  which  was  held 
by  Robert  Gernon. 

11  If  this  was  a  local  name,  it  appears  to  be  now 
lost,  being  probably  merged  in  Bollington. 

»»  Suain  (?) 

>»  In  Hinckford  Hundred. 


569 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


in  PEBENERS  [Pebmarsh  *]  the  wife  of  Aubrey 
(alberici)  de  Ver  seized  (invasit)  5  free  men 
with  (de)  i^  acres,8  which  (quod)  Tidbald' 
held  (tenuit)  under  her,  and  (this)  is  worth  3 
shillings.8 

Ralf  Baignard  seized  (invasit)  in  HENHAM* 
half  a  hide  and  10  acres,  which  were  held  by 

2  free  men  in  King  Edward's  time.     Then 
as  now  (semper)   I    plough.     It  is  worth    12 
shillings.     And    in    CELVESTUNA  [  B] 
(are)  i   hide  and  43  acres,  which  were   held 
by  6  free  men  in  King  Edward's  time  ;  then 
and  afterwards  4  ploughs  (were  there)  ;  now 

3  ;  (there  are)   1 5   acres   of  meadow  ;  it    is 
worth  40  shillings. 

In  BOLINTUNA  [Bollington 6]  I  free  man 
held  20  acres  in  King  Edward's  time,  and 
holds  (them)  still,  but  has  concealed  (the  fact),7 
and  therefore  he  has  given  pledge (dedit  vadem).* 
And  it  is  worth  3  9  shillings. 

In  PHERNEHAM  [Farnham]  a  free  man  held 
30  acres.  Now  Ralf  Latimer  (Latimarius 10) 
holds  (them),  but  has  concealed  (the  fact),11 
and,  therefore,  he  has  given  pledge  (dedit 
vadem).1*  And  it  is  worth  10  shillings. 

In  LIFFILDEWELLA  [  ls  ]  I  free  man 

held  (and)  holds  still  (tenet  semper)  30  acres,  and 
it  is  worth  6  shillings  and  8  pence. 


1  The  mention  of  Pebmarsh  enables  us  to  say 
that    '  Mappesteda '   must    be    Little    Maplestead, 
which  adjoins  Pebmarsh.     Morant  overlooked  the 
entry  under  both  these  parishes.      He  suggested 
however  that  'Nepsteda'  (p.  457  above)  might  be  in 
one  of  the  Maplesteads  (ii.  282),  and,  as  it   was 
held  by  the  wife  of  Aubrey  (de  Vere),  the  entry  in 
the  text  enables  us  to  say  that  it  was  identical  with 
'  Mappesteda,'  i.e.  Little  Maplestead. 

2  '  i  acra  et  quarta  parte  alterius."     The  assess- 
ment is  strangely  low. 

3  The  words  '  5  free  men  ...   3  shillings  '  are 
interlined. 

4  He  held  the  manor  of  Henham  Hall. 

5  See  p.  479,  note  5,  above. 

6  A  manor  in  Ugley. 

7  Perhaps  this  means  that  he   had  not  sought 
recognition    of    his    tide    from     King    William. 
Clearly  his  small  holding  had  in  some  way  escaped 
detection. 

8  See  Introduction,  p.  412. 

9  '  iii.'   is  written  above  '  x.,'  apparently  as  a 
correction. 

10  The  word  means  an  interpreter. 

11  See  note  7  above. 

18  See  Introduction,  p.  412. 

13  This  place  has  not  been  identified. 


ENCROACHMENT  OF  TUROLD  u 

In  HANIES  [Henny]  4  free  men  held  18 
acres  in  King  Edward's  time  and  hold  still. 
(They  had)  then  as  now  (semper)  half  a 
plough  between  them.  And  it  is  worth  3 
shillings. 

fo.  xoib 

In  LAMERS  [Lammarsh]  Turold  seized 
(invasit)  47  acres,  which  were  held,  in  King 
Edward's  time,  by  8  free  men  ;  and  they 
have  (them)  still.  (They  had)  then  as  now 
(semper)  half  a  plough.  And  it  is  worth  5 
shillings. 


ENCROACHMENT  OF  WALERAM  15 

In  HENI  [Henny]  (are)  half  a  hide  and  io£ 
acres,  which  were  held  by  7  free  men  in  King 
Edward's  time  ;  and  they  have  now  as  then 
(semper)  I  plough  ;  and  (there  are)  4  acres  of 
meadow  ;  and  it  is  worth  10  shillings.  This 
is  held  of  John  (Fitz  Waleram)  by  Roger.16 
In  HALSTEDA  [Halstead]  Ulwin*  held  10 
acres,  which  Waler[am]  seized  ;  then  as  now 
i  plough  (was  there) ;  then  i  bordar ;  now 
40."  Then  3  serfs  ;  now  none  ;  (there  is) 
wood(land)  for  16  swine,  (and)  5  acres  of 
meadow.  It  was  then  worth  20  shillings  ; 
now  30 


18 


In  BRANCHETREU  [Braintree 19]  30  acres 
of  land  were  held  by  3  free  men  in  King 
Edward's  time,  and  (they)  are  worth  3  shil- 
lings. This  land  was  seized  by  Ledmar'  of 
Hamesteda  [Hempstead]  and  held  as  part  of 
(ad)  the  fief  of  Richard  (Fitz  Gilbert)  ;  and 
Richard  does  not  warrant  it  to  him  (nun  est 
sibi  tutor  *°. 


14  Ranulf  Peverel's  under-tenant  at  Lammarsh 
and  Henny. 

15  Father  of  John  Fitz  Waleran,  the  Domesday 
tenant-in-chief  (see  p.  544  above). 

16  The  under-tenant  of  his  manor  at  Henny. 

17  This  '  xl.'  must,  it  seems,  be  a  scribal  error. 

18  Morant  identified  this  holding  as  Slow  House 
in    Halstead  ;    but,    as    he    gave  '  Waler[am] '  as 
'  Walter,'  and  states  that  the  holding  was  given  by 
the  Conqueror  to  '  Albrey  de  Vere,'  his  account  is 
unreliable. 

19  Very  possibly  Sandpit  Leet,  as  suggested  by 
Morant  (ii.  397). 

*°  See  the  other  version  of  this  encroachment 
on  p.  573  below ;  also  Introduction  (p.  411).  The 
double  entry  is  due  perhaps  to  the  scribe's  doubt 
whether  to  assign  the  holding  to  Richard  or  to  his 


570 


THE    HOLDERS   OF    LANDS 


ENCROACHMENT  OF  RICHARD  SON  OF 
COUNT  GILBERT  l 

Almar  of  B[ar]lea  [Borley],  Golstan, 
Alvric  of  Alreforda,1  Ulvric  of  Branduna 
[Brundon],  these  hold  half  a  hide  and  6 
acres  and  held  (it)  in  King  Edward's  time. 
Now  Goismer'  *  holds  them  (ens)  of  R[ichard]. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough,  and  I  bor- 
dar,  and  5  acres  (of  meadow  ?).  It  is  worth 
now  as  then  (semper)  28  shillings. 

In  PHINCINGEFELDA  [Finchingfield]  Ernald'4 
holds  of  R[ichard]  80  acres,  which  were  held 
by  Brictic',  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's 
time.  Then  as  now  (semper)  2  ploughs  on 
the  demesne.  Then  and  afterwards  i  villein  ; 
now  none.  Then  and  afterwards  3  bordars  ; 
now  8.  Then  as  now  (semper)  3  serfs. 
(There  was)  then  wood(land)  for  40  swine  ; 
now  for  30.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  40  shillings ;  now  60. 

At  (Ad)  LACELEA  [Lacheley 8]  Grim,  a 
free  man,  held  half  a  hide,  which  is  (now) 
held  by  Ernald'.8  Then  as  now  (semper)  2 
ploughs.  Then  and  afterwards  4  bordars ; 
now  8.  Then  2  serfs  ;  now  none.  Then 
and  afterwards  (there  was)  wood(land)  for  80 
swine  ;  now  for  60.  (There  are)  10  acres 
of  meadow.  Then  and  afterwards  it  was 
worth  40  shillings  ;  now  60. 

At  (Ad)  ERSHAM  [Hersham7]  Brictmar', 
a  free  man,  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  i 
hide.  Wielard  *  holds  (it)  now.  Then  and 

1  Alias  Richard  de  Clare.  Owing  to  the  number 
of  the  places  in  which  he  encroached,  fos.  102  and 
103  are  both  headed  '  Ricardus.' 

*  This  is  the  mysterious  '  Alreforda  '   held  by 
Richard  de  Clare  (p.  478  above).     As  Borley  and 
Brundon  adjoin  one  another  in  the  Stour  valley, 
near   Sudbury,    '  Alreforda '   should    be    in    their 
neighbourhood. 

*  Richard's  under-tenant  at  Great  Yeldham. 

*  An  under-tenant  of  Richard  at  Great  Dun- 
mow  and  Wickham  (see  pp.  477,  478  above). 

8  Now  Lashley,  a  manor  in  Lin Jscll,  which,  says 
Morant  (11.446), 'belonged  to  the  Honour  of  Clare.' 
But  he  does  not  give  this  entry  under  it. 

8  See  note  4  above. 

7  Hersham   Hall   was  a  manor  of  which  the 
Hall  was  in  Bumpted  Helion,  but  of  which  the 
lands  extended  into  Sturmer,  Haverhill  and  Castle 
Camps.      Morant   docs   not   mention    this   entry 
under  it,  though  he    knew  that    '  the  manor  of 
Hersham  '  (i.e.  one  of  the  manors  there)  belonged 
to  the  Clares  and  was  '  holden  of  the  honour  of 
Gloucester'  accordingly  (ii.  533). 

8  For  his  other  encroachment  at  Hersham  see 
p.  573  below.     He  was  Richard's  under-tenant  at 
Bardfield  (p.  481). 


afterwards  i  plough  ;  now  ij.  Then  2 
bordars ;  afterwards  and  now  7.  (There 
are)  9  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth 
30  shillings ;  afterwards  and  now  40. 

In  WENINGHOU  [?  How  Hall 9]  Gcrmund 
holds  37$  acres,  which  (quod)  were  held  by 

fo.    103 

Coleman,  a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's  time. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  3  ploughs  on  the  de- 
mesne. Then  and  afterwards  2  ploughs 
belonging  to  the  men  ;  now  3.  (There  is  ?) 
i  serf.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  4  swine, 
(and)  i  o  acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth 
60  shillings  ;  now  4  pounds  and  10  shillings. 

In  GELDEHAM  [Yeldham]  Burnart  holds 
40  acres,  which  (quod)  were  held  by  Goduin", 
a  free  man,  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  i  plough,  and  2  bordars. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  10  swine  and  5 
acres  of  meadow.  It  was  then  worth  20 
shillings  ;  afterwards  and  now  30. 

In  BARLEA  [Borley]  Anschetil  holds  half 
a  hide  and  23  acres,  which  (quod)  were  held 
by  Grim  and  Godeva,  free  men  (homines 10), 
in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  i  plough  ; 
now  i$.  Then  and  afterwards  3  bordars; 
now  5.  (There  are)  9  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  then  worth  20  shillings  ;  afterwards  30  ; 
now  40. 

In  TOPESFELDA  [Toppesfield  n]  Ralf  holds 
15  acres,  which  were  held  by  Alestan',  a  free 
man,  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  i  plough.  Then  and  afterwards  4 
bordars ;  now  7.  Then  and  afterwards  4 
serfs  ;  now  none.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for 
2O  swine,  and  6  acres  of  meadow.  Then 
and  afterwards  it  was  worth  20  shillings ; 
now  30. 

In  TOPESFELDA  [Toppesfield]  G.  holds  15 
acres,  which  were  held  by  Duva  (duua). 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  on  the  de- 
mesne, and  i  plough  belonging  to  the  men, 
and  3  villeins,  and  2  bordars,  and  2  serfs. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  30  swine,  (and)  8 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  and  afterwards  it 
was  worth  50  shillings  ;  now  60. 

9  See  p.  479  above  for  Germund's  other  holding 
there  under  Richard  de  Clare.  The  two  holdings 
together  made  up  70  (geld)  acres. 

0  Godeva,  of  course,  was  a  woman. 

11  This  and  the  next  holding  were  probably 
represented  by  the  manor  of  Scoteneys  there, 
which  was  subsequently  held  of  the  Clares  by 
the  Scoteneys. 


571 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


In  NORTUNA  [Norton l]  Mascherel  holds 
55  acres,  which  were  held  by  Brictric,  a  free 
man,  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  i 
plough  on  the  demesne  ;  afterwards  and  now 
2.  Then  as  now  (semper)  1  plough  belonging 
to  the  men,  and  5  villeins.  Then  and  after- 
wards 5  bordars ;  now  8.  Then  and  after- 
wards 3  serfs  ;  now  2.  (There  is)  wood(land) 
for  40  swine,  (and)  i  o  acres  of  meadow.  It 
was  then  worth  40  shillings  ;  afterwards  and 
now  60. 

In  BEBENHERS  [Pebmarsh]  Levecilt,  a  free 
man,  held  and  still  holds  3  acres ;  and  Derolf 
4  acres  in  ALFELMESTUNA  [Alphamstone]  and 
Holt,  a  free  man,  i  acre  (there) ;  and  Lewin' 
and  Lemar'  5  acres  in  BUMESTEDA  [Bump- 
stead]  ;  and  Algar  20  acres  in  SALINGES 
[(Old  ?)  Saling  2~\  ;  and  Brictolf  30  acres  in 
OLVITUNA  [Ovington3].  These  had  in  all 
(omnes)  3  ploughs  in  King  Edward's  time. 
Then  and  afterwards  3  bordars ;  now  8. 
Then  and  afterwards  2  serfs ;  now  none. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  12  swine,  (and)  8£ 
acres  of  meadow.  Then  and  afterwards  it 
was  worth  30  shillings  ;  now  45  shillings 
and  2  pence. 

Of  these  abovesaid  men  Wisgar  had  only 
the  '  commendation.'  4 

fo.  I02b 

In  BENEDISC  [Bendish  (Hall)6]  Wisgar, 
R[ichard]'s  predecessor,  seized  (invasit)  30 
acres  after  the  king  came  into  this  country 
(patriam).6  And  afterwards  Ingelric  had  it 
(iilam),  and  the  Hundret  (court)  testifies  that 

1  This  Norton  must  have  been  somewhere  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  the  places  among  which  it 
is  entered,  and  this  conclusion  is  confirmed  by  the 
fact   that   its    tenant    was   '  Mascherel,'    who   was 
Richard's  under-tenant  at  Bulmer  (p.  479). 

2  Morant  appears  to  have  overlooked  this  entry. 

3  Morant   does   not   mention  this   entry  under 
Ovington   (which   was   usually   '  Ovituna  ' )  ;    but 
one  can  hardly  hesitate  so  to  identify  it. 

4  Wisgar  was  the  predecessor   in   possession  of 
Richard  de  Clare,  who,  it  is  meant,  claimed  greater 
rights   over    these  men   than   had   been   given   to 
Wisgar  by  their  '  commending '  themselves  to  him 
in  order  to  secure  his  protection.    The  entry  under 
Colne  below  (p.  573,  note  2)  should  be  compared  on 
this  point.     It  is,  unfortunately,  by  no  means  clear 
to  how   many  of  the    'abovesaid'    holdings   this 
clause  applies,  but,  as  no  details  are  given  as  to 
the  character  of  any  of  Richard's  encroachments 
down  to  this  point,  it  is  probable  that  they  are  all 
covered  by  it. 

6  A  manor  in  Radwinter. 

6  This  is  an  important  note  of  date  as  proving 
that  Wisgar  (the  lord  of  Clare)  survived  the  Con- 
quest. 


it  used  to  belong  to  Ingelric's  fief ;  but 
Richard  has  held  it  (illam)  hitherto  (hucusque}. 

In  BYRDEFELDA  [(Great)  Bardfield]  Felaga  * 
held  of  Earl  JElfgar  (dlgaro)  i  hide  and  30 
acres.  And  after  the  king  came  into  this 
country  (patriam),  R[ichard]  seized  (invasit) 
this  land,9  which,  as  the  Hundret  (court) 
testifies,  was  not  held  by  his  predecessor. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  3  villeins.  (There 
are)  now  7  bordars.  Then  3  serfs  ;  now  I . 
Then  i^  ploughs  on  the  demesne  ;  now  i. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough  belonging  to 
the  men.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  100 
swine,  (and)  27  acres  of  meadow.  Now 
(there  is)  i  mill.  It  was  then  worth  4 
pounds  ;  now  60  shillings. 

In   HOOSENGA    [  10  ]  Felaga  held 

half  a  hide.  Richard  holds  (it)  now  like  the 
(land)  abovesaid,  and  Walter  (holds  it)  of  him. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  2  villeins,  and  i  plough. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  2  swine,  (and)  4 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  1 2  shillings. 

In  HASINGHAM  [  u]  a  free  man 

held  2^  acres,  in  the  Hundret  of  Laxedana 
[Lexden].  Now  R[ichard]  (holds  them). 
And  there  is  now  i  mill  there  rendering  15 
shillings  18  ;  and  yet  (the  holder)  was  only 
'  commended '  to  Richard's  predecessor.18 

In  the  Hundret  of  Laxendena  [Lexden] 
Luttin'  held  in  COLUN  [Colne  u]  40  acres. 
Now  R[ichard]  (holds  them).  And  over  (/'») 
this  land  his  predecessor  had  no  rights  (con- 


7  The  manor  of  Bendish  (hall)  had  been  held 
by  Ingelric,  whose  successor,  Count  Eustace,  was 
holding  it  in   1086  (p.  471  above). 

8  He  had  held  the  adjacent  manor  of  Ashwell 
(Hall)  in  Finchingfield,  less  than  two  miles  to  the 
east  of  Great  Bardfield  (p.  560  above). 

9  Probably  because   it  adjoined   his  large  and 
valuable  manor  of  Little  Sampford. 

10  This  appears  to  be  a  lost  name.     As  it  had 
been  held  by  Felaga,  one  would  expect  to  find  it 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Great  Bardfield  and  Ash- 
well. 

11  This  also  appears  to  be  a  lost  name. 

18  So  in  the  text  ;  but  the  value  is  probably  that 
of  the  holding  as  a  whole. 

13  The  meaning  of  the  corrective  '  yet '  (tamen) 
appears  to  be  that  Richard  was  holding  the  land, 
although  its  tenant's  '  commendation '  to  his  pre- 
decessor gave  him  no  such  right. 

14  It  would  hardly  be  safe  to  assert  in  which  of 
the  Colnes  this  holding  and  the  other  just  below 
were  situate. 


572 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


suetudinem  l)  but  (such  as)  '  commendation  ' 
(gave  him).1  Then  4  bordars ;  now  6. 
Then  as  now  (semper)  i  plough.  (There  is) 
wood(land)  for  20  swine,  4  acres  of  meadow, 
(and)  now  i  mill.  It  is  worth  20  shillings. 

In  CREPINGA  [Creping  (Hall)*]  Alward4 
held  68£  acres,6  freely  (libere),  which  (quod) 
Rfichard]  now  holds  like  the  rest  (aliam). 
Under  him  (there  were)  then  4  bordars  ;  now 
(there  are)  6.  Then  as  now  (semper)  I  plough. 
(There  is)  wood(land)  for  20  swine,  (and)  2 
acres  of  meadow.  It  is  worth  2O  shillings. 

And  Alwi'  the  huntsman8  held  freely 
(libere)  half  a  hide  and  26^  acres.  Now 
R[ichard]  holds  (them),  in  BERCOLT  [(West) 
Bergholt],7  like  the  rest  (aliam).  Then  2 
bordars  ;  now  6.  Then  as  now  (itmper)  I 
plough.  (There  is)  wood(land)  for  1 5  swine, 
(and)  2  acres  of  meadow.  (There  was)  then 
half  a  mill ;  now  none.  It  was  then  worth 
2O  shillings  ;  now  36. 

In  COLUN  [Colne8]  Ulvric'  held  freely 
(libere)  5  acres.  Now  R[ichard]  (holds  them) 
like  the  rest  (alias).  They  are  worth  2 
shillings. 

In  FORHAM  [Fordham]  Tovillda  held  3 
acres.  Now  R[ichard]  (holds  them)  like  the 
rest  (alias) ;  and  they  are  worth  7  pence. 

In  BERCOLT  [(West)  Bergholt]  Coding' 
held  6  acres ;  now  R[ichard]  (holds  them). 
Then  half  a  plough  (was  there)  ;  now  2 
oxen.9  There  is  I  acre  of  meadow.  It 
was  then  worth  32  pence  ;  now  5  shillings. 

fo.  103 

In  HALSTEDA  [Halstead]  a  free  man  held 
2$  acres  in  King  Edward's  time  ;  and  they 
are  worth  30  pence.  Alvret,  R[ichard]'s 


1  Strictly,  a  customary  due. 

*  '  Ni»i  commendationem '  (compare  Introduc- 
tion, pp.  358-9). 

*  A  manor  in  Wakes  Colne. 

4  He  had  also  held  the  other  portion  of  '  Crep- 
inga '  in  which  he  had  been  succeeded  by  Mod- 
wine  in  1086  (p.  560  above). 

'  bt.  acras «  iiii.  acras  et  iiii.  acras  et  dimidiam.' 

6  His  name  is  one  of  the  omissions  in  Ellis' 
Indexes  to  Domes  Jay. 

7  The  name  of  the  locality  should  have  followed 
after  '  acres.' 

»  See  p.  572,  note  14,  above. 
9  i.e.  a  quarter  of  a  plough-team. 


reeve,  has  received  these  pence  I0;  and  he  has 
given  pledge  concerning  it  (indededit  vadem).11 

In  HERSHAM  [Hersham(hall)  '*]  a  free 
woman  held  30  acres.  Now  Wielard'  holds 
them,  as  he  says,  of  the  king  ;  but  the  Hun- 
dret  (court)  does  not  testify  (in  his  favour) ; 
and  Richard  son  of  Count  Gilbert  has  had 
the  service  (from  the  land).  Then  half  a 
plough  (was  there)  ;  now  none.  (There  are) 
now  2  bordars.  It  is  worth  10  shillings. 

In  BRANCHETREU  [Braintree]  3  free  men 
held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  30  acres,  which 
Letmar*  the  reeve  claimed  as  belonging  to 
(reclamavit  ad)  Richard's  fief;  but  his  (illius) 
men  do  not  testify  (in  the  reeve's  favour). 
And  he  has  given  pledge  concerning  it  (inde 
dedit  vadem  ts).  And  it  is  worth  3  shillings.14 

In  CEAURIDE  [Chawreth  16]  (are)  30  acres, 
which  were  held  by  Ulvric,  a  free  man,  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Now  Garner',  a  man 
of  Richard,  holds  (them),  and  vouched  to 
warranty  (vocavit  ad  tutorem)  Ilbodo,18  and 
afterwards  failed  to  adduce  a  warrantor  (nan 
adduxit  tutorem).  And  it  is  worth  8  shillings. 

In  the  same  vill  2  free  men  held  half  a 
hide  in  King  Edward's  time.  Ailmar, 
Richard's  reeve,  seized  this  land,  and  vouched 
him  to  warranty  (revocavit  turn  ad  tutorem)  ; 
but  Richard  failed  (defu'tf)  him  ;  and  he  has 
given  pledge  concerning  it  (ex  hoc  dedit  ille 
vadem13).  It  is  worth  16  shillings.17 

The  monks  of  Canterbury  hold  in  LALINGA 
[Lawling18]  i  hide,  which  was  held  by  3  free 
men  in  King  Edward's  time.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  l  plough.  It  is  worth  2O  shillings. 
This  land  has  been  added  to  that  manor  I9  in 
King  William's  time. 

10  This  passage   is  important  as  implying  that 
30  pence  was  the  actual  rent  received,  and  not  a 
mere  valuation. 

11  See  p.  566,  note  10,  above. 
>*  See  p.  571,  note  7,  above. 
11  See  p.  566,  note  10,  above. 

11  This  is  virtually  a  duplicate  entry  (see  p.  570, 
note  20,  above). 

18  Overlooking  these  entries  Morant  asserted 
that  Chawreth  w»  not  mentioned  in  Domesday 

16  See  p.  561  above.     It  is  not  clear  what  he 
had  to  do  with  Chawreth. 

17  Richard's  encroachments  end  here. 

18  In  Latchingdon. 

19  The  monks  had  a  large  and  valuable  manor 
at  Lawling  (p.  437  above). 


573 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


In  COLUN  [Colne1]  Turbern  holds  22 
acres  without  (any)  gift  from  the  king  and 
renders  no  customary  due. 

Henry  de  Ferrers  (Ferreriis)  has  seized 
(invasit)  I  free  man 3  with  (de)  1 6  acres  in 
STEPLA  [Steeple].  And  (it)  is  worth  2  shil- 
lings. 

Wfilliam]  Levric3  has  seized  (invasit)  in 
SCIDDEHAM  [  3]  i  free  man  with 

(de)  6  acres.     It  is  worth  1 2  pence. 

In  BUMESTEDA  [Bumpstead]  Robert  Blund'4 
has  seized  (invasit)  10  acres,  which  were 
held  by  Edui,  a  free  man.  Then  as  now 
(semper)  I  plough.  It  is  worth  2O  shillings. 

fo.  I03b 

In  MILDENTUNA  [Middleton]  R[obert] 
Malet6  has  seized  (invasit)  15  acres  which 


were  held  by  a  free  man  in  King  Edward's 
time.  Then  as  now  (semper]  half  a  plough. 
It  is  worth  5  shillings. 

Frodo  brother  of  the  abbot10  has  held  up  to 
now  (hucusque)  2  free  men  in  STAUMTUNA  u 
[Stevington  (End)  **],  whom  Orgar'  his  pre- 
decessor 13  seized  (invasit),  (and)  who  dwell 
in  the  king's  soke  and  have  20  acres.  Then 
as  now  (semper)  half  a  plough  (was  there)  ; 
and  it  is  worth  4  shillings. 

In  CISHELLA  [(Great)  Chishall]  Lewin' 
held  5  acres  ;  and  now  Roger  de  Otburvilla  u 
holds  them,  because  (idea  quod)  his  predecessor 
was  seised  thereof. 

In  the  Hundret  of  Rochefort  [Rochford] 
lie  15  acres  of  ANGRA  [Ongar],  which  are 
held  by  Berengar,  a  man  of  Earl  Eustace. 
(They  were)  then  worth  1 5  pence  ;  now  20. 


SURVEY    OF    COLCHESTER 


fo.  104 

HUNDRET  OF  COLCHESTER  [COLECESTRA] 

In  the  same  COLCHESTER  Godric,  a  free 
man,6  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  4  manses 
(mansiones  terra)?  and  I  church,  and  4  hides 
in  Greenstead  (Grenesteda).  On  his  death 
his  sons  divided  the  land  into  four  parts,8  of 
which  the  king  has  two — to  (in)  which  be- 
long 2  houses  in  the  borough  (burgo)  which 
have  always  rendered,  and  still  render,  cus- 
tomary due  to  the  king.9  In  (these)  2  hides 
(there  were)  then,  and  (are)  now,  2  ploughs 
on  the  demesne  ;  then  and  now  3  villeins  ; 
then  and  now  2  serfs  ;  then  and  now  24 
acres  of  meadow  and  marsh  (maresc)  ;  then  i 

1  This  holding  cannot  be  identified. 

*  i.e.  his  land. 

8  See  p.  557,  notes  4,  5,  above. 

*  Robert   Blund    was  a  tenant-in-chief,   whose 
chief  estate  was  in  Suffolk.     He,  or  a  man  of  the 
same  name,  held  some  land  at  Castle  Hedingham 
under  Aubrey  de  Vere,  but  there  is  nothing  to 
explain  his  appearance  here  at  Bumpstead. 

6  He  held  land  at  Goldmgham  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood. 

6  This  must  have  been  the   Godric  '  de   Colae 
castro'  whose  small  estate  ('25  acres')  at  (East) 
Donyland  had  passed  to  Count  Eustace  (see  p.  466 
above). 

7  See  Introduction,  p.  416. 

8  '  Inquat  dimiserunt  partes.'     As  the  '  inquat ' 
is  obviously  corrupt,  I  have  ventured  to  read  'dlmi- 
serunt '  as  an  error  for  '  diriserunt.' 

9  The  Latin  leaves  it  doubtful  whether  the  due 
was  paid  from  the  houses  or  the  2  hides. 


mill  ;  (and)  now  a  moiety  ;  then  as  (et)  now 
it  was  worth  40  shillings.  And  of  the  two 
other  parts  Count  Eustace  has  i  hide,  and 
John  son  of  Waleram  the  other  hide.  And 
in  the  quarter  of  Count  Eustace  is  the  whole 
(of  the)  church,  and  a  fourth  part  of  the 
mill,  and  a  fourth  part  of  the  meadow  ;  then 
i  plough  (was  there,  and)  now  none  ;  and  it 
is  worth  in  all  30  shillings.  And  in  the 
fourth  part  of  John  son  of  Waleram  there  was 
i  plough  in  King  Edward's  time ;  now  none ; 
and  (in  it  is)  a  fourth  part  of  the  mill,  (with) 
a  fourth  part  of  the  meadow  ;  and  it  is  worth 
in  all  30  shillings.  And  from  these  two 
parts  the  king  has  no  customary  due. 

And  the  burgesses  claim  5  hides  of  Lexden 
(lex  sendtna),  which  belonged  to  (jacuerunt  ad) 
the  aforesaid  land  that  Godric  held,  (as  liable) 
to  the  customary  due  and  account  of  the 
city.16 

These  are  the  king's  burgesses  who  render 
customary  due.  Coleman  has  i  house  in 
Colchester  (de  colecestra),  and  holds  5  acres  of 
land,  and  renders  to  the  king  now  as  then 

10  Of  St.  Edmund's. 

11  A  scribal  misreading  of '  Stavintuna.' 

12  In  Ashdon,  the  next  parish  to  Radwinter,  in 
which  was  Frodo's  manor. 

13  In  his  manor  at  Radwinter  (p.  556). 

14  See  p.  496  above. 

15  '  Cootum  civitatis.'    Here  again  I  venture  to 
emend  to  'compotum   civitatis.'     See   the   Intro- 
duction (p.  4 1 6)  for  the  meaning  of  the  above  entry. 


574 


THE    HOLDERS   OF   LANDS 


(temper)  customary  due.  Lewin'  2  houses 
and  25  acres  of  land.  Ulvric  i  house. 
Eduin'  the  priest  i  house  and  20  acres. 
Turchil  I  house  and  9  acres.  Ulstan  eudlac 
4  houses  and  20  acres.  Lewin'  crist  i  house 
and  10  acres.  Man  win'  4  houses  and  30 

fo.  i<Mb 

acres.  Alvric  I  house  and  5  acres.  Herde- 
dun1  10$  houses  and  20  acres.*  Alfeihc  the 
priest  I  house  and  25  acres.  Levot  I  house 
and  15  acres.  Ulvric  i  house  and  7  acres. 
Suertlinc  I  house  and  10  acres.  Alwart  I 
house  and  2  acres.  Eduin'  I  house.  Goda  * 
1 3  houses  and  20  acres.  Sprot  2  houses  and 

3  acres.     Edric    4    houses    and     15    acres. 
Godwin'    I    house  and    15   acres.     Godwin' 
wachefet  and  his  sons  5  houses  and   12  acres. 
Blanc*  6    houses   and    20   acres.     Alvric    2 
houses  and  14  acres.     Stanart  2^  houses  and 
IO  acres.     Goduin'    I    house   and    9    acres. 
Ulvric  2  houses  and   I   acre.     Alsi    I    house 
and  3^  acres.    Alward  2  houses  and  23  acres. 
Manwin*  2  houses  and   7  acres.     Leffesse    I 
house    and    2^    acres.     Lewin'    10    acres. 
Ulwin    i    house  and    2-£    acres.     Godinc    2 
houses  and  i  o  acres.     Goda  *   I  house  and   7 
acres.     Ulwin  the  crier  (monitor)  i  house  and 
7  acres.     Alfgar  i  house.     Uluart  2  houses 
and  I  acre.     Alwin'  i   house  and   10  acres. 
Alfgar  the  priest  I  house  and  I  acre.     Frent 
i  house  and  2  acres.     Osgot  2  houses  and   i 
acre.     Ulvric  2  houses.     Artur   i   house  and 

4  acres.     Eduin'  i  house  and  4  acres.     Sal- 
vare  i  house  and   7  acres.     Leflet  *  3  houses 
and   25  acres  and   I    mill.     Alvric    I    house. 
Goduin'    i    house.     Sprot    I    house    and    3 
acres.     Grimolf  2  houses  and  9  acres.     Sagar 
i  house  and  i  o  acres.  Alvric  I  house.   Alwin' 
3  houses  and  9  acres.     Ulvric  I  house  and  6 
acres.     Sprot  i  house  and  3  acres.     Ulwart 
I  house  and  8  acres.     Lewin  i  house  and  10 
acres  '  consilio.'  *    Goduin'  I  house.    Golstan 

1  house  and  5  acres.     Ulwin  i   house  and  4 
acres.     Ulwart  i  house  and  3  acres.     Ulwin' 

2  houses  and  7  acres.     Godwin  2  houses  and 
6  acres  '  consilio.'  *     Alfsi  2  houses.    Lefstan 
i  house  and  i  acre.     Godric  I  house.     Alric 

fo.  109 

I  house.     Not   I   house.     Brictwin    I    house 
and    5    acres.     Lefflet B    i    house.     Alric    I 

1  So  reads  the  Record   Commission's  edition  ; 
but  I  think  we  may  read  :  '  Herdechin.' 

*  '  x  d'  et  dim'  xx  ac'.' 
8  A  woman's  name. 

*  This  word,  which  occurs  here  thus,  has  not 
been  explained. 

5  A  woman's  name. 


house  and  4^  acres.     Edwin  I  house  and  2} 
acres.     Scadebutre     I     house.     Manwin'     4 
acres.     Goldwin*   i   house.     Ulvric   I   house 
and    2    acres.     Osiet    I    house.      Edwin'    I 
house  and  10  acres.     Ulvric  2  houses  and   5 
acres.     Alwin'   2  houses.     Edwin'    i    house 
and  3  acres.     Ulwin'   i   house.     Blacstan   2 
houses.     Manstan    2    houses    and    10    acres. 
Alvric  I  house  and  i  acre.     Lewin'  I  house. 
Alwin   2   houses  and    22    acres.     Lewin    2 
houses.     Edric    i    house.     Lewin'    i    house. 
Wed*  I   house.     Ulsi   I    house.     Goldric   2 
houses    and    22    acres.     Goda T    22    acres. 
Calebot  *  7  acres.      Manstan  2  houses  and  i 
acre.     Ulfeit   i   house.     Manwin'   i    house. 
Winemer  9  i  house.     Sacrim  3  houses  and  4 
acres.    Levric  i  house.     Ulwart  I  house  and 
4   acres.      Ulwin'    i    house   and    10   acres. 
Lefflet10   I  house  and   25   acres.     Godric    I 
house.    Dereman  I  house.    Turstan  i  house. 
DuHel  (sic)  i  house  and  half  an  acre.    Goddae 
(sic)  2  houses.     Got  cill'  (j/V)  i   house  and    i 
acre.    Stan  I  house.    Oriet'  I  house.    Alfstan* 
I  house.     Tovi  i  house.     Goldinc   I   house. 
Leuiet    I    house   and    2    acres.     Blacstan    I 
house.     Manwin'  I  house.     Alwin'  I  house. 
Lefsun    2    houses.     Alvric    I    house   and    2 
acres.     Brumman  i  house.     Alwin  i   house. 
Saulf  2^  houses  and    10   acres.     Lewin'    3 
acres.      Ulfric    I    house.     Alfstan    I    house. 
Godwin  3  acres.     Goldwin'  i   house.     God- 
win' I  house  and   i   acre.     Wicga   I    house. 
Ledmar  I  house.     Ulstan  2  houses.     Gode- 
sun  I  house  and  3  acres.     Elebolt  2  houses 
and   i  acre.     Godwin*    I    house.     Godeva 10 
i    house.      Lefstan    i    house.     Eduard    the 
priest   i   house.     Hacon    I    house.     Ailbriest 
i   house.     Tate   i   house.     Sawart   I    house. 
Berda    I    house    and    5    acres.     Ulwart    the 
priest  I  house  and  i  acre.     Cullinc  2  houses 
and  7  acres.     Alwolt   I   house.     Filieman    i 
house    and     5    acres.      Godeva 10    I    house. 

fo.  losb,  i 

Siward  the  priest  I  house  and  4  acres.  Pic 
I  house.  Ulwin'  3  houses  and  4  acres. 
Leueva  10  I  house  and  4^  acres.  Alvric  15 
acres.  Alwen  2  houses.  Ulvric  i  house 
and  i$  acres.  William  Peche  (feccatum)11  i 


«  'Vued.' 

7  A  woman's  name. 

8  This   strange    name    suggests    an    error    for 
'Talebot,'  but  one  would  hardly  expect  to  find  a 
Norman  holding  these  '  7  acres.' 

9  This  is  a  Flemish  name. 

10  A  woman's  name. 

11  A  Norman  under-tenant  in  the  three  eastern 
counties.     In  Essex  he  held  at  Gestingthorpe  and 
at  Belchamp  Walter  adjoining. 


575 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


house.  Best  I  house.  Resell*  i  house  and  4 
acres.  Lewin'  i  house  and  2  acres.  Goda  1 
i  house.  Ulwin'  i  house.  Leuesun  i  house. 
Golman  i  house.  Pote  4  acres.  Godric  i 
house.  Siric  i  house  and  2  acres.  Alric  i 
house  and  2  acres.  Liuidi  (sic)  I  house. 
Brictric  i  house  and  9^  acres.  Lefstan  i 
house.  Wdebil  *  I  house.  Blacstan  I  house. 
Alflet  3  i  house.  Ulveva  I  house  and  2O 
acres.  Goda  3  i  house  and  20  acres.  Ascere 
i  house  and  19  acres.  Godric  I  house. 
Brunloc  i  house.  Alnod  2  houses  and  4 
acres.  Godwin'  i  house  and  10  acres. 
Lewin  i  house  and  10  acres.  Alvric  the 
priest  3  houses  and  2  acres.  Roger  i  house 
and  4  acres.  Godric  i  house.  Alvric  I 
house  and  2  acres.  Suertinc  i  house  and  10 
acres.  Godid  3  2  houses  and  14  acres. 
Brunnin'  i  house  and  3  acres.  Ulwin'  i 
house.  Brungar  2  houses  and  18  acres. 
Sunegot  I  house.  Siward  i  house  and  6£ 
acres.  Ulstan  u  acres.  Leffiuf  2  houses 
and  8  acres.  Sagrim  i  house.  Ulwin'  i 
house.  Lewin'  i  house.  Leuric'  I  house. 
Godinc  I  house  and  I  acre.  Westan  2 
houses  and  30  acres.  Ainolf  I  house  and  15 
acres.  Tunric  i  house.  Alstan  5  acres. 
Alfsi  i  house.  Goldere  I  acre.  Godsune 
i£  acres.  Ulwin'  i  house.  Alvric  i  house. 
Godwin'  i  house.  Pecoc  I  house.  Alwin' 
I  house.  Brictric  I  house.  Manwin'  i 
house.  Ulvric  i  house.  Godsune  i-J-  (?) 
houses 4  and  6  acres.  Brunuin'  i  house. 
Manwin'  i  house.  Edric  I  house.  Leueva  B 
I  house.  Owin  i  house.  Alstan  2  houses. 
Alvolt  6£  acres.  Manuin'  i  house  and  5 
acres.  Alwart  I  house  and  1 5  acres.  Lemer 
10  acres.  The  Abbot  of  St.  Edmund(s)  2 
houses  and  30  acres.  Stanhert  I  house. 

fo.  106 

Ulwin'  I  house.  Saswele  i  house.  Leuret 
i  house  and  6  acres.  Alveva  6  10  acres. 
Ulstan  I  house  and  13  acres.  Lewin'  2 
houses.  Leueva  5  i  house.  Alvric  i  house. 
Godric  i  house  and  9  acres.  Ulric  I  house 
and  4  acres.  Ulwin'  i  house.  Alwen  i 
house.  Tescho  2  houses  and  20  acres  of 
land  ;  and  he  owes  customary  dues  to  the 
king,  and  never  pays  (them).  Ulvric  3  acres. 
Stotinc  i  house.  Herstan  i  house.  Leuric 
i  house  and  42  acres.  Edric  i  house.  Dela 
I  house.  Hunec  2  houses.  Manwin'  2 
houses.  Alvric  2  houses.  Got  (sic)  Hugh  6 
acres.  Lewin'  i  house  and  25  acres. 


1  A  woman's  name. 

3  A  woman's  name. 

4  '  Godsune  et  dim.' 

5  A  woman's  name. 


3  'Vudebil.' 


Miblanc  (Dimiitius  blancus)  6  4  houses. 
Lefsune  i  acre.  Alveva7  i  house.  Leueva7 
3  acres.  Sueno  I  house.  Ulsi  I  house. 
Alflet  7  I  house.  Ralf  Pinel  8  4  houses 
within  the  walls  and  5  acres,  and  he  has  not 
paid  (the)  customary  due,  and  has  given 
security  therefor.9  Orlaf  3-^  acres.  Walter 
2  houses.  Horrap  I  house.  Alwin'  i  house. 
Stamburc  I  house.  Ulstan  2  houses  and  5 
acres.  Chentinc  i  house.  Sprot  i  house 
and  5  acres.  Edwin'  i  house  and  3  acres. 
Got  flet13  (sic)  2O  acres.  Mansune  10  acres. 
Godinc  i  house  and  5  acres.  Ulveva13  5  acres. 
Ulvric  I  house  and  i£  acres.  Lorchebret  I 
house  and  10  acres.  Goldere  I  house.  In 
addition  to  their  land  these  burgesses  have  51 
acres  of  meadow.  Amo  Hamo  (sic)  dapifer 
(has)  i  house,  and  I  court  (curia),10  and  i  hide 
of  land,  and  1 5  burgesses ;  and  this  was 
held  by  his  predecessor  Thurbert  n  in  King 
Edward's  time ;  and  all  this,  except  his 
hall,  used  to  render  customary  due  in  King 
Edward's  time  ;  and  the  burgesses  still  render 
it  on  their  polls  (de  suis  capitibus),  but  from 
their  land  and  from  the  hide  which  Hamo 
holds  the  due  is  not  rendered.  In  (that) 
hide  (was)  then  I  plough  ;  now  none ;  then 
and  now  6  acres  of  meadow  ;  and  all  this 
was  worth  4  pounds  in  King  Edward's  time, 
and  the  same  when  he  received  (it)  ;  18  and 
now  40  shillings. 

Mansune  (has)  2  houses  and  4  acres ;  Goda13 
i  house. 

Eudo  dapifer  (has)  5  houses  and  40  acres  of 
land,  which  were  held  by  burgesses  in  King 

fo.  io6b 

Edward's  time  and  used  to  render  all  bur- 
gesses' due(s).  But  now  the  burgesses  do  not 
render  due(s)  save  on  their  polls  (capitibus). 
All  this  is  the  fourth  part  of  the  church  of 
St.  Peter  ;u  it  renders  30  shillings. 

Hugh  de  Montfort  (has)  i  house,  which 
was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by  his  pre- 
decessor Godric,15  and  used  then  to  render 
customary  due  to  the  king.  Now  it  does  not 
pay  and  has  not  paid  since  Hugh  had  (it). 

6  See  p.  534,  note  1 1,  above. 

7  A  woman's  name. 

8  He   held   in  chief  at  Bromley  in  Tendring 
Hundred. 

9  See  p.  412,  note  7,  above. 

10  See  Introduction,  pp.  350,  417. 

11  See  p.  500,  note  10,  above. 

12  '  Et  quando  similiter  recepit.'     Here  '  simili- 
ter '  and  '  recepit '  are  obviously  transposed  by  a 
slip  of  the  scribe. 

13  A  woman's  name. 

14  See  p.  578  below. 

15  He  cannot  be  identified  as  Hugh's  predecessor 
in  any  Essex  manor. 


576 


THE    HOLDERS   OF    LANDS 


Roger  of  Poitou  (pictaviemis)  has  i  house 
which  was  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by 
his  predecessor  Alflet  *  and  used  to  render  the 
king's  due.  Now  it  does  not  pay  and  has  not 
paid  *  since  Roger  had  (it). 

Count  Eustace  (has)  1 2  houses,  and  one  of 
which  Engelric  *  took  possession  (occupavit) ; 
and  they  used  to  render  the  king's  due  in 
King  Edward's  time.  Now  they  do  not  pay 
and  have  not  paid  since  Eustace  had  them  ; 
and  they  are  worth  12  shillings.  William, 
nephew  of  the  bishop,*  (has)  2  houses,  which 
were  held  by  Thurchil,  and  renders  customary 
due.  Otto  the  goldsmith  (has)  3  houses 
which  belong  to  Esceldeforde  [Shalford]  and 
were  held  by  /Elfgifu  (Alveva)  the  countess,5 
and  used  to  render  the  king's  due,  and  do  not 
render  (it)  now.  And  this  is  of  the  queen's 
land.8 

The  Abbot  of  Westminster  (has)  4  houses, 
which  were  held,  in  King  Edward's  time,  by 
Earl  Harold  as  belonging  to  Peering  (ad 
ferigens)  and  used  then  to  render  customary 
due  ;  now  they  do  not. 

Geoffrey  de  Mandeville  (magna  villa)  (has) 
2  houses,  which  were  held  in  King  Edward's 
time  by  Geni'  as  belonging  to  Ardleigh  (ad 
erligam)*  and  used  to  render  customary  due  ; 
now  they  do  not. 

Suain  (Suena)  (has)  I  house,  which  was  held 
in  King  Edward's  time  by  Goda  as  belonging 
to  Elmstead  (ad  e/mesttdam)  T  ;  and  then  they 
used  to  render  (reddebant)  the  king's  due  ;  now 
they  only  render  on  their  tenants'  polls  (nisi 
caput  hominis). 

William  de  Watteville  (watevilla  8)  (holds) 
of  Suain  (sue  none)  i  house,  which  was  held  by 
Robert  (Fitz)  Wimarc  in  King  Edward's  time, 
and  used  to  render  customary  due  ;  now  it 
does  not. 

Turstin  Wiscart9  holds  of  John  Fitz 
Waleram  3  houses  and  half  a  hide  of  land, 
which  were  held  in  King  Edward's  time  by 

1  She  cannot  be  identified  as  his  predecessor  in 
any  Essex  manor. 

•  Reddit '  for  '  reddidit.' 

His  predecessor. 

See  Introduction,  p.  418. 

See  Introduction,  p.  351. 

Geoffrey's  manor  at  Ardleigh  had  been  held 
by  two  brothers,  and  this  '  Geni' '  cannot  be 
identified  there  (p.  508  above). 

7  Suain  (of  Essex)  had  succeeded,  at  Elmstead, 
his  father  Robert  Fitz  Wimarc  (p.  491).  Goda 
was  probably  an  Englishwoman  whose  land  Robert 
had  obtained. 

•  See  p.  474,  note  6,  above. 

*  This  famous  surname  it  among  the  omissions 
in    Ellis'  Indexes  to  Domesday.     It   identifies  the 
Turstin  who  held  of  John  Fitz  Waleram  at  Saling. 


two  burgesses,  and  used  to  render  the  king's 
customary  due  ;  now  they  do  not.  That 
half  hide  was  then  worth  10  shillings  ;  and 

fo.  107 

when  received,  6  shillings  ;  (it  is)  now  (worth) 
5  shillings.10 

Ranulf  Peverel  (piperellus)  (has)  5  houses, 
which  Ailmar  II  held,  in  King  Edward's  time, 
as  belonging  to  Terling  (ad  terlingai) ;  and 
they  used  to  render  customary  due ;  now 
they  do  not.  One  of  these  is  without  the 
walls. 

Ralf  Baignart  (has)  I  house,  which  was 
held  in  King  Edward's  time  by  Ailmar  melc 
as  belonging  to  Tolleshunt  (ad  tollensum  li  te), 
and  it  used  to  render  (reddebant)  customary 
due  ;  now  not. 

The  Abbess  of  Barking  (berchinges)  (had)  3 
houses  1S  in  King  Edward's  time,  and  then 
rendered  (reddebat)  customary  due  ;  now  not. 

Aubrey  de  Ver  (has)  2  houses  and  3  acres 
of  land,  which  were  held  by  Ulwin*  his  pre- 
decessor 14  in  King  Edward's  time.  They  used 
then  to  render  customary  due. 

The  king's  demesne  in  Colchester  (consists 
of)  1 02  acres  of  land,  of  which  10  are  of 
meadow,  (and)  on  (in)  which  are  10  bordars  ; 
and  240  acres  of  (inter)  pasture  and  scrub 
(Jructetam) ;  and  all  this  belongs  to  (jacet  ad) 
the  king's  ferm.15 

In  the  burgesses'  common  18  (In  commune  bur- 
gensum)  are  80  acres,  and  8  perches  about 
(circa)  the  wall,  from  all  which  the  burgesses 
have  60  shillings  a  year,  for  the  king's  service 
if  there  should  be  need  (for  it),  and  if  not, 
they  divide  it  in  common  (in  commune  divi- 
dunt). 

And  (autem)  there  is  a  custom  that  every 
year,  on  the  fifteenth  day  after  Easter,  the 
king's  burgesses  render  2  marcs  of  silver ;  and 
this  belongs  (hoc  pertinent)  to  the  king's  ferm. 

10  « The  fee  of  Turstin  Wiscart '  is  among  the 
endowments  named  in  Eudo  Dapifer's  foundation 
charter  of  St.  John's  Abbey,  Colchester. 

11  This  was  '  Ailmar,  a  thegn  of  King  Edward,' 
who  had  held  Terling  before  the  conquest. 

19  This  place  has  not  hitherto  been  identified, 
and  it  was  indexed  in  the  Record  Commission's 
edition  as  '  Collensum.'  The  entry  gives  us  the 
surname  of  Ralf's  predecessor  at  Tolleshunt  (p.  526 
above). 

13  These  are  clearly  the  three  houses  mentioned 
under  her  manor  of  Wigborough  (p.  449  above) 
as  appurtenant  thereto. 

u  See  Introduction,  p.  343. 

16  i.e.  was  included  in  the  sources  of  revenue 
compounded  for  in  the  '  ferm.' 

18  This  appears  to  be  the  best  way  of  rendering 
the  above  exceedingly  difficult  phrase.  The  phrase 
probably  refers  to  common  of  pasture. 


577 


73 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Moreover  from  each  house  (are  paid)  yearly 
6  pence,  which  can  be  devoted  (reddere  potest) 
to  the  support  (victum)  of  the  king's  soldiers 
(solidariorum)  or  to  war  service  (expetitionem) 
by  land  or  sea  ;  and  this  does  not  belong  (est) 
to  the  (king's)  ferm.1  And  let  this  be  so  (sit) 
whether  the  king  has  soldiers  (soldarios)  or  calls 
for  war  service  (expetitionem  fecerit).3  And 
in  addition  to  (propt\er] 3)  these  (payments 
of)  6  pence  the  whole  city  (civitas)  used  to 
render  from  all  dues  (debitis)  in  King  Edward's 
time,  1 5  pounds  and  5  shillings  and  3  pence 
each  year,  of  which  the  moneyers  used  to 
render  4  pounds  in  King  Edward's  time.  It 
now  renders  80  ('  iiii  xx ')  pounds  and  4 
ststiers  (sextarios)  of  honey  or  40  shillings  4  ; 4 
and,  besides  this,  100  shillings  to  the  sheriff 
for  fine  (dt  gersuma)  ;6  and  10  shillings  and 

fo.  I07b 

8  pence  for  feeding  (pascendos)  the  preben- 
daries. And  besides  this  the  burgesses  of 
Colchester  and  of  Maldon  (meldona)  render 

1  See  p.  577,  note  15,  above. 

*  For  this  difficult  passage  see  the  Introduction. 
3  I  read  this  as  an  error  foe  prater. 

*  'xl.  sol.  iiii.'     The  text  is  evidently  corrupt. 
6  Gersuma  was  an  offering  of  some  kind,  usually 

consideration  money  paid  for  a  lease. 


2O  pounds  for  the  mint  (moneta) ;  and 
Waleram  arranged  (const  ituit)  this  ;  and  they 
vouch  (advocant)  the  king  to  warranty  (ad 
turtorem}  that  he  remitted  to  them  10 
pounds,  and  (the  holder  ?)  Bishop  Walchelin  8 
demands  (querit)  from  them  40  pounds. 

In  Colchester  is  a  certain  church  of  St. 
Peter,  which  was  held,  in  King  Edward's 
time,  by  2  priests  in  almoine  of  the  king 
(in  elemaiina  [sic]  regis),  (and)  to  which  be- 
long (adjacent)  2  hides  of  land,  on  (in)  which 
there  were  and  (are)  now,  2  ploughs  ;  (there 
were)  then  3  bordars,  (and)  now  4  ;  then  3 
serfs,  (and)  now  2  ;  then  and  now  12  acres 
of  meadow  ;  then  and  now  i  mill ;  then  and 
now  2  houses  in  the  borough  (burgo).  Then 
the  whole  was  worth  30  shillings ;  now 
48  shillings.  Of  this  endowment  (elemosina) 
Robert  son  of  Ralf  de  Hatinges 7  claims 
(reclamat)  three  quarters,  and  Eudo  '  dapifer ' 
holds  the  fourth  ; 8  and  in  King  Edward's 
time  they  rendered  (reddebant)  customary 
due  ;  and  now  it  does  not  (non  reddit), 

6  The  word  ten'  precedes  Walchelin',  but  here 
again  the  text  is  corrupt. 

7  Clearly  an  error  for  '  Hastinges.'     The  MS. 
has  '  dehatingis.' 

8  See  p.  576,  note  14,  above. 


578 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY    OF 

ESSEX 


I.    PERSONAL    NAMES1 


A.  (?  Ailmar),  5283 

Achi  a  free  man,  4884,  5554 

Adam  son  of  Durand  Malsouer, 

4273,  5583,  559* 
Adelelm,  5344,  535* 
JEKgir,  5084.  See  also  Alfgar, 

Algar 
jElfgar  [Algar,  Edgar],  Earl,  336, 

337.  338»    35'.   354.  43<>3, 
4314,4313,4533,4743,5504, 
5623,  5643,  5723,  netei  337, 

338,  354.  4303 

jElfgifu  widow  of  Earl  ^Elfgar, 

35',  577" 

jElfric  Camp.     See  Camp 
jtlfric  son  of  Wisgar  (Withgar), 

34.8 
.iElfric    [Alvric]     the     sokeman, 

35.8,  535*.  536<» 
./Elfi-ic  [Alvric]  the  priest,   384, 

4823 
.(Elfric   Wand   or    Wants.      See 

Wand 

jElfric.     See  also  Alric,  Alvric 
.iElfsige  [Alfsi]  (Colchester  mon- 
ey") 422,  5754,5764 
jEthelmzr,    5253,     nott     4433. 

See  also  Ailmar,  Ailmar  melc 
jEthelred,  King,  340 
^Ethelric,  341.     See  also  Ailric 
yEtnod,  47O3 
Agnes,  5524 
Ailbriest,  5753 
Ailet,  Hoi  Jin,  392 
Ailid,  Ailida,  a  free  woman,  347, 

4674,  5223,  5234,  5254,  5253 
Ailmar,  5534 

Ailmar  a  free  man,  5334,  5523 
Ailmar    a     king's    thegn,    4524, 

5263,  5274,  5773 
Ailmar  melc,  5264,  5283,  5773. 

See  also  yEthelmaer 
Ailmar     reeve    of    Richard    de 

Clare,  5733 

Ailric,  4454.     See  also  ./Ethclric 
Ainolf,  5764 
Alan    of  Brittany,  Count.     See 

Brittany 


Albemarle.     See  Aumale 

Albert,  4524 

Alcher,  4983 

Aldred,  4953 

Alestan',  5063,  5204,5314,5454. 

See  also  Alstan 
Alestan'  a  free  man,  5003,  5143, 

5154,  5273,  5463,5694,  57 13 
Alfega,  5403 
Alfeihc  the  priest,  5754 
Alfgar,   5754.     See  also  jElfgar, 

Algar 

Alfgar  the  priest,  5754 
Alflet,  5764,  5763,  5774 
Alfsi.     See  .lElfsige 
Alfstan,  5753 

Alftred  a  certain  woman,  4373 
Algar,  4573,  480*,  4814,  515*, 

5294,  5293,  5403,  5724.     Sec 

also  vElfgar 
Alger,  5564 
Almar,  4694,  4874 
Almar  a  free  man,  4714 
Almar  Holefest,  4733,  5584 
Almar  of  Borley,  5714 
Alm(er)frid(us),       Amclfrid(us), 

4693,   5233,  5254 
Alno,  William  de.     See  Aunay 
Alnod,  5764 
Alric,  5243,  5444,  5564,  5644, 

5754,  5764 

Alric  a  free  man,  4633 
Alric  a  thegn  of  King  Edward, 

4824 

Alric  brother  of  Bund',  5084 
Alric.     See  also  ./Elfric 
Alsi,  4713,  4973,  5754 
Alsi  a  free  man,  4584 
Alsi  bolla,  5394 
Alsid,  5263 

Alstan,  5764.     See  also  Alestan 
Althorne      [Alcdhorn,      Aletor] 

Walter  de,  395 
Wife  of,  393 
Aluric.     See  Alvric. 
Alveva,  5764,  5763 
Alveva  a  free  woman,  5394,  5684 
Alvid  an  Englishwoman,  4874 


Alvolt,  5764 

Alvrcd,  4864,  4893,  5394,  5693 

Alvret,  Aluret,  the  reeve,  5734, 

note  364 
Alvric,  4324,  4404,  4403,  4653, 

4674, 4703,  4763, 5003, 5 144, 

5173,5254,5453,5553,  5754, 

5753,  5764 
Alvric  a  free  man,  441 3,  4584, 

5*3",  557",  557* 
Alvric  a  thegn  of  King  Edward, 

4414,  4613 
Alvric  biga,  4663 
Alvric  cild  a  free  man,  5  1 43 
Alvric  of  Alreforda,  5714 
Alvric's  father,  4674 
Alvric.     See  also  Elfric 
Alward,  4403,  4574,  4584,  5304, 

5603,  5734,  5754 
Alward  Dore,  5583 
Alwart,  5754,  5764 
Alwart  a  free  man,  5233 
Alwen,  5753,  5764 
Alwen  a  free  woman,  4823 
Alwi'  the  huntsman,  5734 
Alwin,  4674,  4673,  4803,  5364, 

5403,  5583,  5754,  5753,  5763 
Alwin  a  free  man  ( ?  Alwin  Stickhe- 

hare),  441^,  4424,  4583,  5634 
Alwin  a  thegn  of  King  Edward, 

4824,  4983 

Alwin  '  Godtuna,'  4744 
Alwolt,  5753 

Amelfrid'.     See  Alm(er)frid 
Amo.     See  Hamo 
Anschill,  Anschil,  4764,  5554 
Anschetil  a  man  of  the  Bishop  of 

London,  4404,  4584,  5534 
Anschitill,  Anschetil,  4384,  5144, 

5194,  5434,  5713 
Anesti,  Richard  de,  379 
Anselm,  4714 
Ansgar  [Asgar,  Esgar]  the  staller, 

34'.  343.  35*.  353,  358, 
5043,  5053,  5074,  5083, 5094, 
5093, 5 104,  5  io3, 5 1 14, 5 1 13, 
5124, 
note  343 


1  Including  those  of  religious  homes  holding  lands. 
579 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Ansger  the  cook,  427*,  5634 
Ansgot,  489* 
Ansgot  a  free  man,  557* 
Anunt  the  Dane,  459* 
Arling',  507,7 
Artur,  494*,  575* 
Ascelin,  486*,  487*,  514*,  530* 
Ascere,  576* 
Asgar.     See  Ansgar 
Asso,  519^ 
Assorin,  550* 

Aubrey's  wife.      See  Vere,  Au- 
brey de,  wife  of 
'  Aurei  testiculi.'     See  Orescuil 
Aumale,  Countess  of,  427*,  555* 
Aunay,  William  d',  352,  520* 
Austruy,  Seigneurs  of,  344 

Bacton,  Leofwine  of,  Leofwine 
[Lewin]  Cilt,  351,  541*,  548*, 
548* 

Baddow  [Badwan'J,  Richard  de, 

396 

Baignard,  Geoffrey,  560* 
Baignard  [Bainard,  Baignart]  Ralf, 

sheriff  of  Essex,  346,  347,  349, 

353,  365,  395,  396,  4*8*, 
428*,  429*,  432*,  434*,  435,7, 

435<*>  437*,  443^,  444*,  467<*, 
501*,  521*,  522^522*,  523*, 
523/5,  524*,  524*,  525*,  525*, 
526,7,  532*,  570*,  577*,  notes 

347,  567-2 
Bait,  William,  440* 
Bardulf,  Thomas,  392 
Barking  [Berchinges]  Abbey,  340, 

34',  342>  358,  427",  448«, 
448*,  449*,  449*,  505*,  notes 
381,  444^ 

Abbess  of,  577* 
Battaile,  Aumari,  392 
Battle  Abbey,  341,  42 7*,  452*2 
Bayeux,   Odo    Bishop    of,    342, 

343,    352,    387,    395,  427«, 
435**,  44'",  448*,  454*,  455,7, 
455*,  456*,  456*,  457*,  457*, 
458,2,458*,  459*,  459*,  460*, 
460*,  537*,  notes  448*,  518* 
Baynard.     See  Baignard 
Beauchamp  John  de,  note  458* 
Benefelle    [Bendfield],    Godwine 

de,  note  5  1 6* 
Berda,  575* 
Berengar  a  man  of  Earl  Eustace, 

574* 

Berenger,  524* 
Bernard,  376,  463*,  46+*,  465*, 

470*,  524*,  525*,  526*,  note 

501* 
Berners,    Hugh    de,    386,    412, 

510,7,  569* 
Best,  576* 

Bigod,  Bartholomew  le,  note  5  I  o* 
Bigots,  the,  note  535* 
Bigot,    Roger,  418,  420,  428*, 

549*,  549*,  550*,  note  543* 


Binesle,  Richard  son  of  Peter  de, 
note  406 

Birches,  William  a,  389 

Blacstan,  575*,  576* 

Blanc',  575* 

Blois,    Stephen    Count    of,    379, 
note  379 

Blund,  Robert,  533*,  574* 

Bodd'  a  free  man,  461* 

Bohun,     Humfrey    de,    Earl    of 
Hereford  and  Essex,  374 

Boidin.     See  Ailet 

Bond',  543* 

Bondig[Bondi,Bundi](thestaller) 
a  free  man,  350,  504* 

Borda,  519* 

Borley,  Almar  of,  571* 

Bosc,  William  de,  540* 

Boso,  568* 

Boulogne,  Eustace  Count  of,  341, 
342,343,347,353,354,358, 
363,  364,  386,  398,  427*, 
429*,  43  3*,  434*,  4355,  435*, 
438*,  452*,  454*,  460*,  461*, 
461*,  462*,  462*,  463*,  463*, 
464*,  464*,  465*,  465*,  466*, 
466*,  467*,  467*,  468*,  468*, 
469*,  469*,  470*,  470*,  471*, 
47 1*, 472*,  501*,  574*,  577*, 
notes  337,  433*,  435*,  444*, 
525*,  531*,  563* 
a  clerk  of,  436* 

Bricsi,  491* 

Bricteva,  432*,  483* 

Brictic  a  free  man,  571* 

Brictmar  a  free  man,  571* 

Brictnar,  462*.    See  also  Brihtmar 

Brictolf,  572* 

Brictric,   572*,    576*.      See  also 
Brictic,  Brictric 

Brictulf,  471* 

Brictwin,  467*,  575* 

Brihtmar,    Bricthmar,    Brictmar, 
thegn   of  King  Edward,  352, 

353,  358,  46°*»  467^,  5 '4", 
526*,   527*,  530*,   5<J4«* 
462* 
Brihtnoth,   ealdorman,  and  wife, 

34° 
Brittany,  Alan    Count    of,    350, 

427*,  431*,  472*,  473*,  473* 
Brumman,  575* 
Brun,  491*,  530* 
Brungar,  576* 
Brunloc,  576* 
Brunnin',  576* 
Brunuin',  576* 
Bryanzun,    Breanzun,    John    de, 

399 
Buelle,  Lambert  de,  5 1  o* 

Bund'  a  free  man,  508* 
Bundi.     See  Bondig  (the  staller) 
Burcard  a  free  man,  5 1 4* 
Burnart,  571* 
Burnel,  Philip,  394 
Bursigni,  William  de,  449* 

580 


Bury  St.  Edmunds,  Abbey  of, 
338,  340,  427*,  45 la,  451*, 
452* 

Abbot  of,  452*,  574*,  576* 

Caen — Abbey  of  Holy  Trinity  of, 
337,  342,  427*,  453*, 
note  562* 

Abbey  of  St.  Stephen  of, 
342,  419,  427*,  454,7, 
note  559* 

Caen,  Walter  de,   550* 
Calebot,  575* 

Camp   [Campe,    Campa,    Capin, 

Capus,  Cemp],  JElfric  [Alvric, 

Aluricus],  353,  520*,  524*, 

543* 

Camse,  Henry  de,  390 
Cam  ville,  Thomas  de,  372 
Canterbury 

Archbishop  Lanfranc  of,  342 
Cathedral  church  and  monas- 
tery (Christchurch,  Holy 
Trinity),  340,  348,  427*, 
436*,  437*,  437*,  567*, 
notes  565*,  567* 
Monks  of,  573* 
Canute     [Cnut],      King,      339, 

439" 
Cardon,   Cardun,  William,    356, 

451*,  471*,  512*,  569* 
Chentinc,  576* 
Chien,  Seiher  le,  392 
Clare,  Gilbert  de,  note  478* 
Clare,   Richard  Fitz  Gilbert  de, 
348,    355,    363,    388,   408, 
411*,  411*,  412,  427*,  43  la, 
431*,  435*,  477*,  477*,  478*, 
478*,  479*,  480*,  480*,  481*, 
481*,  482*,  508*,  570*,  571*, 
572*,  572*,  573*,  573*,  notes 

435",  535",  57'* 
Clarenbald,  488* 
Cnut.     See  Canute 
Cola,  499* 

Cola  a  free  man,  558* 
Colchester 

Abbot  of,  note  393 

Godric  of,  415,  416,  466*, 

574*,  574* 

King's  burgesses  of,  577* 
Coleman,  480*,  574* 
Coleman  a  free  man,  571* 
Coleworth,  Richard  de,  note  519* 
Colfege  a  free  man,  480* 
Colo,  461* 
Corbun,  W.,  5 1 5* 
Cornhill,  Henry  de,  399 
Corp,  519* 
Cudhen      [Gudhen],      Godwine 

[Goduin],  412,    448*,    557*, 

566* 
Cullinc,  575* 

Dapifer.    See  Eudo,  Fulc,  Godric, 
Hamo 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


David,  467* 

Dela,  5764 

Derman,     Dereman    (Colchester 

moncyer),  422,  575* 
Derolf,  5724 
Doai.     See  Douai 
Dodinc,  5484 
Doding,  5033 
Dore,  Alward,  558* 
Dot,  Doth,  483*,  519*7 
Douai    [Doai],  Walter  de,  350, 

427*,  5543 
Drogo,  552* 
Du  Hel,  575* 
Duna,  Duua,  a  free  woman,  474*7. 

See  also  Duva 

Duna,  Thomas  de,  note  392 
Durand,  note  430* 
Durham,   Bishop  of,    337,  364, 

385,  427*,  446 
Duva,  57i<5.     See  also  Duna 

Eadgyth  [Edeva],  Queen,  351, 
461*,  499-5,  548*,  549*,  note 
499*.  See  also  Edith 

Easthorpe  [Estorp],  Edric  of, 
46611,  5414 

Edeva,  441*,  4424,  4634,  468(7, 

473* 
Edeva,  Eideva,  widow  of  Edward 

son  of  Suan,  355,  565* 
Edgar,  Earl.     See  vElfgar,  Earl 
Edith    the    Fair    [Edeva],    350, 

436*,  472*,  473*,  473*,  note 

350.     See  also  Eadgyth 
Edmar,  462*,  488* 
Edmund   son    of    Algol,    427*, 

558".  558* 
Ednod,  524*.     See  also  yEtnod, 

Etnod 

Ednod  a  free  man,  5470 
Edric,  4844,  4954,  496*,  575*, 

575*,  5764 

Edric  a  free  man,  4  5  6*,  4  5  8*,  5434 
Edric  of  Estorp  [Easthorpe].  See 

Easthorpe,  Edric  of 
Eduard   the    priest,    575*.     See 

also  Edward 
Edui'  a  free  man,  5740 
Eduin',    5074,    5754.     See   also 

Edwin 

Eduin'  the  priest,  575* 
Edward,  428*,  457*,  469*,  4704. 

Sec  also  Eduard 
Edward     (Colchester    moneyer), 

422 

Edward  son  of  Suan,  355,  565* 
Edward  the  Confessor,  336,  345 

a  reeve  of,  429* 
Edward  the  Elder,  414 
Edwin,    575*,    576*.     See   also 

Eduin 
Edwine     [Eduin]   a  free    priest, 


Edwold,  Edwolt,  4404,  440* 
Edwolt  king's  reeve,  455* 


Elebolt,  575* 

Elinant,  47811 

Elric,  4694 

Elwi,  450*,  45!<» 

Elwin,  4734 

Ely,  Abbey  of  St.  /Ethelthryth, 
340,  341,  342,  346,  350, 
427*.  450*,  450*,  459*,  474*, 
495*.  499*.  5°9*.  5*9*.  *<*' 
S3'" 

Abbot  of,   346,  358,  359, 

45'*,  459*.  474*.  492*, 
493*,  509*,  512,*,  529* 

Monks  of,  4294,  499*,  5644 
Engclric.     See  Ingelric 
Enisant,  5340 
Erfin',  358,  507* 
Ernald,  477*,  478,7,  478*,  5710 
ErnulP,  386,462*,  526* 
Esgar.     See  Ansgar 
Essex,  Geoffrey  (de  Mandeville), 

Earl  of,  378 

Essex,  Henry  of,  344,  note  367 
Essex,  Suain  of.    See  Suain,  sheriff 

of  Essex 

Estred,  note  430* 
Etmar,  5544 

Etnod,  464*.     See  also  /Etnod 
Etsi,  4734 
Eu  [Ou],  Count  of,   337,    388, 

428*,  513*,  note  457* 
Eudo    Daftfer    [Eudes    son     of 

Hubert  de    Ryes],  341,  347, 

348,    349.   353,   354.    355. 

379.    383,   384.   39'.    39*. 

395,   411,   416,  417,   4274, 

434*.  435*.  45°*.  45°*.  49'*. 
49  2 a,  492*,  49  3*,  493*,  494*, 
494*,  495<»,  495*,  496*,  501*, 
512,;,  576*,  578*,  notes  496,7, 
5654 

Eustace  of  Boulogne,  Count  (or 
Earl).  See  Boulogne 

Evrard,  5  1 3* 

Felaga,  560*,  572* 
Fenna,  Willelmus  de,  394 
Ferrers,  Earl  de,  388 
Ferrers    [Ferrari  is,      Ferreriis], 
Henry  de,  350,  427,7,  503*, 

5°4*.  574* 
Filieman,  575* 
Frebert  a  thegn,  505,7.     See  also 

Friebert 
Frcnt,  575,7 
Frewin,  469* 
Friebern   a  thegn,  a  free    man, 

343,  4104,  410*,  512,7,  513* 
Friebert,  458*.  See  also  Frebert 
Frodo  brother  of  the  abbot  (of  St. 

Edmunds),  427*,  556(7,  574* 
Fulc  Dafifer,  note  4924 

G.,  571* 

Galicer(ius).     See  Walicherius 

Garenger',  543,7,  549,7,  549* 


Garenne,  William  de.  Sec 
Warenne 

Garin,  527*,  533* 

Garner',  410,7,  461*,  477*,  485,7, 
488,7,  488* 

Gamer',  a  man  of  Richard  de 
Clare,  573* 

Geni',  577<i 

Geoffrey,  462*,  4854,  521*,  525* 

Geoffrey  (?Talbot),  552* 

Germund,  395,  396,  479*,  524-7, 
524*,  571* 

Gemet,  Richard,  506* 

Gernon  [Greno,  Grino],  Robert, 
347,  352»  353.  388,  389,  394, 
428,7,  429*,  433*,  436*,  4394, 
447*,  448*,  5144,514*.  51 5*, 
515*,  516,7,516*,  517,7,517*, 
518,7,  518*,  519,7,519*,  520,7, 
520*,  521,7,521*,  527*,  553*. 
notes  434*,  569* 

Gernon,  William,  347 

Gerold,  543/7,  543* 

Gilbert,  4384 

Gilbert  a  man  of  the  Bishop  of 
Bayeux,  458*,  5534 

Gilbert  son  of  Salomon,  350, 
427*,  453*.  5634 

Gilbert  son  of  Turold,  427*,  5574 

Gilbert  son  of  Warin,  384,  431* 

Gilbert  the  priest,  428*,  564*, 
note  337 

Girald,  Reimund,  354,  432*, 
517*,  note  551* 

Girard,  521*,  545*,  5474 

Girold,  485* 

Gladiou,  475* 

Goda,  575*,  575*,  5764,  576*, 

577" 

Goddse,  575* 

Godebold,  484*,  4884,  4904 
Godeman,  5634.     See  also  God- 
man 

Goder  a  free  man,  4424 
Godere  a  free  man,  559* 
Goderet,  541* 
Godesun,  575* 
Godet,  4834 
Godeva,  571*,  575* 
Godfrey,  487*,  513^5474 
Godgifu.     See  Godeva 
Godid  [Goti,  Gotil,  Gotild],  350, 
442*,  4524,  5004,  501*,  5024, 
502*,  5034,  5094,  5764 
Godinc,  5754,  5764,  576* 
Coding,  4814,  500*,  5734 
Godman  a  free  man,  564* 
Godman    a  sokeman  of  Robert 

FitzWimarc,  489* 
Godman.     See  also  Godeman 
Godric,  4104,  441*,  459*,  483*, 
486*,  4884, 4904,  490*,  5 194, 
522*,  528*,  5754,  575*.  5764, 
576* 

Godric  a  free  man,  452*,  455*, 
4714,  488*,  5594,  5624 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Godric  a  king's  thegn,  484*7, 
4853 

Godric  dafifer,  351,  355,  4363, 
note  350 

Godric  of  Colchester.  See  Col- 
chester 

Godric  poinc,  4760 

Godric  scipri,  4761; 

Godsune,  5764 

Goduin,  49  5  a,  517*5,  5193, 
5503,  563*,  575,7 

Goduin  a  free  man,  441*7, 
4633,492*7,539*7,  543*7,  550,7, 
55o3,  5693,  5713 

Goduin  king's  thegn,  4833,  4923 

Goduin'  sech,  5695 

Goduin  the  priest,  56 la 

Goduin.     See  also  Godwin 

Godun,  5333 

Godwin,  575*,  575*,  576* 

Godwin,  Earl,  336 

Godwin  Wachefet  and   his  sons, 

575" 

Godwine,  416,  42  8£,  4414 
Godwine  [Goduin],  Cudhen  or 

Gudhen.     See  Cudhen 
Godwine   [Goduin]   the  deacon, 

5o63,  5653 

Godwine.     See  also  Goduin 
Goismer,  4781?,  5714 
Gola,   5253 
Goldere,  576*7,  5  7 6b 
Goldinc,   5753 
Goldric,  5753 
Goldwin,  5753 
Golman,  576*7 
Golstan,  4303,  571*7,  575,7 
Gonduin,  42 jb,  $644 
Goscelin  [Goscelmus]  the  lorimer, 

4273,  429*;,  4483,  559,7 
Gotcill,  5753 
Got  flet,  576^ 
Got  Hugh,  576* 
Goti,       Gotil,       Gotild.         See 

Godid 

Gotra,  Gotre,  51617,  52i3 
Grai,  Henry  de,  388 
Grapinel,  48  5,7 
Grapinel,  Warin,  note  4854 
Gray.     See  Grai 
Grim,  494^,  5  2  23 
Grim  a    free   man,  544^,   571*7, 

57'* 
Grim    the     reeve,     355,    42 8£, 

432*,  564*,  565* 
Grimbold,  5624 
Grimolf,  575*7 
Grinchel,  5203,  52115 
Grosvassal,  Geoffrey,  356 
Grut,  Eduin,  5194,  56011 
Gudhen.     See  Cudhen 
Gudmund,  5010 
Gudmund  a  free  man,  4694 
Gudmund  a   king's  thegn,   346, 

497",  497*,  498*,  499" 
Guert,  439*7 


Guibert,  474^ 
Gulbert,  475<7 
Guner'.     See  Gunner 
Gunner,  49117,  491  b,  note  355 
Gurnai,   Hugh  de,    4281;,  55217, 

5523 

Gutbert,  509^ 
Guy,  464.3,  46517 
Guy  the  Angevin,  471/1 

Hacon    (burgess    of  Colchester), 

417,470*7,5213,5753 
Hacun,  5373 
Haghcbern,      Hagebert,      4273, 

4353,  5613 

'  Hagra,'  4993.     See  also  Hapra 
Haldan'  a  free  man,  53717 
Halesdon,  Robert  de,  note  394 
Hamo  the  daplfer,  son  of  Hamon 
[Amo,  Hamo],  sheriff  of  Kent, 

35°.  383»  395.  4i7,  4'9> 
42717,  429,7,  4293,  4613,  500,7, 
5oo3,  50117,  5oi3,  50217,  5023, 
503*7,5033,5593,569*7,  5763, 
notes  412,  429^ 

Hapra,  Ulwin,  5  5  83.  See  also 
Hagra 

Hardekyn,  note  5  2  83 

Harduin',  5533 

Harduinus,  note  413 

Harold  (King),  334,  336,  337, 


4293,432^,4323,  433*,  4333, 

434rt»  434*'  436^  444^  445*. 
44617,  4463,  4603,  46117,  4621?, 
46817,  47017,  50017,  5011?,  50717, 
511,7,  5133,531^,544^,5533, 
56017,  5693,  577*7,  notes  337, 

433* 

his  reeve,  430*,  4333 
Hastinges,  Ralf  de,  5441? 
Ha(s)  tinges,  Robert  son  of  Ralf 

de,  5783 
Hauckestune,    Geoffrey   de,   note 

393 

Helion.     See  Herion 
Hempstead,     Ledmar      of,     the 

reeve,  41  1,  41  ii7,  41  13 
Henry,  a  knight,  wife  of,  5433, 

544" 

Herbert,   5053 
Herbrand   father  of  William  and 

Robert  de  Sackville,  379 
Herdechin,  Herdedun,  5751? 
Hereford,    Robert      Bishop    of, 

336,  42717,  43417,  4603 
Herion    or    Helion,    Tihel    de. 

See  Tihel  the  Breton 
Herstan,  57617 
Hervey   '  de  Ispania,'   350,   356, 

4723,  47317,  4733 
Holefest,  Almar,  4733,  55817 
Holt  a  free  man,  572<7 
Holy  Cross.     See  Waltham 
Holy     Trinity     (Christchurch), 

Canterbury.     See  Canterbury 

582 


Holy  Trinity  of  Caen,  abbey  of. 

See  Caen 

Horolf,  43117,  4523 
Horrap,  5763 

Hosdenc,  Hugh  de,  356,  55017 
Houard,  44317 
Hubert,  5053 
Hubert   (de    Monchensy),   55017, 

5503 
Hugh,  424,   44017,  44217,  45  ii», 

45817,  4583,  466,7,  4663,  4873, 

509^,51217,51317,  5133,51417, 

5143,  5163,  545,7,  5763 
Hugh  de  St.  Quintin.      See  St. 

Quintin 
Hugh  the  son  of  Mauger,  4993, 

50017 

Hughling,44i<;,  4413 
Hugolinus.     See  Hughling 
Humfrey,    43917,    4403,    49811, 

500,7,  5263,  532,7,  5383 
Humfrey  Orescuil,   5694 
Hunald'  [Hunold],  5613,  5620 
Hunec,   57617 
Hunold.     See  Hunald. 

Ilbodo,  412,  4273,  42917,  5610, 

573* 
Ilger,  5153,   517*7,   5173,  519,7, 

539* 
Ingar  the  thegn.     See  Ingwar 

Ingelric,    Engelric,    4323,  4333, 

435<*>  435*.444"»  454*.  46o*» 
461*7,  4623,  463*7,  4633, 464*7, 
4643,  465*7, 4653,  466*7,  4663, 
467*7,  468*7,  4683,  4693,  470*7, 
4703,471*7,4713,472*7,5013, 
572*7,  577*7,  w/«4333,  435*1 
the  priest,  341,  344,  352, 

353,354,  358 

Ingulf,  4995,  5  2o3 

Ingwar  [Ingar,  Ingara,  Ingewar, 
Inguare,  Ingwara]  thegn  of 
King  Edward,  352,  4543, 
5383,  5393,  540*7,  5403,  note 

35? 

Ispania.     See  Hervey 
Ivo  the  nephew  of  Herbert,  4573 

John,  4853,  487,7 

John  nephew  of  Waleram,  427^, 

559" 
John  son  of  Ernuc(i)un,  544*2 

John   son  of  Guy  de  Rochford, 

395 

John  son  of  Waleram,  342,  354, 
377,  4°8,  4*8*7,  430*7,  544*7, 

544*,  545",  545*,  5 70*.  5 74*, 

577*7,  note  337 

Judith,  Countess,  4273,  5553 
'  Junain(us)',  462*; 
'  Junan(us),'  4673 

Ketel,  346,  532*7 
Kent,  Countess  of  (Lady  of  East- 
wood), 371 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


Lagheman, 

Lambert,  46811,  4683,  510* 

Lancaster,    Aveline   Countess  of, 

389,  note  5zo3 
Latimcr,  Ralf,   5704 
Ledmar',  5703,  5753.     See  also 

Letmar 

Ledmar  a  free  man,  4644 
Ledmar   the    priest,    348,   47  \b, 

477* 
Ledmar     of     Hempstcad       the 

reeve,  411,  411",  41  \l> 
Lefcild,  48 1  a.     See  also  Leofcild, 

Lcvechild 
Leffesse,  5754 
Lefflet,  Lcflct,  575*;,  5753.     See 

also  Leofleda 
Leffiuf,  5760 
Leffstan,  48  23,  4834 
Leflet.     Sec  Lefflet 
Lefsi,  4673,  471/5,  4924 
Lefsiu,  541* 
Lefetan,  468*,  470*;,  554*,  5754, 

575* 

Lefstan'  the  reeve,  554^ 
Lefsun',  5063,  5753 
Lcfsune,  5763.     See  also  Levesun 
Leftan,  4834,4873,  4884,  5214 
Lemar,  5724 
Lemer,  5764 
Leofcild,  537*.     See  also  Lefcild, 

Levechild 
Leofleda    (ot    Colchester),   417. 

See  also  Lefflet 
Leofwine      Cilt.      See     Bacton, 

Leofwine  of 

Letmar',  573^.     See  also  Ledmar 
Leuard',  4320 

Leuesun,  57617.    See  also  Levesun 
Leueva,  4573,  4804,  503*,  575*. 

57617,  576^.    See  also  Leveva 
Leuiet,  5753 
Leuild,  5050 
Leuinc  a  free  man,   5463.     See 

also  Lcwin 

Leuret,  57617.     See  also  Levred 
Leuric,  4563,  481/7,  5063,  5454, 

57617.     See  also  Levric 
Levechild,  556*.     See  also  Lef- 
cild, Leofcild 
Levecilt  a  free  man,  5724 
Levecilt  a  king's  thegn,  48417 
Levedai,  5043 
Levesun,  4503,  49517,  5073,  50817. 

See  also  Lcfsune,  Leuesun 
Leveva,  5221;.     See  also  Leueva 
Levid',  5124 
Levot,  5754 

Levred',  5 1 5*.     See  also  Leuret 
Levric,  5753.     See  also  Leuric 
Levric,  William,  4273,  55 73,  5744 
Lewin,  4663,  46717,  46817,  473/7, 

4903, 496^,  4993,  506^,  524*, 

5323,5483,5524,5724,  5743, 

575".   575*.   57°*.     See   also 

Leuinc,   Liwin 


Lcwin   a   free  man,  4304,  5553 

Lewin  Cilt.  See  Bacton,  Leof- 
wine of 

Lcwin'  Crist,  5754 

Lewin  Croc,   5513 

Limesi  [Limesay,  Limeseio, 
Limesy],  Ralf  de,  338,  4273, 
4*9*.  553".  553*.  554*.  »«" 
337 

Lisois.     See  Moustien 

Liuidi,  5764 

Liwin,  4983 

Loholt,  Henry,  note  5  2  54 

London 

Bishop    Maurice    of,    334, 

338,  339,     380,    395, 
398,    418,     419,    424, 
4*7",  437*.  438",  438*, 

439".  439*.  44°".  44°*, 
4414,  44 1 3,  4424,  notes 
4554,  5104 
Bishop    William    of,    337, 

339,  418,  4373,   4383, 
4614 

St.  Martin  le  Grand,  341, 
4444,  4524,  4654,  4694 

Canons  of,  4274 
St.   Paul,  Church  of,  361, 

365.    367,   438«,  439*. 
5574,  note  340 

Canons  of,  340,  4274, 
4424,    4423,   4434, 

443*.  444".  47°" 
Westminster    Abbey.       See 

Westminster 
Lorchebret,  5763 
Luci,  Richard  de,  note  392 
Luttin,  5723 

Mainard,  4833 
Maldon,  burgesses  of,   5784 
Maldon,   Siward    of  [Seward  de 
Meldona],     346,     358,     386, 

449*.  45°*.  5*7*.  5*8",  5*9", 

5293,  5304,5303,  5314,  5324 

Malet,  Robert,  4284,  5504,  5503, 

574" 

Malgerus.     See  Mauger 

'  Malis  operibus.'     See  Adam 

M  a  n  d  e  v  i  1 1  e  [Magnavilla], 
Geoffrey  de,  sheriff  of  Essex 
and  Hertfordshire,  340,  341, 
343.  349.  358,  364,  374. 
383,  384,  386,  39°.  394. 
410,4284,4293,442*,  4473, 
4714,  4943,  5043,  5054,  5053, 
5064,  5063,  5074,  5073,  5084, 
5083,  5094,  5093,  5 104,  5 1 o3, 
5114,5113,  5124,5123,5134, 
5133,  5273,  5543,  5633,  5684, 
5683,  5694,  5693,  5774,  notes 
343,  5013,  5024 

Mannic,  4584 

Manstan,  5753 

Mansune,  5763 

Manuin',  5764 

583 


Manwin,  5754,  5753,  5764 
Marci    [Marcei],    Ralf  de,   356, 

4293,  4613,  4634,  4704,  5003, 

5014,   5023,   5034,  notes  412, 

5023 
Marci,    Serlo    de,    5003,    5014, 

50i3,  5024,  5023 
Martel,   Martell,  Geoffrey,  5054, 

5094,  5lo3,  5114,   5124,  notes 

5oi3,  5083 

Mascarel,  Mascherel,  4794,  5724 
Mathew    of    Mortagne,     4273, 

555" 
Matilda,  Queen,  337,  351,  421, 

4314,4313,4334,5584,  5643, 

5774,  note  337 
Mauger  [Malgerus],  4454,  4573, 

4684,  5473 

Maylande,  Walter  de  la,  395 
Melc.     See  Ailmar 
Merc,    Adelolf    de,    344,    356, 

4623,  4633,  4643,  4684,  4683, 

4694,  4703,  4724 
Merc,  Enguerrand  de,  344 
Merc,  Fulc  de,  344 
Merc,  Geoffrey  de,  344 
Merc,  Henry  de,  344 
Merc,  M.  de,  344 
Merc,  Simon  de,  344 
Merc,  Walter  dc,  note  4924 
Meruena  a  free  woman,  5594 
Miblanc     ['  dimidius     blancus '], 

534*.  535*.   5763 
Modbert,  5234 
Modinc,  4934 
Moduin,   Modwine,   355,  4273, 

5604,  5603,  5614,  561* 
Moese,  Margery  de,  note  5194 
Monchensy,    Hubert    de,    5504, 

55°* 

Montbegon,  Robert  de,  5664 
Montfichet,  Richard  de,  394 
Montfort,  Hugh  de,   345,   346, 
389.  39'.  395.  4*7".  43°". 
43*",  435*.  485*.  497",  497*, 
4984,  4983, 4994,  4993,  5004, 
5323,  5673,  5684,  5763,  notes 
4304,  5464,  5654 
Morel,  Ralf,  note  4924 
Mortagne  [Mauritaniensis],  Ma- 
thew of,  4273,  5554 
Moustien,  Lisois  de,   348,   354, 
4923,  note  4924,  4923 

Nigel,  4994,  5173,  5184,  5464, 

547" 
Norfolk,  Ralf  Earl  of,  4363,  4734, 

note  350 
Norman,  4323,  4643,4724,4934, 

5*4" 
Not,  5754 

Odard,  4914 
Odo,  5123,  5 39",.  5 39* 
Odo  a  man  of  Suain,  4493,  484^, 
4864,  4894,  4913 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Odo    Bishop    of    Bayeux.       See 

Bayeux 

Oilli,  Robert  d',  510/7 
Oin  the  Dane,  459/7 
Olui,  531,5 
Ordric,  536/7 
Orescuil  (' Aurei  testiculi'),  Hum- 

frey,  569* 
Orgar,  556/7,  574$ 
Orgar  a  free  man,  45 zb,  5563 
Orgar  the  thegn,  5 1 43 
Oriet,  575/5 
Orlaf,  576/5 

Ormar  a  free  man,  543/7 
Osbern,  455^,  4723,  482^,490/7, 

515" 

Osbert,  507/5,  552/7 

Osgod,  Osgot  (burgess  of  Col- 
chester), 417,  575/7 

Osiet,  5753 

Oslac,  538/7 

Oslac  a  free  man,  460,7,  54 1  b 

Osmund,  544^ 

Osmund  the  Angevin,  4293 

Osward,  456,7 

Otburville  [Otburvilla],  Roger  de, 
427/7,  496,7,  4963,  574,5 

Otto  the  goldsmith,  350,  354, 
4273,  431/7,  43  ib,  564/7,  5643, 
577,7,  notes  351,4773 

Ou,  Count  of.     See  Eu 

Owin,  576/7.     See  also  Oin 

Payn,  4823,  487/7 

Peche,     William,     4773,     534/7, 

575* 

Pecoc,  576/7 

Peter,  51 63,  521/7 

Peverel,  Mathew,  note  527 b 

Peverel  [Piperellus],  Ranulf,  346, 
347,358>363,  383,386,  388, 
392,  428/7,  429/7,  432/7,  4343, 
4493,  4503,  4683,  515/7,  526/7, 
5263,527/7,  5273,528,7,5283, 
529,7,  5293,  530/7,  5303,  531/7, 
5313,532/7,  5323,567/7,5673, 
5773,  note  5493 

Peverel  [Piperellus],  William  (of 
Nottingham),  346,  388,  399, 
4273,  45  8,7,  5523,  553/7 

Peverel,  William,  note  f,zjb 

Phin  the  Dane  [Phin  Dacus],  348, 
481/7,  482/7,  565/7 

Widow  of.     See  Ulveva 

Pic,  5753 

Picot,  5193,  521/7 

Picot  sheriff  of  Cambridgeshire, 
338,4303,  431/7,4313 

Pictavensis.     See  Poitou 

Pincun,  5333 

Pinel,Ralf,  352,412,4273,5633, 
5763 

Pirot,  411/7,  4933 

Plaiz,  Richard  de,  note  519/7 

Pointel,  4553,  4563 

Pointel,  Thierri  [Tedric  Puintel], 


4273,429/7,432/7,435/7,  522/7, 
5223,  5253,  5613,  562/7,  5623, 
5663,  567,7 

Poitou  [Pictavensis],  Roger  of, 
354,  428/7,  4323,  5173,  551/7, 
55  i3,  552/7,  577/7,  note  379 

Port,  Hubert  de,  5l83,  565/7 

Pole,  576/7 

Quengeuet  mother  of  Brihtmar, 
35* 

Rainald,  5043.    See  also  Renelm' 
Rainald  the  crossbowman,  4273, 

564" 

Rainalm,  5  1 1 3.    See  also  Renelm 
Ralf,  437/7,  4403,  4413,  467/7, 

4823,  4873, 4893,  494,7,  5063, 

5i83,  520/7,533/7,  5363,537/7, 

544/7,  551/7,  5713 
Ralf '  fatat(us)  ',   538/7 
Ralf  Latimer,  5  70/7 
Ralf  son  of  Brien,  438,7,  4413, 

442/7,  5303,  531/7,  5673 
Ralf  son  of  Turold  of  Rochester, 

342,   368,    389,  4353,   4543, 

455,7,4553,457,7,4583,459,7, 

4593,  460/7,  notes  4353,  459/7 
Ralf  brother     of    William     the 

deacon,  418 
Ramis,  Roger  de,  349,  353,408, 

428/7,  435/7,  445/7,  5423,  543/7, 

543*,  544* 
Raner,  465/7 
Ranulf,  4733,  4753,  476/7,  4763, 

5463 
Ranulf  brother    of    Ilger,    352, 

428/7,  4353,  446/7,  538/7,  5383, 

539",  539*,  54°*,  54°*,  54 '" 

Rauenot,  528/7.  See  also  Rave- 
not 

Ravengar,448/7,4553,  456/7,  5083 

Ravenot,  531/7.    See  also  Rauenot 

Redeswell,  Master  Robert,  note 
4793 

Reimund.     See  Girald 

Renald,  5 1 23.  See  also  Rainald, 
Renold 

Renelm',  508/7.  See  also  Rainald, 
Rainalm 

Renold,  536/7.     See  also  Rainald 

Restolt,  544/7 

Richard,  386,  462/7,  4673,  4733, 
474",  475",  475*,  476",  4763, 
493",  493*,  495",  495*,  499*, 
5023,  503/7,  5033,  506/7,  507/7, 
5113,513/7,514/7,  5153,5263, 
527,7,5323,5383,539,7,5403, 
568,? 

Richard  a  man  of  Hamo,  566,7 

Richard  son  of  Count  Gilbert. 
See  Clare,  Richard  de 

Robert,  4653,  4663,  470/7,  478/7, 
4863,  4873,  4893,  4903,  499/7, 
517/7,  518/7,  5203,  522/7,  531/7, 
5623,  567/7 

584 


Robert  Gernon.     See  Gernon 
Robert  '  invesiatus,'  4453 
Robert  '  lascivus,'  5 1 83 
Robert    son    of    Corbutio,    390, 

428*,  430(7,  5453,  546(7,  5463, 

547*.  547*,  «otes  337,  4304 
Robert  son  of  Gobert,  427^,  564*7 
Robert    son    of   Godebold,   392, 

note  490,7 
Robert    son    of  Ralf   de    Ha(s)- 

tinges,  384,  5  7  83 
Robert    son    of   Roscelin,    427^, 

563" 

Robert  Fitz  Walter,  note  479^ 
Robert    Fitz    Wimarc  sheriff  of 
Essex,  345,  349,  410,7,  410*, 
45  53,  482^,  48 zb,  4843,4853, 
4865,  486/5,  487/7,  4873,  488,7, 
488/5,  489/7,  4893,  490,7,  490/5, 
491/7,  491/5,  5643,  5693,  577,7, 
notes  345,  358,  4893 
Robert  the  archbishop,  345 
Robert  the  deacon,  note  345 
Rochester,  Turold  of  [Turoldus 
de    Hrovecestria,    Rovecestra], 

342>  435*,  448",  459".  46°", 

4<5o3,  note  342 

Ralf  son  of.     See  Ralf 
Rochford.     See  John  son  of  Guy 
Roger,  461/7,  480/5,  4873,  4993, 

506,7,  524,5,  525,7,  5363,  539/7, 

541,7,5423,5443,554/7,5543, 

567*,  5703,  576/7 
Roger  a  man   of  the   Bishop  of 

London,    43  t,b,    43 8,7,    438/5, 

439/7,  4403 
Roger    'God    save    the    ladies,' 

4273,4533,  5623 
Roger  of  Poitou.     See  Poitou 
Roger  the  marshal,   427^,  5073, 

558^ 

Resell',  576/7 
Rykham,  William  de,  note  5 1 93 

Sackville  [Sachevilla],  Richard  de, 

379,  462,7,  491/5 
Sackville,  Robert  de,  379 
Sackville  [Sakevilla],  William  de, 

379 
Sacrim',   422,    575*.      See   also 

Saegrim,    Segrim 
Saewele,  576/7 

Saegrim,      Sagrim'       (Colchester 
moneyer),    422,    576/7.       See 
also  Sacrim,  Segrim 
Sagar,  575/7.     See  also  Segar 
St.    Edmund's.       See    Bury     St. 

Edmunds 

St.  Martin  of  London.    See  Lon- 
don 

St.  Osyth,  Abbot  of,  note  456,5 
St.  Ouen,  Germund  de,  513/7 
St.  Ouen  (of  Rouen),  Abbey  of, 

34'»  342>427">  454",  454* 

Monks  of,  419 
St.  Pauls.     See  London 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


St.  Peter  of  Mersca,  342 
St.Quintin,  Hugh  de,  427*,  557*, 

558*,  566* 

St.  Stephen  of  Caen.     See  Caen 
St.  Walery,  Abbey  of,  342,  4274, 

452*,  453* 

Abbot  of,  392 
Saisselin,  Sasselinus,  427*,   5560, 

55<5*.  557" 
Salvare,  5750 
Sarnar,  4924 
Sasselinus.     See  Saisselin 
Saswalo,  Sewal,  5271*,  note  527* 
Saulf,  5060,  575* 
Sawart,  575* 
Sawin    [Sauin]   the    priest,    358, 

5°7" 

Scadebutre,  575* 
Scalariis,  Hardwin  de,  338,  430* 
Scales,  Robert  de,  390 
Scalpinus  [Scalpin,  Scalpius,  Scapi, 

Scapius]  a  thegn  of  Harold,  352, 

5074,  507*,  520* 
Scohics,  William  de,  4281;,  5514 
Segar,    459*.       See   also   Sagar, 

Sigar 
Segrim   (burgess   of  Colchester), 

417.    See  also  Sacrim,  Saegrim 
Seiner  le  Chien,  392 
Selva,  519* 
Sercar,  547* 
Serlo,    386,   5264,    526*,    5283, 

54'* 

Seward.     See  Siward 
Sexi,  551*,  5570 
Seii  housecarl  of  King  Edward, 

352,  554*,  note  554* 
Sigar,  44 1  a.     See  also  Segar 
Simond,  4750 
Sired,  4714 
Sine,  4574,  482**,  4904,  4914, 

538*,  576* 

Siward,  503*,  518*,  5760 
Siward  a  free  man,  4631?,  473* 
Siward  of  Maldon.     See  Maldon 
Siward  the  priest,  575* 
Someri.     See  Sumeri 
Sprot,  5 1 8*,  5  7  54, 5  76*,  not/  447* 
Stamburc,  576* 
Stan,  575* 
Stanard,  428* 
Stanard  a  free  man,  565* 
Stanart,  5754 
Stan  hard,  4524 
Stanhcrt,  5764 
Stephen,  King,  344 
Stercher,  5474 
Stille,  Alwin,  5254 
Stotinc,  5764 
Stric,  Alestan,  444* 
Suad,  5344 
Suain    [Suan*,     Sueno',    Sucn'], 

545*,  5634,  576*,  5774 
Suain     [Suanus,     Suen,     Sueno, 

Suenus,  Swegen,  Swein]  sheriff 

of  Essex,  344,  345,  346,  349, 


393,  398.  399.  4°7.  408, 
4104,  410*,  413,  427*7,428*, 
420*,  431*,  4344,435*,  435*, 
4364,  4564,  4 5 6*,  48 2,7,48 2*, 
4834, 483*,  4844,  484*,  4854, 
485*,  4864,  486*,  4874,  487*, 
4884,  488*,  4894,  489*,  4904, 
490*,  49 1  a,  491*,  508*,  569*, 
5774,  notei  345,  355,  4354 

Suen'  Suart,  536*,  554* 

Suertlinc,  5754 

Suertinc,  5764 

Sueting,  473* 

Sumeri,  Roger  dc,  4714,  471* 

Sunegot,  5764 

Sutton,  Robert  de,  372 

Surrey,  sheriff  of,  4334 

Swegen.     See  Suain 

Talebot,  Geoffrey,  5  5  24,  5  5  2* 
Tascelin  the  priest,  4314,  4394 
Tate,  575* 

Teher,  455*.     See  also  Tihel 
Tescho,  5764 

Thierri     [Tedric]      brother     of 
Walter  the  deacon,  354,  547* 
Thierri    [Tedric],    Pointel.     See 

Pointel 

Thurbern.     See  Turbern 
Thurchil.     See  Turchil 
Tibetot,  Henry  de,  note  39* 
Tidbald',  4384,  5704 
Tihel  the  Breton  [Britto],  Tihel 
de  Herion  [Heliun,  Heriun], 
350,  4284,  4574,  5414,  541*, 
5424,  542*.     See  also  Teher 
Tirel,  Walter,  349,  4814 
Tiselin,  5624 

Toesni       [Todeneio,      Todeni], 

Ralfde,352,  427*,  5544,  554* 

Toesni    [Todeneio],    Robert  de, 

427*,  5544 

Tofig  the  proud,  343  note 
Toll,  507* 
Tonbrige,  Richard  de.    See  Clare, 

Richard  de 
Topi,  519* 
Torbern,  468* 
Tornindone,  William  de,  399 
Torold,  440* 
Tosti,  444* 
Tosti  a  free  man,  5454 
Toti,  4774 

Tovi  a  free  man,  561* 
Tovig    [Tovi]    (burgess  of  Col- 
chester), 417,  575* 
Tovig.     See  also  Tofig 
Tovillda,  5734 
Tunbridge.     See  Tonbrige 
Tunric,  5764 

Turbern    [Thurbern,    Thurbert, 

Turbcrt],    350,    417,    500*, 

502*,  5034,  503*,  5744,  576* 

Turchil     [Thurchill,    Turchill], 

4594,4834,4904,  505*,  5774 

5*5 


Turchil,  Thurkil,  a  free  man,  342, 
4'8,4534,  453*,  496*,  559* 

Turchil  the  reeve,  428*,  565* 

Turgis,  4924 

Turgot,  451* 

Turold,  4834,  5054,  5274,  528*. 
529*,  5304,  531*,  5324,567*, 
570*.  See  also  Rochester, 
Turold  of 

Turstan,  575* 

Turstin,  544* 

Turstin  a  free  man,  5394 

Turstin  the  Red,  4434 

Tyrel.     See  Tirel 

Ulbert,  475*.     See  also  Wlbert 

Ulf  a  thegn  of  King  Edward,  4624 

Ulfeih,  5  1 2* 

Ulfeit,575* 

Ulfo,  496* 

Ulfric,    5224,    575*.      See   also 

Ulvric,  Wulfric 
Ulmar,  441*,  4644,  4760,  476*, 

4814,  4984,  4994,  5514,  5694 
Ulmer',  Ulmar',  a  free  man,  4114, 

41 1*,  4604,  492*,  493*,  4944, 

494*.  495* 
Ulric,  5764 
Ulsi,   4434,    5004,    546*,    562*, 

575*.  576* 

Ulsi  a  certain  freeman,  545* 
Ulsius,  note  453* 
Ulstan,  575*,  5764,576* 
Ulstan  Eudlac,  5754 
Uluin,  5754.     See   also    Ulwin, 

Wulfwine 
Ulvart,  5754 
Ulveva,  5764,  576* 
Ulveva   wife  of  Phin  the  Dane, 

348,  355,  428*,  5654,  565* 
Ulvric,  504*,  5104,  5684,  5734, 

575".  575*.  57«",  576",  576*. 
See  also  Ulfric,  Wulfric 

Ulvric  a  free  man,  460*,  4654, 
4694,473*,  5114,  537",  573* 

Ulvric  Cassa,  4934 

Ulvric  Cawam,  5  104 

Ulvric  the  priest,  5314 

Ulward  the  priest,  532* 

Ulwartthe  priest,  575* 

Ulwin,  457*,  4584,  475*,  480*, 
5064,  506*,  5 104,  5 1 74,  5 1 8<», 
520*,  529*,  537*,  538",  556"> 
570*,  575".  575*.  576",  577* 

Ulwin  the  crier,  5754 

Ulwine,  440*.  See  also  Wulf- 
wine 

Ustan,  490*.     See  also  Ulstan 

Valognes  [Valoniensis],  Peter  de, 
sheriff  of  Essex  and  Hertford- 
shire, 339, 349,  363,  396, 406, 
4284,  428*,  4304,  432*,  434*, 
4354,  442*.  49 14,  5364,  536*. 

537".  537*.  538",  553*.  554". 
note  349 

74 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Vaux,  Robert  de,  549* 
Vere,Aubrey  de  [Albericus  deVer], 

343.35°.  367,  383.  386,  396. 
428,7,  472*,473*7,  532*,  533", 
533*.  534",  534*,  535".  535*. 
536,7,  569*,  577* 
Wife  of,  343,  45 7*.  457*. 

57°" 

Verli,  Hugh  de,  410*,  513* 
Verley  [Verli],  Robert  de,   389, 

5l6(7,   5l8<Z,   520(7,   52I/J 

Viel  [Vitalis],  477*,  529*,  529* 

W[  ],  483(7,  48 5,7,  507*7, 
538*7,  540(7,  546* 

Walchelin,  Bishop.  See  Win- 
chester, Bishop  of 

Waleram,  342,  419,  435(7,  435*, 
4544,  545*,  570*,  578*,  notes 
364,421.  See  also  John 

Walicher(ius),  Galicer(ius),  5220, 

523* 
Walter,  4411*,  474*,  482(7,484/7, 

4864,  488*,  505*,  506(7,  508*, 

520(7,  538(7,  540C,  572*,  576*, 

note  527* 

Walter  (de  Caen),  550* 
Walter   Fitz    Robert,    396,   note 

525" 
Walter  the  cook  [Walter  the  son 

of  Guibert], 427^,  431.7,  559*, 

560(7 
Walter  the  deacon,  349,  351, 

354.  393.  428*7,  435*,  547*, 
548(7,  548*,  549",  note  499* 

Waltham  [Walham]  Abbey  (Holy 
Cross),  337,  341,  364,  375, 
380,  385,  399,  446*,  notes 

334.365 

Canons    of,     427*7,     446*, 

447*.  447* 
Waltheof,  Earl,  555* 
Wand  or  Wants,  JEWric  [Alvric], 

355.  358.  495*.  496" 
Warenne      [Warene,    Warenna], 

William  de,  341,  393,   427*7, 
446*7,  449*7, 450*7, 473*,  474*7, 

474*.  475",  475*.  476",  476*, 
544*,  note  501* 


Warner  son  of  Richard  Petitsire, 

note  393 

Watevill',  Robert  de,  481* 
Wateville,  Watteville,  William  de, 

474*.  577" 
Wdebil,  Vudebil,  576* 

Wed,  Vued,  575* 

Westan,  576*7 

Westminster,  Abbey  (St.  Peter), 

337,  34°.  34'.   427",  444". 

444*,  445*7, 445*,  567*,  568*7, 

note  459* 

Abbot  of,  363,  577*7 
Wiard,  486*7 
Wiberga,  542* 
Wicard,  489* 
Wicga,  575* 
Widi,  501*7 

Wielard,  478*,  481*,  571*7,  573* 
William,  437*,  438*7,441*7,  441*, 

448*7,  450*,  507*7,  508*7,  5 1 1*7, 

511*,  512,7,  519*,  537*7,  540*, 

541*7 
William  nephew   of  the  bishop, 

418,  577*7.     See  also  William 

the  deacon 

William  son  of  Brien,  440*7 
William  son  ofConstantine,  427*, 

563" 

William  son  of  Grosse,  Grossa, 
429*7,  45 1*7,  497*,  566*7,  567*, 
568*7 

William  Fitz  Odo,  483* 
William  Fitz  Oto,  note  464*7 
William  the  chamberlain,  445*7 
William  the  Conqueror,  336,  337, 
338,339,345,363,386,395, 
418,  427*7,  428*7,  428*,  429*7, 
429*,  430*7,  430*,  431*7,431*, 
432*7, 432*,  433*7,  433*,  434*7, 
434*.  43 5",  43 5*.  436",  436*, 
482*7,  490*7, 490*,  5  iO(7,  511*, 

515*7, 527*,  564(7, 565*,  566*7, 

573*.  574*.  577*.  note  $6$a 
Encroachments       on       the 

King's   Land.     See    note 

below 
Freemen  of  the  King,  428*, 

566*7 


William    the    Conqueror     (con- 
tinued)— 

Reeve  of  the  king,  430*7 
Servant  of  the  king,  565* 

William  the  deacon,  418,  427*, 

559* 
William    the    brother    of    King 

Henry  II.,   392 
Wimarc    [Wymarc]    (mother    of 

Robert,  sheriff  of  Essex),  345 
Wimund,  503*7 
Winchester,  Bishop  Walchelin  of, 

419,  578*,  note  421 
Winemer,  575* 
Winge,  557* 

Wiscart,  Turstin,  577",  note  544* 
Wisgar  [Withgar]  son  of  ^Elfric, 

English   Lord   of  Clare,   348, 

353.  477".  477*.  478">  478*, 

479*7,  480*7,  480*,  481*7,  481*, 

572*7 

Wisgar  a  free  man,  472* 
Wlbert,  475*.     See  also  Ulbert 
Wlward,  5  5  8*7.     See  also  Ulward 
Wulfmar  of  Eaton.     See  Ulmar 

a  free  man 

Wulfric  (Colchester  moneyer)  422 
Wulfric,  Abbot  of  Ely,  346 
Wulfwine,  343,  353,  358,  532*, 

533",  533*.  534*,  534*.  535", 

535*,  576".     See  also  Ulwine 

Wulfwine    (Colchester  moneyer) 

422 

Wytenham,  John  de,  394 
Wytenham,  Roger  de,  394 


NOTE. — As   it   is   difficult    to 

estimate  the  amount  of  irregular 

'  encroachments  '  in  the    county 

(see  p.  354  above),  the  following 

list  of  references  to   them   may 

be  found  useful  : — 

Encroachments   (Aggressions)  on 

the   king's  land,    428*,   566*7, 

566*,  567*7,  567*,  568*7,  568*, 

569*7,  569*,  570*7,  570*,  571,7, 

571*,  572",  572*.  573".  573*. 

574",  574* 


II.    PLACE    NAMES 


Abberton  [Edburghetuna, 
Edburgetuna],  463*7,  489*7, 
529*7,  note  361.  See  also  Bad- 
cocks 

Abbess  Hall  in  Great  Wig- 
borough,  note  448* 

Abbess  Rod  ing.  See  Rod- 
ing 

Abbess  Warley.     See  Warley 

Abbots  in  East  Horndon,  399, 
note  552* 


Abbot's  Hall  saltings,  note  381 
'Acleta,'  391,  395,493" 
Acton  (Suffolk),  346 
Alderford  (?)  [Alreforda],    478*, 

note  571*7 
Alderton     (Hall)     in     Loughton 

[Alvertuna],  447*7 
Aldham  [Aldeham],  457* 
Alferestune.    See  Bigods 
Alfleet's  Farm  in  Wallasea  [Al- 

ford-nashe-Marsh],  371 

586 


Alphamstone[Alfelmestuna],  387, 
451*,  479*,  572*7,  note  408 

Alreforda.    See  Alderford  (?) 

Alresford  [Aleforda,  Eilesforda,  El- 
esforda],  342,41 1,  440*,  460*7, 
470*7,  480*,  notes  435*,  478* 

Althorne  [' Alestorn '],  387,  391, 

394.  395 

Alveley.     See  Aveley 
Amberden    [Amberdana],     334, 

341,346,  362,363,  377,  529,7 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


Amwell  (Herts)  [Emwella],  338, 


Archers,  manor  of,  note  5  I  \b 
Ardern   Hall  in  Horndon  on  the 

hill,  398 
Ardleigh       [Dercleia,      Derleia, 

Erleia,  Erlega,  Herlega],   352, 

385,  5084,  520*,  5414,5433, 

544*,  5524,  561*,  5774. 

See  also  Bovills,  Martells  Hall, 

Picotts 
Arkesden  [Archesdana],  355,  39  1, 

404,  496*,  496**,  5214,  569*. 

See  also  Eynesworth,  Wiggepet 

and  Wood  Hall 
Ashdon  [Asccnduna],  347,   5253. 

See  also  Newham,  Rothe  (End), 

Stevington  (End) 
Asheldam   [Aintune,   Hainctone, 

Hainctuna,    Haintuna],     391, 

392,  393,  4104,  410*,  4884, 

489*.  nous  394,  4573 
Ashen  [Asce],   47  83.     See    also 

Claret  Hall 
Ashingdon    [Nesenduna],    4873, 

note   487^.     See  also  Beckney 

Ashwell  (Hall)  in  Finchingfield 

[Assewella],  391,  560* 
Aspenden  (Herts),  379,  note  4953 
Assingdon.     See  Ashingdon 
Assington  (Suffolk),    346 
'Ateleia,'  5004 
Aveley    or   Alveley    [Alvithelea, 

Alvilea,    Avileia],    342,    419, 

457*.  545*.  563<»-      See  also 

Kclington 
(Aythorp  ?)  Roding.     See  Roding 

Babraham    (Cambs),    338,    353, 

notes  430/>,  43  id 
Bacton  (Suffolk),  351 
Badcocks  in  Abbcrton,  note  4894 
Baddow,    336,    337.       See   also 

Middlemead 
Baddow,  Great  [Badewen],  337, 

362,  45  3*,  562* 
Baddow,  Little   [Badwen],   395, 

396,   407,    468.7,    5244,  note 

442* 
Ballingdon,     Balingdon      [Belin- 

dune],  405,  406,  408,  537* 
Bapthorne    in    Birdbrook    (now 

Baythorne)    [Babiterna],   5404 
Bardficld,  380 
Bardfield,  Great  [Birdefelda,  Byr- 

defelda],  360,  362,4813,  572^ 
Bardfield,      Little      [Birdefelda], 

47" 
Bardfield  (Saling  ?)  [B(er)defclda], 


Barking  [Berchingae],  334,  364, 
380,  385,  402,  448^,  note 
382 

Barkway  (Herts).     Sec  Newsells 
Barling     [Berlinga],   340,      366, 
443*,  456* 


Barnston  [Bernestuna],  343,  5104 

Barnwalden  [Borool Ji tuna],  5  2 3d, 
note  50 1 b 

Barrow  (Hall)  in  Wakering 
[Berrewera],  348,  482* 

Barstablc  (Hall)  in  Basildon 
[Berdestapla],  342,  368,  45  5* 

Barstable  [Berdestapla], 
Hundred,  369,  374,  376, 
398,  407,  409,  428,7,  440*. 
4420, 444*,  448*,  45 24,  454*, 
460*,  4733, 4824,  4974,  500*, 
508*,  5144,  526,7,5453,5473, 
556*.  558,7,5583,  5604,5614, 
56i3,  5643,  5654,  notes  370, 
432*,  4553 

Barton  (Norfolk),  347 

Barton  Hall  in  Great  Stambridge, 
note  4864 

Barwick  Hall  in  White  Colne, 
notes  4814,  5350 

Basildon  [Belesduna,  Berlesduna], 
369,  48  3^.  See  also  Bar- 
stable  (Hall) 

Bassets  in  Baddow,  note  4424 

Bassingborns  in  Takeley,  note  5  1 63 

Batayles  in  Stapleford  Abbots,  note 
5184 

Battails  in  Bradwell  by  sea, 
[Effecestre],  391,  392, m/f  4994 

Baynard's  Castle.  See  Castle 
Baynard 

Baythorne.     See  Bapthorne 

Beauchamp  Roding.  See  Rod- 
ing 

Beauchamp  St.  Ethelbert  in  Ov- 
ington  [Belcham],  404,  4643 

Beaumont  [Fulepet,  Fulanpettat], 
381,  396,  535*,  note  356 

Beckney  (?)  in  Ashingdon  [Bache- 
neia],  388,  456* 

Becontree  (Bentry)  Heath,  406 

Becontree  [Beventreu]  Hundred, 
406,  409,  4293,  438*,  4443, 
4463,  4483,  4973,  5  i  54,  5273, 
5363,  5464,5553,  5594 

Bedford,  note  422 

Beeches  in  Rawrcth,  387,  note 
4564 

Belchamp,  405.  See  also  Beau- 
champ 

BelchampOtton  [Belcham],  5493. 
See  also  Vaux 

Belchamp  Otton  [Belcham],  356, 
4644 

Belchamp  St.  Paul's  [Belcham], 
334,  366,  4423 

Belchamp  Walter  [Bclcamp],  383, 
386,405,  5344 

Belcumber  Hall  in  Finchingfield, 
356 

Belesdun.     See  Basildon 

Belcsham  (Cambs),  note  4323 

Bcllcncombre  (Normandy),    356 

Belstead  (Hall)  in  Broomfield 
[Bclesteda],  4764,  5644 

587 


Bendfield,  Bcndfield(bury)  [Bcn- 
edfelda],  5  1 63,  note  407 

Bendish  (Hall)  in  Radwinter 
[Benedisc],  348,  362,  4713, 
5724 

Bcnfleet,  Bemfleet  [Benflet],  337, 

34°.    357.    363»  373.   4*8*» 

4324 
Bcnfleet,   Bemfleet,  North,   369, 

note  4284.       See  also   Fanton 

Hall 

Benfleet,  Bemfleet,  South  [Ben- 
flet], 4444,  4833.  See  also 

Jervois,  Southall 
Bennington  (Herts),  349 
Bennington    (Hall)    in     Witham 

[Breddinchou],  4514 
Bentley,  350,  396 
Ben tley,  Great  [Bcnetleia],  381, 

535" 
Bentley,  Little  [Benetlea,  Menet- 

lea],  4734,  4803 
Berden  [Berdane],  4893 
Berechurch   or   West  Donyland, 

404 

'  Berewic,'  4594 
Bergholt,  West,  Bergholt  Sackville 

[Bercolta,  Bercolt],  48  u,  5  5  i3, 

5734,  notes  379,  5173,  5523 
Bermondsey   Abbey,  notes  5083, 

545" 

Berners  Roding.     See  Roding 
'Bertuna',  5583,  5693 
Berwick    in    Rainham    (?),    note 

5184 

Berwick  Hall.     See  Barwick  Hall 
Bigods  in  Dunmow  [Alfcrestune], 

356,  377,  387,  5'°" 
'  Bineslea,'  405,  406, 478*.  5373, 

note  406 
Birch,  385 
Birch,  Great  [Bricceia],  389,  402, 

4664 
Birch,     Little      [Bricia,     Parva 

Bricceia],    389,    402,    5184, 

5584 

Birch  Hall  in  Kirby,w«  4704 
Birchanger       [Bccangra,       Bili- 

changra,      Blichangra],      377, 

4314,4534,  5134 
Bircho  in  Kirby  [Birichou],  4704 
Birdbrook      [Bridebroc],       352, 

5393.      See    also     Bapthorne, 

Herstcd  Hall 
Bishop    Stortford    [Estorteford], 

338,  339,  4°5 
Bishop's  Hall  in  Chelmsford,  note 

4393 

•  Blacham',  4694 
Black  Notley.     See  Notley 
Black  more,  375.     See  also  Fing- 

rith 
B(l)amsters  Hall  in  Great  Easton, 

356,393,  note  tf  yi 
Blunts   Hall   in   Witham  [Blun- 

deshala],  389,  4624,  5263 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Bobbingworth        [Bubingeorda], 

362,  540* 
Booking  [Bochinges],  340,    369, 

43.63 
Booking  Hall  in  Mersea  [Mere- 

sai],  340,  4363 
Bockingham   Hall.     See    Boting- 

ham 
Bollington    in    Ugley    [Bolituna, 

Bolintuna],  517*,  5693,  570* 
Bonhunt  [Banhunta],  557* 
Bonnington  (Kent),  note  4973 
Boreham     [Borham],   390,   404, 

4683,   476*,  490*.     See   also 

Culverts,     Walkfares,      Cuton 

Hall 

Borley  [Barlea],  5553,  5713 
Borough    Field    or    Fields.     See 

under  '  Colchester ' 
Bosmere  Hundred  (Suffolk),  note 

409 
Botingham     (now     Bockingham 

Hall)  in  Copford  [Botingham], 

568* 

Boughton  (Norfolk),  347 
Bovills  in  Ardleigh,  note  552* 
Bowers    (Gifford)    [Bura],  355, 

356,    374,    376,  377,   444", 

526*,   5473,    5643.     See  also 

Richernesse 
Boxted    [Bocchesteda,    Bucches- 

teda],  4653,  4943 
Boyton     Hall    in     Finchingfield 

[Boituna],    391,      480*,  note 

431* 

Bradenham  (Norfolk),  347 
Bradfield   [Bradefelda],  353,  380, 

5433,  5513,  552*,  note  5243 
Bradfield   Mansion  [Manestuna], 

380,  544* 
Bradwell-by-Sea  [EfFecestre,  Effe- 

cestra,  Duna],  346,  369,  391, 

392,  453",  499",  **«  391, 
492*,  497*.  See  also  Battails, 
Down  Hall,  East  Hall,  East- 
lands 

Braham  Hall  in  Little  Bromley, 
388,  note  4803 

Braintree  [Branchetreu],  411*, 
41 13,  412,  5703,  5733,  note 
4383 

Brandon.     See  Brundon. 

Brantham  [Braham]  (Suffolk),  388 

Braxted,  Great  [Bracchesteda, 
Brachesteda],  362,  379,  4913, 
notes  497*,  5003 

Braxted,  Little  [Bracteda],  4413 

Brentwood,  375 

Bretts  in  Aveley,  note  4903.  See 
Kelington 

Brightlingsea  [Brictriceseia],  334, 

336,    337,    338,   434*,    »otf 

382 

Bromley,  348,  412,  note  385 
Bromley,     Great     [Brumbeleia], 

563* 


Bromley,  Little  [Brumlea,  Brum- 

leia],   351,  4803,   5483.     See 

also  Braham  Hall 
Broomfield     [Brumfelda],      343, 

506*.    See  also  Belstead  (Hall), 

Patching  (Hall),  Patching  (Hall 

Picot) 
Broxted     [Broccheshevot],    341, 

450*,  4933 
Brundon       [Branduna,       Brum- 

duna],  377,  408,  553*,  554* 
Buckland  (Berks),  note  373 
Bulmer  [Bulenemera],  479*,  note 

406.  See    also    Goldingham, 
Smeeton  (Hall) 

Bulphan    [Bulgeven],  375,    398, 

448*,  note  5083 
Bumpstead      [Bumesteda],     362, 

407,  572*,  574*,  notes  4753, 

534" 

Bumpstead,     Helion('s)     [Bume- 
steda,  Bunsteda],     350,     356, 

535*,  541*,  note  534"-  See 
also  Bumpstead  Hall,  Hersham 
Hall 

Bumpstead,    Steeple     [Bummes- 
teda,  Bumesteda],  4643,  473*, 

475",  479*,  542"-     See   also 

Moyns 

Bumpstead  Hall,  note  5353 
Bures,  Mount  [Bura],  408,  5433, 

551*,  note  379,  5173,  5523 
Bures  St.  Mary  [Bura],  342,  408, 

419 

Bures    hamlet    [Bura]    in, 

408,  479*,  480*,  545* 
Burgate  (Suffolk),  note  534* 
'  Burna,'  4693 
Burnham  [Burneham],  369,  389, 

5233,    5663,    note   382.     See 

also  Westwick 
Burstead,  352,  369 
Burstead,    Great    [Burghesteda], 

376,  454* 
Burstead,    Little    [Burghesteda], 

362,  441* 

Butlers  Hall  in  Bulmer,  note  479* 
Butsbury    [Cinga],     350,     369, 

504*.     See    also    Thyrstlinge 

Hall  (?) 
Buxhall  (Suffolk),  note  55i3 

Caldecots  in  South  Weald,  note 

5 1 83 

Camseys  in  Felsted,  390 
Canewdon      [Carenduna],    371, 

4853.     See  also  Putsey 
Canfield  [Canefelda],  350,   568*, 

note  \l^b 
Canfield,     Great       [Canedfelda, 

Canefelda],  378,  4723,  5323 
Canfield,  Little  [Canefelda,Chcne- 

felda],  384,  474*,  5ii3.     See 

also  Langthorns 
Canterbury      [Cantuaria],     415, 

416,  note  418 

588 


Cantis  in  Horndon  on  the  hill, 

398,  note  441* 
Canvey   Island,   369,    371,   372, 

373,  note  370 
Gardens,  Garden's  Hall,  in  Great 

Chishall,  356,  note  5123 
'Carseia,'  '  Careseia,'  395,  5023, 

5690.      See  also  Northey  (isle) 
Castle  Baynard.    See  London 
Castle     Camps      (Cambs),      note 

571* 
Castle    Hedingham.       See   Hed- 

ingham 
'  Celvestuna,'  '  Chelveston,'  4793, 

57°" 

Chadwell  [Celdewella],  342,  355, 
380,  441(7,  4553,  564/5,  notes 
369,  448* 

Chafford  [Ceffeorda,  CefFeurda, 
Cesfeworda]  Hundred,  355, 
369,  406,  407,  409,  433*, 
439*,  440*,  4453,  4473,  449*, 

457*,475*,49°*,  5°5",  5 '8". 

545*,  553",  5  54*.  5 563,  5653, 

568*,  note  370 
Chalk  (Kent),  338 
Channels  in  Little  Waltham,  note 

45i<* 

Chard  well,  note  47  63  . 

Charsford  (Suffolk),  352 

Chatham  in  Great  Waltham 
[Cetham],  5060 

Chawreth  [Ceauride],  412,  5733 

Chelmsford  [Celmeresfort],  385, 
43  <)b,  notes  374,  406.  See  also 
Moulsham 

Chelmsford  [Celmeresford,  Cel- 
meresforda,  Celmeresfort]  Hun- 
dred, 389,  390,  406,  409, 

43  3*,  443",  445*,  449",  45 '  *> 
45  2*,  45  33, 45 83,  468*,  47 53, 
490^7,  495,7,  499*,  504*7, 5053, 
5183,524(7,531*,  5403,  5463, 
555*,  5653,  notes  43 3*,  442* 

'  Chelveston.'     See  '  Celvestuna  ' 

'  Cheneboltuna,'  4793 

Chester,  415,  416 

Chesterford  (Great)  [Cestreforda], 
334,  337,  338,430* 

Chesterford,    Little    [Cestrefort], 

334,  351,  549" 
Cheswick     (Hall)     in    Chreshall 

[Cesewic],  554* 
Chich,  Chiche.     See  St.  Osyth 
Chich-Ridel  in    St.   Osyth,   note 

53'* 

Chichester,  415 
Chicknal.     See  Chignal 
Chickney  [Cicchenai],  385,  5273 
Chignal    [Cingehala],  343,   358, 

506*,  5063,  507* 
Chignal     St.     James,    404,    note 

519* 

Chignal  '  Tany,'  note  5 1 9* 
Chignal    'Zoyn'     [Cinguehella], 

519* 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


Chigwell     [Cinghewclla],      387, 

553*,  554"-     See  also  Wolvcr- 

ston 

Chigwell  Hall,  note  5533 
Childerditch  [Ciltendis,  Ciltedic], 

369,  4334,  482*,  5563 
Chingford  [Cingcfort],  340,  375, 

380,  5143,  note  368 
Chingford,  Earl's,  note  5  1 4^ 
Chingford   (St.   Paul's)   [Cinghe- 

fort],  4424 

Chipping  Ongar.  See  Ongar 
Chishall  [Cishella],  362,  4963 
Chishall,  Great  [Cishella,  Cis- 

hellc],     476^,     512*,     569*. 

5743,  noUi  45 id,  4714.     See 

also  Cardens,  Tewes  or  Lisles 
Chishall,  Little  [Cishella],  4714 
Chishall,  Over,  note  4963 
Chreshall  [Cristeshala],  352,  note 

362,4703.    See  also  Cheswick, 

Crawleybury 
Clacton-on-Sea        [Clachintuna], 

334.  339.380,405,4393 
Clapton  ['  Dotone ']  (Northants), 

395 

Clare  (Suffolk),  335,  382 
Claret  (Hall)  in  Ashen,  361,  4644 
Clavering  [Clavelinga],  334,  345, 

362,  377,  489?,  489* 
Clavering  [Clavelinga],  Hundred, 
406,  407,  409,  494*,   5020, 

513",  5*3* 

Clavering  [Clavelinga]  Half 
Hundred,  475*,  489*,  5163, 
533",  5563,  5693 

Claydon  Hundred  (Suffolk),  note 
409 

Claydons  in  East  Hanningfield, 
note  5244 

•  Cliva,'  5444 

Clopton  (Suffolk),  note  4773 

Cocket  Wick  in  St.  Osyth,  373 

Coggeshall      [Cogheshala],    363, 
377,  385,4613,  562*,  5674 
Church  of,  344 

Coggeshall,  Little  [Coghessala], 
4363,  note  4974 

Colchester  [Colecestra],  335,  350, 
35',  385,  386,  412,  414, 
416,  417,  418,  419,  420, 
421,  423,  424,  4404,  4454, 
4494,  4544, 4624,  4653,  466*, 
5274,  5744,5743,5754,5753, 
5764,  5763,  5774,  5773,  5784, 
5783,  notes  363,4323,4773 
Borough  Field  or  Fields, 

4*3 

Castle,  418 

Hcadgate  [Havedgate],  424 
'  Portmanncsfeld,' note  42  3 
St.     Andrew,     Chapel    of, 

424 
St.   John,    Abbey    of,    347, 

notes  4963,  5654 
St.  Mary's  Church,  424 


Colchester  (continueJ) — 

St.    Mary  Magdalen,    Hos- 
pital of,  note  419 
St.     Peter's    Church,    384, 
419,   423,    424,    5763, 
5783,  note  414 
See  also  Greenstead,  Lexden 
Colchester  Hall  in  Takeley,  note 

^  494" 
Colchester  [Colecestra]  Hundred, 

406,  414,  5744,  note  409 
Cold    Norton    [Nortuna],  376, 

5224.       See  also    West  Whe- 

tenham  and  Flambards 
Colne  [Colun],  351,  45  i3,  4814, 

5723,  5734,  5744 
Colne,  Earl's  [Coles],  367,  5343, 

note  5303 
Colne    Engaine    [Colun,    Parva 

Colun],  351,  356,  403,  4663, 

5483,  5  5o3.    See  also  Overhall 
Colne  Miblanc,  note  534^ 
Colne,    Wakes    [Colun],     5503, 

note  4663.     See   also  Creping 

Hall 
Colne,  White  [Colun],  notes  5343, 

5  3  54.     See  also  Berwick  Hall, 

Ingledesthorpe 

Coleness  Hundred  (Suffolk),  370 
Copford    [Copeforda],  4394,  note 

406.    See  also  Botingham  Hall 
Cornard  (Suffolk),  351 
Corringhara   [Currincham],  4414 
Cowbridge      in       Mountnessing 

[Cubrigea],  5403 
Cowick  Bury.     See  Quickbury 
Cranham     [Wocheduna],      375, 

4404 

'Craohu,'  4583 

Crawleybury  [Crawelza],   47 13 
Creping   Hall    in    Wakes  Colne 

[Crepinges,    Crepinga],    5603, 

5734,  note  4814 
Creshall.     See  Chreshall 
Cricksea       [Criccheseia],     4563, 

5603 
Culverts  in  Boreham  [Richeham], 

39',  5'9* 
'Curlai,'  5224 

Cuton  Hall  in  Boreham,  390, 5073 

Dagenham,  406 

Dagworth  (Suffolk),  note  4973 

Dale  Hall  in  Lawford,  notes  4354, 

47o3 

Dalham  (Suffolk),  note  477^ 
Danbury  [Danengeb(er)ia],  407, 

5074 

Dangcybrigge  in  Dengie,  note  372 
Dansye,  Dansing,  Dauncing  Hun- 
dred.    Sec  Dengie 
Debden  [Dcppedana],  346,  362, 
383,  5294.     See  also  Amber- 
den 

Debden    in    Loughton    [Tippe- 
dana],  4474 

589 


Dcbenham  (Suffolk),  351 
Dedham    [Delham],   353,    5433, 

note  5243 
Dengie,  Dengey  [Daneseia],  369, 

453*,  457",  »#  373 
Dengie,  Dengey  [(then)  Wit- 
brictesherna]  Hundred,  342, 
369,  37*,  376,384,388,391, 
393,  394,  395,  4°6,  409, 
4304,  4324,4374,4383,  4424, 
4423,  4534,  4563,4574,4623, 
4654,  4873,  4893,  4923,  4973, 

499",  5°2*>  504*>  5I2">  5 '3*, 
5153,  5224,  5233,  5284,5304, 
5404,  5484,  5603,  5624,  5654, 
notes  382,  394,  4424,  5674, 
5694 

Dikeley  in  Mistley  [Dicheleia], 
5204 

Doddeswich  in  Tillingham,  373 

Doddinghurst  [Doddenhenc], 
5453,  note  5474 

Donnington   [Cloninctune]   (Sus- 

**),  395 
Donyland  (East)[Dunilanda,Dun- 

ulanda],  3  5  5 , 4664, 4663,  5  6o3, 

5614,  5613 
Donyland,  West,  or  Berechurch, 

404 
Dover,  note  4974,  4984 

Constableship  of,  389 
Dovercourt    [Druvrecurt],     362, 

396,  5354  and  note 
Down,  Down  Hall  in  Brad  well- 
by-sea     [Dona,    Duna],     391, 

493",  530",  5303 
Downham  [Ramesdana],  4974 
Downton  (Wilts),  note  419 
Dunmow  [Dommaua,  Dommawa], 

375,  385,  4<5**,  474*,  488*, 
4944,  5014,  5114,  5124.  See 
also  Bigods,  Merks,  Southall 

Dunmow,  Great  [Dommaua],  360, 
4773.  See  also  Bigods,  Merks, 
Newton  Hall,  Shingle  Hall 

Dunmow,  Little  [Dommawa], 
346,  347,  5io3,  5223 

Dunmow  [Dommaua,  Dommawa] 
Hundred,  393,401,  406,407, 
409,  4304,  4504,  4623,  4634, 
4723,  4744,  4774,  4883,  4924, 
4933,  4963,  5014,  5033,  5094, 
5224,  5273,  5323,5554,5583, 
notes  401,  4524,  4523 

Dunton  [Dantuna],  4554,  5663, 
note  369 

Duxford  (Cambs),  353,  note  352 

Eadwulfsness  (now    the    Sokens) 
[yEldulvesnasa],      340,      366, 
405,  4433,  note  4704 
Earlsbury  in  Farnham,  note  5683 
Earl's  Chingford.    See  Chingford 
Earl's  Colne.     See  Colne 
Earl's  Hall  in  St.  Osyth,  note  4693 
East  Donyland.     See  Donyland 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


East     Hall     in     Bradwell-by-sea 
['  Effecestre  '],    391,   392,  note 

453" 

East  Hall  in  Paglesham,  4763 
East  Ham.     See  Ham 
East  Horndon.     See  Horndon 
East  Mersea.     See  Mersea 
East  Newland.     See  Newland 
East  Thorndon.     See  Thorndon 
East(t)horpe  [Estorp],  405,  4660 
East  Tilbury.     See  Tilbury 
East  Whettenham,  Whytenham. 

See  Whettenham 
Easter,  Good  [Estra],  341,  362, 

452* 
Easter,  High  [Estra],  341,   343, 

384,  509,7,  notes  354,  505* 
Easterford  (Kelvedon),    note  406 
Eastlands  in  Bradwell-by-sea,  note 

493* 

Easton  [Estanes],  511* 
Easton,  Great  [Estanes],  362,  377, 

474*,  5554.     See  also  Blam- 

sters 
Easton,  Little  [Eistanes],  349,3  7  5, 

377,384,  39'.  393.  548* 
Easton  Park,  Little,  375,  393 
Easiness,  405 
Eastwood  [Estwda,  Nestuda],  371, 

4843,    487^,    note     382.      See 

also  Alfleet's  Farm 
Edwardstone  (Suffolk),  note  550* 
'  Eiland.'     See  Nayland 
Elmdon      [Elm(er)duna],      362, 

4710.     See  also  Leebury 
Elmstead  [Almesteda],  360,  381, 

385,  491,7,  577* 
Elsenham  [Alsenham],  375,  377, 

521*,  559* 

Elsenham  Hall,  note  521,7 
Empford   (Stanway  Bridge),  note 

406 
Epping  [Eppinges,    Epinga,   Ep- 

pinga],  3/8,  4°7>  446<*,  47*^, 

539*,  note  446* 
Epping  Forest,  370,  375 
'Esthodelesford.'      See  Uttlesford 
'Estoleia'['Scoleghe'],  395,4983 
Evreux,  507^ 
'  Ewenemersh  '  in  Walton,    note 

373 

Exeter,  415,  422,  note  \T.Z 
Eye,  Honour  of,  379,  note  550* 
Eynesworth   in  Arkesden  [Eines- 

wrda],  391,  476* 

Fairstead    [Fairsteda],  378,   388, 

527* 

Fakenham  (Suffolk),  406 
Falkenham  (Suffolk),  352 
Fambridge  [Fanbruge,  Phen- 

bruge],  394 
Fambridge    (North)  [Fanbruge], 

562* 
Fambridge  (South)  [Phenbruge], 

341,  564* 


Fange.     See  Vange 

Fanton  (Hall)  [Fantuna,  Phan- 
tuna],  341,  376,  377,  444*, 
4443,  448* 

Farnham  [Pherneham,Phernham], 
377,  502*,  517*,  568*,  570*. 
See  also  Hertisho-bury,  Earls- 
bury 

Farther  Wick   in  Canvey  Island, 

373 

Faulkbourne  [Falcheburna],  350, 
417,  5003 

Peering  [Feringe,Pheringae],  337, 
385,  4443,  568*,  577*.  See 
also  Prested 

Felix  Hall,  note  497* 

Felmersham  (Beds),  note  563* 

Felsted,  Felstead  [Felesteda,  Fels- 
teda,  Phensteda],  337,  390, 
453,5,  5623,  563*,  note  335. 
See  also  Camseys 

'  Fenna  '  or '  Phenna.'  See  Stow 
Maries 

Fincham  (Norfolk),  347 

Finchingfield  [Fincinghefelda, 
Phincingefelda,  Phincinghefel- 
<la],  337,  35°,  35',  358,  377, 
404,  431*,  4643,  465*,  472/5, 
473*,  478*,  478^,  479*,  479^, 
571*,  note  43 1 3.  See  also 
Ashwell,  Belcumber  (Hall), 
Boyton,  How  Hall,  Spain's  Hall 

Fingringhoe,  341,  342,  note  454* 

Fingrith  in  Blackmore  [Phin- 
gheria],  433* 

Flambards  in  Cold  Norton,  394 

Flamstead  (Herts),  note  554* 

Fobbing  [Phobinge],  334,  342, 
344,353>358,36o,  380,460/5 

Fordham  [Fordeham,  Forham], 
4763,481*,  552/5,  573* 

Fordwich  (Kent),  416 

Fornham  St.  Genevieve  (Suffolk), 
404 

Foulmire  (Cambs),  353 

Foulness  (Island),  371,  405 

Foulton  in  Ramsey  [Fuletuna], 
491*,  547* 

Marsh  and  Chapel,  note  372 

Foxearth  [Focsearde],  479*.  See 
also  Weston 

Prating  [Fratinga,  Fretinga],  346, 
383,4693,  532* 

Freshwell  [Frosscewella]  Hundred, 
409,  54 1 3,  note  45 26 

Freshwell  [Frosscewella,  Frosse- 
wella]  Half  Hundred,  436*, 
450*,  4713,  4733,4813,4953, 
525*,  535/5,  note  534* 

Fresling  in  Butsbury  (?)  [Fes- 
tinges],  449* 

Frierning  [Inga],  5  1 83,  519* 

Frinton  [Frietuna,  Frientuna], 
470*,  508* 

Frowick  Hall  in  St.  Osyth  [Fror- 
wica],  469^ 

590 


'  Fulepet.'     See  Beaumont 
Fyfield,    Fifield    [Fifhida],    334, 
353,400,403,4673,  545* 

Gaines  in  Upminster,  note  554^ 
Garemundecote,  marsh  of,  392 
'  Geddesduna,'  445^ 
'Gerham,'  473* 
Gernons  in  Great  Oakley,  520* 
Gernons    in    Tolleshunt     Darcy, 

389,  521" 

Gestingthorpe       [Ghestingetorp, 
Glestingethorp],      337,     348, 
35',    354,    362,    405,  4773, 
564*.     See  also  Overhall 
Gibcrakes,  mte  498* 
Ging  -  Joyberd  -  Laundry     (Buts- 
bury), note  504* 
Gloucester,  415,  422 
Goldhanger    [Goldhangra],    357, 

381,  469*,  4993,  5323 
Goldingham    in    Bulmer,     5503, 

note  406 

Good  Easter.     See  Easter 
?  Gravesend    [Gravesanda],    409, 

461* 

Grays  (Thurrock).    See  Thurrock 
Great  Baddow.     See  Baddow 
Great  Bardfield.     See  Bardfield 
Great  Bentley.     See  Bentley 
Great  Birch.     See  Birch 
Great  Braxted.     See  Braxted 
Great  Bromley.     See  Bromley 
Great  Burstead.     See  Burstead 
Great  Canfield.     See  Canfield 
Great  Chesterford.    See  Chester- 
ford 

Great  Chishall.     See  Chishall 
Great  Dunmow.     See  Dunmow 
Great  Easton.     See  Easton 
Great  Hallingbury.    See  Halling- 

bury 

Great  Hazeleigh.     See  Hazeleigh 
Great       Henny,     Heny.        See 

Henny 

Great  Leighs,  Lees.     See  Leighs 
Great  Maplestead.      See  Maple- 
stead 
Great  Marsh  Farm.     See  Marsh 

Farm 
?  Great     Mulsham.       See    Mul- 

sham 

Great  Oakley.     See  Oakley 
Great   Parndon.     See    Parndon 
Great  Saling.     See  Saling 
Great  Sampford,  Sandford.     See 

Sampford 
Great   Stambridge.      See    Stam- 

bridge 
Great    Stanford    (Rivers).      See 

Stanford  (Rivers) 
Great  Stanway.     See  Stanway 
Great  Tey.     See  Tey 
Great  Totham.     See  Totham 
Great    Wakering.      See    Waker- 
ing 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


Great  Walthara.     See  Waltham 
Great  Warley.     Sec  Warley 
Great  Wenden.     See  Wenden 
Great   Wigborough.     See   Wig- 
borough 

Great  Yeldham.     See  Yeldham 
Greenstead     (next      Colchester), 
378,  415,416,  5744 

Church  at,  423 
Greensted     (Ongar      Hundred), 

362,  375,  5°2* 

Guinea  Court  in  Tollesbuiy,  357 
Gurmonds    in     Bradwell-by-sea, 

marsh  of,  note  392 

'  Hacflet '  [Hackeflete],  380,  384, 

395,  457",  note  457* 

Hadstock  [Cadcnhou],  4503 

Hainton  [Haintune]  (Lincoln- 
shire), note  394 

'Halesduna,'  Hailisdune,  Hayles- 
don,  393,  498,7,  votes  393,  394 

Hallingbury  [Halingheberia],4O5, 
44i3,  5094 

Hallingbury,  Great  [Halinge- 
beria],  496,7.  See  also  Wallbury 

Hallingbury,  Little  [Halingcbia, 
Halingeberia],  377,  4880, 
5<D83.  See  also  Monksbury 

Hallingbury  Hall,  Little,  note  5094 

Hallingbury-Ncvill.  Sec  Halling- 
bury, Little 

Halstead  [Halsteda,  Haltesteda], 
412,  419,  4754,  479*.  570*, 
5734,  note  364.  See  also  Hip- 
worth  Hall,  Stanstead  (Hall) 

Ham,  East  [Hame],  385,  4440, 

5 '5",  5*7* 
Ham,  West   [Hame],  378,  385, 

5 '5",  5*7* 

Hambleden  (Bucks),  note  337 
Hamford  Water,  381,  396 
Hampton  on  the  Thames,  425 
Hanningficld  [Haningefelda],  342, 
358,    359,    368,   369,    416, 
524,7,  5463.    See  also  Clay  dons 
Hanningficld   (South)  [Haneghe- 

felda],  4583 

Hanningficld    (West)    [Haninge- 
felda], 341,  390,  475/5,  4760 
Harkstead  (Suffolk)  [Herchcstcda], 

338,434* 
Harlow    [Herlaua],    340,   45  \a, 

462*,  4913,  538* 
Harlow  [Herlaua]  Hundred,  397, 

406,  407,  409,  452^,   462(7, 
472^,  477*,  488*,  496*,  501*, 
508*,  514*,  536-7,  538*,  5544 

Harlow  [Herlaua]  Half  Hundred, 

407,  429*,  441*,  448*,  4514, 
473*5,491* 

*  Hasingham,'  5723 

Hassingbroke,  Hassingbrookc,  in 
Stanford-le-Hope[Hasingebroc, 
Hasinghebroc],  342, 36 1 ,  45  5 J, 
4823 


Hassobury.     See  Hertisho-bury 
Hatfield  Broadoak,  Hatfield  Regis, 

334,  337,  338,350,363,365, 

375,  378,4°*,4°5>4I2»429"» 

5014,    note    363.       See    also 

Matching    Barnes   with   Brent 

Hill,  Rise  Marscs 

Hatfield  Forest,  375,  note  4940 

Hatfield  Peverel  [Hadfclda,   Ha- 

felda],    356,    362,   376,     386, 

456,7,  526^.   See  also  Marshalls 

Haverhill  (Suffolk  and  Essex),  335, 

35°,  376,  4°8,  4°9,  »«*  571" 
Havering      [Haveringse,      Have- 

lingse],   334,  337,  363,  429*, 

497*,  546<»,   568",  «*«  363, 

365,  545",  546« 
Havering-atte-Bower,  Liberty  of, 

406 
Hawkwell,  Hawkswell  [Hacwella, 

Hachewella,  Hechwella],  41  ia, 

41  \b,  487*,  493*,  4953 
Hayes  in  Stow  Maries,  393,  note 

394 

Haylcsdon.      See  Halesduna 

Hazeleigh  [Halesheia,  Halcsleia], 
346,  5 283 

Hazeleigh,  Great,  note  5  2  83 

Hazeleigh,  Little,  note  5  283 

Hedinghams,  The,  407 

Hedingham  (Castle)  [Hainghe- 
ham],  343,  362,  383,  385, 
386,  407,  5333,  note  574* 

Hedingham,  Sible,  Sibil  [Heding- 
ham, Hidingham],  377,  543*, 
5494.  See  also  Grassals 

Helions  in  Helion  Bumpstcad, 
note  5413 

Helion('s)Bumpstead.  See  Bump- 
stead 

Hellesdon  [Heilesdune]  (Norfolk), 
note  394 

Hcmpstead  [Hamesteda,  Ham- 
stcda],  362,  4813,  5703 

Henham,  347,  362,  407,  525^, 
5704.  See  also  Pledgdon 

Henham  Hall,  note  5  704 

Hcnny,  Heny  [Hanies,  Heni], 
377,  544*,  570*,  note  5293 

Henny,  Heny  (Great)  [Henies], 
5293,  5673,  note  5493 

Henny,  Little  [Heni],  5493 

Hereford,  4 1  5 

Hersham  (Hall)  [Ersham,  Her- 
sam,  Hersham],  341,  377, 
4523,  5344,  5714,  5733 

Hersted  (now  Herksted)  Hall  in 
Birdbrook,  note  5594 

Hertford  [Herefort],  338,  4293, 
note  4 1 3 

Hertisho-bury  (now  Hassobury), 
note  517* 

Heybridge  [Tidwoldituna],  340, 
366,372,381,4433 

Heydon   [Haindena],  45  id,  5634 

High  Easter.     See  Easter 

591 


High  Laver.     Sec  Laver 
High  Ongar.     See  Ongar 
High  Roding.     See  Roding 
Higham  (Kent),  note  369 
Higham  (Bensted)   in  Waltham- 

stow  [Hecham],  5374 
Hinckford  [Hedingfort,  Hidinc- 
forda,  Hidincfort,  Hiding  Ford, 
Hidingaforda,  Hidingeforda, 
Hidingfort,  Hidinghafort,  Hi- 
dinghcfort,  Hidingforda,  Hi- 
dinghfort]  Hundred,  348,  376, 
406,  407,  409,  4314,  4383, 
4423,  4513,4523,  4533,4544, 

457",  463*,  47**,  475",  477*, 
4983,  5024,  5033,  5174,  5233, 
5293,5333,  5344,  5393,5424, 
5423,  5443,  5494,  5504,  5524, 

555*,  559",  559*,  561",  56**, 
5634,  5644,  5643,  notei  5534, 
5683,  5693 
Hipworth  Hall  in  Halstead,  notei 

475",  544* 

Histon  (Cambs),  338,  note  4303 
Hitchin  (Herts),  336 
Hockley  [Hacheleia,   Hocheleia], 

362,   371,  4493,  4843,  4874. 

See  also  Plumborough 
Hoddesdon  (Herts)  [Hodesduna], 

338,  4293 

Holland  [Holanda],  5543 
Holland,  Little  [Hoilanda],  470* 
Holton  (Suffolk),  note  343 
Home  Saltcoats  in   Stow  Maries, 

note  382 

'  Hoosenga,'  5  7  23 
Horkesley    [Eiland],  408,  4893, 

note  4893 

Horkesley,  Little,  392,  393 
Horkesley  Priory,  Little,  note  4904 
Hornchurch,  404 
Horndon    (formerly    Thomdon), 

East  and  West,  369,  376,  387 
Horndon,    East    (formerly    East 

Thorndon)  [Torindone,  Torin- 

duna,  Torrindone],   398,  399, 

400,  5523,  note  4564.    See  also 

Abbots 
Horndon,    West  (formerly    West 

Thorndon)  [Westorendon,Tor- 

ninduna,    Thornyndon],    398, 

399,   tutei  400,   4564,  4824, 

49'" 

Horndon  on  the  Hill  [Hornin- 
duna],  369,  380,  384,  385, 

398,  399,  4I2»  4|6»  441", 
46o3,  4823,  5573,  5584,  5664. 
See  also  Wythefeld 

'  Horstedafort,'  5594 

Hosden's  Farm  in  Great  Maple- 
stead,  356 

Housham  (Hall)  [Ouesham],4733, 

554" 
?How     Hall     in     Finchingfield 

[Weninchou],  4794,  5713 
Howich  in  Tillingham,  373 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Hubbridge  Hall  in  Withara  [Ho- 

bruge],  441*,  514*7 
Hutton  [Atahou],  341,  375,4520 

Icklingham  (Suffolk),  346 
Iclinton  (Cambs),  note  432* 
Ilford  [Ilefort],  380,  559(7,  note  406 
Ilford,  Little,  note  448* 
Iltney  in  Mundon  [Altenai,   El- 

tenai,Eltenhey],  388,  391,  393, 

462*,  487*,  note  457* 
Inga,  526*,  538/1 
Ing(atestone)  [Inga],  449* 
Inglcdesthorpe   in   White    Colne, 

405,  note  535*? 
Ingrave   [Inga],    342,   368,   376, 

455*7,  note  400 
Ings,  The.    See  Butsbury,  Friern- 

ing,  Margaretting,   Mountnes- 

sing 

Inworth,  note  497** 
Ipswich,    348,   414,    418,   420, 

421,  422,  423,  note  368 

'  Portmens  meadow,'  note  423 
Ipswich  Hundred,  note  409 
Ixworth  (Suffolk),  382 

Kedington     (Suffolk)      [Ketton], 

347,  408,  409 
Kelington  (afterwards  Bretts,  now 

Kenningtons)  in  Aveley  [Keli- 

tuna],  475*,  490* 
Kelvedon  [Chellevadana,  Chelle- 

vedana],  346,  363,  444*,  49  7*7, 

note  406 
Kelvedon    Hatch     [Kelvenduna, 

Kelenduna,   Kalenduna],   341, 

386,  445,7,  457*,  503* 
Kenningtons.     See  Kelington 
Kensington,  383 
Ketteringham  (Norfolk),  346 
Kewton   or  Cuton  Hall  in  Bore- 
ham  [Keuentuna],  390,  507* 
King's    Meads    at    Oxford    and 

Canterbury,  note  418 
King's  Wood,  Colchester,  419 
Kirby  le  Soken,  340,  note  443*. 

See  also  Bircho 
Knights  Wick  in   Canvey  Island, 

373 

La    Waule    in     Bradwell-by-sea, 

392,  note  392 
Lacheley     in    Lindsell   [Lacelea], 

571" 
Laindon      (wrongly       '  Langdon 

Clay ')  [Legenduna,  Leienduna, 

Leindone,  Leyndon],  369,  398, 

437*,  441* 

Laindon  Hills.  See  Langdon 
Lambourne  [Lamburna],  467* 
Lammarsh  [Lamers],  529*,  5300, 

567*,  570*,  note  529* 
'  Landuna,'  395,  49 3*7 
Langdon       (wrongly      '  Laindon 

Hills ')  [Langedon,  Langedone, 


Langenduna],  369,  398,  482(7. 

See  also  Lee  Chapel 
'  Langdon  Clay.'     See  Laindon 
Langdon  '  Hills.'     See  Langdon 
Langenhoe  [Langhou],  360,  369, 

381,  4630,  note  501* 

Church  of,  344 
Langford     [Langefort,     Langhe- 

forda],  521*,   525*,  note  443* 
Langham  [Laingaham],  348,  349, 

360,  376,  4810 
Langley,  note  489*7 
Langthorns  in  Little  Canfield,  note 

5680 
Latchingdon,  Latchendon  [Lacen- 

duna,Lachentuna,  Lessenduna], 

346>   376,   39'.   43°",  437". 

497/5,  565*;.     See  also  Lawling 
Latton  [Lattuna],  362,  384,385. 

451*,  462*,  536*3,  note  492*7. 

See  also  Mark  Hall 
Lavenham  (Suffolk),  383 
Lavers,  The,  352,  353,  402,  404 
Laver,  High  [Lagafara], 40 1 ,  467*; 
Laver,   Little    [Laghefara],  401, 

467* 
Laver,     Magdalen     [Laghefara], 

401,  554*7 
Lawford    [Laleforda,  Leleforda], 

334.    336,    337,    4'2,   4'3, 

419,  434*,  470*,  480*,  525*7, 

541*7,  notes   364,  435*7,  435*, 

460*;.     See  also  Dale  Hall 
Lawling   [Lalinge],  380,    437*7, 

493*7,      530*7,     546*,     573*. 

See  also  Ulehams  Farm 
Lawn  ?  (Old)  [Laghenberia],  459*7 
Layer  [Lega,  Legra],  339,  362, 

368,    377,    388,    389,    402, 

432*,  454*,  498*,  528*,  556*, 

560*,  566* 
Layer    Breton,    356,   401,   note 

556* 
Layer  de  la  Hay  [Legra],  356, 

389,  401,  463* 
Layer  Marney  [Legra],  356,  401, 

438*7 

Layham  (Suffolk),  353 
L  a  y  s  t  o  n         [Lefstaneschurch] 

(Herts),  404 

Leaden  Roding.     See  Roding 
Leavenheath  (Suffolk),  408 
Lee   Chapel,   West    Lee    [Lea], 

340,  369,  442*? 
Lee  Wick  in  St.  Osyth,  373 
Leebury  in  Elmdon  [Lea],  361, 

471* 

Lees.     See  Leighs 
'Lega,'  516*7 

Leicester,  415,  422,  note  422 
Leigh   (on   the  Thames)  [Legra], 

380,  388,  532*7,  note  434* 
Leighs     (formerly    Lees)    [Lega, 

Leg"],  343,  376,  495",  5°7" 
Leighs  [Legra],  Great,  352,  388. 
See  also  Mulsham 

592 


Lexden   [Lessendena],  406,  416, 

4' 7,  419,432^  574<* 

Lexden  [Lassendena,  Lassendene, 
Laxedana,  Laxefelda,  Laxen- 
dena,  Lessendena,  Lexendana, 
Lexendena,  Lexsendena]  Hun- 
dred, 406,  408,  409,  432*7, 
444*,  45 1*,  457*,  465*,  476*, 
480*,  489*,  494*,  504*,  517*, 
530*,  534*,  543*7,  548*,  550*, 
551*7,552*,  558*7,  560*,  566*7, 
567*,  572*,  note  523* 

Leyton  [Leintuna,  Leituna],  378, 
380,  384,  444*,  497*,  515*, 
536*,  546*7,  note  430*7 

'  Liffildewella,'  570*7 

'  Lilestone '  (Middlesex),  355,  note 

355 

'Limpwella,'  458* 
Lincoln,  415,  422 
Lindsell    [Lindesela,  Lindeseles], 
385,   452*,  492*,  note  431*. 
See  also  Lacheley 
Lisles   in    Great    Chishall,  notes 

476*,  496* 

Liston  [Listuna],  552*7,  561/7. 
See  also  Netherhall,  Over  Hall, 
Weston 

Little  Baddow.     See  Baddow 
Little  Bardfield.     See  Bardfield 
Little  Bentley.     See  Bentley 
Little  Birch.     See  Birch 
Little  Braxted.     See  Braxted 
Little  Bromley.     See  Bromley 
Little  Burstead.     See  Burstead 
Little  Canfield.     See  Canfield 
Little  Chesterford.     See  Chester- 
ford 

Little  Chishall.     See  Chishall 
Little  Coggeshall.    See  Coggeshall 
Little  Colne.     See  Colne 
Little  Dunmow.     See  Dunmow 
Little  Easton.     See  Easton 
Little  Easton  Park.     See  Easton 

Park 
Little  Hallingbury.    See  Halling- 

bury 
Little    Hallingbury    Hall.      See 

Hallingbury  Hall 
Little  Hazeleigh.     See  Hazeleigh 
Little  Henny.     See  Henny 
Little  Holland.     See  Holland 
Little  Horkesley.     See  Horkesley 
Little    Horkesley    Priory.      See 

Horkesley  Priory 
Little  Ilford.     See  Ilford 
Little  Laver.     See  Laver 
Little  Maldon.     See  Maldon 
?  Little  Maplestead.     See  Maple- 
stead 

?  Little  Mulsham.  See  Mul- 
sham 

Little  Oakley.     See  Oakley 
Little  Ongar.     See  Ongar 
Little  Parndon.      See  Parndon 
Little  Sampford.     See  Sampford 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


Little    Stambridge.       See    Sum- 
bridge 
Little    Stanford    (Rivers).       See 

Stanford  (Rivers) 
Little  Stanway.     See  Stanway 
Little  Thurrock.     See  Thurrock 
Little  Totham.     See  Totham 
Little  Wakering.    See  Wakering 
Little  Wakham.     See  Waltham 
Little  Warley.     See  Warley 
Little  Wenden.     See  Wenden 
Little    Wigborough.     See   Wig- 
borough 

Little  Yeldham.     See  Yeldham 
Littlebury  [Litelbyria],  334,  340, 

45°* 

Loft  Hall  in  Orsett,  note  \$%a 
•Lohou,"  5  5  83 
London,  364,  385,  446*.  448 3, 

J>3* 

Castle  Baynard,   346,   347, 

396 

Loughton  [Lochetuna,  Lochin- 
tuna],  375,  397,  4304,  446*. 

447",  5 '5*,  537",  537*.  »<«* 
406.  See  also  Alderton  (Hall), 
Debden 

Magdalen  Laver.     See  Laver 
Maldon     [Malduna,    Melduna], 

335,  34',  346»  385,  386, 
409,  412,  421,  4324,  4344, 
4654,  4914,  5314,  note  393. 
See  also  Sayen,  Southouse 

Maldon,  Little  [Meldona],  5284 

Maldon  [Melduna]  Half  Hun- 
dred, 407,4344,  4914,  5314, 
note  409 

Malgreffs  in  Horndon  on  the  hill, 
398 

Manhall  [Monehala,  Munehala], 

35°,  358,473",  5'3« 
Manning! re e  [Sciddinchou], 

555* 
Manuden   [Magellana,    Magghe- 

dana,     Menghedana],       5 1 64, 

5174,    523^,  5693.     See   also 

Payton  Hall,  Pinchpoles 
Manuden  Hall,  note  5  1 74 
Mapledurwell  (Hants),  notes  5 1 83, 

5654 
Maplestead,     Great     [Maplede- 

steda],  5174.  See  also  Hosden's 

Farm 
Maplestead,  Little  [Mapledesteda, 

Mappesteda,  Nepsteda],    377, 

384,  457",  544*,  569* 
Margaret  Roding.     See  Roding 
?  Margarctting      [Ginga],      369, 

404,  4334,  5554,  note  4334 
Mark  Hall  in  Latton,  344 
Marks    in  Margaret  Roding,  note 

5014 
Marks   or   Merles   in    Dunmow, 

344,  note  4623 
Marks  Tey.     See  Tey 

I 


Markshall    [Mercheshala],    346, 

4994,  note  4623 
Marlow  (Bucks),  note  337 
Marsh  Farm,  Great  [Marsh  Farm 

or  Dairy-house],  note  372 
Marshalls    in     Hatfield     Peverel, 

380,  note  5464 
Martells    Hall   in   Ardleigh,  note 

5084 
Mashbury    [Masceberia,    Masse- 

birig],  343,  5°7",  5684 
Maskclsbury    in    White   Roding, 

note  51 14 
Matching  [Matcinga,  Matcinge, 

Metcinga],  4523,   5094,  5143, 

5584.       See    also     Housham 

(Hall),  Stock  Hall 
Matching    Barnes     with     Brent 

Hill,  note  4523 
Mayland,  394,  note  391 
May  land  Hall,  395 
Melton  Constable  (Norfolk),  346 
Meppershall  (Beds),  350 
Mcrks  in  White  Roding,  nite  4924 
Mersea,  East  [Meresai],  3  80, 4883. 

See  also  Bocking  Hall 
Mersea,   West   [Meresaia],   341, 

380,  385,418,4544 
Mersea    Island,    341,    369,    note 

4563 

Merton  (Norfolk),  347 
Messing      [Metcinges],       5*33, 

5434,  notes  4443,  4454 
Michaelstow  in  Ramsey  [Michele- 

stou],  5243,  note  5254 
Middlemead  in  Baddow  [Milde- 

met],  4424 

Middlewich  in  Tillingham,  373 
Middleton  [Mildentuna,  Mildel- 

tuna],  4793,  5643,  5744,  notes 

337,  4°6 
'  Midebroc,'  5674 
Milton      Hall      in      Prittlewell 

[Mildentuna],  4374 
Mistley  [Mitteslea],   380,   5444. 

See  also  Dikeley 

Monbwick  in  Canvey  Island,  373 
Monksbury  in  Little  Hallingbury, 

384,  note  5083 
Moone  Hall  in  Stambourne,  note 

5683 
Moreton        [Mortuna],         362, 

55'" 
Morris  [Mareys]   Farm  in  Stow 

Maries,  note  394 

Mose.     See  Moze 

Moulsham  in  Chelmsford  [Mole- 
sham],  4453,  note  4593 

Mount  Bures.     See  Bures 

Mountnessing  [Ginga],  356,  375, 
5403,  5414.  See  also  Cow- 
bridge 

Moyns  in  Steeple  Bumpstead, 
note  4754 

Moze,  Mose  [Mosa],  381,  396, 
5°7* 

593 


Mucking  [Mucinga,  Muchinga], 

341,  380,  4484 
Mucking  Hall,  note  4  5  66 
Mulsham  in  Great  Lees,  403 
Mulshara  ?  (Great)    [Melesham], 

459* 
Mulsham    (Little)    [Molcsham], 

459* 
Mundon,    Munden    [Munduna], 

334.    383,    393,   394,   49**- 
See  also  lltney 
Mynchens  in  Elsenham,  note  5214 

Nasing.     See  Nazeing 
Nass,  The,  note  405 
Navestock     [Astoca,      Nasestoca, 
Nessetocha],    340,  375,  403, 

443",  5°2* 

Nayland  (Suffolk)  [Eiland],  408 
Nazeing    [Nasinga],    378,    380, 

4463,  5394,  nates  380,  4464 
Ness  Farm,  note  405 
Netherhall  in  Liston,  note  56  id 
Nevendon,    Newendon  [Nezen- 

dena],  55  83,  56  \b 
New  College,  note  392 
New  Hall  in  Tendring  [Ten- 

deringe],  4403 
Newendon.     See  Nevendon 
Newham,  Newnham,   in  Ashdon 

[Newenham],  358,  362,  47l3 
Newland,  East  [Niwelanda],  5404, 

note  5404 
Newland,  West  [Niwelant],  404, 

437" 

Newland      Hall      in       Roxwell 
[Newelanda],       4684,        note 

433* 

Newnham.     See  Newham 
Newport    [Neuport],  336,    337, 

338,   362,  411,  4353,  4364. 

See  also  Shortgrove 
Newsells  in  Bark  way  (Herts),  note 

495* 
Newton  Hall  in  Great  Dunmow 

[Niwetuna],  5104 
'Niuetuna,'  5533 
North  Bemfleet  or  Benfieet.    See 

Benfleet 
North    Fambridge.     See     Fam- 

bridge 
North   Ockendon.      See   Ocken- 

don 

North  Thorp.     See  Thorp 
North  Weald  Basset.     See  Weald 

Basset 

North  Wick.     See  Wick 
?  Northey  (isle)     [Carseia],   395, 

502* 
(Nor)thorp     in     South     Church 

[Torpeia],  405,  485* 
Norton  [Nortuna],  $724 
Norton,  Cold  [Nortuna],  376, 


Norton    Mandeville    [Nortuna], 
34°,  35^,  375,44**,  5°3<» 
75 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Norwich,  414,  415,  416,   417, 

419,  420,421,  423 
Notley  [Nuthlea,  Nutlea],   360, 

369,   377.  378,  488",   5°°*. 

5563,  5583,  note  5273 
Notley,  Black  [Nutlea],  508*,  5444 
Notley,    White    [Nutlea],     377, 

4614.     See  also  Slamondsay 

Oakley,  Great  [Accleia],  334, 
353,  38',  396>  520">  *«'« 
382,  395,  524*>  note  543* 

Oakley,  Little  [Acle,  Adem],  380, 

395,  396>  524* 
Oburnes    in     Finchingfield,    note 

479" 
Ockendon       [Wochenduna, 

Wokindone],  337,  369,  433" 
Ockendon,  North  [Wochenduna], 

445",  445* 
Ockendon,   South  [Wochaduna], 

364,  5054 

Ockendon  Episcopi,  note  440/7 
Old  Dairy-house,  note  372 
Old    Hall   in    Rayne,  349,   note 

542* 
Old  Hall  in  Tendring,  notes  469*, 

4703 

?  (Old)  Lawn.     See  Lawn 
(?Old)  Saling.     See  Saling 
Old  Windsor.     See  Windsor 
Ongars,  The,  375 
Ongar,  Chipping  [Angra],   347, 

467" 

Ongar,  High  [Angra],  407,  545* 
Church  of,  344 
See  also  Passelow 

Ongar,  Little,  note  545^ 

Ongar  [Angra,  Angre,  Hangra] 
Hundred,  397,  401,  406,  407, 
409,  432*,  4423,  445/7,  447/7, 
451*,  457^,  466*,  473,7,490,7, 
494*,  502*,  504*,  518,7,531,7, 
545/7,  ssi<7,  5533,  574*,  notes 

492">537",  54°">  554" 
Orpington  (Kent),  note  445/7 
Orsett    [Orseda,    Dorseda],  339, 
375,  416,  4373,    461/7,   note 
561/2.     See  also  Loft  Hall 
Over  Chishall.     See  Chishall 
Over  Hall  in  Listen,  note  561/7 
Overhall     in     Colne      Engaine, 

351 
Overhall   in    Gestingthorp,    note 

564". 
Ovesey  (isle)  [Uveseia],  50  3  3,  note 


Panfield    [Penfelda],   342,     360, 

36z,  419,  454",  478" 
Papworth  (Cambs),  353 
Parndon,  note  5  3  83 
Parndon,     Great      [Perenduna], 

344,462/7,  539/7 
Parndon,  Little  [Perinduna],  378, 


Ovington  [Olvituna,  Ovituna], 
404,  5493,  572/7.  See  also 
Beauchamp  St.  Ethelbert 

Oxford,  415,  417,  420,  note 
418 

Paglesham  [Pachesham],  341, 
371,  386,  445*,  476^,  5253, 
547,7,  567/7,  note  382 


Passelow  in   High  Ongar  [Passe- 

felda],  447/7 
Patching     (Hall)    in    Broomfield 

[Pacing*,      Pacinges],     4593, 

506/7 
Patching  (Hall  Picot)  in   Broom- 

field  [Pacings],  5  1  93 
Payton       Hall       in       Manuden 

[Pachen  Hou],  475* 
Pebmarsh  [Bebenhers,   Pebeners, 

Pebenhers],  4793,  5493,  570/7, 

572/7.     See  also  Polhey 
Peete  in  Mersea  and  Peldon,  341, 

notes  454/7,  4563 
Peldon  [Peltenduna],   378,    381, 

412,  418,  4890,  5593,    notes 

385,  4563 
Pentlow  [Pentelawa],  347,  5233, 

note  4793 

Picotts  in  Ardleigh,  note  543* 
Pinchpoles  in  Manuden  [Pincepo], 


Pirimers  in  Tillingham,  373 
Pitsea  [Piceseia],  376,  565/7,  note 

358 
Pledgdon  in  Henham  [Plicedana, 

Plichedana],  4940,  51317,   note 

407 
Fleshy,  Pleshey,  Mandeville  castle 

of,  341,  343,  383,  387,  notes 

356,  509,1 
Plesingho  in  Willingale   [Plesin- 

chou],  463/7,  569/7 
Plumberow,  Plumborough  [Plum- 

berga]     in     Hockley,     4763, 

4863 

'  Plumtuna,'   531/7 
Polhey    in    Pebmarsh    [Polheia], 

377,  475*,  »<W«475*»  5443 
Port   Meadow  at    Oxford,    note 

418 

'  Portmannesfeld.'    See  Colchester 
'  Portmens    meadow.'     See    Ips- 

wich 
Powers       Hall       in       Witham 

[Witham],    514/7 
Prayers  in  Sible  Hedingham,  note 

543" 
Prested  in    Peering  [Peresteda], 

358,  5303,  note  5343 
Prior's    Hall    in    Lindsell,    note 

4523 
Prior's   Hall  in  Prittlewell,   note 

485/7 

Prison  Hall.     See  Pledgdon 
Prittlewell     [Prittewella],    458/7, 

notes   367,    369,    48617.     See 

also  Milton  Hall,  Prior's  Hall 

594 


Prittlewell  Priory,  note   4853 
Purleigh,    Purley  [Purlai],    346, 

35i,  376,  39',  393,  394, 
4623,4973,  498/7,  5153,  522/7, 
548/7.  See  also  'Curlai,' 
Gibcrakes 

Putsey  in  Canewdon  [Puteseia], 
487/7 

Quendon  [Kuenadana],  4953 
Quickbury,     Cowick     Bury,     in 
Sheering  [Cuica],   361,   474/7 

Radwinter     [Redewintra],    355, 

358,  37',  4°7,  495*,  535*, 

5413,       556/7.         See       also 

fiendish  (Hall) 
Rainham     [Reneham,    Renaham, 

Reineham,    Raineham],  458/7, 

51817,   5543,   5613.     See    also 

Berwick 
Ramsden     [Ramesdana,     Rames- 

duna],  369,   5140,   5383,  note 

5o83 
Ramsden  Belhouse  [Ramesdana], 

438/7,  4413,  note  45517 
Ramsden      Crays     [Ramesdana], 

455" 

Ramsey  [Rameseia],  353,  362, 
380,  5243,  notes  525/7,  5433. 
See  also  Foulton,  Michael- 
stow 

Ramsey  Abbey,  370 

Rawreth.     See  Beeches 

Rayleigh  [Rageneia,  Ragheleia], 
360,  383,  484(7,  4843.  See 
also  Whatley  or  Wheatley 

Rayne  [Raines],  5oo3,  5423, 
543/7.  See  also  Old  Hall 

Rayne  (Hall)  [Raines],  346,4383, 
4983 

Rettendon  [Radenduna,  Raten- 
duna],  334,  340,  346,  390, 
450,7,  495,7,  531/7,  note 

459" 
Reydon  (Suffolk),  note  343 

Richernesse    in    Bowers    Gifford 

[Richeresnes],  372 
Rickling  [Richelinga],  436,7,  note 

367 
Ridgwell  [Ridewella],  4633 

Ridley  (Hall)  in  Terling  [Ret- 
leia],  5o83,  note  5273 

Riifhams  in  Danbury,  387 

Rise-Marses  in  Hatfield  Broad- 
oak  [Siriceslea],  50 la,  notes 
412,  4293.  See  also  Sirices- 
lea 

Rivenhall  [Riwehala,  Ruenhala, 
Ruenhale,  Ruwenhala],  363, 
379,  4613,  462*,  488,7,  5143, 
562*.  See  also  Felix  Hall 

Rochester  [Rovecestre],  342, 
415,  416,  note  416 

Rochford  [Rochefort],  371,  486/7, 
4933,  note  367 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


Rochford  [Rochefort,  Roches- 
fort]  Hundred,  369,  371, 
37*.  376»  4«>6,  409,  4324, 

437",  443*,  445*,  449*,  456". 
4724,  476*,  48  2 a,  4844,  495*, 
525*,  5324,  539*,  5470,  5624, 
566*,  574*,  wtei  370,  382, 

455* 

Rockells  in  Arkesden,  note  476** 
Roding       [Rodinges,        Roinges, 

Roothings],    341,    343,   358, 

384,    397,    401,    402,    407, 

412,496*,   $11*,  5120,  nous 

401,  4924 
Roding  Abbess  [Roinges,    Rodi- 

ges],    340,    358,  401,  494*, 

5054,  note  4924 
Roding    (Aythorp  T)    [Rodinges], 

401,  4504,  note  4924 
Roding,     Beauchamp    [Roinges], 

356,  401,  473* 
Roding,  Berncrs  [Rodinges],  356, 

401,  5104 
Roding,  High    [Rodinges],  401, 

474* 
Roding,  Leaden  [Rodinges],  40 1 , 

474*,  note  4504 
Roding,  Margaret,  40 1 , 404.    See 

also  Roding  Marci 
Roding,  White  [Rodinges],  401, 

430*,   SMC,   5124,  note  492*. 

See  also  Roding  Morcll,  Mas- 

kelsbury 

Roding  Marci  [Rodinges],   5014 
Roding  Morell  (Morel)  [Roinges, 

Rodinges],  480*7, 492*1,  note  4924 
Rodings,  The,  343,  350 
Rok    Hall    in     Little     Tothara 

[Toteham],  4401,  440* 
Rom  ford,  note  406 
Rookwood  Hall  in  Abbess  Roding, 

note  5054 
Rothe    End  in  Ashdon  [Roda], 

473* 

Roxwell,  ne//  433* 
Roydon   [Ruindune],  352,    378, 

4°7,  538* 

Rudham  (Norfolk),  note  5364 

Rumilly  -  le  -  Comte  (religious 
house),  344 

Runwell  [  Kunewella],  4434,  4684 

Saffron  Waldcn.     See  Walden 

St.  Alban's  Abbey,  406 

St.  Albright  (/Ethclbricht),  Stan- 
way,  Chapel  of,  403,  404 

St.  Clere's  Hall  in  St.  Osyth,  note 

53'* 

St.  John's  of  Clare,  348 
St.  John's  Abbey.    See  Colchester 
St.  Lawrence,  352,  404,  note  391. 

See  also  Newland 
St.  Mary  Magdalen,  Hospital  of. 

See  Colchester 

St.  Mary  (?  Barking  Abbey),  4444 
St.  Mary's  at  the  Walls.    See  Col- 
chester 


St.  Mary's,  Shrewsbury,  345 

St.  Melaine  of  Rennes,  350 

St.    Osyth    [Chich,  Cice,   Cita], 

339,   344,    34<S,    373,    37$, 

383,  402,  439*,  469*,  531*, 
note  439*.     See  also  St.  Clere's 
Hall,  Frowick  Hall 

St.   Petcr-on-the-Wall,  Chapel  of, 

Bradwell  [Ithancestre],  392 
St.Walery'sHall  inTakeley,356, 

note  4534 

Salcott  (Saltcot),  381 
Salcot    Verley    or    Verli,    389, 

5  \6a,  note  456*.    See  also  Vir- 

ley 

Salcot  Wigborough,  note  5  1 64 
Salcnts  at   Brightlingsea,  note  382 
Saling,    Great    [Salinges],    377, 

384,  544* 

Saling   (?  Old)  [Salinges],   5724. 

See  also  Bardfield  Saling 
Salt  Coat   Marsh    at   Burnham, 

note  382 

Saltcoats  in  Ayrshire,  382 
Saltern    field      and     Sailers      10 

acres  at  Great  Oakley,  note  382 
Saltpan  Marsh  at  Paglesham,  note 

382 
Saltreachfield    at    Eastwood,  note 

38* 

Salts  at  Barking,  note  382 
Samanton.     See  Sampsons 
Sampford,  360 
Sampfbrd,  Great  [Sanfort],  35$, 

407,  436*,  note  350 
Sampford,  Little  [Sanforda],  481* 
Sampsons,    Sampion    in    Peldon 

[Samantuna],   342,  notes   394, 

456* 

Sampion.     See  Sampsons 
Sandford,  Great.     See  Sampford 
(?)   Sandon    [ Bedcnestede,    Bed- 

enestcda],     341,    346,    390, 

4994,  546* 
Sandpit    Lccl   in    Braintree,   note 

570* 

Sawston   (Cambs),   353 
Sayers  in  Maldon,  note  4911! 
'  Sciddeham,"   5  744 
'  Scilcheham,'  557* 
Stoteneys    in    Toppcsficld,     note 

571* 

Secquerille-en-Bessin,  379 
Shalford  [Ccldcforda,  Scaldefort, 

Esceldefbrde],  337,  351,  385, 

43'",  559*,  577",  **<"  3^5, 

43'* 
Sheering   [Sceringa],  5364.     See 

also  Quickbury 
Shelford      [Scelfort],      (Cambs), 

338,  4364 

Shelley  [Senleia],  400,  504* 
Shcllow  [Scelga],  493* 
Shcllow(Bowells)  [Scclda,  Scelga], 

34',  3S6»  4°°,  43°",  5'°*, 

51  14,  $124 

595 


Shenfield  [Scenefeldaj,  344,4614 
Shimpling  (Suffolk),  347 
Shingle  Hall  in  Great  Dunmow, 

note  51  la 
Shoebury    [Essoberia,     Soberia], 

456*,  485*.  4864 
Shoebury,  South,  note  485* 
Shoebury  ness,  405 
Shopland  [Scopelanda],  334,  344, 

358,  37'    47*« 
Shortgrove   [Scortegrava,     Sorte- 

grava 5,463*,  520* 
Shouldham  (Norfolk),  347 
Shrewsbury,  415,  416 
Sible,    Sibil,    Hedingham.      See 

Hedingham 

Siriceslea.     See  Rise-Marses 
Slamondsay  in  White  Notley  [Sla- 

mondesheia],  4384 
Smalland  [Smallant],   5464.     See 

also  Marshall* 
'  Smalluna,'  569* 
Smeeton  (Hall)  in  Bulmer  [Sme- 

detuna],  4654 
Snoreham,  notei  391,  4984 
Sokens,  The.     See  Eadwulfsness 
South  Benfleet.     See  Benfleet 
South     Fambridge.       See    Fam- 

bridge 
South    Hall    in    Paglesham,    note 

476* 
South    Hanningficld.     See    Han- 

ningfield 

South  Ockendon.    See  Ockendon 
South  Shoebury.     See  Shoebury 
South  Thorpe.     See  Thorpe 
South  Weald.     See  Weald 
Sou t hall  in  Rainham,  note  4584 
Southall  in  Dunmow,  note  474* 
Southall   in   South   Benfleet,  note 

483* 
Southchurch     [Sudcerca],     352, 

380,  437*.     See  also   (Nor)- 

thorp,  Thorpe 

Southhouse  in  (St.  Mary's)  Mal- 
don, notes  4914,  4984 
Southminstcr  [Sudmunstra],  334, 

339,  369,  395,  438* 
Southwold  (Suffolk),  380,  424 
Spain's    Hall     in    Finchingfield, 

356 
Spain's  Hall  in  Willingale  Spain, 

356,  note  472* 

Springfield  [Springafelda,  Spring- 
ing hcfclda],   380,  404,    5194, 

$314,  note  468* 
Springfield  Hall,  note  5314 
Stambourne     [Stanburna,     Stan 

burnc],  383,  5024,  568*,  5690 
Stambridge,    Great   [Staabrugc], 

362,  371,  4564,   4864.     See 

also  Barton   Hall 
Stambridge,    Little    [Stanbruge], 

37',  437*.  566* 
Stamford,  note  422 
Stamford  Bridge,  386 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Stanford-le-Hope.     See  Hassing- 

broke 
Stanford   Rivers   [Stanfort],   364, 

466* 

Church  of,   344 
Stanford  Rivers,  Great,  403 
Stanford     Rivers,     Little,     403, 

467" 
Stangate  or  Stansgate  Priory,  note 

53°* 

Stansgate  in  Steeple  [Stanesgata], 
346,  530*,  567* 

Stanstead  Abbots  (Herts),  notes 
474*,  538* 

Stanstead  Mountfichet,  Stansted 
Montfichet  [Stanesteda],  347, 
356,362,375,385,407,516*. 
See  also  Bcndfield 

Stanstead  (Hall)  inHalstead  [Stan- 
esteda], 377,  5500,  551*,  note 
516* 

'  Stantmere,'  5561* 

Stanway  [Stanewega,  Stanwega], 
337.  354.  362,  386,  403, 

4'7,  4'9>  43*" 
Stanway,  Great,  403 
Stanway,  Little,  403 
Stanway  Bridge,  note  406 
Stapleford    Abbots    [Stapleforda, 

Staplefort],   358,  451*,   5180. 

See  also  Batayles 
Stapleford     Tawney     or     Tany 

Staplefort],  3  5  6, 4900,  note  49 1  a 
Stebbing     [Stabinga,     Stibinga], 

346,  383,  388,  503*,  529* 
Steeple  [Stepla],  350,  391,  43 2*, 

493*,    504*,   574*.     See  also 

Stansgate 

Steeple  Bumpstead.     See  Bump- 
stead 
Stepney     (Midd.),     notes    510*, 

563*,  563* 
Stevington     (End)      in   Ashdon 

[Staumtuna,  Stavintuna,  Stevi- 

tuna],  473*,536*,  541*,  574*. 

See  also  Waltons 
Stifford  [Estinfort,  Stiforda,   Sti- 

fort],  384,  449*,  458*,  458^, 

5<53" 

Stisted  [Stiesteda],  376,  437* 
Stoke    (by    Nayland),   408,    note 

367 
Stondon  Massey,  Stondon  Marci, 

356,  notes  501*,  5034 
Stone  ness,  note  405 
Stow     Maries    [Fenna,     Fenne, 

Phenna,    ?  Weneswic],      391, 

393.  394.  4'°.  512",  513*, 
548/7,  notes  382,  391.  See 
also  East  Whittenham,  Wellin- 
ditch,  Witham 

Stratford,  note  406 

Stratford  Langthorn  Abbey,  note 

5'5" 
Strethall   [Strathala],    334,   362, 

45°* 


Sturmer  [Sturmere],     542*,    note 

57  i*.     See  also  Kedington 
Stutton  (Suffolk),  352 
Stutton  ness,  note  405 
Sudbury     [Sudberia,      Sutberia], 

335,    351,    385,   4°5,  48o*, 
529*,  533*,  545*,  note  408 
Sutton  [Suttuna],  359,  371,  486*, 
487^487*,  562* 

Takeley   [Tacheleia],    342,   375, 

377>  453",  494",  5l6*-     See 
also     Bassingborns,    Colchester 
Hall,  St.  Walery's  Hall,  War- 
ish  Hall 
Takeley  or  Hatfield  Forest,  375, 

note  494* 

Taunton  (Somerset),  note  419 
Temple  Mills  in  West  Ham,  note 

515? 

Tendring  [Tendringa],  469*, 
470*,  520*,  53 ib,  560*.  See 
also  New  Hall,  Old  Hall 

Tendring  [Tendering,  Tenderin- 
ga,  Tendringa,  Tendringe] 
Hundred,  348,  372,  373,  376, 
380,  381,395,  396,406,409, 

434*,  439*,  443*,  452",  46°", 
469*,  473*,  480*,  491*,  495*, 
499*,  507^,  520*,  524*,  531*, 
535*,  541*,  543*,  547*,  548*, 
552",  554*,  555*,  560*,  563*, 
note  382 
Terling  [Terlinga],  343,  369, 

385,   527",   567",   577*,  »«* 

529*.    See  also  Ridley  (Hall) 
Terrington  St.  Clement  (Norfolk), 

note  404 
Terrington   St.    John    (Norfolk), 

note  404 
Tewes   in    Great   Chishall,    note 

476* 

Tey,  Great  [Teia],  385,  465* 
Tey,  Marks  [Teia],  344,  504* 
Teye  Maundeville.  See  Tey, 

Marks 
Thaxted  [Tachesteda],  348,  362, 

363,     364,    365,   377,   402, 

477*,    note    365.      See    also 

Yardley 
Thetford,  414,   418,  420,  421, 

422 
Theydon    [Taindena],  563*,  note 

406 

Theydons,  The,  375,  402 
Theydon  Bois  [Taindena],  356, 

397,  401,  537* 
Theydon     Gernon    (or  Garnon) 

[Taindena],    356,    358,    401, 

494* 
Theydon       Mount       [Teidana], 

359,  401,  490* 
Thorrington  [Torinduna],  460* 
Thorley  (Herts),  339 
Thorndon,  399,  400 
Thorndon  Woods,  375 

596 


Thorndon,  East.     See  Horndon, 

East 
Thorndon,  West.     See  Horndon, 

West 

Thorp.     See  Thorpehall 
'Thorpe,'  405 

Thorpe,  North.     See  Northorp 
Thorpe,    South.       See    Thorpe- 
hall 
Thorpe-le-Soken,  340,  365,  405, 

note  443* 
Thorpehall  Farm  in  Southchurch, 

405,  note  539* 
Thorrington,     342,     387,     389. 

See  also  Marsh  Farm,  Great 
Throcking  (Herts),  339 
Thunderley    (now  in   Wimbish) 

[Tunreslea],    334,    377,   385, 

4°4>  533" 
Thundersley  [Thunreslea],    369, 

407,  4844 
'  Thunreslau,'   Half  Hundred  of, 

396>    397,  4°5,   4°7,    534", 

537" 

Thurrocks,  The,  407 
Thurrock      [Thurruca,      Turoc, 

Turocha],   407,    457*,    458*, 

566*,  note  369 
Thurrock,      Grays      [Thurrock, 

Turroc,   Thuruc],   356,   380, 

388,  553*,  notes  457*,  458* 
Thurrock,  Little  [Turruca],  362, 

440* 
Thurrock,  West  [Turruc],   337, 

364,    380,   385,    388,    513*, 

notes  383,  457* 

Thurstable    [Turestapla]      Hun- 
dred,   376,    380,    381,    401, 

407,  409,  436*,  439*,  443*, 

449*,  460*,  468*,  491*,  499*, 

503*,  521*,  525*,  532*,  547*, 

564*,  note  521* 
Thyrstlinge  Hall  (?)  in  Butsbury, 

note  449" 
Tilbury,    East    [Tiliberia],    373, 

374,   377,    38o,    390,   473*, 

notes  369,  561* 
Tilbury,  West  [Tiliberia],  373, 

374,  376,  473*,  482*,  508*, 

notes  369,  561* 
Tilbury-by-Clare  [Tiliberia],  362, 

.373,  542* 
Tilburyness,  note  405 
Tiled  hall  in  Latchingdon,  note 

498* 
Tillingham,  340,  366,  369,  373, 

380,  442* 
Tilney  All  Saints  (Norfolk),  note 

404 
Tilney  cum  Islington  (Norfolk), 

note  404 
Tilney  St.  Lawrence    (Norfolk), 

note  404 

Tilney  Smeeth  (Norfolk),  370 
Tiltey  [Tileteia],  378,  503* 
Tiptree  Heath,  370,  note  370 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


Tollesbury  [Tolesberia],  369, 
380,  381,  449*,  4694.  Sec 
also  Guines  Court,  Tolleshunt, 
Tolleshunt  Guines 

Tolleshunt  [Toleshunta,  Tolles- 
hunta],  341,  381,  385,  401, 
402,  404,  460*,  469*,  491*, 
5264,  564*,  577*,  note  5254 

Tolleshunt  Darcy  [Toleshunta], 
346,  401,  500*,  520*,  5214, 
5  3  24,  notes  449*,  5  1  da.  See 
also  Gernons  and  Virley 

Tolleshunt  Guines  in  Tollesbury 
[Toleshunta],  468* 

Tolleshunt  Knights,  401.  See 
also  Barnwalden 

Tolleshunt  Major  or  Mauger, 
356,401,  5474 

Tolleshunt  Tregoz  in  Tolleshunt 
Darcy,  note  $310 

Toppesfield  [Topesfelda,  Topes- 
felde],  383,  465*,  5024,  571*. 
See  also  Scoteneys 

Totham,  Great  [Toteham],  350, 
5034 

Totham,  Little  [Totham],  380, 
491  b,  499^,  note  4803.  See 
also  Rok  Hall 

Totham   with   Goldhanger,    note 

499* 

Tottenhill  (Norfolk),  347 
Twinstead  [Tuinesteda],  479* 

'  Udecheshale,'   5334 

Ugley    [Ugghelea],     334,     377, 

378,  533d-  See  also  Bollington 
Uleham    in    Lawling,    Uleham's 

Farm,  4424,  46  5  b,  note  394 
Ulting  [Ultinga],  521* 
Ulvestqne  in  Debenham  (Suffolk), 

35' 

'  Ulwinescherham,'  391,  395, 
4324 


Upminster  [Upraonstra,  Upmun- 
itra,  Upmunstre],  447*,  457*, 
554*.  See  also  Gaines 

Uttlesford  [Odelesforda,  Odeles- 
fort,  Udelesforda,  Udelesfort, 
Wdelesforda,  Wdelesfort,  •  Est- 
hodelesford,'  «  Westhodcles- 
ford']  Hundred,  342,  406, 
407,  409,  430*.  4353,  450*, 
453".  463*.  470*.  473',  47<5", 
494",  495*.  496tf>  496*»  5  '  **> 
5164,5203,5254,  5294,  5334, 
5414,5494,  5544,  5574,5594, 
5634,  569*,  note  5676 

Vange  [Phenge],  342,  358,  368, 

376,  380,  398,454^,  5264 
Vaux    in   Belchamp  Otton,    note 

.549* 

Videlews  in  Baddow,  note  4424 
Virley  [Verley,  Verli],  notei  356, 

5164,5214.     See  also  Salcot 


Wakering,    note    382.      See   also 

Barrow  Hall 
Wakering,    Great    [Wachclinga], 

4854 
Wakering,    Little    [Wacheringa], 

371,  486* 

Wakes  Colne.     See  Colne 
'Walda,'    397,    536*.  5394,  note 

447*.     Sec  also  Weald,  North 
Walden.Saftron  [Waledana],  343, 

362,    377,    5I2*»  *•*    5°9*- 

See  also  Manhall 
•  Walfara.'     See  Walkfares 
Walkfares  in  Boreham  [Walcfara, 

Walfara,  Walfaram],  39 1 ,  447*, 

459*,  565* 

Wallasea  Island,  371,  note  370 
Wallbury    in  Great   Hallingbury 
[Walla,  Hallingeburia,  Hallin- 
gebiria  de  Walla],  396,  397, 

477" 

'  Walla,'  note  406 
Walpole  St.   Andrew   (Norfolk), 

note  404 
Walpole  St.  Peter  (Norfolk),  note 

404 

Walsingham  (Norfolk),  346 
Waltham,  Great  [Waldham,Walt- 

ham],   343,  358,    383,    402, 

505*,   5064,  note  509*,   546*. 

See  also  Chatham 
Waltham,  Little  [Waltham],  340, 

451*,  468*,  note  5463 
Waltham  Forest,  375 
Waltham  Holy  Cross,  334,  337, 

400,  4464,  514^,  note  539* 
Waltham    Hundred,    406,  407, 

409,  4424,  446*,  514^,  5394 
Waltham    Half  Hundred,    407, 

4464 
Walthamstow       [Welcomestowe, 

Welcomstowe,     Welcumestou, 

Wilcumestou,    Wolcomestoue, 

Wolkhomstowe],     375,    378, 

380,   400,    555*.     See    also 

Higham  (Bensted) 
Walton-on-the-Naze,  Walton-le- 

Soken,    340,   365,  405,   notei 

373,  443* 
Waltons  in  Ashdon,  notei  5364, 

541*.     See  also  Stevington 
Wanstead  [Wenesteda],  375,  381, 

4384,  note  340 

Warish  Hall.     See  St.  Walery 
Warley,  Great  [Wareleia],  369, 

4494.         See      also      Warley 

Franks 

Warley,    Little  [Wareleia,  War- 
lew],    339,    369,  375,  439", 

5574,  note  370 
Warley  Franks  in  Great  Warley 

[Warleia],  490* 
Warwick,  420 
Waule,  La,  392 
Weald,    South   [Welda,  Walda], 

447*,  5>8* 

597 


Weald  Basset,  North  [?  Walla, 
Walda],  356,  396,  397,  407, 
5384 

Wecley  [Wileia],  369,  4954 

Weld  in  Harlow,  397 

Well  Wick  in  St.  Osyth,  373 

'  Wella,'  440* 

Wellinditch   [?    Weneswic],    note 

394 

Wenden,  Little  [Wendena],  4764 
Wenden  Loughts  or  Lofts  [Wen- 
dena], 5254 

Wenden  [Wendena],  568* 
Wenden,  Great  [Wendena],  5  1 66 
'Weneswic,'    'Wesuunic,'    391, 

394,  513*,  568*,  note  568* 
'Weninchou,'  'Weninghou.'    See 

How  Hall 

Wenington  [Wemtuna],  445* 
West  Bergholt.     See  Bergholt 
West  Donyland.     See  Donyland 
West  Ham.     See  Ham 
West    Hanningfield.     See    Han- 

ningficld 

West  Horndon.     See  Horndon 
West  Lee.     See  Lee  Chapel 
West  Mersea.     See  Mersea 
West  Newland.     See  Newland 
West  Thorndon.     See  Thorndon 
West  Thurrock.     See  Thurrock 
West  Tilbury.     See  Tilbury 
West  Whettenham,  West  Whet- 

nams,  West  Whetenham.     See 

Whettenham 
West  Wick.     See  Wick 
Westmill     (Herts),      352,     note 

554* 

'  Westnanetuna,'  563* 
'  Westnesse,"  note  405 
Weston    near   Clare    [Westuna], 

464* 
Weston  in   Foxearth  and  Liston 

[Westuna],  5504,  note 
Westwick  in  Burnham,  391 
'  Wesuunic.'     See  Weneswic 
Wethersfield  [Westrefelda,  With- 

eresfclda],     337,    338,     384, 

431*,  4804,  565*,  note  \l\b 
Whatley  or  Wheatley-in-Rayleigh 

[Watelea,  Wateleia],  369,  376, 

380,455^,4844 
Whettenham,  Whytenham,   East 

[Whitmans  Farm,   'Witham' 

(?)],  388,  393,  394,  5 '5* 
Whettenham,  West,  West  Whct- 
nams,   West    Whetenham    or 
Flambards,  394 
White  Colne.     See  Colne 
White  Notley.     See  Notley 
White  Roding.     See  Roding 
Whitmans    Farm.       See    Whet- 
tenham, East 
'Wtcam'  (WickhamSt.  Pauls?), 

377,  478<* 

Wicks  in  Canvey  Island,  The,  373 
Wicb  in  St.  Osyth,  The,  373 


A    HISTORY    OF    ESSEX 


Wickford  [Wicfort,  Wincfort], 
342,  376,  455,5,  483,7,  483^, 
note  508^,  560*2,  561,7 

Wickham  (Herts),  339 

Wickham      Bishops     [Wicham], 

439* 
Wickham    (Bonhunt)     [Wicam], 

377,  557" 
Wickham    St.    Paul's     [Wicam, 

Wicham],    365,     377,    442,5, 

478(7,  notes  367,  368 
Widdington  [Widituna],  45  3* 
Widford,  note  406 
Widington     [Widituna,    Widin- 

tuna],  520/5,  567^ 
Wigborough  [Wigheberga],   365, 

529*,  5573 
Wigborough,      Great     [Wicghe- 

berga],  378,    381,   385,    418, 

448/5.     See  also  Abbess  Hall 
Wigborough,  Little  [Wigheberga], 

376,  501/5,  569* 
Wigborough  Wick,  373 
'  Wiggebruge,'  note  393 
Wiggenhalls,  The  (Norfolk) 
'  Wiggepet '    (now     Rockells     in 

Arkesden)  [Wicgepet,  Wigghe- 

pet],  391,  ^6Sa,^6S6,note  476(7 
Wilby  (Norfolk),  347 
Willingale    [Willingehala],  48  8£, 

558^.     See  also  Plesinchou 
Willingale    Doe     [Willingehala], 

346,  528* 
Willingale     Spain    [Ulingehala], 

350,  472/5.     See   also  Spain's 

Hall 
Wilton,  note  422 


Wimbish  [Wimbeis],    347,   348, 

377,  385,404,  523",  «°te  533" 

Windsor,  Old,  337 

Winstree  [Wensistreu],  Hun- 
dred, 376,  380,  381,  406, 
407,  409,  438,7,  448*,  454,7, 
456^,  463/7,  488^,  498/5,  501/5, 
5i6<;,  5235,  528/5,  556^,557^, 
559/5,  560^,  566/5 

Winstree  Hundred,  Court  of,  342 

'Winthelle,'  556* 

Wissant,  344 

Wissington  or  Wiston  (Suffolk), 
408 

'Witelebroc,'  5250,  note  525*7 

'  Witesworda,'  481  a 

Witham    [Witham],    337,    341, 

344,  365,  378,  394,  428*, 
4620,  56017.  See  also  Ben- 
nington  Hall,  Blunts  Hall, 
Hubbridge  Hall,  Powers  Hall 
Witham  Hundred,  406,  407, 
409,  428/5,  436/5,  438/7,  441,5, 
444/5,  45 1 a,  4 5 6*7,46 la,  49 1£, 
497,7,  500^,  508^,  514*,  521/5, 
526,5,  544*,  546,7,  556/5,  560,7, 
562,5 

Witham  Parva,  note  514/7 
Witnesham   (Suffolk),    351,   note 

548* 
Wittenham   [Witeham]     (Berks), 

note  394 

Wivenhoe  [Wivnhou],  5 1 76 
Wix   [Wica],   351,  499/5,  548*, 

note  499*5 
Woburnes  or  Oburnes  in  Finch- 

ingfield,  note  479,1 


Wolston  Lodge,  note  433,7 
Wolverston  in  Chigwell  [Ulfelme- 

stuna],  4323 
Wood    Hall    in    Arkesden,    note 

476* 
Woodford  [Wdefort],  334,  375, 

446^ 
Woodham  Ferrers  [Udeham],  356, 

376,  504* 
Woodham  Mortimer  [Odeham], 

334,  346,  356,376,  5*8,7 
Woodham     Walter    [Wdeham], 

357,    376,    522",  note    522^. 

See  also  '  Curlai  ' 
Woolwich,  North,  409 
Worcester,  415 
Wormingford    [Widemondefort], 

354,  5'7<* 
Wrabness  [Wrabenasa],  334,380, 


'  Wringehala,'  395,  4934 
Writtle       [Wiritela,        Writela, 

Writa],  336,  337,   347,  362, 

385,  43  3*,  4344,468,7,  460*, 

note  43  3^ 
Wythefeld   in    Horndon   on   the 

hill,  398,  note  48  2^ 

Yardley  in   Thaxted   [Gerdelai], 

377,  54'" 
Yarmouth,  414 
Yeldham  [Geldeham,  Geldham], 

540*,  571,5 

Yeldham,  Great  [Geldham],  4784 
Yeldham,  Little  [Geldeham],  361, 

464* 
York,  4.15 


Boulogne,  Honour  of,  343,   357, 

note  468/5 
Clare,  Honour  of,  348,  notes  479", 

480* 
Hatfield  Pevere],  Honour  of.  See 

Peverel  of  London 


III.  HONOURS 

Haughley,  Honour  of,  345,  389, 

390,  note  392 

Mandeville,  Honour  of,  374 
Peverel  of  London,  Honour  of, 

346,  388,  392,  note  531* 


Peverel  of  Nottingham,  Honour 

of,  346,  388 
Rayleigh,  Honour  of,  344,  345, 

392,  398,  399,  »<""  398»  399, 
456^,  487^,  493^ 


598 


The  Victoria  history  of  the 
county  of  Essex 


AUTHOR